Editing Essonne

{{short description|Department of France in Île-de-France}}
{{Distinguish|Essenes}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name                    = Essonne
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = fr<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead -->
| type                    = [[Departments of France|Department of France]]
| image_skyline           = Parc-chateau-courances-essonne, autre vue de trois quart arrière cropped.jpg
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = [[Château de Courances]]
| image_flag              = Flag_of_the_Department_of_Essonne.svg
| flag_alt                = 
| image_shield            = Blason département fr Essonne.svg
| shield_alt              = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = Essonne-Position.svg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Location of Essonne in France
| pushpin_map             = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates             = {{coord|48|30|N|02|17|E|region:FR_type:adm2nd_scale:1000000_source:frwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name        = [[France]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[Regions of France|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Île-de-France]]
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]]
| seat                    = [[Évry-Courcouronnes]]
| parts_type              = [[Subprefectures in France|Subprefectures]]
| parts_style             = para
| p1                      = [[Étampes]]<br>[[Palaiseau]]
| government_footnotes    = 
| leader_party            = [[The Republicans (France)|LR]]
| leader_title            = [[List of presidents of departmental councils (France)|President of the Departmental Council]]
| leader_name             = [[François Durovray]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/601ef073-d986-4582-8e1a-ed14dc857fba|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=4 May 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
| unit_pref               = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_magnitude          = 
| area_footnotes          = {{ref|area|1}}
| area_total_km2          = 1804
| area_note               = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| elevation_min_m         = 
| elevation_max_m         = 
| population_total        = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| population_as_of        = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_footnotes    = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes2}}
| population_rank         = [[List of French departments by population|14th]]
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      = 
| population_note         = 
| demographics_type1 = GDP
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table | title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Total
| demographics1_info1 = €58.462 billion (2021)
| demographics1_title2 = Per capita 
| demographics1_info2 = €44,500 (2021)
| blank_name_sec1         = [[Departments of France|Department number]]
| blank_info_sec1         = 91
| blank_name_sec2         = [[Arrondissements of France|Arrondissements]]
| blank_info_sec2         = [[Arrondissements of the Essonne department|3]]
| blank1_name_sec2        = [[Cantons in France|Cantons]]
| blank1_info_sec2        = [[Cantons of the Essonne department|21]]
| blank2_name_sec2        = [[Communes in France|Communes]]
| blank2_info_sec2        = [[Communes of the Essonne department|194]]
| timezone1               = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1             = +1
| timezone1_DST           = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST         = +2
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = 
| footnotes               = {{note|area|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries and lakes, ponds and glaciers larger than 1 km<sup>2</sup>
}}

'''Essonne''' ({{IPA|fr|ɛsɔn|-|Fr-Paris--Essonne.ogg}}) is a [[Departments of France|department]] in the southern part of the [[Île-de-France]] [[Regions of France|region]] in Northern [[France]]. It is named after the river [[Essonne (river)|Essonne]]. In 2019, it had a population of 1,301,659, across [[Communes of the Essonne department|194 communes]].<ref name=pop2019>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011060/dep91.pdf Populations légales 2019: 91 Essonne], INSEE</ref>

Essonne was formed on 1 January 1968, when [[Seine-et-Oise]] was split into smaller departments. Its [[Prefectures in France|prefecture]] is [[Évry-Courcouronnes]]. Its [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] and postcode number is 91.

== History ==
The Essonne department was created on 1 January 1968,{{why?|date=May 2022}} from the southern portion of the former department of [[Seine-et-Oise]].

In June 1963, [[Carrefour|Carrefour S.A.]] opened the first hypermarket in the [[Île-de-France|Paris region]] at [[Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, Essonne|Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois]] (although the word "hypermarché" was first used only in 1966). Based on the ideas put forward by the American logistics pioneer [[Bernardo Trujillo]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soulabail |first=Yves |date=2020-09-30 |title=Bernardo Trujillo, son enseignement lors des séminaires MMM |url=https://www.carrefouruncombatpourlaliberte.fr/bernardo-trujillo-mission-mmm/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Carrefour Un combat pour la liberté. |language=fr-FR}}</ref> the centre offered on a single {{convert|2500|m²|2|abbr=on}} site a hitherto unknown combination of wide choice and low prices, supported by 400 car parking spaces.

In 1969, the [[Communes of France|communes]] of [[Châteaufort, Yvelines|Châteaufort]] and [[Toussus-le-Noble]] were separated from Essonne and added to the department of [[Yvelines]].

== Geography ==
Essonne belongs to the region of [[Île-de-France]].

It has borders with the departments of: 
*[[Hauts-de-Seine]] and [[Val-de-Marne]] to the north,
*[[Seine-et-Marne]] to the east,
*[[Loiret]] to the south,
*[[Eure-et-Loir]] and [[Yvelines]] to the west.

All of northern Essonne department belongs to the Parisian agglomeration and is very urbanized. The south remains rural.

===Principal towns===

The most populous commune is [[Évry-Courcouronnes]], the prefecture. {{asof|2019|post=,}} the 5 most populous communes are:<ref name=pop2019/>

{| class=wikitable
! Commune
! Population (2019)
|-
| [[Évry-Courcouronnes]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 66,851
|-
| [[Corbeil-Essonnes]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 51,234
|-
| [[Massy, Essonne|Massy]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 50,644
|-
| [[Savigny-sur-Orge]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 36,577
|-
| [[Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, Essonne|Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 35,830
|}

In descending order, the other communes over 25,000 population are: [[Athis-Mons]], [[Palaiseau]], [[Vigneux-sur-Seine]], [[Viry-Châtillon]], [[Ris-Orangis]], [[Yerres]], [[Draveil]], [[Grigny, Essonne|Grigny]], [[Brétigny-sur-Orge]], [[Étampes]], [[Brunoy]] and [[Les Ulis]].<ref name=pop2019/> [[Milly-la-Forêt]] is a notable example of its more rural communes.

==Main sights==
*The {{Lang|fr|[[École Polytechnique]]|italic=no}}. Founded in 1794, [[L'Ecole Polytechnique]] is one of the most prestigious engineering universities in [[France]]. This university was ranked 10th in the world by the [[Times Higher Education Supplement]] in 2005. Its campus is in the town of [[Palaiseau]].
*[[Paris-Sud University]]. One of the best public schools in France, it is ranked 52nd by [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]. It is best known for its mathematics department. Located in [[Orsay]], Essonne, about 26,000 students are enrolled.
*The Headquarters of the [[Arianespace]] Company, a major commercial aerospace launcher, servicing companies who wish to launch satellites into space.
*Château de [[Montlhéry]]. Originally having been an ancient fort during Roman times, the first feudal lords began to inhabit the castle around 1000 AD. One major battle was fought in the castle during its lifetime. In 1465, [[Charles the Rash]] and French King [[Louis XI]] fought in the plains in front of the castle. In 1842, the reconstruction of the castle was started, and currently is being maintained by the local town of [[Montlhery]]
* [[Château de Courances]]
* [[The Forest of Sénart]]. Covering 3,500 hectares in area, this forest is very important to the local population. The local government has kept roads and agricultural companies from cutting down parts of this forest. The forest receives between two and three million visitors annually, and the government spends 1.2 million [[euros]] a year maintaining it.
* [[Telecom Sudparis]]. Situated in Évry, this is a grande école for engineers

==Politics==
{{See also|Departmental Council of Essonne}}
The department's most high-profile political representative has been [[Manuel Valls]], who was [[Prime Minister of France]] from 31 March 2014 to 6 December 2016. Valls visited its main town, Évry, to deliver remarks following the [[Charlie Hebdo massacre]] of January 2015. The president of the Departmental Council is [[François Durovray]], elected in 2015.

===Presidential election, second round===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Election!!Winning Candidate!!Party!!%!!2nd Place Candidate!!Party!!%
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[2022 French presidential election|2022]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-19 |title=Les résultats du second tour de l'élection présidentielle |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/france-2022-election-presidentielle-second-tour-resultats |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=France 24 |language=fr}}</ref>
| [[Emmanuel Macron]]
| [[La République En Marche!|LREM]]
| 65.43
| [[Marine Le Pen]]
| [[National Front (France)|FN]]
| 34.57
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[2017 French presidential election|2017]]<ref name="Presidentielles">{{Cite web |title=Présidentielles |url=http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=www.interieur.gouv.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref>
| [[Emmanuel Macron]]
| [[La République En Marche!|LREM]]
| 72.18
| [[Marine Le Pen]]
| [[National Front (France)|FN]]
| 27.82
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (France)}}" |
| [[2012 French presidential election|2012]]
| [[François Hollande]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| 53.43
| [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]
| [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]
| 46.57
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Union for a Popular Movement}}" |
| [[2007 French presidential election|2007]]
| [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]
| [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]
| 52.08
| [[Ségolène Royal]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| 47.92
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rally for the Republic}}" |
| [[2002 French presidential election|2002]]<ref name="Presidentielles" />
| [[Jacques Chirac]]
| [[Rally for the Republic|RPR]]
| 84.96
| [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]]
| [[National Rally|FN]]
| 15.04
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rally for the Republic}}" |
| [[1995 French presidential election|1995]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Résultats de l'élection présidentielle de 1995 par département - Politiquemania |url=https://www.politiquemania.com/presidentielles-1995-departement.html |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=www.politiquemania.com}}</ref>
| [[Jacques Chirac]]
| [[Rally for the Republic|RPR]]
| 53.30
| [[Lionel Jospin]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| 15.04
|}

===Members of the National Assembly===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Constituency!!Member<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/|title=Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français|first=Assemblée|last=Nationale|website=Assemblée nationale}}</ref>!!Party
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[Essonne's 1st constituency]]
| [[Francis Chouat]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |
| [[Essonne's 2nd constituency]]
| [[Franck Marlin]]
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[Essonne's 3rd constituency]]
| [[Laëtitia Romeiro Dias]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[Essonne's 4th constituency]]
| [[Marie-Pierre Rixain]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Ecology Democracy Solidarity}}" |
| [[Essonne's 5th constituency]]
| [[Cédric Villani]]
| [[Ecology Democracy Solidarity]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[Essonne's 6th constituency]]
| [[Amélie de Montchalin]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |
| [[Essonne's 7th constituency]]
| [[Robin Reda]]
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Debout la France}}" |
| [[Essonne's 8th constituency]]
| [[Nicolas Dupont-Aignan]]
| [[Debout la France]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[Essonne's 9th constituency]]
| [[Marie Guévenoux]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[Essonne's 10th constituency]]
| [[Pierre-Alain Raphan]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
|}

==Demographics==
Population development since 1876:{{historical populations|cols=2|align=none|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://splaf.free.fr/91his.html|title=Historique de l'Essonne|website=Le SPLAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4176909?geo=DEP-91|title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2016|publisher=INSEE}}</ref>|graph-pos=bottom
|27=1876|28=135,911|29=1881|30=140,027|31=1891|32=151,726|33=1901|34=164,617|35=1911|36=177,385|37=1921|38=187,188|39=1931|40=271,094|41=1936|42=286,896|43=1946|44=293,932|45=1954|46=350,987|47=1962|48=478,691|49=1968|50=673,325|51=1975|52=923,063|53=1982|54=988,000|55=1990|56=1,084,824|57=1999|58=1,134,238|59=2006|60=1,198,273|61=2010|62=1,215,340|63=2016|64=1,287,330}}

===Place of birth of residents===
{{France immigration
|collectivity_name=Essonne
|census_year=1999
|metropolitan_France=84.7
|outside_metropolitan_France=15.3
|overseas_France=1.8
|foreign_French= 2.8
|EU-15=4.0
|non-EU-15=6.7
}}

== Tourism ==
<gallery>
File:France Essonne Etampes Hotel de Ville 02.jpg|[[Étampes]]
File:Dourdan (91), château, châtelet, côté cour 2.JPG|[[Château de Dourdan]]
File:FranceEnglandCard2 317.jpg|[[Château de Montlhéry]]
File:Lormoy Castle Under Snow (260224015).jpeg|[[Longpont-sur-Orge]]
File:Milly La Forêt-Le château.jpg|[[Milly-la-Forêt|Milly La Forêt]]
</gallery>

==Sister regions==
Essonne is twinned with:
* {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Ibaraki Prefecture]], [[Japan]] (since 1986)

==See also==
*[[Cantons of the Essonne department]]
*[[Communes of the Essonne department]]
*[[Arrondissements of the Essonne department]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.essonne.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.essonne.fr/ Departmental council website]

{{Departments of France}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Essonne| ]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in France]]
[[Category:Departments of Île-de-France]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1968]]