Editing Erythronium

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{For|the chemical element formerly named erythronium|vanadium}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Dent-de-chien.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Erythronium dens-canis]]''
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Erythronium
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Erythronium dens-canis]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name = "Tropicos">Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.-f). ''Erythronium'' L. Tropicos. Retrieved January 23, 2025, from https://www.tropicos.org/name/40006010</ref>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=vi>{{WCSP|305736|Erythronium}}</ref>
| synonyms =
* ''Mithridatium'' <small>Adans. 1763, illegitimate superfluous name</small>
* ''Dens-canis'' <small>Tourn. ex Rupp. 1745, not validly published</small>
}}

'''''Erythronium''''', the '''fawn lily''', '''trout lily''', '''dog's-tooth violet''' or '''adder's tongue''', is a genus of [[Eurasia]]n and [[North America]]n plants in the [[Liliaceae|lily family]],<ref>{{Jepson Manual |id=Erythronium |taxon=Erythronium}}</ref><ref>{{eFloras|2|112169|Erythronium |last1=Chen |first1=Xinqi |first2=Minoru N. |last2=Tamura |volume=24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=Erythronium |website=Altervista Flora Italiana |title=Dente di cane, Dog's Tooth Violet, genere ''Erythronium''}}</ref><ref>Clennett, J.C.B. (2006). A taxonomic revision of ''Erythronium'' L. (Liliaceae): 1-290. Thesis, Open University, Ardingly, U.K.</ref><ref>Clennett, C. (2014). The genus ''Erythronium'': 1-158. Kew Publishing, Kew.</ref> most closely related to [[tulip]]s.<ref name="fna">{{eFloras|1|112169|Erythronium |first1=Geraldine A. |last1=Allen |first2=Kenneth R. |last2=Robertson |volume=26}}</ref> The name Erythronium derives from [[Ancient Greek]] {{wikt-lang|grc|ἐρυθρός}} ({{grc-tr|ἐρυθρός}}) "red" in Greek, referring to the red flowers of [[Erythronium dens-canis|''E. dens-canis'']].<ref name="fna" /> Of all the established species, most live in North America; only six species are found in Europe and Asia.

==Taxonomy==
It was published by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753<ref name = "Tropicos" /><ref name = "Linné, 1753">Linné,  Carl von, & Salvius,  Lars. (1753). Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas... (Vol. 1, p. 305). Impensis Laurentii Salvii. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358324</ref> with ''Erythronium dens-canis'' {{small|L.}} as the type species.<ref name = "Tropicos" />
=== Species ===
''Erythronium'' includes about 20–30 [[species]] of [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]] spring-flowering [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[flowering plant|plants]] with long, tooth-like [[bulb]]s. Slender stems carry pendent [[flower]]s with recurved [[tepal]]s in shades of cream, yellow, pink and mauve. Species are [[native plant|native]] to forests and meadows in [[temperateness|temperate]] regions of the Northern Hemisphere.<ref name=vi /><ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1-4053-3296-5|pages=1136}}</ref><ref>{{BONAP|ref|genus=Erythronium}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Image
! Species
! Common name
! Distribution
|-
|[[File:Erythronium albidum smith creek.jpg|120px]]||''[[Erythronium albidum]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> || small white fawn-lily, white fawn-lily, white trout-lily, tooth-lily || [[Ontario]], east-central United States ([[Minnesota|MN]] to [[Connecticut|CT]] south to [[Texas|TX]], [[Alabama|AL]])
|-
|[[File:Bright yellow trout lily erythronium americanum nodding bloom with red stamen.jpg|120px]]||''[[Erythronium americanum]]'' <small>Ker-Gawl.</small> || trout-lily, yellow trout-lily, yellow adder's-tongue, yellow dogtooth violet || Eastern Canada ([[Ontario]] to [[Labrador]]), Eastern United States ([[Maine|ME]] to [[Georgia (U.S. state)|GA]], West to [[Mississippi River]])
|-
|[[File:California fawn lily (Erythronium californicum)c (26967403487).jpg|120px]]||''[[Erythronium californicum]]'' <small>Purdy</small> || California fawn-lily || Northern [[California]]
|-
|[[File:Kandyk kavkazskii 1.jpg|120px]]||''[[Erythronium caucasicum]]'' <small>Woronow</small> || Caucasian dog's tooth violet || [[Caucasus]], [[Iran]]
|-
|[[File:Erythronium citrinum.jpg|120px]]||''[[Erythronium citrinum]]'' <small>S. Wats.</small> || cream fawn-lily || Oregon, Northern [[California]]
|-
|[[File:Erythronium dens-canis (39917014055).jpg|120px]]||''[[Erythronium dens-canis]]'' <small>L.</small> || dog's-tooth violet || Southern, Central Europe from [[Portugal]] to [[Ukraine]]
|-
|||''[[Erythronium elegans]]'' <small>Hammond & Chambers</small> || Coast Range fawn-lily || [[Oregon]]
|-
|[[File:Erythronium grandiflorum 5077.JPG|120px]]||''[[Erythronium grandiflorum]]'' <small>Pursh</small> || dogtooth lily, glacier lily, yellow avalanche-lily, yellow fawn-lily || western Canada, western United States
|-
|[[File:Erythronium helenae.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Erythronium helenae]]'' <small>Applegate</small> || Pacific fawn-lily || [[California]] ([[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma]], [[Napa County, California|Napa]], [[Lake County, California|Lake]] Cos.)
|-
|[[File:Erythronium hendersonii emerging - Flickr - brewbooks.jpg|120px]]||''[[Erythronium hendersonii]]'' <small>S. Wats.</small> || Henderson's fawn-lily || [[Oregon]], Northern [[California]]
|-
||| ''[[Erythronium howellii]]'' <small>S. Wats.</small> || Howell's fawn-lily || [[Oregon]], Northern [[California]]
|-
|||''[[Erythronium idahoense]]'' <small>H.St.John & G.N.Jones -</small> || Idaho fawn-lily || [[Montana]], [[Idaho]], [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]
|-
|[[File:仙元山のカタクリ.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Erythronium japonicum]]'' <small>Decne.</small> || katakuri || Japan, Korea, Russia ([[Kuril Islands]], [[Sakhalin]]), [[China]] ([[Jilin]], [[Liaoning]])
|-
|[[File:Fawn lily cllrs.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Erythronium klamathense]]'' <small>Applegate</small> || Klamath fawn-lily || [[Oregon]], Northern [[California]]
|-
||| ''[[Erythronium krylovii ]]'' <small>Stepanov</small> || Tuvan trout-lily || Russia ([[Tuva]], [[Krasnoyarsk]])
|-
|[[File:Erythronium mesochoreum bloom.jpg|120px]]||''[[Erythronium mesochoreum]]'' <small>Knerr</small> || midland fawn-lily, white fawn-lily || Central United States ([[Texas|TX]] to [[Nebraska|NE]], [[Indiana|IN]])
|-
|[[File:Avalanche Lily (c1f92f483eb44969b80c27577f433891).JPG|120px]]||''[[Erythronium montanum]]'' <small>S. Wats.</small> || avalanche lily, white avalanche-lily || [[British Columbia|BC]], [[Washington (state)|Washington state]], [[Oregon]]
|-
|[[File:J20170309-0006—Erythronium multiscapideum 'Cliftonii'—RPBG (32611414983).jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Erythronium multiscapideum]]'' <small>(Kellogg) A. Nels. & Kennedy</small> || Sierra fawn-lily || [[California]]
|-
|[[File:Erythronium oregonum 5581.JPG|120px]]|| ''[[Erythronium oregonum]]'' <small>Applegate</small> || giant white fawn-lily || [[British Columbia|BC]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[California]], [[Oregon]]
|-
||| ''[[Erythronium pluriflorum]]'' <small>Shevock, Bartel & [[Geraldine A. Allen|G.A.Allen]]</small> || manyflower fawn-lily || [[Madera County, California|Madera Co]] in [[California]]
|-
|[[File:Erythronium propullans.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Erythronium propullans]]'' <small>Gray</small> || dwarf trout-lily || [[Minnesota]]
|-
|[[File:Erythronium purpurascens 01.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Erythronium purpurascens]]'' <small>S. Wats.</small> || purple fawn-lily || [[California]]
|-
|[[File:Erythronium pusaterii (Kaweah Lakes fawnlily) (6734524353).jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Erythronium pusaterii]]'' <small>(Munz & J.T. Howell) Shevock, Bartel & [[Geraldine A. Allen|G.A.Allen]]</small> || Kaweah Lakes fawn-lily || [[Tulare County, California|Tulare Co]] in [[California]]
|-
||| ''[[Erythronium quinaultense]]'' <small>[[Geraldine A. Allen|G.A.Allen]]</small> || Olympic fawn-lily || [[Olympic Peninsula]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]
|-
|[[File:N20150319-0024—Erythronium revolutum—RPBG (16245943554).jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Erythronium revolutum]]'' <small>Sm.</small> || mahogany fawn-lily || [[British Columbia|BC]], [[Washington (state)|Washington state]], [[Oregon]], [[California]]
|-
|[[File:Erythronium_rostratum_Arkansas.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Erythronium rostratum]]'' <small>W.Wolf</small> || yellow trout-lily || south-central United States
|-
|[[File:Erythronium sajanense IMG 0913.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Erythronium sajanense ]]'' <small>Stepanov & Stassova</small> || || [[Krasnoyarsk Krai|Krasnoyarsk]] in [[Russia]]
|-
|[[File:Цветение кандыка сибирского.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Erythronium sibiricum]]'' <small>(Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Krylov</small> || Siberian fawn-lily || [[Siberia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Xinjiang]], [[Mongolia]]
|-
|[[File:Erythronium sulevii 31188317.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Erythronium sulevii ]]'' <small>(Rukšans) Stepanov</small> || || [[Altay Krai]] in Russia
|-
|[[File:Erythronium taylorii jhaas lg.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Erythronium taylorii]]'' <small>Shevock & [[Geraldine A. Allen|G.A.Allen]]</small> || Taylor's fawn-lily || [[Tuolumne County, California|Tuolumne Co]] [[California]]
|-
|[[File:Erythronium tuolumnense White Beauty. Locatie, Tuinreservaat Jonkervallei 02.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Erythronium tuolumnense]]'' <small>Applegate</small> || Tuolumne fawn-lily || [[Tuolumne County, California|Tuolumne Co]] in [[California]]
|-
|[[File:Trout lily pair square.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Erythronium umbilicatum]]'' <small>Parks & Hardin</small> || dimpled trout-lily || southeastern United States ([[Florida]] to [[Kentucky]], [[West Virginia]], [[Maryland]])
|}

=== Formerly included ===
    {{Unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}
Two species names were coined using the name ''Erythronium'' but have since been reclassified to other taxa.
* ''Erythronium carolinianum'', now called ''[[Uvularia perfoliata]]''
* ''Erythronium hyacinthoides'', now called ''[[Drimia indica]]''

== Cultivation and uses ==
Erythroniums are widely grown as [[ornamental plant]]s, with numerous [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] and [[cultivar]]s having been selected for garden use. Popular cultivars include [[Erythronium 'Pagoda'|''Erythronium'' 'Pagoda']], ''E.'' 'Sundisc', ''E.'' 'Joanna', ''E.'' 'Kondo', ''E.'' 'Citronella', ''E. californicum'' 'White Beauty', and ''E.'' 'Rosalind'. Propagation is best by seed in autumn or by division of bulbs, depending on species. Some species propagate vegetatively. The plant is also great as a ground cover, as it will spread over several years.

Erythroniums are woodland plants and require rich soil, full of organic matter. Soil should be evenly moist and slightly acidic. They prefer shade or filtered sunlight.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Lorraine |title=100 Easy-to-Grow Native Plants |publisher=Firefly Books Ltd. |year=1999 |isbn=1-55209-327-1 |location=Buffalo, New York |publication-date=1999 |pages=110 |language=English}}</ref>

The following [[cultivar]]s, of mixed ancestry, have won the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:
*'Apple Blossom' <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/239532/Erythronium-Apple-Blossom/Details | title = ''Erythronium'' 'Apple Blossom' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 June 2020}}</ref> (white with yellow centre)
*'Janice' <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/239495/Erythronium-Janice/Details | title = ''Erythronium'' 'Janice' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 June 2020}}</ref> (pink)
*'Joanna' <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/103724/Erythronium-Joanna/Details | title = ''Erythronium'' 'Joanna' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 June 2020}}</ref> (cream/pale yellow throat)
*'Pagoda' <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/89327/Erythronium-Pagoda/Details | title = ''Erythronium'' 'Pagoda' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 June 2020}}</ref> (cream yellow) 
*'Sundisc'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/57078/Erythronium-Sundisc/Details | title = ''Erythronium'' 'Sundisc' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 June 2020}}</ref> (yellow)
*'Wildside Seedling' <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/309336/Erythronium-Wildside-Seedling/Details | title = ''Erythronium'' 'Wildside Seedling' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 June 2020}}</ref> (white/yellow)
The [[bulb]] is edible as a [[root vegetable]], cooked or dried, and can be ground into [[flour]].  The leaves can also be cooked as a [[leaf vegetable]]. In [[Japan]], ''Erythronium japonicum'' is called ''[[katakuri]]'', and the bulb is processed to produce [[starch]], which is used for food and other purposes.

==See also==

* [[List of plants known as lily]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Commons}}
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite web|title=Erythronium 'Pagoda'|url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/Gardens/Wisley/About-Wisley/Plant-of-the-month/April/Erythronium--Pagoda-|publisher=Royal Horrticultural Society|access-date=17 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227010610/http://www.rhs.org.uk/Gardens/Wisley/About-Wisley/Plant-of-the-month/April/Erythronium--Pagoda-|archive-date=27 February 2014|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Clennett|first1=John C. B.|last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|last3=Forest|first3=Félix|last4=Maurin|first4=Olivier|last5=Wilkin|first5=Paul|author-link2=Mark Chase|title=Phylogenetic systematics of ''Erythronium'' (Liliaceae): morphological and molecular analyses|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|date=December 2012|volume=170|issue=4|pages=504–528|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01302.x|ref={{harvid|Clennett et al|2012}}|doi-access=free}}
{{Refend}}

{{Liliaceae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q143756}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Erythronium| ]]
[[Category:Liliaceae genera]]
[[Category:Root vegetables]]