Editing Erysimum

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Redirect|Wallflower}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Erysimum-scoparium.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Erysimum scoparium]]''
|taxon = Erysimum
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = Over 180, see text
|synonyms = 
*''Cheiranthus'' {{au|L.}}
:and others
}}

'''''Erysimum''''', or '''wallflower''', is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the cabbage family, [[Brassicaceae]]. It includes more than 150 [[species]], both popular garden plants and many wild forms.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Al-Shehbaz|first1=Ihsan A.|last2=Windham|first2=Michael D.|last3=Warwick|first3=Suzanne I.|last4=O'Kane|first4=Steve L.|last5=Mummenhoff|first5=Klaus|last6=Mayer|first6=Michael|last7=Koch|first7=Marcus A.|last8=Bailey|first8=C. Donovan|date=2006|title=Toward a Global Phylogeny of the Brassicaceae|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=23|issue=11|pages=2142–2160|doi=10.1093/molbev/msl087|pmid=16916944|issn=0737-4038|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The 'Cruciferae' of continental North America : systematics of the mustard family from the Arctic to Panama|last=Rollins, Reed Clark.|date=1993|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=0804720649|oclc=610871656}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Polatschek|first=Adolf|date=1976|title=Die Gattung Erysimum auf den Kapverden, Eanaren und Madeira|journal=Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien|volume=80|pages=93–103|issn=0083-6133|jstor=41769598}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Polatschek|first=A.|date=2013|title=Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 5. Nord-, West-, Zentraleuropa, Rumänien und westliche Balkan-Halbinsel bis Albanien|journal=Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie|volume=115|pages=75–218|issn=0255-0105|jstor=43922111}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Polatschek|first=A.|date=2013|title=Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 4. Nordafrika, Malta und Zypern|journal=Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie|volume=115|pages=57–74|issn=0255-0105|jstor=43922110}}</ref> ''Erysimum'' is characterised by star-shaped and/or two-sided) [[trichomes]] growing from the stem, with yellow, red, pink or orange flowers and multiseeded seed pods.

==Morphology==
Wallflowers are [[annual plant|annual]]s, [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]]s or [[sub-shrub]]s. The perennial species are short-lived and in cultivation treated as [[biennial plant|biennials]]. Most species have stems erect, with a covering of bifid hairs, usually 25 ± 53cm × 2–3mm in size. The leaves are narrow and fixed. The lower leaves are broad and round with backwardly directed lobes,  50–80mm × 0.5–3mm. Stem leaves are linear, entire, growing whitish with 2-fid hairs; 21–43mm × 1.5–2mm. [[Inflorescence|Flower cluster]]s grow at intervals on short equal stalks along the stem, with bright yellow to red or pink bilateral  [[flower]]s. Flowering occurs during spring and summer. One species, ''[[Erysimum semperflorens]]'', [[native plant|native]] to Morocco and Algeria, has white flowers. The flowering part of the stem ranges from 4 to 7mm. There are four pouch-shaped [[sepal]]s, light green, 5–7mm × 1.5–2mm.

==Etymology==
The [[Genus#Use in nomenclature|genus name]] ''Erysimum'' is derived from the Ancient Greek ''erysimon'' ({{lang|grc|[[wikt:ἐρύσιμον|ἐρύσιμον]]}}, ''[[Sisymbrium officinale]]''<ref>[[Pedanius Dioscorides]]. ''De materia medica.'' Lily Y. Beck, trans. Third, revised edition. Georg Olms Verlag, 2017. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LoJmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 p. 158.] {{ISBN|9783487155715}}</ref> or {{ill|Sisymbrium polyceratium|qid=Q15549260|italics=y|short=y}},<ref>{{cite wikisource|wslink=De Materia Medica/Book 2#Vielschotige Rauke|author=Pedanius Dioscorides|title=De Materia Medica: Book 2}}</ref> the hedgenettle), itself from the word ''eryo'' ({{lang|grc|[[wikt:ἐρύω|ἐρύω]]}}) meaning to drag<ref>Archibald William Smith {{google books|ahNMkgoNJ7IC|A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins|page=148}}</ref> or ''eryso'', a form of ''rhyomai'' ({{lang|grc|[[wikt:ῥύομαι|ῥύομαι]]}}),{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} meaning "to ward off" or "to heal" in reference to its medicinal properties.<ref>Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz. [http://floranorthamerica.org/Erysimum "Erysimum"] ''Flora of North America''. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</ref>

The common name "wallflower" derives from the plant's ability to grow successfully in loose wall mortar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wallflower definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/wallflower |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20210430223925/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/wallflower |archive-date=2021-04-30 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.collinsdictionary.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Distribution ==
Wallflowers are native to temperate Eurasia, North Africa and [[Macaronesia]], and North America south to Costa Rica. Many wallflowers are [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to small areas, such as:
*''[[Erysimum etnense|E. etnense]]'' ([[Mount Etna]])
*''[[Erysimum franciscanum|E. franciscanum]]'' (north Californian coast)
*''[[Erysimum kykkoticum|E. kykkoticum]]'' (Cyprus – nearly extinct)
*''[[Erysimum moranii|E. moranii]]'' (Guadalupe Island)
*''[[Erysimum nevadense|E. nevadense]]'' (the Sierra Nevada of Spain)
*''[[Erysimum scoparium|E. scoparium]]'' (the [[Teide]] volcano on Tenerife)
*''[[Erysimum teretifolium|E. teretifolium]]'' (endangered – inland sandhills of Santa Cruz County, California)

== Cultivation ==
Most wallflower garden [[cultivar]]s (e.g. [[Erysimum 'Chelsea Jacket'|''Erysimum'' 'Chelsea Jacket']]) are derived from ''[[Erysimum cheiri|E. cheiri]]'' (often placed in ''Cheiranthus''), from southern Europe. They are often attacked by fungal and bacterial disease, so they are best grown as [[biennial plant|biennials]] and discarded after flowering. They are also susceptible to [[clubroot]], a disease of [[Brassicaceae]]. Growth is best in dry soils with very good drainage, and they are often grown successfully in loose wall mortar. There is a wide range of flower color in the warm spectrum, including white, yellow, orange, red, pink, maroon, purple and russet. The flowers, appearing in spring, usually have a strong, pleasant fragrance.  Wallflowers are often associated in spring [[bedding (horticulture)|bedding]] schemes with [[tulip]]s and [[forget-me-not]]s.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}}</ref>

The cultivar 'Bowles's Mauve'<ref>{{cite web|title=''Erysimum'' 'Bowles's Mauve'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=740|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society|access-date=26 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106060727/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=740|archive-date=6 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 45 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref> It can become a bushy evergreen perennial in milder locations. It is strongly scented and attractive to bees.

== Ecology ==
''Erysimum'' is found in a range of habitats across the northern hemisphere, and has developed diverse morphology and growth habits (herbaceous annual or perennial, and woody perennial). Different ''Erysimum'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] ([[butterflies]] and [[moth]]s) species including the [[garden carpet]] (''Xanthorhoe fluctuata''). In addition, some species of weevils, like ''[[Ceutorhynchus chlorophanus]]'', live inside the fruits feeding on the developing seeds. Many species of beetles, bugs and grasshoppers eat the leaves and stalks. Some [[mammal]]ian herbivores, for example mule deer (''[[Odocoileus hemionus]]'') in North America, argali (''[[Ovis ammon]]'') in Mongolia, red deer (''[[Cervus elaphus]]'') in Central Europe, or Spanish ibex (''[[Capra pyrenaica]]'') in the Iberian Peninsula, feed on wallflower flowering and fruiting stalks. ''[[Erysimum crepidifolium]]'' (pale wallflower) is toxic to some generalist vertebrate herbivores.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte : Giftpflanzen von A-Z : Notfallhilfe : Vorkommen, Wirkung, Therapie : allergische und phototoxische Reaktionen|last=Roth, Lutz.|date=1994|publisher=Ecomed|isbn=3609648104|oclc=891791701}}</ref><ref name="Giftpflanzen.com">[http://www.giftpflanzen.com/erysimum_crepidifolium.html Bleicher Schöterich (''Erysimum crepidifolium''). In: giftpflanzen.com.]</ref>

Most wallflowers are pollinator-generalists, their flowers being visited by many different species of bees, bee flies, hoverflies, butterflies, beetles, and ants. However, there are some specialist species. For example, ''[[Erysimum scoparium]]'' is pollinated almost exclusively by ''[[Anthophora]] alluadii''.

===Defensive compounds===
Like most [[Brassicaceae]], species in the genus ''Erysimum'' produce [[glucosinolates]] as defensive compounds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fahey |first1=Jed W. |last2=Zalcmann |first2=Amy T. |last3=Talalay |first3=Paul |title=The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants |journal=Phytochemistry |date=2001 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=5–51|doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00316-2 |pmid=11198818 |bibcode=2001PChem..56....5F }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Züst|first1=Tobias|last2=Strickler|first2=Susan R|last3=Powell|first3=Adrian F|last4=Mabry|first4=Makenzie E|last5=An|first5=Hong|last6=Mirzaei|first6=Mahdieh|last7=York|first7=Thomas|last8=Holland|first8=Cynthia K|last9=Kumar|first9=Pavan|last10=Erb|first10=Matthias|last11=Petschenka|first11=Georg|last12=Gómez|first12=José-María|last13=Perfectti|first13=Francsco|last14=Müller|first14=Caroline|last15=Pires|first15=J Chris|last16=Mueller|first16=Lukas|last17=Jander|first17=Georg|date=2020-04-07|title=Independent evolution of ancestral and novel defenses in a genus of toxic plants (Erysimum, Brassicaceae)|journal=eLife|language=en|volume=9|pages=e51712|doi=10.7554/eLife.51712|issn=2050-084X|pmc=7180059|pmid=32252891 |doi-access=free }}</ref> However, unlike almost all other genera in the Brassicaceae, ''Erysimum'' also accumulates [[cardiac glycosides]], another class of [[phytochemicals]] with an ecological importance in insect defense.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Züst|first1=Tobias|last2=Mirzaei|first2=Mahdieh|last3=Jander|first3=Georg|date=2018-03-20|title=Erysimum cheiranthoides, an ecological research system with potential as a genetic and genomic model for studying cardiac glycoside biosynthesis|journal=Phytochemistry Reviews|volume=17|issue=6|pages=1239–1251|doi=10.1007/s11101-018-9562-4|bibcode=2018PChRv..17.1239Z |s2cid=53857970|issn=1568-7767|url=https://boris.unibe.ch/114835/ }}</ref><ref name=":0" />  Cardiac glycosides specifically function to prevent insect [[Herbivore|herbivory]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dussourd |first1=DE |last2=Hoyle |first2=AM |title=Poisoned plusiines: toxicity of milkweed latex and cardenolides to some generalist caterpillars |journal=Chemical Ecology |date=2000 |volume=10|issue=1 |page=11 |doi=10.1007/PL00001810 |bibcode=2000Chmec..10...11D }}</ref> and/or [[Ovipositor|oviposition]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Renwick |first1=J. A. A. |last2=Radke |first2=C. D. |last3=Sachdev-Gupta |first3=K. |title=Chemical Constituents of ''Erysimum cheiranthoides'' Deterring Oviposition by the Cabbage Butterfly, ''Pieris rapae'' |journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology |date=1989 |volume=15 |issue=8|pages=2161–9 |doi=10.1007/BF01014106 |pmid=24272377 |bibcode=1989JCEco..15.2161R |s2cid=20866270 }}</ref> by blocking [[ion channel]] function in muscle cells.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paula |first1=S |last2=Tabet |first2=MR |last3=Ball |first3=WJ |title=Interactions between cardiac glycosides and sodium ⁄ potassium-ATPase: three-dimensional structure)activity relationship models for ligand binding to the E2-Pi form of the enzyme versus activity inhibition |journal=Biochemistry |date=2005 |volume=44|issue=2 |pages=498–510 |doi=10.1021/bi048680w |pmid=15641774 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/3304402 }}</ref>  These chemicals are toxic enough to deter generalist,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karowe |first1=DN |last2=Golston |first2=V |title=Effect of the cardenolide digitoxin on performance of gypsy moth (''Lymantria dispar'') (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) caterpillars |journal=The Great Lakes Entomologist |date=2006 |volume=39}}</ref> and even some specialist<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rassman |first1=s |last2=Johnson |first2=MD |last3=Agrawal |first3=AA |title=Induced responses to herbivory and jasmonate in three milkweed species |journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology |date=2009 |volume=35|issue=11 |page=1326 |doi=10.1007/s10886-009-9719-0 |bibcode=2009JCEco..35.1326R }}</ref> insect herbivores. [[Cardiac glycoside]] production is widespread in ''Erysimum'', with at least 48 species in the genus containing these compounds.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Makarevich |first1=FI |last2=Zhernoklev |first2=KV |last3=Slyusarskaya |first3=TB |title=Cardenolide-containing plants of the family Cruciferae |journal=Chemistry of Natural Compounds |date=1994 |volume=30 |issue=3|pages=275–289 |doi=10.1007/BF00629957 |bibcode=1994CNatC..30..275M |s2cid=13763922 }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Züst|first1=Tobias|last2=Strickler|first2=Susan R.|last3=Powell|first3=Adrian F.|last4=Mabry|first4=Makenzie E.|last5=An|first5=Hong|last6=Mirzaei|first6=Mahdieh|last7=York|first7=Thomas|last8=Holland|first8=Cynthia K.|last9=Kumar|first9=Pavan|date=2019-09-08|title=Rapid and independent evolution of ancestral and novel defenses in a genus of toxic plants (Brassicaceae)|journal=bioRxiv|doi=10.1101/761569|doi-access=free}}</ref> Accumulation of cardiac glycosides in ''[[Erysimum crepidifolium]]'', but not other tested species, is induced by treatment with [[jasmonic acid]] and [[methyl jasmonate]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Munkert|first1=Jennifer|last2=Ernst|first2=Mona|last3=Müller-Uri|first3=Frieder|last4=Kreis|first4=Wolfgang|date=2014|title=Identification and stress-induced expression of three 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases from Erysimum crepidifolium Rchb. and their putative role in cardenolide biosynthesis|journal=Phytochemistry|volume=100|pages=26–33|doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.006|pmid=24512841|bibcode=2014PChem.100...26M |issn=0031-9422}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> endogenous elicitors of chemical defenses in many plant species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Howe|first1=Gregg A.|last2=Jander|first2=Georg|date=2008|title=Plant Immunity to Insect Herbivores|journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology|volume=59|issue=1|pages=41–66|doi=10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092825|pmid=18031220|bibcode=2008AnRPB..59...41H |issn=1543-5008}}</ref>   Molecular [[phylogenetic]] analysis indicates that ''Erysimum'' diversification from other [[Brassicaceae]] species that do not produce cardiac glycosides began in the [[Pliocene]] (2.33–5.2 million years ago),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Chien-Hsun |last2=Sun |first2=Renran |last3=Hu |first3=Yi |last4=Zeng |first4=Liping |last5=Zhang |first5=Ning |last6=Cai |first6=Liming |last7=Zhang |first7=Qiang |last8=Koch |first8=Marcus A. |last9=Al-Shehbaz |first9=Ihsan |last10=Edger |first10=Patrick P. |last11=Pires |first11=J. Chris |last12=Tan |first12=Dun-Yan |last13=Zhong |first13=Yang |last14=Ma |first14=Hong |title=Resolution of Brassicaceae Phylogeny Using Nuclear Genes Uncovers Nested Radiations and Supports Convergent Morphological Evolution |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=2015 |volume=33 |issue=2|pages=394–412 |pmc=4866547 |pmid=26516094 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msv226 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Moazzeni |first1=Hamid |last2=Zarre |first2=Shahin |last3=Pfeil |first3=Bernard E. |last4=Bertrand |first4=Yann J. K. |last5=German |first5=Dmitry A. |last6=Al-Shebaz |first6=Ihsan A. |last7=Mummenhoff |first7=Klaus |last8=Oxelman |first8=Bengt |title=Phylogenetic perspectives on diversification and character evolution in the species-rich genus Erysimum (Erysimeae; Brassicaceae) based on a densely sampled ITS approach |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |date=2014 |volume=175 |issue=4 |pages=497–522|doi=10.1111/boj.12184 |s2cid=82972738 |doi-access= }}</ref> suggesting relatively recent evolution of cardiac glycosides as a defensive trait in this genus.

=== Escape from herbivory ===
The evolution of novel chemical defenses in plants, such as [[cardenolide]]s in the genus ''Erysimum'', is predicted to allow escape from herbivory by specialist herbivores and expansion into new ecological niches.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Marjorie G.|last2=Agrawal|first2=Anurag A.|date=2014|title=Defense mutualisms enhance plant diversification|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=111|issue=46|pages=16442–16447|doi=10.1073/pnas.1413253111|pmid=25349406|issn=0027-8424|pmc=4246327|bibcode=2014PNAS..11116442W|doi-access=free}}</ref> The crucifer-feeding specialist ''[[Pieris rapae|Pieries rapae]]'' (white cabbage butterfly) is deterred from feeding and oviposition by cardenolides in ''[[Erysimum cheiranthoides]].''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feeny|first=Paul|date=1977|title=Defensive Ecology of the Cruciferae|journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|volume=64|issue=2|pages=221–234|doi=10.2307/2395334|jstor=2395334|bibcode=1977AnMBG..64..221F |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/40250}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Renwick|first1=J. A. A.|last2=Radke|first2=Celia D.|date=1987|title=Chemical stimulants and deterrents regulating acceptance or rejection of crucifers by cabbage butterflies|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|volume=13|issue=7|pages=1771–1776|doi=10.1007/bf00980217|pmid=24302344|bibcode=1987JCEco..13.1771R |s2cid=24473740|issn=0098-0331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Renwick|first1=J. A. A.|last2=Radke|first2=Celia D.|date=1985|title=Constituents of host- and non-host plants deterring oviposition by the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae|journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata|volume=39|issue=1|pages=21–26|doi=10.1111/j.1570-7458.1985.tb03538.x|bibcode=1985EEApp..39...21R |s2cid=86713452|issn=0013-8703}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dimock|first1=M. B.|last2=Renwick|first2=J. A. A.|last3=Radke|first3=C. D.|last4=Sachdev-gupta|first4=K.|date=1991|title=Chemical constituents of an unacceptable crucifer,Erysimum cheiranthoides, deter feeding byPieris rapae|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|volume=17|issue=3|pages=525–533|doi=10.1007/bf00982123|pmid=24258803|bibcode=1991JCEco..17..525D |s2cid=32639023|issn=0098-0331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sachdev-Gupta|first1=K.|last2=Radke|first2=Cd.|last3=Renwick|first3=J. A. A.|last4=Dimock|first4=M. B.|date=1993|title=Cardenolides from Erysimum cheiranthoides: Feeding deterrents toPieris rapae larvae|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|volume=19|issue=7|pages=1355–1369|doi=10.1007/bf00984881|pmid=24249167|bibcode=1993JCEco..19.1355S |s2cid=258932|issn=0098-0331}}</ref> Similarly, ''Anthocharis cardamines'' (orange tip butterfly), which oviposits on almost all crucifer species, avoids ''[[Erysimum cheiranthoides|E. cheiranthoides]].''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wiklund|first1=Christer|last2=Åhrberg|first2=Carl|last3=Ahrberg|first3=Carl|date=1978|title=Host Plants, Nectar Source Plants, and Habitat Selection of Males and Females of Anthocharis cardamines (Lepidoptera)|journal=Oikos|volume=31|issue=2|pages=169|doi=10.2307/3543560|issn=0030-1299|jstor=3543560|bibcode=1978Oikos..31..169W }}</ref> ''Erysimum asperum'' (western wallflower) is resistant to feeding and oviposition of ''Pieris napi macdunnoughii'' (synonym ''[[Pieris marginalis]]'', margined white butterfly).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chew|first=Frances S.|date=1975|title=Coevolution of pierid butterflies and their cruciferous foodplants|journal=Oecologia|volume=20|issue=2|pages=117–127|doi=10.1007/bf00369024|pmid=28308818|issn=0029-8549|bibcode=1975Oecol..20..117C|s2cid=29074343}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chew|first=Frances S.|date=1977|title=Coevolution of Pierid Butterflies and Their Cruciferous Foodplants. II. The Distribution of Eggs on Potential Foodplants|journal=Evolution|volume=31|issue=3|pages=568–579|doi=10.2307/2407522|issn=0014-3820|jstor=2407522|pmid=28563490}}</ref> Two crucifer-feeding beetles, ''Phaedon'' sp. and ''[[Phyllotreta]]'' sp., were deterred from feeding by [[cardenolide]]s that were applied to their preferred food plants.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=NIELSEN|first=JENS KVIST|date=1978|journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata|volume=24|issue=1|pages=41–54|doi=10.1111/j.1570-7458.1978.tb02755.x|issn=0013-8703|title=Host Plant Discrimination within Cruciferae: Feeding Responses of Four Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to Glucosinolates, Cucurbitacins and Cardenolides|bibcode=1978EEApp..24...41N |s2cid=84602063}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=NIELSEN|first=J. K.|date=1978|journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata|volume=24|issue=3|pages=562–569|doi=10.1111/j.1570-7458.1978.tb02817.x|issn=0013-8703|title=Host Plant Selection of Monophagous and Oligophagous Flea Beetles Feeding on Crucifers|bibcode=1978EEApp..24..562N |s2cid=85648914}}</ref> Consistent with the hypothesis of enhanced speciation after escape from herbivory, phylogenetic studies involving 128 ''Erysimum'' species indicate diversification in Eurasia between 0.5 and 2 million years ago, and in North America between 0.7 and 1.65 million years ago.)<ref name=":1" /> This evolutionarily rapid expansion of the ''Erysimum'' genus has resulted in several hundred known species distributed throughout the northern hemisphere.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

== Ethnobotanical uses of ''Erysimum'' ==
''Erysimum'' species have a long history of use in traditional medicine. In ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Naturalis Historia]]'' by [[Pliny the Elder]] ({{circa|77}}), ''Erysimum'' is classified as a medicinal rather than a food plant. ''[[Erysimum cheiri]]'' is described as a medicinal herb in ''[[De Materia Medica]]'' by [[Pedanius Dioscorides]] ({{circa|70}}), which was the predominant European medical [[Pharmacopoeia|pharmacopeia]] for more than 1,500 years. Other [[Middle Ages|medieval]] descriptions of medicinal herbs and their uses, including the ''Dispensatorium des Cordus'' by [[Valerius Cordus]] (1542), ''Bocks Kräuterbuch'' by [[Hieronymus Bock]] (1577), and Tabernaemontanus' ''Neuw Kreuterbuch'' by [[Jacobus Theodorus Tabernaemontanus]] (1588), also discuss applications of ''[[Erysimum cheiri|E. cheiri]]''. In traditional Chinese medicine, ''[[Erysimum cheiranthoides]]'' has been used to treat heart disease and other ailments.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Plantae Medicinales Chinae Boreali-Orientalis|last=Zhu|first=YC|publisher=Heilongjiang Science and Technology Publishing House|year=1989|location=Harbin}}</ref> Although medical uses of ''Erysimum'' became uncommon in [[Europe]] after the [[Middle Ages]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jaretzky|first1=R.|last2=Wilcke|first2=M.|date=1932|title=Die herzwirksamen Glykoside von Cheiranthus Cheiri und verwandten Arten|journal=Archiv der Pharmazie|volume=270|issue=2|pages=81–94|doi=10.1002/ardp.19322700202|s2cid=93704423|issn=0365-6233}}</ref> ''Erysimum diffusum,'' as well as purified erysimin and erysimoside, have been applied more recently as Ukrainian ethnobotanical treatments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Makarevich|first1=I. F.|last2=Zhernoklev|first2=K. V.|last3=Slyusarskaya|first3=T. V.|last4=Yarmolenko|first4=G. N.|date=May 1994|title=Cardenolide-containing plants of the family Cruciferae|journal=Chemistry of Natural Compounds|volume=30|issue=3|pages=275–289|doi=10.1007/bf00629957|bibcode=1994CNatC..30..275M |s2cid=13763922|issn=0009-3130}}</ref>

==Selected species==
{{Main|List of Erysimum species|l1=List of ''Erysimum'' species}}
{{Div col|colwidth=24em}}
* ''[[Erysimum allionii]]'' – Siberian wallflower
* ''[[Erysimum amasianum]]'' – Turkish wallflower
* ''[[Erysimum ammophilum]]''
* ''[[Erysimum angustatum]]'' – Dawson wallflower
* ''[[Erysimum arenicola]]'' – cascade wallflower
* ''[[Erysimum baeticum]]''
* ''[[Erysimum caboverdeanum]]'' – Cabo Verde wallflower
* ''[[Erysimum capitatum]]'' – sanddune wallflower, western wallflower
* ''[[Erysimum cazorlense]]'', [[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Erysimum myriophyllum'' subsp. ''cazorlense''
* ''[[Erysimum cheiranthoides]]'' – wormseed wallflower
* [[Erysimum cheiri|''Erysimum'' × ''cheiri'']] – wallflower
* ''[[Erysimum collinum]]''
* ''[[Erysimum crepidifolium]]'' – pale wallflower
* ''[[Erysimum creticum]]'' – Crete wallflower
* ''[[Erysimum diffusum]]'' – diffuse wallflower
* ''[[Erysimum etnense]]'' – Mount Etna wallflower
* ''[[Erysimum franciscanum]]'' – Franciscan wallflower
* ''[[Erysimum fitzii]]''
* ''[[Erysimum gomez-campoi]]''
* ''[[Erysimum hedgeanum]]'' – syn. ''Arabidopsis erysimoides''
* ''[[Erysimum inconspicuum]]'' – smallflower prairie wallflower
* ''[[Erysimum insulare]]''
* ''[[Erysimum jugicola]]''
* ''[[Erysimum kotschyanum]]'' – Kotschy wallflower
* ''[[Erysimum kykkoticum]]''
* ''[[Erysimum mediohispanicum]]'', syn. ''Erysimum nevadense'' subsp. ''mediohispanicum''
* ''[[Erysimum menziesii]]''
* ''[[Erysimum myriophyllum]]''
* ''[[Erysimum nervosum]]''
* ''[[Erysimum nevadense]]'' – Sierra Nevada wallflower
* ''[[Erysimum odoratum]]'' – smelly wallflower (syn. ''Erysimum pannonicum'')
* ''[[Erysimum popovii]]''
* ''[[Erysimum raulinii]]'' – Crete wallflower
* ''[[Erysimum redowskii]]'', syn. ''Erysimum pallasii'' – Pallas' wallflower
* ''[[Erysimum repandum]]''
* ''[[Erysimum rhaeticum]]'' – Swiss wallflower
* ''[[Erysimum scoparium]]'' – Teide wallflower
* ''[[Erysimum siliculosum]]''
* ''[[Erysimum teretifolium]]'' – Santa Cruz wallflower, Ben Lomond wallflower
{{Div col end}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Erysimum wittmanii a1.jpg|''[[Erysimum witmanii]]'' inflorescence
Image:ErysimumChelseaJacket.jpg|[[Erysimum 'Chelsea Jacket'|''Erysimum'' 'Chelsea Jacket']]
Image:Erysimum helveticum.jpg|''Erysimum helveticum''
File:Erysimum allionii.JPG|''Erysimum allionii'' inflorescence
Image:Erysimum x linifolium.jpg|''Erysimum'' × ''linifolium'' 'Bowles's Mauve'
File:ErysimumCheiranthoides.jpg|''[[Erysimum cheiranthoides]]''
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wiktionary|wallflower}}
*[http://www.evoflor.org Evoflor, a web page on ''Erysimum'' floral evolution]
*[http://www.erysimums.onesuffolk.net Webpage of a UK collector of erysimums]
*[https://archive.today/20070811155323/http://www.ipe.csic.es/floragon/especies.php?genero=Erysimum Herbario del Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, CSIC (Jaca, Aragón, Spain)]
*[http://www.homolaicus.com/scienza/erbario/utility/botanica_sistematica/hypertext/0598.htm#021365 Botánica Sistemática, an open web on plants]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q165206}}
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[[Category:Erysimum| ]]
[[Category:Brassicaceae genera]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]