Editing Erebus

{{Short description|Personification of darkness in Greek mythology}}
{{About}}
In [[Greek mythology]], '''Erebus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛr|ə|b|ə|s}};<ref>Tripp, [https://archive.org/details/crowellshandbook00trip/page/618/mode/2up?view=theater p. 618].</ref> {{langx|grc|Ἔρεβος|Érebos|darkness, gloom}}),<ref>Montanari, s.v. έρεβος, p. 815.</ref> or '''Erebos''', is the personification of darkness. In [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'', he is the offspring of [[Chaos (mythology)|Chaos]], and the father of [[Aether (mythology)|Aether]] and [[Hemera]] (Day) by [[Nyx]] (Night); in other Greek cosmogonies, he is the father of Aether, [[Eros]], and [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]], or the first ruler of the gods. In genealogies given by Roman authors, he begets a large progeny of personifications upon Nox (the Roman equivalent of Nyx), while in an [[Orphic literature|Orphic]] theogony, he is the offspring of [[Chronos]] (Time).

The name "Erebus" is also used to refer either to the darkness of the [[Greek underworld|Underworld]], the Underworld itself, or the region through which souls pass to reach [[Hades]], and can sometimes be used as a synonym for [[Tartarus]] or Hades.

== Etymology ==
The meaning of the word ''Érebos'' ([[wikt:Ἔρεβος|Ἔρεβος]]) is "darkness" or "gloom", referring to that of the [[Greek underworld|Underworld]].<ref>Montanari, s.v. έρεβος, p. 815.</ref> It derives from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] ''{{PIE|[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁régʷos|*h₁regʷ-os-]]}}'' ("darkness"), and is cognate with the [[Sanskrit]] ''[[wikt:रजस्|rájas]]'' ("dark (lower) air, dust"), the [[Armenian language|Armenian]] ''[[wikt:երէկ|erek]]'' ("evening"), the [[Gothic language|Gothic]] ''[[wikt:𐍂𐌹𐌵𐌹𐍃|riqis]]'', and the [[Old Norse]] ''[[wikt:røkkr|røkkr]]'' ("dark, dust").<ref>Beekes, s.v. έρεβος, p. 451.</ref>

== Personification of darkness ==
{{Greek deities (primordial)}}
In a number of Greek cosmogonies, Erebus is described as one of the first beings to exist. In [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' (late 8th century BC), which the Greeks considered the "standard" account of the origin of the gods,<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA21 p. 21].</ref> he is the offspring of [[Chaos (mythology)|Chaos]], alongside [[Nyx]] (Night).<ref>Gantz, p. 4; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA23 p. 23]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:104-138 123].</ref> In the first instance of sexual intercourse, he mates with Nyx, producing [[Aether (mythology)|Aether]] and [[Hemera]] (Day),<ref>Gantz, p. 4; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:104-138 124&ndash;5].</ref> the pair of which represent the personified opposites of their parents.<ref>Almqvist, p. 37.</ref> The Neoplatonist [[Damascius]] attributes to [[Acusilaus]] (6th century BC) a cosmogony in which Chaos is the first principle, after which comes Erebus and Night, and from this pair are then born Aether, [[Eros]], and [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]].<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 pp. 5&ndash;6]; [[Acusilaus]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA6 fr. 6b Fowler, p. 6] [= ''[[Brill's New Jacoby|BNJ]]'' [https://scholarlyeditions.brill.com/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:fgrh.0002.bnjo-3-tr1-eng:f6b 2 F6b] = [[Damascius]], ''De Principiis'' 124].</ref> The philosopher [[Philodemus]] records that in the work ''On the Gods'' by one "Satyros", Erebus is the first of five rulers of the gods, and is succeeded as sovereign by Chaos (though others have suggested this figure may be Eros).<ref>''[[Brill's New Jacoby|BNJ]]'' [https://scholarlyeditions.brill.com/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:fgrh.0020.bnjo-3-comm3-eng:f2 commentary on 20 F2]; ''[[Brill's New Jacoby|BNJ]]'' [https://scholarlyeditions.brill.com/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:fgrh.0020.bnjo-2-tr1-eng:f2 20 F2].</ref> According to a hymn by the poet [[Antagoras of Rhodes|Antagoras]] (3rd century BC), one of the possible parentages of Eros is Erebus and Night.<ref>Athanassakis and Wolkow, [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/172/mode/2up?view=theater p. 172].</ref>

Erebus also features in genealogies given by Roman authors. According to [[Cicero]] (1st century BC), Erebus and Nox (the Roman equivalent of Nyx) are the parents of Aether and [[Dies (mythology)|Dies]] (Day), as well as Amor (Love), Dolus (Guile), Metus (Fear), Labor (Toil), Invidentia (Envy), Fatum (Fate), Senectus (Old Age), Mors (Death), Tenebrae (Darkness), Miseria (Misery), Querella (Lamentation), Gratia (Favour), Fraus (Fraud), Pertinacia (Obstinacy), the Parcae, the [[Hesperides]], and the Somnia (Dreams).<ref>[[Cicero]], ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/marcus_tullius_cicero-de_natura_deorum/1933/pb_LCL268.329.xml 3.44 (pp. 328, 329)].</ref> In the ''[[Fabulae]]'' by the Roman mythographer [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]] (1st century BC/AD), Erebus is the offspring of Chaos and Caligo (Mist), alongside Dies (Day), Erebus (Darkness), and Aether.<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' Theogony 1.2&ndash;3 (Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 95; Marshall, p. 10).</ref> By Nox, he becomes the father of Fatum (Fate), Senectus (Old Age), Mors (Death), Letum (Destruction), Continentia (Strife), Somnus (Sleep), the Somnia (Dreams), Epiphron (Thoughtfulness), Hedymeles, Porphyrion, Epaphus, Discordia (Discord), Miseria (Misery), Petulantia (Petulance), Nemesis, Euphrosyne (Cheerfulness), Amicitia (Friendship), Misericordia (Pity), [[Styx]], the [[Parcae]] - Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos (Fate), and the [[Hesperides]] - Aegle, Hesperia, and Erythea (Twilight).<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' Theogony 1.2&ndash;8 (Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 95; Marshall, p. 10).</ref>

In a cosmogony given by [[Aristophanes]] in his play ''[[The Birds (play)|The Birds]]'' (414 BC), which is often believed to be a parody of an Orphic theogony,<ref>Brisson, I pp. 390–1; Bernabé 2004, p. 73 on fr. 64; Chrysanthou, p. 303.</ref> Erebus is one of the first deities to exist, alongside Chaos, Night, and [[Tartarus]]. At the beginning of creation, Night lays a "wind-egg" in the "boundless bosom of Erebus", from which springs golden-winged Eros.<ref>Brisson, pp. 3&ndash;4; Luján, p. 86; [[Aristophanes]], ''[[The Birds (play)|Birds]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aristophanes-birds/2000/pb_LCL179.117.xml 693&ndash;9 (pp. 116, 117)] [= Orphic fr. 64V Bernabé (pp. 73&ndash;5) = [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/80/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 1 Kern]]. Luján, pp. 86&ndash;7 compares this progression of "Erebos – Egg – Eros" to the Indian ''[[Rigveda]]'' 10.129.3a&ndash;4b, in which Darkness exists in the beginning, and out of Darkness comes the "One", from which arises Desire.</ref> In an Orphic theogony recorded by Damascius in his work ''De principiis'' (''On First Principles''), known as the [[Hieronyman Theogony]] (2nd century BC?),<ref>See Meisner, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wgJfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 p. 1 with n. 3]. Damascius states that the text is "referred to by Hieronymus and Hellanicus, unless he is the same person"; see Meisner, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wgJfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 p. 122].</ref> Erebus, alongside Aether and Chaos, is the offspring of [[Chronos]] (Time), who has the form of a serpent.<ref>Meisner, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wgJfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 126], [https://books.google.com/books?id=wgJfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 129]; West, pp. 198&ndash;9; Brisson, I p. 395; Orphic fr. 78 Bernabé (p. 88) [= [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/130/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 54 Kern]]. Meisner, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wgJfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144 p. 144] says that Chronos produces these children by [[Ananke]] (Necessity), though West, p. 198 and Brisson, I p. 396 consider Chronos alone to be the parent. Brisson, V p. 55 also sees Orphic fr. 106 Bernabé (p. 114), from the later Orphic [[Rhapsodies (Orphic literature)|Rhapsodies]], as alluding to Erebus; see also West, pp. 230&ndash;1.</ref>

== Name or region of the Underworld ==
The name "Erebus" is often used by ancient authors to refer either to the darkness of the Underworld,<ref>Tripp, [https://archive.org/details/crowellshandbook00trip/page/228/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Erebus, p. 228]; Montanari, s.v. έρεβος, p. 815; cf. Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA23 p. 23].</ref> to the Underworld itself,<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA23 pp. 23&ndash;4]; Morford, p. 371.</ref> or to the subterranean region through which souls of the dead travel to reach Hades,<ref>Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=erebos-bio-1 s.v. E'rebos]; Coulter and Turner, s.v. Erebus, p. 170; cf. [[LSJ]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D*)%2Ferebos s.v. Ἔρεβος]: "a place of nether darkness, forming a passage from Earth to Hades".</ref> and it is sometimes used synonymously with Tartarus or [[Hades]].<ref>Tripp, [https://archive.org/details/crowellshandbook00trip/page/228/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Erebus, p. 228]; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/underworld-e1225130 s.v. Underworld]; Morford, p. 57; Coulter and Turner, s.v. Erebus, p. 170.</ref> [[Homer]] uses the term to refer to the Underworld:<ref>Gantz, p. 4.</ref> in the ''[[Odyssey]]'', souls of the dead are described as "gather[ing] from out of Erebus", on the shore of [[Oceanus]] at the edge of the Earth,<ref>Gantz, p. 123; [[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:11.1-11.50 11.37].</ref> while in the ''[[Iliad]]'' Erebus is the location in which the [[Erinyes]] live,<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.538-9.580 9.571&ndash;2]; see also [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''[[Octavia (play)|Octavia]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/seneca_younger-octavia/2018/pb_LCL078.615.xml 965 (pp. 614, 615)], which calls the Furies the "goddesses of Erebus".</ref> and from which [[Heracles]] must fetch [[Cerberus]].<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.335-8.380 8.368].</ref> In the ''[[Theogony]]'', it is the subterraneous place to which Zeus casts the Titan [[Menoetius]] (here meaning either Tartarus or Hades),<ref>Gantz, p. 154; Hard, p. 49; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:507-544 514&ndash;5]. According to Gantz, "it is not clear whether Hesiod means by this Tartaros, or that Menoitios met the fate of a mortal", while West 1966, p. 310 on line 515 states that "whether [Erebus] means Tartarus or Hades here [...] depends on whether Hesiod thought of Menoitios as god or mortal", while Hard says that it refers to "the nether darkness, presumably of Tartaros".</ref> and from which he later brings up the [[Hecatoncheires]].<ref>Gantz, p. 4; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:654-686 669].</ref> In the ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to [[Demeter]]'', Erebus is used to refer to Hades, the location in which the god [[Hades]] and his wife [[Persephone]] reside,<ref>West 1966, p. 310 on line 515; ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to [[Demeter]]'' (2), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:292-346 335]; see also [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:347-397 349], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:398-448 409].</ref> while in [[Euripides]]' play ''[[Orestes (play)|Orestes]]'', it is where the goddess Nyx lives.<ref>[[Euripides]], ''[[Orestes (play)|Orestes]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-orestes/2002/pb_LCL011.431.xml 176 (pp. 430, 431)].</ref> Later, in Roman literature, [[Ovid]] calls [[Proserpina]] the "queen of Erebus",<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL042.277.xml 5.543 (pp. 276, 275)].</ref> and other authors use Erebus as a name for Hades.<ref>[[Petronius]], ''[[Satyricon]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/petronius-satyricon/2020/pb_LCL015.355.xml 254 (pp. 354, 355)]; [[Silius Italicus]], ''[[Punica (poem)|Punica]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/silius_italicus-punica/1934/pb_LCL277.11.xml 1.92 (pp. 10, 11)]; see also [[Claudian]], ''Rape of Proserpina'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/claudian_claudianus-rape_proserpine/1922/pb_LCL136.295.xml 32 (pp. 294, 295)]; [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''[[Hercules on Oeta]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/seneca_younger-hercules_oeta/2018/pb_LCL078.455.xml 1369 (pp. 454, 455)].</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* [[Silius Italicus]], ''[[Punica (poem)|Punica]], Volume I: Books 1-8'', translated J. D. Duff, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 277, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1934. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99305-1}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL277/1934/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]], ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', London (1873). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0104 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Edward Tripp|Tripp, Edward]], ''Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology'', Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). {{ISBN|0-690-22608-X}}. [https://archive.org/details/crowellshandbook00trip/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1966), ''Hesiod: Theogony'', Oxford University Press, 1966. {{ISBN|0-19-814169-6}}.
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1983), ''The Orphic Poems'', [[Clarendon Press]] Oxford, 1983. {{ISBN|978-0-19-814854-8}}.
{{refend}}

{{Greek mythology (deities)|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Darkness]]
[[Category:Greek primordial deities]]
[[Category:Personifications in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Personifications in Roman mythology]]
[[Category:Greek underworld]]