Editing Encyclopedia Americana

{{Short description|Encyclopedia written in American English}}
{{For|the 19th-century encyclopedia|Encyclopædia Americana (Lieber)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}

{{Infobox book
| name = Encyclopedia Americana
| author =[[Francis Lieber]] (1800–1872)
| language = English
| country =
| genre =
| published =1829–present (online)
| publisher = Scholastic
| isbn =
| image =Göttingen-SUB-Encyclopedia.Americana.JPG
| alt = ''Encyclopedia Americana'' at [[Göttingen State and University Library]]
| caption =
| illustrator =
| subject = General
| release_date =
| media_type =1
| pages =
| awards =
| dewey = 
| congress =
| oclc =
| wikisource =
}}

'''''Encyclopedia Americana''''' is a general [[encyclopedia]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Encyclopedia Americana {{!}} American reference work|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Encyclopedia-Americana|access-date=2021-04-10|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=25 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625145009/https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Encyclopedia-Americana|url-status=live}}</ref> written in [[American English]]. It was the first general encyclopedia of any magnitude to be published in North America.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|31}} With ''[[Collier's Encyclopedia]]'' and ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Encyclopedia Americana'' became one of the three major and large English-language general encyclopedias; the three were sometimes collectively called "the ABCs of encyclopedias".<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Kister |first=K. F. |url=https://archive.org/details/kistersbestencyc00kist |title=Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and Specialized Encyclopedias |date=1994 |publisher=Oryx Press |isbn=0-89774-744-5 |edition=2nd |location=Phoenix, Arizona |pages= |author-link=Kenneth Kister}}</ref>{{rp|23}} Following the acquisition of [[Grolier]] in 2000, the encyclopedia has been produced by [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]].

The [[encyclopedia]] has more than 45,000 articles, most of them more than 500 words and many running to considerable length (the "United States" article is over 300,000 words). ''Americana'' is international in scope and is known for its detailed coverage of American and [[Canada|Canadian]] geography and history.<ref name=":0" /> ''Americana'' is also known for its strong coverage of biographies, as well as scientific and technical subjects.<ref name=":0" /> Written by 6,500 contributors, the ''Encyclopedia Americana'' includes over 9,000 bibliographies, 150,000 cross-references, 1,000+ tables, 1,200 maps, and almost 4,500 black-and-white line art and color images. It also has 680 fact boxes. Major articles are signed by their contributors, many being [[scholar]]s pre-eminent in their field.<ref name=":0" />

Long available as a 30-volume print set, the ''Encyclopedia Americana'' is now marketed as an online encyclopedia requiring a subscription. In March 2008, [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]] said that print sales remained good but that the company was still deciding on the future of the print edition.<ref>{{cite news|author=Noam Cohen|date=16 March 2008|title=Start Writing the Eulogies for Print Encyclopedias|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/weekinreview/16ncohen.html|access-date=26 June 2008|archive-date=14 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014165040/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/weekinreview/16ncohen.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The company's final print edition was released in 2006.<ref name=":0" />

The online version of the ''Encyclopedia Americana'', first introduced in 1996,<ref name=":0" /> continues to be updated and sold. This work, like the print set from which it is derived, is designed for high school and first-year college students along with public library users. It is available to libraries as one of the databases in the Scholastic GO! reference service (previously known as Grolier Online), which also includes the ''[[Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia]]'', an encyclopedia for middle and high school students, ''[[The New Book of Knowledge]]'', an encyclopedia for ages 7-14 and particularly grades 3-6, America the Beautiful, Lands and Peoples, Amazing Animals of the World, and The New Book of Popular Science.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Brittany |date=2018-03-05 |title=Introducing the re-engineered Scholastic GO! (+ a sweepstakes!) |url=https://oomscholasticblog.com/post/introducing-re-engineered-scholastic-go-sweepstakes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308045838/https://oomscholasticblog.com/post/introducing-re-engineered-scholastic-go-sweepstakes |archive-date=2018-03-08 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=Scholastic On Our Minds}}</ref><ref name=":1" />{{rp|31}} According to The [[New York Public Library]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Scholastic GO |url=https://www.nypl.org/node/481945 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809124136/https://www.nypl.org/node/481945 |archive-date=2022-08-09 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=New York Public Library}}</ref> Scholastic GO! also includes the La Nueva Enciclopedia Cumbre, a Spanish-language general encyclopedia for students in middle through high school.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2003-11-01 |title=Nueva enciclopedia cumbre en linea |work=Booklist |url=https://www.booklistonline.com/Nueva-enciclopedia-cumbre-en-linea-/pid=1602186 |access-date=2023-12-10}}</ref> However, the previously mentioned Scholastic blog does not show that.<ref name=":2" /> It is possible that La Nueva Enciclopedia Cumbre is only included in the Spanish version of Scholastic GO!, though the existense of that in itself is unsure due to the same New York Public Library link saying that the language of Scholastic GO! is English.<ref name=":3" /> Scholastic GO!  is not available to individual subscribers.

== History and predecessors ==
[[File:1921EncycAmericanAd.jpg|right|thumb|200px|This 1921 advertisement for the ''Encyclopedia Americana'' suggests that other encyclopedias are as out-of-date as the locomotives of 90 years earlier.]]
There have been three separate works using the title ''Encyclopedia Americana''.

The first work began publication in 1829 by [[Francis Lieber]], an influential 19th century German-American scholar.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|31}} The 13 volumes of the first edition were completed in 1833, and other editions and printings followed in 1835, 1836, 1847–1848, 1849 and 1858. According to one contemporary source, the original price in 1832, at which time several volumes had been issued, was to be $2.50 per volume for 12 volumes, or $30 in total.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-02-13 |title=how much it cost inside Wikipedia article Talk:Encyclopedia Americana |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Encyclopedia_Americana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526065339/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Encyclopedia_Americana |archive-date=2015-05-26 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopædia Americana (Lieber) |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Americana_(Lieber) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008103924/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Americana_(Lieber) |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2024}} At first, Lieber planned only an English-language translation of the 7th edition of the popular German encyclopedia Konversations-Lexikon, familiarly known as Brockhaus after its publisher Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus. However, as work on the new encyclopedia progressed, Lieber sought and added original articles by leading U.S. writers and intellectuals of the day. United States Supreme Court Justice [[Joseph Story]], for instance, contributed more than 120 pages of legal material to the 1st edition. Hence, when the Americana began appearing some 165 years ago, it represented a hybrid of 2 cultures, German and American.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|31}}

A second ''Encyclopedia Americana'' was published by [[Stoddart|J.M. Stoddart]] between 1883 and 1889, as a supplement to American reprintings of the 9th edition of the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. It was four [[quarto]] volumes meant to "extend and complete the articles in ''Britannica''".<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Literary Gossip|magazine=The Week : a Canadian journal of politics, literature, science and arts|date=21 February 1884|volume=1|issue=12|page=190|url=https://archive.org/stream/weekcanadianjour01toro#page/n96/mode/1up|access-date=26 April 2013}}</ref> Stoddart's work, however, is not connected to the earlier work by Lieber.<ref>{{cite book | last=Walsh | first=S. Padraig | title=Anglo-American General Encyclopedias: A Historical Bibliography, 1703–1967| pages=42 | location=New York | publisher=Bowker | year=1968 | oclc=221812838}}</ref>

In 1902, a new, 16-volume ''Encyclopedia Americana'' was published under the editorial supervision of ''[[Scientific American]]'' magazine. The magazine's editor, [[Frederick Converse Beach]], was editor-in-chief, assisted by hundreds of eminent scholars and authorities as consulting editors and article authors. Beach also expanded the encyclopedia's coverage, especially in the area of the physical and life sciences.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|31}} [[George Edwin Rines]] was appointed managing editor in 1903.<ref name="americana">{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Rines, George Edwin}}</ref> Between 1903 and 1906 the publisher was [[Richard S. Peale|R.S. Peale & Co.]] From 1906 through 1936, ''Encyclopedia Americana'' was published by the Americana Corporation, with the editorial support of ''Scientific American''. The relationship with ''Scientific American'' was terminated in 1911.<ref>{{cite book | last=Collison | first=Robert | title=Encyclopedias: Their History throughout the Ages | url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediasth0000coll | url-access=registration | location=New York | publisher=Hafner | year=1964 }}</ref> From 1907 to 1912, the encyclopedia was published as ''The Americana''.

In 1918–20, the Americana Corporation published a new, International, 30-volume edition, with George Edwin Rines continuing as editor-in-chief.<ref name="americana"/><ref name=":1" />{{rp|31}} It was the last entirely new edition of the encyclopedia.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|31}} A yearbook, which appeared under a variety of titles, was also published each year beginning in 1923 and continuing until 2008.<ref name=":0" />

In 1936, the Americana Corporation was purchased by The Grolier Society, later renamed [[Grolier Incorporated]]. The Americana Corporation's president, J. Cooper Graham, became a vice president of Grolier.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 1973 |title=J. Cooper Graham, 72, an Officer of Grolier, Inc. |pages=42 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/20/archives/j-cooper-graham-jr-72-an-officer-of-grolier-inc.html |access-date=10 March 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311202717/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/20/archives/j-cooper-graham-jr-72-an-officer-of-grolier-inc.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By the late1960s, Grolier's annual sales of ''Encyclopedia'' ''Americana'' and its sister publications under [[Grolier]]—''[[The Book of Knowledge]]'', the ''[[American Peoples Encyclopedia]]'', the ''Book of Popular Science'', and ''Lands and Peoples'' were over $181 million,<ref>{{cite news|last=Goodman Jr. |first=George |date=29 October 1979 |title=Fred P. Murphy, 90, Ex-Chief of Grolier |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/29/archives/fred-p-murphy-90-exchief-of-grolier-an-aggressive-executive-he-led.html |newspaper=The New York Times |page=D11 |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> and the company held a 30 percent market share as the leading publisher of encyclopedias in the United States.<ref>Egelhof, Joseph (7 December 1970). "Sales Force Finds Rising Buying Spirit". ''Chicago Tribune''. p. 81. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</ref> Grolier's corporate headquarters were in a large building (variously named the Americana Building and the Grolier Building) in Midtown [[Manhattan]], at 575 [[Lexington Avenue]]. Sales during this period were accomplished primarily through [[mail-order]] and [[door-to-door]] operations. [[Telemarketing]] and third-party distribution of ''Encyclopedia Americana'' through Grolier's Lexicon Publications subsidiary added to sales volumes in the 1970s. By the late 1970s, Grolier had moved its operations to [[Danbury, Connecticut]].

== Later developments ==
In 1988, Grolier was purchased by the French media company [[Hachette (publishing)|Hachette]], which owned a well-known French-language encyclopedia, the ''Hachette Encyclopedia''. Hachette was later absorbed by the French conglomerate the [[Lagardère Group]].

A CD-ROM version of the encyclopedia was published in 1995. Although the text and images were stored on separate disks, it was in keeping with the standards current at the time. More importantly, the work had been digitized, allowing for the release of an online version in 1997. Over the next few years, the product was augmented with additional features, functions, supplementary references, Internet links, and a current events journal. A redesigned interface and partly re-engineered product, featuring enhanced search capabilities and a first-ever [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990|ADA]]-compliant, text-only version for users with disabilities, was presented in 2002.

The acquisition of Grolier by [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]] for US$400 million, took place in 2000. The new owners projected a 30% increase in operating income, although historically Grolier had experienced earnings of 7% to 8% on income.<ref>"French Plan to Sell Grolier", ''PublishersWeekly.com'', 11/29/1999; "Scholastic to Acquire Grolier", press release, Scholastic Inc., 4/13/2000.</ref> Following the acquisition, ''Americana'' became part of a suite of educational resources, with those resources including The New Book of Knowledge, The New Book of Popular Science, America the Beautiful, Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, Amazing Animals of the World, and Lands and People.<ref name=":2" /> All of those resources formed Grolier Online (now called Scholastic GO!). According to The New York Public Library,<ref name=":3" /> Scholastic GO! also includes the La Nueva Enciclopedia Cumbre, a Spanish-language general encyclopedia for students in middle through high school.<ref name=":4" /> However, the previously mentioned Scholastic blog does not show that.<ref name=":2" /> It is possible that La Nueva Enciclopedia Cumbre is only included in the Spanish version of Scholastic GO!, though the existense of that in itself is unsure due to the same New York Public Library link saying that the language of Scholastic GO! is English.<ref name=":3" /> Staff reductions as a means of controlling costs also followed soon thereafter, even while an effort was made to augment the sales force. Cuts occurred every year between 2000 and 2007, leaving a much-depleted workforce to carry out the duties of maintaining a large encyclopedia database.<ref>"Scholastic Has Record Year and Begins Grolier Integration", ''PublishersWeekly.com'', 7/24/00; "Scholastic Sales Surge Continues", ''PublishersWeekly.com,'' 1/01/01; "Robinson: Scholastic's Business Remains Strong", ''PublishersWeekly.com,'' 10/01/01; "Sales Dip, Earnings Rise at Scholastic", ''PublishersWeekly.com,'' 7/29/02; "Scholastic Cuts 400 from Global Workforce", ''PublishersWeekly.com,'' 6/02/03; "Scholastic Takes a Charge", ''PublishersWeekly.com,'' 7/19/04; "Scholastic Cuts 30 Spots in Library Unit", ''PublishersWeekly.com,'' 6/02/05; "Scholastic to Cut Costs as Profits Fall", ''PublishersWeekly.com,'' 12/16/05; "Weak Results Prompt Closings, Layoffs at Scholastic", ''PublishersWeekly.com,'' 3/23/06.</ref>

In 2004, Scholastic stated that ''Americana'''s 2,500 online articles are being revised annually.<ref name=":0" /> Today, ''Americana'' lives on as an integral database within the Scholastic GO! product.<ref name=":2"/>

== Editors-in-Chief ==
* [[Frederick Converse Beach]], 1902–1917. Engineer and editor of ''Scientific American'' magazine.
* [[George Edwin Rines]], 1917–1920. Author and editor.
* [[A. H. McDannald]], 1920–1948. Reporter (''[[Baltimore News]]'' and ''[[Baltimore Evening Sun]]''), editor, and author.
* [[Lavinia Dudley|Lavinia P. Dudley]], 1948–1964. Editor (''Encyclopædia Britannica'' and ''Encyclopedia Americana'') and manager; first woman to head a major American reference publication.
* [[George Cornish|George A. Cornish]], 1965–1970. Reporter (''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'') and editor.
* [[Bernard Cayne|Bernard S. Cayne]], 1970–1980. Educational researcher ([[Educational Testing Service]], ''[[Harvard Educational Review]]''), editor (Ginn & Co., ''Collier's Encyclopedia'', Macmillan) and business executive (Grolier Inc.).
* [[Alan H. Smith]], 1980–1985. Editor (Grolier/''Encyclopedia Americana'')
* [[David T. Holland]], 1985–1991. Editor (Harcourt Brace, Grolier/''Encyclopedia Americana'').
* [[Mark Cummings]], 1991–2000. Editor ([[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]], [[Oxford University Press]]).
* Michael Shally-Jensen, 2000–2005. Editor ([[Merriam-Webster]]/''Encyclopædia Britannica'').
* [[K. Anne Ranson]], 2005–2006. Editor (''[[Academic American Encyclopedia]]'', ''Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia'').
* [[Joseph Castagno|Joseph M. Castagno]], 2006–present. Editor (Grolier/''Lands and Peoples'', ''New Book of Popular Science'').

== See also ==
* [[Lists of encyclopedias]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource|The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)|''The Encyclopedia Americana'' (1920)}}
* [http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&cc=moa&key=title&page=browse&value=encyclop%C3%A6dia+americana&Submit=Quick+Browse Text and images of the ''Encyclopaedia Americana'' 1851] at the University of Michigan's Making of America site.
* [http://teacher.scholastic.com/products/grolier/program_EA.htm ''Encyclopedia Americana''] Description from Grolier online
* [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/metabook?id=encyamer Complete hyperlinked editions of the 1904 and 1918–20 eds.] at the [[Online Books Page]]
* {{citation |year=1912 |title=The Americana |publisher=Scientific American compiling department |hdl=2027/nyp.33433005016187 }} (fulltext)
* {{citation |year=1918 |title=Encyclopedia Americana |publisher=Encyclopedia Americana Corp. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001461815 |via=HathiTrust}} (fulltext)

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[[Category:1829 in literature]]
[[Category:1829 introductions]]
[[Category:Book series introduced in the 1820s]]
[[Category:English-language encyclopedias]]
[[Category:American encyclopedias]]
[[Category:1902 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:20th-century encyclopedias]]