Editing Enzo Ferrari

{{Short description|Italian racing driver, engineer and entrepreneur (1898–1988)}}
{{About|the founder of Ferrari|the automobile named after him|Ferrari Enzo|other uses|Enzo Ferrari (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Il Commendatore|other uses|Commendatore (disambiguation){{!}}Commendatore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Enzo Ferrari
| honorific-suffix   = [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic|Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI]]
| image              = Enzo Ferrari Monza 1967.jpg
| image_size         = 
| caption            = Ferrari in 1967
| birth_name         = Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria Ferrari
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1898|2|18|df=yes}}<!-- It's not 20th, at least according to the Ferrari -->
| birth_place        = [[Modena]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1988|8|14|1898|2|18|df=yes}}<!-- It's not 20th, at least according to the Ferrari -->
| death_place        = [[Maranello]], Italy
| occupation         = {{flatlist|
*Racecar driver
*professional motor racing team entrepreneur
*automotive industry executive and industrialist
}}
| known_for          = Founding [[Ferrari]] and [[Scuderia Ferrari]]
| spouse             = {{marriage|Laura Dominica Garello|1923|1978|reason=d}}
| partner            = Lina Lardi
| children           = [[Alfredo Ferrari]]<br/>[[Piero Ferrari]]
| parents            = 
| signature          = 
}}

'''Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria Ferrari''' ({{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|r|ɑːr|i}}; {{IPA|it|ˈɛntso anˈsɛlmo ferˈraːri|lang}}; 18<!-- It's not 20th, at least according to the Ferrari --> February 1898 – 14 August 1988) was an Italian [[racing driver]] and entrepreneur, the founder of [[Scuderia Ferrari]] in [[Grand Prix motor racing]], and subsequently of the [[Ferrari]] automobile marque. Under his leadership in [[Formula One]], Ferrari won nine [[World Drivers' Championship]]s and eight [[World Constructors' Championship]]s during his lifetime. 

He was widely known as '''il Commendatore''' or '''il Drake''', a nickname given by British opponents in reference to the English [[privateer]] [[Francis Drake]], due to Ferrari's demonstrated ability and [[determination]] in achieving significant sports results with his small company. In his final years, he was often referred to as l'Ingegnere ("the Engineer"), il Grande Vecchio ("the Grand Old Man"), il Cavaliere ("the Knight"), il Mago ("the Wizard"), and il Patriarca ("the Patriarch").<ref>{{cite web |title=Enzo Ferrari |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Enzo-Ferrari |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref>

==Early life==
Enzo Ferrari was  born on February 18, 1898 in [[Modena]], Italy, while his birth certificate states 20 February.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Enzo's Dream |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/magazine/articles/enzos-dream-celebrating-enzos-birthday |website=ferrari.com |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.antenati.san.beniculturali.it/v/Archivio+di+Stato+di+Modena/Stato+civile+italiano/Modena/Nati/1898/Parte+1/005117536_00519.jpg.html?g2_imageViewsIndex=0|title=Enzo Ferrari's Birth Certificate at Antenati. Italia, Modena, Stato Civile (Archivio di Stato), 1806-1942|access-date=17 October 2018|archive-date=22 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022040047/http://www.antenati.san.beniculturali.it/v/Archivio+di+Stato+di+Modena/Stato+civile+italiano/Modena/Nati/1898/Parte+1/005117536_00519.jpg.html?g2_imageViewsIndex=0|url-status=dead}}</ref> His parents were Alfredo Ferrari and Adalgisa Bisbini; he had an older brother Alfredo Junior (Dino). The family lived in via Paolo Ferrari n°85, next to the mechanical workshop founded by Alfredo, who worked for the nearby railways. This site is now the Enzo Ferrari Museum.<ref>{{cite web |title=Enzo Ferrari Museum Modena |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/museums/enzo-ferrari-modena |website=Ferrari.com |publisher=Ferrari |access-date=2024-07-04}}</ref>
Alfredo Senior was the son of a grocer from [[Carpi, Emilia-Romagna|Carpi]], and began a workshop fabricating metal parts at the family home.<ref>Williams p. 9–10</ref> 

Enzo grew up with little formal education. Unlike his brother, he preferred working in his father's workshop and participated in the construction of the canopy at the Giulianova station in 1914. He had ambitions of becoming an operetta tenor, sports journalist, or racing driver. When he was 10 he witnessed [[Felice Nazzaro]]'s win at the [[1908 Circuito di Bologna]], an event which inspired him to become a racing driver.<ref name="imdb.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0274060/bio|title=Enzo Ferrari (I)|access-date=2012-11-18|work=IMDb}}</ref> During [[World War I]], he served in the [[3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment (Italy)|3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment]] of the [[Royal Italian Army|Italian Army]]. His father Alfredo, and his older brother, Alfredo Jr., died in 1916 as a result of a widespread Italian [[influenza|flu]] outbreak. Ferrari became seriously sick himself during the [[1918 flu pandemic]] and was consequently discharged from the Italian service.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

==Racing career==
[[File:Enzo Ferrari - Wheel of a racing car.jpg|thumb|Ferrari in 1920]]

{{blockquote|"Second place is the first loser".<br>(Original: "Il secondo è il primo dei perdenti".)<ref>[https://www.frasimania.it/frasi-enzo-ferrari/ Frasi di Enzo Ferrari] ''Frasimania.it''</ref>}}

After the collapse of his family's carpentry business, Ferrari searched for a job in the car industry. He unsuccessfully volunteered his services to [[Fiat]] in Turin, eventually settling for a job as test-driver for CMN (Costruzioni Meccaniche Nazionali), a car manufacturer in Milan which rebuilt used truck bodies into small passenger cars. He was later promoted to race car driver and made his competitive debut in the 1919 Parma-Poggio di Berceto hillclimb race, where he finished fourth in the three-litre category at the wheel of a 2.3-litre 4-cylinder C.M.N. 15/20. On 23 November of the same year, he took part in the [[Targa Florio]] but had to retire after his car's fuel tank developed a leak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://auto.ferrari.com/en_EN/ongoing-heritage/company/history/history-of-enzo/|title=History of Enzo|work=Ferrari GT - en-EN|date=8 September 2015}}</ref> Due to the large number of retirements, he finished 9th.<ref>{{cite web|date=2018-10-05|title=Enzo Ferrari, il pilota - Amarsport|url=https://wheels.iconmagazine.it/auto-classiche/amarsport/enzo-ferrari-pilota|access-date=2021-08-13|website=Icon Wheels|language=it-IT|archive-date=20 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820235157/https://wheels.iconmagazine.it/auto-classiche/amarsport/enzo-ferrari-pilota|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
[[File:Piloti Alfa Romeo 2.JPG|thumb|Drivers Enzo Ferrari (1st from left), [[Tazio Nuvolari]] (4th) and [[Achille Varzi]] (6th) of Alfa Romeo with Alfa Romeo Managing Director Prospero Gianferrari (3rd) at [[Maddalena Pass|Colle della Maddalena]], {{circa|1933}}]]
In 1920, Ferrari joined the racing department of [[Alfa Romeo in motorsport|Alfa Romeo]] as a driver. Ferrari won his first Grand Prix in 1923 in [[Ravenna]] on the Savio Circuit. 1924 was his best season, with three wins, including [[Ravenna]], [[Polesine]] and the [[Coppa Acerbo]] in [[Pescara]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kW5eCAAAQBAJ&q=Ferrari+won+the+coppa+Acerbo+in+1924&pg=PT11|title=Collection Editions: Ferrari In Formula One|last=Buckland|first=Damien|date=2015-02-04|publisher=Lulu Press, Inc|isbn=9781326174880|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Deeply shocked by the death of [[Ugo Sivocci]] in 1923 and [[Antonio Ascari]] in 1925, Ferrari, by his admission, continued to race half-heartedly. At the same time, he developed a taste for the organisational aspects of Grand Prix racing. Following the birth of his son Alfredo (Dino) in 1932, Ferrari decided to retire and form a team of superstar drivers, including [[Giuseppe Campari]] and [[Tazio Nuvolari]]. This team was called Scuderia Ferrari (founded by Enzo in 1929) and acted as a racing division for Alfa Romeo. The team was very successful, thanks to excellent cars like the [[Alfa Romeo P3]] and to the talented drivers, like Nuvolari. Ferrari retired from competitive driving having participated in 41 Grands Prix with a record of 11 wins.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fathers of Automotive: Enzo Ferrari Spotlight |url=https://www.camincusa.com/blog/fathers-of-the-automotive-industry-enzo-ferrari |website=CAMISASCA AUTOMOTIVE BLOG |date=9 July 2020 |publisher=Camisasca Automotive Manufacturing, Inc. |access-date=9 July 2020}}</ref>

During this period, the prancing horse emblem appeared on his team's cars. The emblem had been created and sported by Italian fighter plane pilot [[Francesco Baracca]]. During World War I, Baracca's mother gave her son a necklace with the prancing horse on it before takeoff. Baracca was shot down and killed by an Austrian aeroplane in 1918.<ref name=Franks>Franks, N. (2000). ''Nieuport Aces of World War 1.'' Osprey Publishing, 2000. {{ISBN|1-85532-961-1}}, {{ISBN|978-1-85532-961-4}}</ref> In memory of his death, Ferrari used the prancing horse to create the emblem that would become the world-famous Ferrari shield. Initially displayed on Ferrari's [[Alfa Romeo]] racing car, the shield was first seen on a factory Ferrari in 1947.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE DÉBUT OF THE PRANCING HORSE |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/magazine/articles/prancing-horse-scuderia-ferrari-first-appearance |website=Ferrari Magazine |publisher=Ferrari S.p.A. |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>

==Building Ferrari==
Alfa Romeo agreed to partner with Ferrari's racing team until 1933, when financial constraints forced them to withdraw their support – a decision subsequently retracted thanks to the intervention of [[Pirelli]]. Despite the quality of the Scuderia drivers, the team struggled to compete with [[Auto Union]] and [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]. Although the German manufacturers dominated the era, Ferrari's team achieved a notable victory in 1935 when Tazio Nuvolari beat [[Rudolf Caracciola]] and [[Bernd Rosemeyer]] on their home turf at the German Grand Prix.<ref>{{cite web |title=1935 German Grand Prix |url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/database/races/1935-german-grand-prix/ |website=Motor Sport |publisher=Motor Sport Magazine}}</ref>

In 1937 [[Scuderia Ferrari]] was dissolved and Ferrari returned to Alfa's racing team, named "[[Alfa Corse]]". Alfa Romeo decided to regain full control of its racing division, retaining Ferrari as Sporting Director. After a disagreement with Alfa's managing director [[Ugo Gobbato]], Ferrari left in 1939 and founded Auto-Avio Costruzioni, a company supplying parts to other racing teams. Although a contract clause restricted him from racing or designing cars for four years, Ferrari managed to manufacture two cars for the 1940 [[Mille Miglia]], which were driven by [[Alberto Ascari]] and Lotario Rangoni. With the outbreak of [[World War II]], Ferrari's factory was forced to undertake war production for Mussolini's fascist government. Following Allied bombing of the factory, Ferrari relocated from Modena to [[Maranello]]. At the end of the war, Ferrari decided to start making cars bearing his name, and founded Ferrari S.p.A. in 1947.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Machado |first1=Luiz |title=History of Ferrari |url=https://www.petersen.org/blog/history-of-ferarri |website=Petersen Automotive Museum |date=12 May 2023 |access-date=12 May 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Scuderia Ferrari - Monza, 1953 - Enzo Ferrari & Mike Hawthorn.jpg|thumb|[[Alberto Ascari]] (left), Enzo Ferrari (centre) and [[Mike Hawthorn]] (right) in the box of the [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|Monza Circuit]] in 1953]]
Enzo decided to battle the dominating Alfa Romeos and race with his own team. The team's open-wheel debut took place in Turin in 1948 and the first win came later in the year in Lago di Garda. The first major victory came at the [[1949 24 Hours of Le Mans]], with a Ferrari 166 MM driven by [[Luigi Chinetti]] and (Baron Selsdon of Scotland) Peter Mitchell-Thomson. In 1950 Ferrari enrolled in the newly born Drivers World Championship and is the only team to remain continuously present since its introduction. Ferrari won his first world championship Grand Prix with [[José Froilán González]] at [[1951 British Grand Prix|Silverstone in 1951]]. Apocryphally, Enzo cried like a baby when his team finally defeated the mighty [[Alfa Romeo 158/159 Alfetta|Alfetta 159]]. The first championship came in 1952, with [[Alberto Ascari]], a task that was repeated one year later. In 1953 Ferrari made his only attempt at the [[Indianapolis 500]], but the car driven by Ascari crashed on lap 41 of the race.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferrari Makes First And Only Indy 500 Appearance In 1952 |url=https://www.autoweek.com/racing/indycar/a1844556/37-ferrari-makes-first-and-only-indy-500-appearance-1952/ |website=Autoweek |date=22 April 2016 |publisher=Hearst Digital Media |access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> 

In order to finance his racing endeavors in Formula One as well as in other events such as the [[Mille Miglia]] and [[24 Hours of Le Mans|Le Mans]], the company started selling sports cars.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

Ferrari's decision to continue racing in the ''Mille Miglia'' brought the company new victories and greatly increased public recognition. However, increasing speeds, poor roads, and nonexistent crowd protection eventually spelled disaster for both the race and Ferrari. During the [[1957 Mille Miglia]], near the town of Guidizzolo, a 4.0-litre Ferrari 335 S driven by [[Alfonso de Portago]] was traveling at {{convert|250|km/h|abbr=on}} when it blew a tyre and crashed into the roadside crowd, killing de Portago, his co-driver and nine spectators, five of whom were children. In response, Enzo Ferrari and [[Englebert (tyre manufacturer)|Englebert]], the tyre manufacturer, were charged with manslaughter in a lengthy criminal prosecution that was finally dismissed in 1961.<ref>{{cite web | last1 = David | first1 = David | url = https://sportscardigest.com/1957-mille-miglia/ | title = 1957 Mille Miglia | date = 2010-09-10 | website = Sports Car Digest | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231228012237/https://sportscardigest.com/1957-mille-miglia/ | archive-date = 2023-12-28 | url-status = live | access-date = 2024-03-28 | df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Deeply unsatisfied with the way motorsports were covered in the Italian press, in 1961 Ferrari supported [[Bologna]]-based publisher Luciano Conti's decision to start a new publication, ''Autosprint''. Ferrari himself regularly contributed to the magazine for a few years.<ref>[[:it:Autosprint]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=October 2017}}

Many of Ferrari's greatest victories came at Le Mans (nine victories, including six in a row in 1960–1965) and in Formula One during the 1950s and 1960s, with the successes of [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] (1956), [[Mike Hawthorn]] (1958), and [[Phil Hill]] (1961).{{fact|date=December 2023}}

==The Great Walkout==
Enzo Ferrari's strong personality and controversial management style became notorious in 1962. Following a rather weak title defence of Phil Hill's 1961 world title, sales manager Girolamo Gardini, together with manager [[Romolo Tavoni]], chief engineer [[Carlo Chiti]], sports car development chief [[Giotto Bizzarrini]] and other key figures in the company left Ferrari to found the rival car manufacturer and racing team [[Automobili Turismo e Sport]] (ATS). Based in Bologna, and financially supported by Count [[Giovanni Volpi]], ATS managed to lure away Phil Hill and [[Giancarlo Baghetti]] from Ferrari, who responded by promoting junior engineers like [[Mauro Forghieri]], [[Sergio Scaglietti]] and [[Giampaolo Dallara]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergio Scaglietti passes away at 91|url=http://www.oncars.in/Car-News-Detail/Sergio-Scaglietti-dies-at-the-age-of-91/1406|publisher=Oncars India|access-date=22 November 2011|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080152/http://www.oncars.in/Car-News-Detail/Sergio-Scaglietti-dies-at-the-age-of-91/1406|url-status=dead}}</ref> and hiring [[Ludovico Scarfiotti]], [[Lorenzo Bandini]], [[Willy Mairesse]] and [[John Surtees]] to drive his Formula One cars.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

The "great walkout" came at an especially difficult time for Ferrari. At the urging of Chiti, the company was developing a new [[Ferrari 250|250]]-based model. Even if the car would be finished, it was unclear if it could be raced successfully. Ferrari's shakeup proved to be successful. The [[MR layout|mid-engined]] [[Ferrari Dino|Dino racers]] laid the foundation for Forghieri's dominant 250-powered [[Ferrari P|250 P]]. [[John Surtees]] won the world title in 1964 following a tense battle with [[Jim Clark]] and [[Graham Hill]]. The [[Ferrari Dino|Dino road cars]] sold well, and other models like the [[Ferrari 275|275]] and [[Ferrari Daytona|Daytona]] were on the way. Conversely, ATS, following a troubled Formula One 1963 campaign, with both cars retiring four times in five races, folded at the end of the year.<ref name="McDonough">{{cite journal|last1=McDonough|first1=Ed|title=Road to Nowhere - ex Phil Hill 1963 ATS F1|journal=Vintage Racecar|date=November 2008|volume=11|issue=11|pages=38–48}}</ref>

In 1998, Tavoni declared in an interview that he and the remainder of Ferrari's senior figures did not leave on their initiative, but were ousted following a disagreement with Ferrari over the role of his wife in the company. He said: "Our mistake was to go to a lawyer and write him a letter, instead of openly discussing the issue with him. We knew that his wife wasn't well. We should have been able to deal with it in a different way. When he called the meeting to fire us, he had already nominated our successors."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.motoremotion.it/2016/10/23/tavoni-ed-licenziamento-dei-dirigenti-nel-1961/ |title = Tavoni ed il licenziamento dei dirigenti nel 1961|date = 23 October 2016}}</ref>

==Merging with Fiat==
[[File:Enzo Ferrari - Monza, 1966.jpg|thumb|Ferrari at Monza in 1966]]
By the end of the 1960s, increasing financial difficulties and the problem of racing in many categories and having to meet new safety and clean air emissions requirement for road car production and development, caused Ferrari to start looking for a business partner. In 1969 Ferrari sold 50% of his company to [[Fiat S.p.A.]], with the caveat that he would remain 100% in control of the racing activities and that Fiat would pay a sizable subsidy until his death for use of his Maranello and Modena production plants. Ferrari had previously offered [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] the opportunity to buy the firm in 1963 for US$18 million (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|18000000|1963}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars {{inflation-fn|US}}) but, late in negotiations, Ferrari withdrew once he realized that Ford would not agree to grant him independent control of the company racing department. Ferrari became a joint-stock company, and Fiat took a small share in 1965. In 1969, Fiat increased their holding to 50% of the company. In 1988 Fiat's holding rose to 90%.<ref>{{cite web |title=COMPANY NEWS; Fiat Raises Stake In Ferrari to 90% |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/08/business/company-news-fiat-raises-stake-in-ferrari-to-90.html |website=The New York Times |date=8 September 1988}}</ref>

Following the agreement with Fiat, Ferrari stepped down as managing director of the road car division in 1971. In 1974, Ferrari appointed [[Luca Cordero di Montezemolo]] as Sporting Director/Formula One Team manager. Montezemolo eventually assumed the presidency of Ferrari in 1992, a post he held until September 2014. [[Clay Regazzoni]] was runner-up in 1974, while [[Niki Lauda]] won the championship in 1975 and 1977. In 1977, Ferrari was criticized in the press for replacing World Champion Lauda with newcomer [[Gilles Villeneuve]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Enzo's Favorite - Gilles Villeneuve|url=https://www.carthrottle.com/post/wb8v85l/|access-date=2021-08-13|website=Car Throttle|date=2 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Ferrari claimed that Villeneuve's aggressive driving style reminded him of [[Tazio Nuvolari]].<ref>{{cite web|last=McLauchlan|first=Bill|date=August 2003|title=As good as Nuvolari?|url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/august-2003/91/good-nuvolari|access-date=2021-08-13|website=[[Motor Sport Magazine]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> These feelings were reinforced after the [[1979 French Grand Prix]] when Villeneuve finished second after an intense battle with [[René Arnoux]]. According to technical director [[Mauro Forghieri]], "When we returned to [[Maranello]], Ferrari was ecstatic. I have never seen him so happy for a second place."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://autosprint.corrieredellosport.it/news/edicola/2019/09/16-2375644/i_grandi_duelli_della_formula_1/|title=I grandi duelli della Formula 1 |date=2019-09-16 |website=autosprint.corrieredellosport.it}}</ref>

==The Modena Autodrome==
In the early 1970s, Ferrari, aided by fellow Modena constructors [[Maserati]] and [[Automobili Stanguellini]], demanded that the Modena Town Council and [[Automobile Club d'Italia]] upgrade the [[Modena Autodrome]], the reasoning being that the race track was obsolete and inadequate to test modern racing cars. The proposal was initially discussed with interest, but eventually stalled due to lack of political will. Ferrari then proceeded to buy the land adjacent to his factory and build the [[Fiorano Circuit]], a 3&nbsp;km track still in use to test Ferrari racing and road cars.<ref>Nunzia Manicardi, ''Quel Diabolico Ferrari'', Koinè Nuove Edizioni, Modena, 2000</ref>

==Final years==
After [[Jody Scheckter]] won the title in 1979, the team experienced a disastrous 1980 campaign. In 1981 Ferrari attempted to revive his team's fortunes by switching to turbo engines. In 1982, the second turbo-powered Ferrari, the 126C2, showed great promise. However, driver [[Gilles Villeneuve]] was killed in an accident during qualifying for the Belgian Grand Prix in Zolder, in May. In August, at [[Hockenheimring|Hockenheim]], teammate [[Didier Pironi]] had his career cut short in a violent end over end flip on the misty back straight after hitting the [[Renault F1]] driven by [[Alain Prost]]. Pironi was leading the driver's championship at the time; he would lose the lead and the championship by five points as he sat out the remaining five races. The Scuderia went on to win the Constructors Championship at the end of the season and in 1983, with driver [[René Arnoux]] in contention for the championship until the very last race. [[Michele Alboreto]] finished second in 1985, but the team would not see championship glory again before Ferrari's death in 1988. The final race win Ferrari saw before his death was when [[Gerhard Berger]] and Alboreto scored a 1–2 finish at the final round of the 1987 season in [[1987 Australian Grand Prix|Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Foster's Australian Grand Prix - RACE RESULT |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1987/races/526/australia/race-result.html |website=F1 |publisher=Formula One World Championship Limited}}</ref>

==Auto racing and management controversies==
Ferrari's management style was autocratic and he was known to pit drivers against each other in the hope of improving their performance. Some critics believe that Ferrari deliberately increased psychological pressure on his drivers, encouraging intra-team rivalries and fostering an atmosphere of intense competition for the position of number one driver. "He thought that psychological pressure would produce better results for the drivers", said Ferrari team driver [[Tony Brooks (racing driver)|Tony Brooks]]. "He would expect a driver to go beyond reasonable limits... You can drive to the maximum of your ability, but once you start psyching yourself up to do things that you don't feel are within your ability it gets stupid. There was enough danger at that time without going over the limit." According to [[Mario Andretti]], "[Ferrari] just demanded results. But he was a guy that also understood when the cars had shortcomings. He was one that could always appreciate the effort that a driver made, when you were just busting your butt, flat out, flinging the car, and all that. He knew and saw that. He was all-in. Had no other interest in life outside of motor racing and all of the intricacies of it. Somewhat misunderstood in many ways because he was so demanding, so tough on everyone, but at the end of the day he was correct. Always correct. And that’s why you had the respect that you had for him."<ref>{{cite web|last=Gushue |first=Ted |url=https://petrolicious.com/articles/mario-andretti-on-enzo-ferrari-colin-chapman-and-growing-up-on-the-race-track |title=Mario Andretti On Enzo Ferrari, Colin Chapman, And Growing Up On The Race Track • Petrolicious |publisher=Petrolicious.com |date=2016-03-01 |accessdate=2022-08-02}}</ref>
[[File:Ilario Bandini ed Enzo Ferrari.jpg|thumb|Enzo Ferrari (left) with [[Ilario Bandini]] in 1964]]

Between 1955 and 1971 eight Ferrari drivers were killed driving Ferrari racing cars: [[Alberto Ascari]], [[Eugenio Castellotti]], [[Alfonso de Portago]], [[Luigi Musso]], [[Peter Collins (racing driver)|Peter Collins]], [[Wolfgang von Trips]], [[Lorenzo Bandini]] and [[Ignazio Giunti]]. Although such a high death toll was not unusual in motor racing in those days, the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] newspaper ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'' described Ferrari as being like the god [[Saturn (mythology)|Saturn]], who consumed his own sons. In Ferrari's defence, contemporary F1 race car driver [[Stirling Moss]] commented: "I can't think of a single occasion where a (Ferrari) driver's life was taken because of mechanical failure."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enzo Ferrari – a great inspiration |url=https://sfcriga.com/enzo-ferrari-a-great-inspiration |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=sfcriga.com}}</ref>

In public Ferrari was careful to acknowledge the drivers who risked their life for his team, insisting that praise should be shared equally between car and driver for any race won. However, his longtime friend and company accountant, Carlo Benzi, related that privately Ferrari would say that "the car was the reason for any success".<ref>Dunn, Joseph, ''Legends: Write his legend in red'', The Sunday Times, 18 January 2004</ref>

Following the deaths of Giuseppe Campari in 1933 and Alberto Ascari in 1955, both of whom he had a strong personal relationship with, he chose not to get too close to his drivers, out of fear of emotionally hurting himself. Later in life, he relented his position and grew very close to [[Clay Regazzoni]] and especially [[Gilles Villeneuve]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.ferrari.com/en/passion/2019/01/07/news/picture-story-when-enzo-ferrari-shared-laugh-gilles-villeneuve-51730/|title=Picture story: When Enzo shared a laugh with Gilles|website=magazine.ferrari.com|access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Enzo Ferrari lived a reserved life and rarely granted interviews. He seldom left [[Modena]] and [[Maranello]] and never went to any Grands Prix outside of Italy after the 1950s (because his passport was confiscated while he was on trial following the Guidozzolo tragedy<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillow |date=2023-08-14 |title=F1: quando Enzo Ferrari rischiò la galera per un'accusa di omicidio |url=https://cupofgreentea.it/enzo-ferrari-accusato-di-omicidio/ |access-date=2025-04-15 |language=it-IT}}</ref>). He was usually seen at the Grands Prix at [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|Monza]], near Milan, and [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|Imola]], not far from the Ferrari factory, where the circuit was named after the late Dino.<ref>Noble, Jonathon, and Hughes, Mark. ''Formula One Racing for Dummies'' (John Wiley & Sons, 2004), p.81.</ref> His last known trip abroad was in 1982, when he went to Paris to broker a compromise between the [[FISA–FOCA war|warring FISA and FOCA parties]]. He never flew in an aeroplane and never set foot in a [[Elevator|lift]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.luca-di-montezemolo-on-working-with-enzo-ferrari-signing-ayrton-senna-and.7hhmgkfPwO5GLQOegxHBSo.html|title=F1 Beyond The Grid Podcast with former Ferrari President Luca Di Montezemolo|website=Formula 1®|language=en|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref>

Ferrari met his future wife, Laura Dominica Garello ({{circa|1900–1978}}) in Turin. They lived together for two years, and  married on 28 April 1923.<ref name=Time12.25.23>{{cite web|url=https://time.com/6548845/the-true-story-behind-ferrari/|title=The True Story Behind Michael Mann's ''Ferrari''|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|author=Waxman, Olivia B.|language=en-US|url-status=live|date=December 25, 2023|access-date=December 26, 2023|archive-date=December 26, 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231226160139/https://time.com/6548845/the-true-story-behind-ferrari/}}</ref><ref>Williams, p. 28</ref> According to Brock Yates' 1991 book ''Enzo Ferrari: The Man and the Machine'', Ferrari married to keep up appearances for the sake of his career, as divorce was frowned upon in the predominantly Catholic Italy, and sought sexual conquests not so much for pleasure but for the gratification of his ego. According to Yates, Ferrari once remarked to racing manager Romolo Tavoni that "a man should always have two wives", and at one point in 1961, when he was dating three women simultaneously, he wrote, "I am convinced that when a man tells a woman he loves her, he only means that he desires her and that the only perfect love in this world is that of a father for his son", a comment that came several years after the death of his first son.<ref name=Time12.25.23/>

[[File:1947 Enzo e Dino Ferrari.jpg|thumb|[[Alfredo Ferrari|Dino Ferrari]], aged 15, and his father, Enzo Ferrari, photographed in 1947]]
Ferrari and Laura's one son, [[Alfredo Ferrari|Alfredo "Dino"]], who was born in 1932 and groomed as Enzo's successor, suffered from ill-health and died from [[muscular dystrophy]] in 1956.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pritchard|first=Anthony|title=Ferrari: Men from Maranello|publisher=Haynes Publishing|year=2009|page=98|isbn=978-1-84425-414-9}}</ref> According to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, Ferrari and Laura's love for their son is what kept them together. Although Dino never raced competitively, his father provided him with a fleet of cars that he raced for pleasure. He also designed engine parts while bedridden. Ferrari and Laura remained married until her death in 1978. John Nikas, writer and expert on the history of cars who founded the British Sports Car Hall of Fame, said of Ferrari, "His real loves in life were racing and Dino."<ref name=Time12.25.23/>

Enzo had a second son, [[Piero Ferrari|Piero]], with his mistress Lina Lardi in 1945. As divorce was illegal in Italy until 1970, Piero could only be recognized as Enzo's son after Laura's death in 1978. Piero Lardi's existence was kept a secret known only to a few of his father's confidantes. According to Yates, "There is no question that at some point in the late 1950s, Laura Ferrari discovered her husband's second life", and openly derided him as a "bastard" when she saw him in a factory. After Laura's death, Ferrari adopted Piero, who took the name Piero Lardi Ferrari. As of 2023, he is vice chairman of the company,<ref name=Time12.25.23/><ref name="PritchardBook">{{cite book |last=Pritchard |first=Anthony |title=Ferrari: Men from Maranello |publisher=Haynes Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-84425-414-9 |page=100}}</ref> and owns a 10% share of it.<ref name=PritchardBook/> Piero told the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' that [[Michael Mann]]'s 2023 biographical film ''[[Ferrari (2023 film)|Ferrari]]'' was accurate, in particular in its depiction of his father's drive, saying, "My father was a person who was always looking ahead, moving forward, never going back."<ref name=Time12.25.23/>

Ferrari was made a [[Order of Merit for Labour|Cavaliere del Lavoro]] in 1952, to add to his honours of Cavaliere and [[Commander (order)|Commendatore]] in the 1920s. He also received several honorary degrees, including the Hammarskjöld Prize in 1962, the Columbus Prize in 1965, and the De Gasperi Award in 1987. He was posthumously inducted into the [[International Motorsports Hall of Fame]] (1994)<ref>{{cite web |title=International Motorsports Hall of Fame |url=https://us.motorsport.com/general/news/international-motorsports-hall-of-fame/951534/ |website=Motorsport.com |date=8 May 1994 |publisher=Motorsport Network |access-date=8 May 2001 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145221/https://us.motorsport.com/general/news/international-motorsports-hall-of-fame/951534/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Automotive Hall of Fame]] (2000).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shahini |first1=Alex |title=Ferrucio Lamborghini joins Enzo Ferrari in Automotive Hall of Fame |url=https://www.carmag.co.za/news/ferrucio-lamborghini-hall-fame/ |website=CarMag Za |date=28 July 2022 |publisher=CarMag |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref>

==Death==
Ferrari died on 14 August 1988 in [[Maranello]] at the age of 90, of [[leukemia]]. Because he was a private person, and because he feared popular protests due to the fact that Ferrari's team had been beaten by [[McLaren]] in every race of the [[1988 Formula One World Championship|1988 season]] so far, Enzo expressed the wish for his death to be reported in the media only on 16 August, the day after his burial (witnessed only by his family) on 15 August. He witnessed the launch of the [[Ferrari F40]] shortly before his death, which was dedicated as a symbol of his achievements. In 2002 Ferrari began production of the [[Ferrari Enzo]], named after its founder.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ingram |first1=Antony |title=Ferrari Enzo: history, reviews and specs of an icon |url=https://www.evo.co.uk/ferrari/enzo |website=Evo Magazine |publisher=Autovia Ltd |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>

The [[1988 Italian Grand Prix|Italian Grand Prix]] was held just weeks after Ferrari's death, and the result was a 1–2 finish for Ferrari, with the Austrian [[Gerhard Berger]] leading home Italian and Milan native [[Michele Alboreto]]; it was the only race that [[McLaren]] did not win that season. Since Ferrari's death, the [[Scuderia Ferrari]] team has remained successful. The team won the Constructors' Championship every year from {{F1|1999}} to {{F1|2004}}, and in both {{F1|2007}} and {{F1|2008}}. [[Michael Schumacher]] won the World Drivers' Championship with Scuderia Ferrari every year from {{F1|2000}} to {{F1|2004}}, and [[Kimi Räikkönen]] won the title with the team in {{F1|2007}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/analysis-schumacher-seals-7th-title-where-it-all-began-5066832/5066832/|title=Analysis: Schumacher Seals 7th Title Where it All Began|date=29 August 2004|access-date=16 April 2004|work=Autosport|last=Emmerson|first=Gary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930163320/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/analysis-schumacher-seals-7th-title-where-it-all-began-5066832/5066832/|archive-date=30 September 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/oct/21/motorsports.formulaone20075|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=21 October 2007|access-date=16 April 2024|last=Henry|first=Alan|title=Hamilton fails in title bid|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005231543/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/oct/21/motorsports.formulaone20075|archive-date=5 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/nov/02/formulaone-lewishamilton1|title=Hamilton claims title glory in remarkable finish|date=2 November 2008|access-date=16 April 2024|work=[[The Guardian]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031123135/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/nov/02/formulaone-lewishamilton1|archive-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>

==Racing record==

===Grand Prix wins===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
!Year
!Grand Prix
!Location
!Car
|-
|align=center|[[1923 Grand Prix season|1923]]
|{{flagicon|ITA}} Savio Circuit
|[[Ravenna]]
|[[Alfa Romeo RL|Alfa Romeo RL TF]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|[[1924 Grand Prix season|1924]]
|{{flagicon|ITA}} Savio Circuit
|[[Ravenna]]
|[[Alfa Romeo RL|Alfa Romeo RL SS]]
|-
|{{flagicon|ITA}} Polesine Circuit
|[[Polesine]]
|[[Alfa Romeo RL|Alfa Romeo RL SS]]
|-
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Coppa Acerbo]]
|[[Pescara]]
|[[Alfa Romeo RL|Alfa Romeo RL TF]]
|}

==In popular culture==
* The 2003 film ''[[Ferrari (2003 film)|Ferrari]]'' was based on his life. He is portrayed by [[Sergio Castellitto]].
* Augusto Dallara played Enzo in a bit part in the 2013 film ''[[Rush (2013 film)|Rush]]''.
* In the November 2019 film ''[[Ford v Ferrari]]'', Ferrari is portrayed by Italian actor [[Remo Girone]].
* [[Gabriel Byrne]] played Enzo Ferrari in the 2022 film ''[[Lamborghini: The Man Behind the Legend]]''.
* The 2023 film ''[[Ferrari (2023 film)|Ferrari]]'' is based on his life. He is played by [[Adam Driver]], who replaced [[Christian Bale]] and [[Hugh Jackman]], also considered for the role.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Anthony D'Alessandro|author2=Mike Fleming Jr|title=Michael Mann Revs 'Ferrari' With Hugh Jackman & Noomi Rapace|url=https://deadline.com/2017/03/hugh-jackman-michael-mann-noomi-rapace-ferrari-1202039278/|website=Deadline|access-date=8 March 2017|date=8 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Wiseman | first1=Andreas | last2=Kroll | first2=Justin | title=Adam Driver, Penélope Cruz & Shailene Woodley Set To Star In Michael Mann's Passion Project 'Ferrari'; STX Inks Big Domestic Deal & Handles Int'l - EFM | website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] | date=9 February 2022 | url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/adam-driver-penelope-cruz-shailene-woodley-ferrari-michael-mann-1234929563/ | access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>
* A popular joke among fans of [[association football]] holds that German footballer [[Mesut Özil]] is the [[reincarnation]] of Enzo Ferrari. Özil bears a striking resemblance to Ferrari, and was born two months after Ferrari's death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://otoplasa.co/sebulan-enzo-ferrari-tiada-reinkarnasi-lah-mesut-ozil/|title=Sebulan Enzo Ferrari Tiada, Reinkarnasi-lah Mesut Ozil?|last=|first=|date=2020-07-12|website=Otoplasa|language=id|access-date=8 May 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508092355/https://otoplasa.co/sebulan-enzo-ferrari-tiada-reinkarnasi-lah-mesut-ozil/ |archive-date=8 May 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ferrari (2003 film)|''Ferrari'' (2003 film)]]
* ''[[The Snake and the Stallion]]''
* [[Ferrari (2023 film)|''Ferrari'' (2023 film)]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|title=My terrible joys: The Enzo Ferrari memoirs|first=Enzo |last=Ferrari |publisher=Macmillan Publishing|year=1964}}
* {{cite book|title=Piloti, che gente...|first=Enzo |last=Ferrari|publisher=Conti Editore|year=1985}}
* {{cite book|title= Enzo Ferrari. Power, Politics, and the Making of an Automotive Empire|first=Luca |last=Dal Monte|publisher=David Bull Publishing|year=2018}}
* {{cite book|title=The Ultimate History of Ferrari|first=Brian |last=Laban |publisher=Parragon Publishing |year=2002}}
* {{cite book|title=Cool Classics: Ferrari|first=Jay |last=Schleifer |publisher=Macmillan Publishing|year=1992}}
* {{cite book|title=Enzo Ferrari: The Man, the Cars, the Races, the Machine|first=Brock |last=Yates |publisher=Doubleday |year=1991}}
* {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Richard|title=Enzo Ferrari: A Life|publisher=Random House|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4464-5037-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dal Monte |first=Luca |title=Enzo Ferrari: The Definitive Biography of an Icon |publisher=Cassell |year=2024 |isbn=978-1-78840-473-0}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.ddavid.com/formula1/ferrari_bio.htm Grand Prix History&nbsp;— Hall of Fame] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605084333/http://www.ddavid.com/formula1/ferrari_bio.htm |date=5 June 2011 }}, Enzo Ferrari
* [http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/con-ferra.html GrandPrix.com biography]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150524023513/http://entrepreneurabroad.com/text_interview/enzo-ferrari-vision-in-collaboration-with-excellence Enzo Ferrari entrepreneur]

{{Scuderia Ferrari}}
{{Ferrari}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferrari, Enzo}}
[[Category:Enzo Ferrari| ]]
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:Alfa Romeo people]]
[[Category:Italian automotive businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Modena]]
[[Category:Ferrari people]]
[[Category:Formula One team owners]]
[[Category:Grand Prix drivers]]
[[Category:International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Italian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Italian automotive pioneers]]
[[Category:Italian founders of automobile manufacturers]]
[[Category:Italian military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Italian motorsport people]]
[[Category:Italian racing drivers]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Modena]]