Editing Energia (corporation)

{{short description|Russian spacecraft manufacturer}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation "Energia"
| former_name = RSC Energia<br/>RKK "Energiya"<br/>NPO Energia<br/>TsKBEM<br/>OKB-1
| logo = RKK-Energia logo.png
| logo_size = 150px
| image = Rkkenrgia7.jpg
| image_caption = A building with the Energia logo on it
| native_name = Ракетно-космическая корпорация «Энергия» им. С.&nbsp;П.&nbsp;Королёва
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{unbulleted list|{{MCX|RKKE}}}}
| industry = [[Aerospace industry|Aerospace]], [[Defense industry|defense]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1946|08|26|df=y}}<ref name=Founding>{{cite web|url=https://www.energia.ru/en/corporation/oao.html|title=S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|access-date=29 May 2020|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126145007/https://www.energia.ru/en/corporation/oao.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| founders = [[Sergei Korolev]]
| location_city = [[Korolyov, Moscow Oblast|Korolyov]]
| location_country = Russia
| area_served = 
| key_people = 
| products = 
| revenue = US{{wikidata revenue|revenue|USD}} ({{wikidata revenue|revenue|year}}){{wikidata revenue|revenue|ref}}
| operating_income = US{{wikidata revenue|operating_income|USD}} ({{wikidata revenue|operating_income|year}}){{wikidata revenue|operating_income|ref}}
| net_income = US{{wikidata revenue|net_income|USD}} ({{wikidata revenue|net_income|year}}){{wikidata revenue|net_income|ref}}
| assets = US{{wikidata revenue|assets|USD}} ({{wikidata revenue|assets|year}}){{wikidata revenue|assets|ref}}
| equity = US{{wikidata revenue|equity|USD}} ({{wikidata revenue|equity|year}}){{wikidata revenue|equity|ref}}
| owner = [[United Rocket and Space Corporation]] (38.2%)<ref>{{cite web|title=Список аффилированных лиц|url=http://www.e-disclosure.ru/portal/files.aspx?id=1615&type=6|website=e-disclosure.ru |access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref>
| num_employees = 
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.energia.ru/english/|energia.ru/english}}
}}

'''S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation "Energia"''' ({{langx|ru|Ракетно-космическая корпорация «Энергия» им. С.&nbsp;П. Королёва|Raketno-kosmicheskaya korporatsiya «Energiya» im. S. P. Korolyova}}) is a Russian manufacturer of [[spacecraft]] and [[space station]] components. Its name is derived from the Russian word for energy and is also named for [[Sergei Korolev|Sergei Pavlovich Korolev]], the first chief of its design bureau and the driving force behind early Soviet accomplishments in space exploration.

== Overview ==
Energia is the largest company of the [[Russian space industry]] and one of its key players. It is responsible for all operations involving human spaceflight and is the lead developer of the [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] and [[Progress (spacecraft)|Progress]] spacecraft, and the lead developer of the Russian end of the [[International Space Station]] (ISS). In the mid-2000s, the company employed 22,000–30,000 people.<ref name="harvey">{{cite book|last=Harvey|first=Brian|title=The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program|publisher=Springer|location=Germany|year=2007|edition=1st|chapter=The design bureaus|isbn=978-0-387-71354-0}}</ref>

The enterprise has been awarded 4 [[Order of Lenin|Orders of Lenin]], [[Order of the October Revolution]] and Russian Federation President's Message of Thanks. In addition, 14 [[cosmonauts]] employed by the company have been awarded the title "[[Hero of the Russian Federation]]".<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.energia.ru/english/energia/history/oao.html|title=OAO Rocket and Space Corporation Energia after S.P. Korolev|publisher=OAO Energia|access-date=2009-10-05|archive-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711223629/http://www.energia.ru/english/energia/history/oao.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Structure ==
[[File:Putin at energia corporation.jpeg|thumb|290px|right|Prime Minister [[Vladimir Putin]] in the museum of the Energia Rocket and Space Corporation]]

The company consists of the following subsidiaries and branches:<ref name="about"/>
* Primary Design Bureau
* [[Baikonur]] branch
* ZAO Experimental Machine-building Plant
* ZAO Volzhskoye DB
* ZAO PO [[Kosmos (rocket family)|Kosmos]]

{{asof|2009}}, 38% of the company's stock was owned by the Russian state.<ref name="about"/>

== History ==
The company was founded on 26 August 1946<ref name=Founding/>{{efn|The book "Rockets and People" [https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/635963main_RocketsPeopleVolume2-ebook.pdf Volume 2], p. 16, give the founding day as 16 August.}} and has been known successively as: 
* '''Special [[design bureau|Design Bureau]] number 1 of RD Institute number 88''' ({{langx|ru|ОКБ-1 НИИ-88}} or '''OKB-1''' of [[NII-88]])
* '''TsKBEM''' (Central Design Bureau of Experimental Machine Building) <ref>{{cite journal|year=2010|title=Tragic Tangle|journal=System Failure Case Studies|volume=4|issue=10|publisher=NASA |url=http://nsc.nasa.gov/SFCS/SystemFailureCaseStudyFile/Download/154/|access-date=30 August 2012|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408113510/http://nsc.nasa.gov/SFCS/SystemFailureCaseStudyFile/Download/154/|archive-date=8 April 2013}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* '''NPO Energia'''
* '''S. P. Korolev RSC Energia'''

It is named after the first chief of its design bureau [[Sergei Korolev]] (1946–1966). His successors as chief designers were: [[Vasily Mishin]] (1966–1974), [[Valentin Glushko]] (1974–1989), {{ill|Yuriy Semenov|ru|Семёнов, Юрий Павлович}} (1989–2005), [[Nikolai Sevastianov]] (2005–2007). Its President and Chief designer was [[United Rocket and Space Corporation|Vitaly Lopota]], until 1 August 2014.<ref name=sd20140802/>

Korolev's design bureau was, beginning with the first artificial satellite [[Sputnik 1]] and the first crewed spaceflight of [[Vostok 1]], responsible for a major part of the Soviet space program. It was the main rival of [[OKB-52]] (later known as [[NPO Mashinostroyeniya|TsKBM]], then the design bureau of [[Vladimir Chelomei]]) during the [[Soviet crewed lunar programs]] and the [[Salyut programme|Soviet space station program]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Almaz|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz.html|publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com}}</ref> OKB-1 was among others responsible for the development of the crewed [[Soyuz spacecraft]] and its [[Soyuz rocket]], the [[N1 (rocket)|N1 "Moon Shot" rocket]], large parts of the [[Salyut programme|Salyut space station program]], the uncrewed [[Progress (spacecraft)|Progress resupply craft]] and designed the [[Energia (rocket)|Energia rocket]] for the [[Buran programme|Buran space shuttle program]]. Since the early beginnings of the [[Luna programme]] it designed many space probes, among others of the [[Venera]], [[Zond program|Zond]] and [[Mars program]].

The company continues to dominate a large part of the Russian space program, and a considerable part of the World's space program, with its Soyuz spacecraft having become the only crewed spacecraft conducting regular flights and the exclusive crew transport vehicle for the [[International Space Station]] from the [[Space Shuttle retirement]] in 2011 and until the maiden flight of [[Crew Dragon Endeavour]] in 2020. 
The Chinese [[Shenzhou program]] is the only other program in the world with planned semi-regular crewed spaceflights.

The President of [[RSC Energia|Energia]], [[Vitaly Lopota]], was removed from his post as president on August 1, 2014. [[Dmitry Rogozin]] indicated that this was the start of "long-awaited personnel reform in [the Russian] space industry... Tough times require tough decisions".<ref name="sd20140802">{{cite news|title=Chief of RSC Energia removed from his post|url=http://spacedigest.net/en/020814_energia/ |access-date=2014-08-03|publisher=Space Digest|date=2014-08-02|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053438/http://spacedigest.net/en/020814_energia/|archive-date=August 8, 2014}}</ref> Lopota was offered the position of vice president for technological development in the [[United Rocket and Space Corporation]],<ref name=sd20140802/> the new company formed in 2013 to re-nationalize the Russian space industry.<ref name="pa20131009">{{cite news|last=Messier|first=Doug|title=Rogozin Outlines Plans for Consolidating Russia's Space Industry|url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/10/09/rogozin-outlines-plans-consolidating-russias-space-industry/|access-date=2014-08-03|newspaper=Parabolic Arc|date=2013-10-09|archive-date=10 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610155101/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/10/09/rogozin-outlines-plans-consolidating-russias-space-industry/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Ongoing projects ==
Energia builds:
* [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz MS]] spacecraft for three-person [[human spaceflight]] missions
* [[Progress MS]] spacecraft for [[cargo spacecraft|cargo]] missions
* [[Russian Orbital Segment]] (ROS) modules for the [[International Space Station|ISS]]
* Universal Spacecraft Configuration – usage for development of: [[communications satellite]]s, [[Remote sensing|remote sensing satellites]], [[Remote sensing|navigation satellites]] and uncrewed orbital servicing satellites. USC was a basis for [[Yamal 100]] and [[Yamal 200]] satellites.

== Future projects ==
* Further assembly of [[International Space Station]] (ISS) Russian segment: development of [[Multipurpose Laboratory Module]] (together with [[Khrunichev|Krunichev Space Centre]]) and "Oka" space production modules (not permanently attached to [[International Space Station|ISS]]).
* Development of new spacecraft with 3 stages:
# Modernization of "Soyuz TMA" spacecraft for human circum-[[Moon|lunar]] missions – pending commercial orders for [[space tourism]].
# Development of "[[Parom]]" space tug (in order to replace [[Progress spacecraft|Progress M]] cargo spacecraft).
# Development of multi-aimed [[Orel spacecraft]] (instead of abandoned [[Kliper]] project) for six persons.
* Development of crewed lunar program: landing by 2025, creating of permanent lunar base by 2030 in order to extract [[helium-3]].
* Development of human [[Mars]] mission: landing beyond 2035.
* Development of [[Yamal-300]] and [[Yamal (satellite constellation)|Yamal-400]] communication satellites for [[Gazprom]] corporation.
* Development of "[[Smotr]]" [[Remote sensing|remote sensing satellites]].
* Development of a pod designed for clearing near-Earth space of satellite debris. The new device is planned to be assembled by 2020 and tested by 2023. The concept is to build the device to use a nuclear power source so that it could remain on task for up to 15 years, primarily working in the geosynchronous orbit zone. Debris collected would be de-orbited to re-enter over the ocean.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacemart.com/reports/Russia_To_Spend_2_Bln_Dollars_For_Space_Clean_Up_999.html|access-date=2010-11-24|title=Russia To Spend US2 Billion Dollars For Space Clean-Up}}</ref>

== Historic projects ==
Over the years the products of Energia and its predecessors included:

=== [[Intermediate-range ballistic missile|IRBMs]] and [[Intercontinental ballistic missile|ICBMs]] ===
Including meteorological rockets as their modifications:
* [[R-1 (missile)]] R-1B, R-1V, R-1D, R-1E
* [[R-2 (missile)]]
* [[R-5 missile]], R-5M, R-11, R-11A, R-11F
* [[R-7 Semyorka]],
** [[R-7A Semyorka]]
* [[R-9 Desna]]
* [[RT-1]]
* [[RT-2]]

=== [[Launch vehicle]]s ===
* [[R-7 (rocket family)]]
* [[Sputnik (rocket)]]
* [[Luna (rocket)]]
* [[Vostok (rocket family)]]
** [[Vostok-2 (rocket)]]
** [[Vostok-2M]]
** [[Vostok-K]]
** [[Vostok-L]]
* [[Polyot (rocket)]]
* [[Voskhod (rocket)]]
* [[Molniya (rocket)]]
* [[Soyuz (rocket family)]]
** [[Soyuz (rocket)]]
** [[Soyuz-L]]
** [[Soyuz-M]]
* [[Soyuz/Vostok]]
* [[N1 rocket]] as a part of N1-L3 lunar complex
* [[Blok D]]
* [[Energia (rocket)|Energia]]
** [[Energia (rocket)|Energia II]]
* "Yamal", [[Kvant rocket|"Kvant"]], [[Kvant rocket|"Kvant-1"]], [[Avrora rocket|"Avrora"]];
* upper stages for different kinds of [[launch vehicle]]s: blocks [[Blok L|L]] and [[Blok D|DM]];

=== Research, observation and communication Earth satellites ===
* [[Sputnik program]]
** [[Sputnik 1]]
** [[Sputnik 2]]
** [[Sputnik 3]]
** [[Sputnik 4]]
** [[Sputnik 5]]
** [[Sputnik 6]]
** [[Sputnik 7]]
** [[Sputnik 8]]
** [[Sputnik 9]]
** [[Sputnik 10]]
** [[Sputnik 19]]
** [[Sputnik 20]]
** [[Sputnik 21]]
** [[Sputnik 22]]
** [[Sputnik 24]]
** [[Sputnik 25]]
* [[Elektron (satellite)]]
* [[Zenit (satellite)]]
* [[Molniya (satellite)]]
* [[Signal (satellite)]]
* [[BelKA]]
* [[Remote sensing|DZZ]]

=== [[Outer space|Deep Space]] exploration spacecraft ===
* [[Luna programme]]
** [[Luna 1958A]]
** [[Luna 1958B]]
** [[Luna 1958C]]
** [[Luna 1]]
** [[Luna 1959A]]
** [[Luna 2]]
** [[Luna 3]]
** [[Luna 1960A]]
** [[Luna 1960B]]
** [[Luna 1963B]]
** [[Luna 4]]
** [[Luna 1964A]]
** [[Luna 1964B]]
** [[Cosmos 60]]
** [[Luna 1965A]]
** [[Luna 5]]
** [[Luna 6]]
** [[Luna 7]]
** [[Luna 8]]
** [[Luna 9]]
** [[Cosmos 111]]
** [[Luna 10]]
** Luna 1966A
** [[Luna 11]]
** [[Luna 12]]
** [[Luna 13]]
** [[Luna 1968A]]
** [[Luna 14]]
** [[Luna 1969A]]
** [[Luna 1969B]]
** [[Luna 1969C]]
** [[Luna 15]]
** [[Cosmos 300]]
** [[Cosmos 305]]
** [[Luna 1970A]]
** Luna 1970B
** [[Luna 16]]
** [[Luna 17]]
** [[Luna 18]]
** [[Luna 19]]
** [[Luna 20]]
** [[Luna 21]]
** [[Luna 22]]
** [[Luna 23]]
** [[Luna 1975A]]
** [[Luna 24]]
** [[Luna 8K72]]
* [[Venera]]
** [[Cosmos 27]]
** [[Venera 2]]
** [[Venera 3]]
** [[Venera 4]]
** [[Venera 5]]
** [[Venera 6]]
** [[Venera 7]]
** [[Venera 8]]
** [[Cosmos 482]]
** [[Venera 9]]
** [[Venera 10]]
** [[Venera 11]]
** [[Venera 12]]
** [[Venera 13]]
** [[Venera 14]]
** [[Venera 15]]
** [[Venera 16]]
* [[Mars program]]
** [[Mars 1M]]
** [[Mars 1]]
** [[Mars 1969A]]
** [[Mars 1969B]]
** [[Cosmos 419]]
** [[Mars 2]]
** [[Mars 3]]
** [[Mars 4]]
** [[Phobos program]]
** [[Mars 96]]
* [[Zond program]]
** [[Zond 1]]
** [[Zond 1964A]]
** [[Zond 2]]
** [[Zond 3]]
** [[Zond 1967A]]
** [[Zond 1967B]]
** [[Zond 4]]
** [[Zond 5]]
** [[Zond 6]]
** [[Zond 7]]
** [[Zond 8]]

=== Cargo spacecraft ===
* [[Progress (spacecraft)]]
** [[Progress-M]]
** [[Progress-M1]]
** [[Progress 7K-TG]]

=== Crewed spacecraft ===
* [[Vostok programme]]
** [[Vostok (spacecraft)]]
* [[Voskhod programme]]
** [[Voskhod (spacecraft)]]
* [[Soyuz programme]]
** [[Soyuz (spacecraft)]]
*** [[Soyuz A]]
*** [[Soyuz B]]
*** [[Soyuz 7K-L1]]
*** [[Soyuz 7K-L3]]
*** [[Soyuz 7K-LOK]]
*** [[Soyuz 7K-OK]]
*** [[Soyuz 7K-OKS]]
*** [[Soyuz 7K-T]]
*** [[Soyuz 7K-TM]]
*** [[Soyuz-T]]
*** [[Soyuz-TM]]
*** [[Soyuz TM-1]]
*** [[Soyuz-TMA]]
*** [[Soyuz TMA-M]]
*** [[Soyuz-V]]
*** [[Military Soyuz]]
* [[Buran programme]]
** [[Buran (spacecraft)]]
* [[Kliper]]
* [[LK (spacecraft)]]
* [[Orel (spacecraft)]]

=== Earth space stations ===
* [[Salyut programme]]
** [[Salyut 1]]
** [[Salyut 2]]
** [[Cosmos 557]]
** [[Salyut 3]]
** [[Salyut 4]]
** [[Salyut 5]]
** [[Salyut 6]]
** [[Salyut 7]]
* [[Mir]]
* Modules of the [[International Space Station]], see the [[Russian Orbital Segment]]
** [[Zarya (ISS module)|Zarya]]
** [[Zvezda (ISS module)|Zvezda]]
** [[Pirs (ISS module)|Pirs]]
** [[Poisk (ISS module)|Poisk]]
** [[Rassvet (ISS module)|Rassvet]]

=== Lunar orbital spacecraft ===
* [[Soyuz A]]
* [[Soyuz 7K-L1]]
* [[Soyuz 7K-L3]] with Lunar Landing Module (as a part of N1-L3 lunar complex).

== Committee of innovative youth projects ==
[[File:KIPM_russian_logo_small.jpeg|thumb|175px|right|KIPM logo]]

'''Committee of Innovative Youth Projects''' (Russian: Комитет инновационных проектов молодежи) also known as '''KIPM of RSC Energia''' is a network structure that unites specialists and heads of different divisions to quickly develop and launch innovative products. KIPM was established in early 2016 on the initiative of a group of young engineers from the RSC Energia. The main task of the new structure is to give young specialists the opportunity to realize their creative ideas. The main criterion for projects selecting is their potential demand in the market.

Currently KIPM work on five projects:
* Unmanned aerial vehicle remote power supply
* 1U-6U Cubesat Deployer
* Parachute system with an elastic linkage and tandem cargo separation
* Assembly of lunar expedition complex at LEO
* Hardware and software system for space experiments onboard crewed space station.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[RKK Energiya museum]]
* [[Aerospace manufacturer]]
* [[Soyuz spacecraft]]
* [[MirCorp]]
* [[NewSpace]]
* [[Kliper]]
* [[Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station]]
* [[Parom]]
* [[Prospective Piloted Transport System]]
* [[United Rocket and Space Corporation]]
* [[Roscosmos]]

== Note ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Official website|http://www.energia.ru/english/}} {{in lang|en}}
* [http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/energia46-96/01.html Rocket and space corporation Energia (1946–1996). The book for the 50th anniversary of the enterprise]
* [http://users.livejournal.com/___lin___/250471.html The history of RSC Energia, from 1946 to 2011. Three volumes in electronic form.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180619062856/http://www.07tour.com/rsc-energia-museum/ RSC Energia museum]
* [https://gagarin.energia.ru/kipm.html/ KIPM of RSC Energia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619040349/https://gagarin.energia.ru/kipm.html/ |date=19 June 2018 }}
* "I look back and have no regrets. " - Author: Abramov, Anatoly Petrovich: publisher "New format" Barnaul, 2022. {{ISBN|978-5-00202-034-8}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Aerospace companies of Russia|Energia]]
[[Category:Aerospace companies of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Companies based in Moscow Oblast]]
[[Category:Soviet and Russian space institutions]]
[[Category:Rocket engine manufacturers of Russia]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1946]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1946]]
[[Category:Sergei Korolev]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of Russia]]
[[Category:Russian brands]]
[[Category:RSC Energia| ]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Moscow Exchange]]
[[Category:Design bureaus]]