Editing Ericaceae

{{Short description|Heather family of flowering plants}}
{{Distinguish|Arecaceae}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{automatic taxobox
| image = Leptecophylla juniperina 2.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Leptecophylla juniperina]]''
| taxon = Ericaceae
| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name=APGIII2009/>
| type_genus = ''[[Erica (plant)|Erica]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| diversity_link = List of Ericaceae genera
| diversity = Over 120 genera
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision =
*[[Enkianthoideae]]
*[[Pyroloideae]]
*[[Monotropoideae]]
*[[Arbutoideae]]
*[[Cassiopoideae]]
*[[Ericoideae]]
*[[Harrimanelloideae]]
*[[Epacridoideae]] (Styphelioideae)
*[[Vaccinioideae]]
}}

The '''Ericaceae''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɛr|ɪ|ˈ|k|eɪ|s|i|.|aɪ|,_|-|iː}}) are a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s, commonly known as the '''heath''' or '''heather family''', found most commonly in acidic and infertile growing conditions. The family is large, with about 4,250 known species spread across 124 genera,<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal | author = Christenhusz, M. J. M. | author2 = Byng, J. W. | name-list-style = amp | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2016Phytx.261..201C }}</ref> making it the 14th most species-rich family of flowering plants.<ref name=APweb/> The many well known and economically important members of the Ericaceae include the [[cranberry]], [[blueberry]], [[huckleberry]], [[rhododendron]] (including [[azalea]]s), and various common heaths and heathers (''[[Erica (plant)|Erica]]'', ''[[Cassiope]]'', ''[[Daboecia]]'', and ''[[Calluna]]'' for example).<ref name=Kron02/>

==Description==
The Ericaceae contain a morphologically diverse range of taxa, including [[Herbaceous plant|herb]]s, [[chamaephyte|dwarf shrubs]], [[shrub]]s, and [[tree]]s. Their leaves are usually [[evergreen]],<ref name=USDA>{{cite book |last1=Patterson |first1=Patricia A. |title=Field Guide to the Forest Plants of Northern Idaho |date=1985 |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service |pages=37–47}}</ref> alternate or whorled, simple and without [[stipule]]s. Their flowers are [[Plant sexuality#Individual plant sexuality|hermaphrodite]] and show considerable variability. The [[petal]]s are often fused ([[sympetalous]]) with shapes ranging from narrowly tubular to funnelform or widely urn-shaped. The [[corolla (flower)|corollas]] are usually [[radially symmetrical]] ([[actinomorphic]]) and urn-shaped, but many flowers of the genus ''Rhododendron'' are somewhat [[bilaterally symmetrical]] ([[zygomorphic]]).<ref name=Wats92/> Anthers open by pores.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/phylo_eric.htm | title=Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
[[Michel Adanson]] used the term Vaccinia to describe a similar family, but {{lang|fr|italics=no|[[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]]}} first used the term Ericaceae. The name comes from the type genus ''[[Erica (plant)|Erica]]'', which appears to be derived from the Greek word {{transliteration|grc|ereíkē}} ({{lang|grc|[[wikt:ἐρείκη|ἐρείκη]]}}). The exact meaning is difficult to interpret, but some sources show it as meaning 'heather'. The name may have been used informally to refer to the plants before [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaean]] times, and simply been formalised when Linnaeus described ''Erica'' in 1753, and then again when Jussieu described the Ericaceae in 1789.<ref name=Juss89/>

Historically, the Ericaceae included both subfamilies and tribes. In 1971, Stevens, who outlined the history from 1876 and in some instances 1839, recognised six subfamilies (Rhododendroideae, [[Ericoideae]], [[Vaccinioideae]], [[Pyroloideae]], [[Monotropoideae]], and Wittsteinioideae), and further subdivided four of the subfamilies into tribes, the Rhododendroideae having seven tribes (Bejarieae, Rhodoreae, Cladothamneae, Epigaeae, Phyllodoceae, and Diplarcheae).{{sfnp|Stevens|1971}} Within tribe Rhodoreae, five genera were described, ''[[Rhododendron]]'' L. (including ''Azalea'' L. pro parte), ''Therorhodion'' Small, ''[[Ledum]]'' L., ''Tsusiophyllum'' Max., ''[[Menziesia]]'' J. E. Smith, that were eventually transferred into ''Rhododendron'', along with Diplarche from the monogeneric tribe Diplarcheae.<ref name=Crav11/>

In 2002, systematic research resulted in the inclusion of the formerly recognised families Empetraceae, Epacridaceae, Monotropaceae, Prionotaceae, and Pyrolaceae into the Ericaceae based on a combination of molecular, morphological, anatomical, and embryological data, analysed within a [[phylogenetic]] framework.<ref name=KronJudd02/> The move significantly increased the morphological and geographical range found within the group. One possible classification of the resulting family includes 9 subfamilies, 126 genera, and about 4,000 species:<ref name=APweb/>

*[[Enkianthoideae]] <small>Kron, Judd & Anderberg</small> (one genus, 16 species)
*[[Pyroloideae]] <small>Kosteltsky</small> (4 genera, 40 species)
*[[Monotropoideae]] <small>Arnott</small> (10 genera, 15 species)
*[[Arbutoideae]] <small>Niedenzu</small> (up to six genera, about 80 species)
*[[Cassiopoideae]] <small>Kron & Judd</small> (one genus, 12 species)
*[[Ericoideae]] <small>Link</small> (19 genera, 1790 species)
*[[Harrimanelloideae]] <small>Kron & Judd</small> (one species)
*[[Epacridoideae]] <small>Arn.</small> (=Styphelioideae <small>Sweet</small>) (35 genera, 545 species)
*[[Vaccinioideae]] <small>Arnott</small> (50 genera, 1580 species)

=== Genera ===
{{main|List of Ericaceae genera}}
[[File:Daboecia cantabrica1373917974.jpg|alt=Hot pink flowers with 5 fused petals in a bell shape, covered in slight fuzz and emerging from a branching inflorescence.|thumb|Flowers of ''[[Daboecia cantabrica]]'', showing the typical fused, bell-shaped corolla]]

== Distribution and ecology ==
The Ericaceae have a nearly worldwide distribution. They are absent from continental [[Antarctica]], parts of the high [[Arctic]], central [[Greenland]], northern and central [[Australia]], and much of the lowland [[tropics]] and [[neotropics]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ericales |url=https://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/ericalesweb.htm#Ericaceae |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=mobot.org}}</ref>

The family is largely composed of plants that can tolerate acidic, infertile, shady conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ericacea (Heath) Family and Their Culture |url=https://extension.psu.edu/ericacea-heath-family-and-their-culture |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=extension.psu.edu}}</ref> Due to their tolerance of acidic conditions, this plant family is also typical of peat [[bog]]s and blanket bogs; examples include ''[[Rhododendron groenlandicum]]'' and species in the genus ''[[Kalmia]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maine Natural Areas Program, Natural Community Fact Sheet for Subalpine Hanging Bog |url=https://www.maine.gov/dacf/mnap/features/communities/heathlichen.htm |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=maine.gov}}</ref> In eastern [[North America]], members of this family often grow in association with an [[oak]] canopy, in a habitat known as an [[oak-heath forest]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oak / Heath Forest |url=https://wvdnr.gov/outdoor-recreation/plants-fungi/oak-heath-forest/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=West Virginia Division of Natural Resources}}</ref> Plants in Ericaceae, especially species in ''[[Vaccinium]]'', rely on [[buzz pollination]] for successful pollination to occur.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moquet |first1=Laura |last2=Bruyère |first2=Lydiane |last3=Pirard |first3=Benoit |last4=Jacquemart |first4=Anne-Laure |date=October 2017 |title=Nectar foragers contribute to the pollination of buzz-pollinated plant species |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=104 |issue=10 |pages=1451–1463 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1700090 |issn=1537-2197 |pmid=29885226|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The majority of ornamental species from ''Rhododendron'' are native to [[East Asia]], but most varieties cultivated today are hybrids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Native Rhododendrons & Azaleas of North America |url=http://rhodyman.net/Natives.html |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=rhodyman.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hybrid Rhododendron |url=http://www.rhodyman.net/rhodyhy.html |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=rhodyman.net}}</ref> Most rhododendrons grown in the United States are cultivated in the [[Pacific Northwest]]. The United States is the top producer of both blueberries and cranberries, with the state of Maine growing the majority of [[Vaccinium angustifolium|lowbush blueberry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1970-01-01 |title=World Blueberry Production by Country |url=https://www.atlasbig.com/en-us/countries-blueberry-production |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=AtlasBig}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1970-01-01 |title=World Cranberry Production by Country |url=https://www.atlasbig.com/en-us/countries-cranberry-production |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=AtlasBig}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Blueberries |url=https://www.maine.gov/doe/sites/maine.gov.doe/files/inline-files/Blueberries.pdf |website=Maine DOE}}</ref> The wide distribution of genera within Ericaceae has led to situations in which distinct American and European plants share the same common name, e.g. blueberry (''[[Vaccinium corymbosum]]'' in North America and [[Vaccinium myrtillus|''V.''&nbsp;''myrtillus'']] in Europe) and cranberry ([[Vaccinium macrocarpon|''V.''&nbsp;''macrocarpon'']] in America and [[Vaccinium oxycoccos|''V.''&nbsp;''oxycoccos'']] in Europe).

=== Mycorrhizal relationships ===
{{Main|Ericoid mycorrhiza}}

Like other stress-tolerant plants, many Ericaceae have [[mycorrhiza]]l fungi to assist with extracting nutrients from infertile [[soil]]s, as well as evergreen foliage to conserve absorbed nutrients.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department od Mycorrhizal Symbioses |url=https://www.ibot.cas.cz/mykosym/en_eric.html |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=ibot.cas.cz}}</ref> This trait is not found in the [[Clethraceae]] and [[Cyrillaceae]], the two families most closely related to the Ericaceae. Most Ericaceae (excluding the Monotropoideae, and some Epacridoideae) form a distinctive accumulation of [[Ericoid mycorrhiza|mycorrhizae]], in which fungi grow in and around the roots and provide the plant with nutrients. The [[Pyroloideae]] are [[mixotrophic]] and gain sugars from the mycorrhizae, as well as nutrients.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lallemand |first1=Félix |last2=Puttsepp |first2=Ülle |last3=Lang |first3=Mait |last4=Luud |first4=Aarne |last5=Courty |first5=Pierre-Emmanuel |last6=Palancade |first6=Cécile |last7=Selosse |first7=Marc-André |date=September 2017 |title=Mixotrophy in Pyroleae (Ericaceae) from Estonian boreal forests does not vary with light or tissue age |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=361–371 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcx054 |issn=0305-7364 |pmc=5591414 |pmid=28575199}}</ref>

The cultivation of blueberries, cranberries, and [[Gaultheria procumbens|wintergreen]] for their fruit and oils relies especially on these unique relationships with fungi, as a healthy mycorrhizal network in the soil helps the plants to resist environmental stresses that might otherwise damage crop yield.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ericoid Mycorrhizal Fungi & Cranberry: Mutualisms with Potential – Wisconsin Fruit |url=https://fruit.wisc.edu/2021/06/29/ericoid-mycorrhizal-fungi-cranberry-mutualisms-with-potential/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=fruit.wisc.edu}}</ref> Ericoid mycorrhizae are responsible for a high rate of uptake of nitrogen, which causes naturally low levels of free nitrogen in ericoid soils.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Fagúndez |first=Jaime |date=February 2013 |title=Heathlands confronting global change: drivers of biodiversity loss from past to future scenarios |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=111 |issue=2 |pages=151–172 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs257 |issn=0305-7364 |pmc=3555525 |pmid=23223202}}</ref> These mycorrhizal fungi may also increase the tolerance of Ericaceae to [[heavy metals]] in soil, and may cause plants to grow faster by producing [[phytohormone]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Xiangying |last2=Zhang |first2=Wenbing |last3=Zulfiqar |first3=Faisal |last4=Zhang |first4=Chunying |last5=Chen |first5=Jianjun |date=2022 |title=Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi as biostimulants for improving propagation and production of ericaceous plants |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.1027390 |issn=1664-462X |doi-access=free |pmid=36466284 |pmc=9709444 }}</ref>

=== Heathlands ===

{{Main|Heath}}

In many parts of the world, a "heath" or "heathland" is an environment characterised by an open dwarf-[[shrub]] community found on low-quality acidic soils, generally dominated by plants in Ericaceae. Heathlands are a broadly anthropogenic habitat, requiring regular grazing or burning to prevent succession.<ref name="Heathland {{!}} Wildlife Watch">{{Cite web |title=Heathland {{!}} Wildlife Watch |url=https://www.wildlifewatch.org.uk/animal-habitats/heathland |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=wildlifewatch.org.uk}}</ref> Heaths are particularly abundant{{Snd}}and constitute important cultural elements{{Snd}}in Norway, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Portugal, and other countries in Central and Western Europe.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Loidi |first1=Javier |title=Heathlands of Temperate and Boreal Europe |date=2020-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095489120780 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes |pages=656–668 |editor-last=Goldstein |editor-first=Michael I. |access-date=2023-12-04 |place=Oxford |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-816097-8 |last2=de Blust |first2=Geert |last3=Campos |first3=Juan Antonio |last4=Haveman |first4=Rense |last5=Janssen |first5=John |editor2-last=DellaSala |editor2-first=Dominick A.}}</ref> The most common examples of plants in Ericaceae which dominate heathlands are ''[[Calluna vulgaris]]'', ''[[Erica cinerea|Erica cineria]]'', ''[[Erica tetralix]]'', and ''[[Vaccinium myrtillus]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heathland Plants |url=https://www.surreywildlifetrust.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/TBH-Heathland-Plant-Spotter-2-Pager.pdf |publisher=Surrey Wildlife Trust}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Heathland and Moorland |url=https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/habitats/heathland-and-moorland/ |publisher=Woodland Trust}}</ref>

In heathland, plants in Ericaceae serve as host plants to the butterfly ''[[Plebejus argus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=C. D. |date=1985-08-01 |title=Specializations and polyphagy of ''Plebejus argus'' (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in North Wales |journal=Ecological Entomology|volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=325–340 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2311.1985.tb00729.x |bibcode=1985EcoEn..10..325T |issn=1365-2311 |s2cid=86813755}}</ref> Other insects, such as ''[[Saturnia pavonia]]'', ''[[Myrmeleotettix maculatus]]'', ''[[Metrioptera brachyptera]]'', and ''[[Picromerus bidens]]'' are closely associated with heathland environments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heathland invertebrates and reptiles |url=http://www.natureconservationimaging.com/Pages/nature_conservation_imaging_heathland1_invertebrates_reptiles.php |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=natureconservationimaging.com}}</ref> Reptiles thrive in heaths due to an abundance of sunlight and prey, and birds hunt the insects and reptiles which are present.<ref name="Heathland {{!}} Wildlife Watch"/>

Some evidence suggests [[eutrophic]] rainwater can convert ericoid heaths with species such as ''Erica tetralix'' to [[grassland]]s. [[Nitrogen]] is particularly suspect in this regard, and may be causing measurable changes to the distribution and abundance of some ericaceous species.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist|1=2|refs=
<ref name="APGIII2009">{{Cite journal |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free|hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="APweb">Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/ericalesweb.htm#Ericaceae Ericaceae]". ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 29 December 2014.</ref>

<ref name="Crav11">{{cite journal |last=Craven |first=L.A. |title=''Diplarche'' and ''Menziesia'' transferred to ''Rhododendron'' (''Ericaceae'') |journal=Blumea |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=33–35 |date=April 2011 |doi=10.3767/000651911X568594 |bibcode=2011Blume..56...33C |url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/566126}}</ref>

<ref name="Juss89">{{cite book |last=Jussieu |first=A.-L. de |date=1789 |title=Genera plantarum ordines naturales disposita |pages=159–160 |publisher=Herissant & Barrois |location=Paris}}</ref>

<ref name="Kron02">{{cite journal |title=Phylogenetic relationships within the blueberry tribe (Vaccinieae, Ericaceae) based on sequence data from MATK and nuclear ribosomal ITS regions, with comments on the placement of ''Satyria'' |first1=Kathleen A. |last1=Kron |first2=E. Ann |last2=Powell |first3=J.L. |last3=Luteyn |journal=American Journal of Botany |year=2002 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=327–336 |doi=10.3732/ajb.89.2.327| pmid = 21669741 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

<ref name="KronJudd02">{{cite journal |title=Phylogenetic Classification of Ericaceae: Molecular and Morphological Evidence |last1=Kron |first1=K.A. |last2=Judd |first2=W.S. |last3=Stevens |first3=P.F. |last4=Crayn |first4=D.M. |last5=Anderberg |first5=A.A. |last6=Gadek |first6=P.A. |last7=Quinn |first7=C.J. |last8=Luteyn |first8=J.L. |journal=The Botanical Review |date=2002 |volume=68 |pages=335–423 |issue=3 |doi=10.1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0335:pcoema]2.0.co;2 |s2cid=35699816 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

<ref name="Wats92">{{cite web |last1=Watson |first1=L. |last2=Dallwitz |first2=M.J. |date=19 August 2014 |title=Ericaceae Juss. |work=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval |url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/ericacea.htm |access-date=30 December 2014 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>
}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite journal |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |title=A classification of the Ericaceae: subfamilies and tribes |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=1–53 |date=1971 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1971.tb02133.x }}
* {{cite journal |first1=Steve |last1=Cafferty |first2=Charles E. |last2=Jarvis |title=Typification of Linnaean Plant Names in Ericaceae |journal=Taxon |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=751–753 |date=November 2002 |jstor=1555030 |doi=10.2307/1555030|bibcode=2002Taxon..51..751. }}
* {{cite book |last1=Stevens |first1=P.F. |last2=Luteyn |first2=J. |last3=Oliver |first3=E.G.H. |last4=Bell |first4=T.L. |last5=Brown |first5=E.A. |last6=Crowden |first6=R.K. |last7=George |first7=A.S. |last8=Jordan |first8=G.J. |last9=Ladd |first9=P. |last10=Lemson |first10=K. |last11=McLean |first11=C.B. |last12=Menadue |first12=Y. |last13=Pate |first13=J.S. |last14=Stace |first14=H.M. |last15=Weiller |first15=C.M. |year=2004 |chapter=Ericaceae |editor-last=Kubitzki |editor-first=K. |title=Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales |series=The families and genera of vascular plants |volume=6 |pages=145–194 |publisher=Springer |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-tHGAaaf2cC&pg=PA145 |isbn=9783540065128}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ericaceae}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* [http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Ericaceae/ Ericaceae] at [http://www.theplantlist.org ''The Plant List''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523171514/http://www.theplantlist.org/ |date=23 May 2019 }}
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/ericacea.htm Ericaceae], [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/epacrida.htm Epacridaceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011032426/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/epacrida.htm |date=11 October 2012 }}, [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/empetrac.htm Empetraceae], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121010050931/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/monotrop.htm Monotropaceae], and [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/pyrolace.htm Pyrolaceae] at [https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The Families of Flowering Plants (DELTA)'']
* [http://eol.org/pages/4269/overview Ericaceae] at the [http://eol.org/ ''Encyclopedia of Life'']
* [http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APweb/orders/ericalesweb.htm#Ericaceae Ericaceae] at the [http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APweb/ ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10316 Ericaceae] at the online [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1 ''Flora of North America'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10316 Ericaceae] at the online [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 ''Flora of China'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=10316 Ericaceae] at the online [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=5 ''Flora of Pakistan'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=60&taxon_id=10316 Ericaceae] at the online [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=60 ''Flora of Chile'']
* [http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Taxon.aspx?id=_16c46185-ad3b-4db4-86b3-fd283d59f582&fileName=Flora%201.xml Epacridaceae] at the online [http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx ''Flora of New Zealand''] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525032751/http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx |date=25 May 2017 }}
* [http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile.php/22885 Epacridaceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704115033/http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/ |date=4 July 2013 }} at the online [http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/ ''Flora of Western Australia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704115033/http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/ |date=4 July 2013 }}
* [http://www.ericaceae.org/homepage.html Ericaceae] at [http://www.ericaceae.org/ Ericaceae.org]
* [https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/ericaceae.htm ''Ericaceae''] at [https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/intro/index.html Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]
* [http://www.nybg.org/bsci/res/lut2 Neotropical Blueberries] at the [http://www.nybg.org/ New York Botanical Garden]

{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q975872}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ericaceae| ]]
[[Category:Ericales families]]