Editing Emperor Toba

{{Short description|Emperor of Japan from 1107 to 1123}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name           = Emperor Toba<br>{{nobold|{{lang|ja|鳥羽天皇}}}}
| succession     = [[Emperor of Japan]]
| image          = Emperor Toba.jpg
| caption        =
| reign          = August 9, 1107 – February 25, 1123
| coronation     = January 15, 1108
| cor-type       = Japan
| predecessor    = [[Emperor Horikawa|Horikawa]]
| successor      = [[Emperor Sutoku|Sutoku]]
| posthumous name = [[Posthumous name#Tsuigō|''Tsuigō'']]:<br/>Emperor Toba ({{lang|ja|鳥羽院}} or {{lang|ja|鳥羽天皇}})
| spouse         = {{plainlist|
* [[Fujiwara no Yasuko]]
* [[Fujiwara no Nariko]]
* [[Fujiwara no Tamako]]}}
| issue          = {{plainlist|
* [[Emperor Sutoku]]
* [[Princess Muneko]]
* [[Emperor Go-Shirakawa]]
* [[Emperor Konoe]]
* [[Princess Yoshiko (Nijō)|Princess Yoshiko]]}}
| issue-link     = Emperor Toba#Genealogy
| issue-pipe     = among others...
| royal house    = [[Imperial House of Japan]]
| father         = [[Emperor Horikawa]]
| mother         = {{ill|Fujiwara no Ishi (Shigeko) |lt=Fujiwara no Ishi |ja|藤原苡子|vertical-align=sup}}
| birth_date     = February 24, 1103
| birth_place    =
| death_date     = {{death date and age|1156|7|20|1103|2|24}}
| death_place    =
| burial_place   = [[Anrakuju-in|''Anrakuju-in no misasagi'' (Kyoto)]]
|}}

{{Nihongo|'''Emperor Toba'''|鳥羽天皇|Toba-[[tennō]]|February 24, 1103 – July 20, 1156}} was the 74th [[Emperor of Japan]],<ref name="kunaicho">[[Imperial Household Agency]] (''Kunaichō''): [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/074/index.html  鳥羽天皇 (74)]</ref> according to the traditional [[List of Emperors of Japan|order of succession]].<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan,'' pp. 79.</ref>

Toba's reign spanned the years from [[Heian period|1107 through 1123]].<ref>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  ''Annales des empereurs du Japon,'' pp. 178–181]; Brown, Delmer ''et al.'' (1979). ''Gukanshō,'' pp. 320–322; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''Jinnō Shōtōki.'' pp. 203–204.</ref>

== Genealogy ==
Before his ascension to the [[Chrysanthemum Throne]], his personal name (his ''imina'')<ref>Brown, pp. 264. [Up until the time of [[Emperor Jomei]], the personal names of the emperors (their ''imina'') were very long and people did not generally use them.  The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.]</ref> was Munehito''-shinnō'' (宗仁親王).<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p. 178]; Brown, p. 320; Varley, p. 203.</ref>

He was the son of [[Emperor Horikawa]].  His mother was Empress Dowager Fujiwara no Ishi (藤原苡子)

Toba had three Empresses, some consort ladies and 14 imperial sons and daughters.<ref name="b321">Brown, p. 321.</ref>

* ''chūgū'' : [[Fujiwara no Tamako]] (藤原璋子) later Taikenmon’in (待賢門院), Fujiwara no Kinzane‘s daughter
** First Son: Imperial Prince Akihito (顕仁親王) later [[Emperor Sutoku]]
** First Daughter: Imperial Princess ''Yoshiko/Kishi'' (禧子内親王; 1122–1133) – [[Saiin (priestess)|Saiin]] at [[Kamo Shrine]]
** Second Son: Imperial Prince Michihito (通仁親王; 1124–1129)
** Third Son: Imperial Prince Kimihito (君仁親王; 1125–1143)
** Second Daughter: Imperial [[Princess Muneko]] (統子内親王) later Jōsaimon-in (上西門院), – Saiin at Kamo Shrine.
** Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Masahito (雅仁親王) later [[Emperor Go-Shirakawa]]
** Fifth Son: Imperial Prince Motohito? (本仁親王; 1129–1169) later Imperial Prince priest Kakushō (覚性法親王)

* ''kōgō'': [[Fujiwara no Yasuko]]/''Taishi'' (藤原泰子) later Kōyō-in (高陽院), Fujiwara no Tadazane’s daughter

* ''kōgō'': [[Fujiwara no Nariko]] (藤原得子) later Bifukumon’in (美福門院), Fujiwara no Nagazane’s daughter.<ref>Kitagawa, Hiroshi. (1975). ''The Tale of the Heike,'' p. 240.</ref>
** Daughter: Imperial Princess Toshiko/''Eishi'' (叡子内親王; 1135–1148)
** Daughter: Imperial Princess Akiko (暲子内親王; 1137–1211) later Hachijo’in (八条院)
** Ninth Son: Imperial Prince Narihito (体仁親王), later [[Emperor Konoe]]
** Daughter: Imperial [[Princess Yoshiko (Nijō)|Imperial Princess Yoshiko]]/''Shushi'' (姝子内親王) later Takamatsu’in (高松院), ''chūgū'' (Empress) to [[Emperor Nijo|Emperor Nijō]])

* Court Lady Ki Ieko (紀家子), Mino-no-Tsubone (美濃局), Ki no Mitsukiyo’s daughter
** Sixth Son: Imperial Prince Priest Dōkei (道恵法親王; 1132–1168)
** Seventh Son: Imperial Prince Priest Kakukai (覚快法親王; 1134–1181)
** Daughter: Aya Gozen (阿夜御前; d.1195)

* Sanjō-no-Tsubone (三条局; d.1138), Fujiwara no Iemasa’s daughter
** Daughter: Imperial Princess Kenshi (妍子内親王; d.1161) Yoshida ''saigū'' (Imperial Princess serving at [[Grand Shrine of Ise|Ise Shrine]])

* Kasuga-no-Tsubone (春日局), Tokudaiji Saneyosi‘s daughter
** Seventh Daughter: Imperial Princess Shōshi/Nobuko (頌子内親王; 1145–1208)

* Fujitsubo-Nyogo (藤壺女御), Tachibana Toshitsuna‘s daughter
** Shin-yo? (真誉) – Buddhist nun

* Tosa-no-Tsubone (土佐局), Minamoto no Mitsuyasu‘s daughter

* Fujiwara no Sanehira‘s Daughter
** Daughter: Princess Takamatsu (高松宮) (apparently no connection with [[Arisugawa-no-miya]], which was originally named Takamatsu-no-miya)

* Unknown
** Imperial Prince Priest Saichū (最忠法親王)
** Imperial Prince Dōka? (道果親王)

==Events of Toba's life==
When his mother died, his grandfather, former-[[Emperor Shirakawa]], took him under his care and raised him.

* '''August 9, 1107''' (''[[Kajō]] 2, 19th day of the 7th month'')<!-- NengoCalc 嘉承二年七月十九日 -->: In the 21st year of [[Emperor Horikawa]]'s reign (堀河天皇21年), the emperor (''"[[tennō]]"'') died at the age of 29; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by his only son.  Shortly thereafter, Emperor Toba is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p. 178]; Brown, pp. 320; Varley, p. 44. [A distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized prior to [[Emperor Tenji]]; and all sovereigns except [[Empress Jitō|Jitō]], [[Emperor Yōzei|Yōzei]], [[Emperor Go-Toba|Go-Toba]], and [[Emperor Fushimi|Fushimi]] have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of [[Emperor Go-Murakami]].]</ref>

During the initial years of Toba's reign, the actual power was held by his grandfather, the "retired" [[Emperor Shirakawa]], in a process known as [[cloistered rule]].

* '''1110''' (''[[Ten'ei]] 3, 6th month'')<!-- NengoCalc 天仁三年六月 -->: The Miidera-ji burned down.  This was the second time the temple was destroyed by fire, the first time being in 1081.<ref name="b322">Brown, p. 322.</ref>
* '''February 25, 1123''' (''[[Hōan]] 4, 28th day of the 1st month'')<!-- NengoCalc 保安四年一月二十八日 -->: In the 17th year of Emperor Toba's reign (鳥羽天皇17年), Toba was forced to abdicate by his grandfather, retired-Emperor Shirakawa.  Toba gave up the throne in favor of his son Akihito, who would become [[Emperor Sutoku]].  Toba was only 20 years old when he renounced his title; and he had already reigned for 16 years:  two in the ''nengō'' ''Tennin'', three in ''Ten'ei'', five in the ''nengō'' ''Eikyū'', two in ''Gen'ei'', and four in the ''nengō'' ''Hōan.''  At this time, Toba took the title ''Daijō-tennō.''<ref>Brown, pp. 320–321; Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p.181.]</ref>  The succession (''senso'') was received by his son.<ref>Brown, p. 322; Varley, p. 44.</ref>
* '''1123''' (''Hōan 4, 2nd month''): Emperor Sutoku is said to have acceded to the throne (''sokui'').<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9   p. 182]; Varley, p. 44.</ref>
* '''1129''' (''[[Daiji (era)|Daiji]] 4'')<!-- NengoCalc 大治四年 -->: "retired" [[Emperor Shirakawa]] died; and Toba himself began to rule as cloistered emperor.  Toba continued to hold power through the reigns of three emperors, [[Emperor Sutoku]], [[Emperor Konoe]], and [[Emperor Go-Shirakawa]].
* '''1134''' (''[[Chōshō]] 3''): The former-Emperor Toba made a pilgrimage to the Kumano Shrines.  He was accompanied by ''sadaijin''  Hanazono no Arahito and ''[[udaijin]]'' Naka-no-in Munetada.  The excursion was enjoyed by all, and great quantities of sake were consumed.<ref>Brown, p. 322 n56.</ref>

===Kugyō===
''Kugyō'' (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the [[Emperor of Japan]] in pre-[[Meiji period|Meiji]] eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time.  These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career.  During Toba's reign, this apex of the ''[[Daijō-kan]]'' included:
* ''[[Sesshō]]'', Fujiwara Tadazane, 1078–1162.<ref name = "b321"/>
* ''[[Kampaku]]'', Fujiwara Tadazane.<ref name = "b321"/>
* ''[[Kampaku]]'', Fujiwara Tadamichi, 1097–1164.<ref name = "b321"/>
* ''[[Daijō-daijin]]'', Fujiwara Tadazane.<ref name = "b321"/>
* ''[[Sadaijin]]'', Fujiwara Tadamichi.<ref name="b321"/>
* ''[[Sadaijin]]'', Hanazono no Arahito.<ref name = "b322"/>
* ''[[Udaijin]]'', Naka-no-in Munetada.<ref name="b322"/>
* ''[[Naidaijin]]''
* ''[[Dainagon]]''

==Eras of Toba's reign==
The years of Toba's reign are more specifically identified by more than one [[Japanese era names|era name]] or ''[[nengō]]''.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9   pp. 177–181]; Brown, p.321.</ref>
* ''[[Kajō]]''            (1106–1108)
* ''[[Tennin (era)|Tennin]]''  (1108–1110)
* ''[[Ten'ei|Ten-ei]]''               (1110–1113)
* ''[[Eikyū]]''          (1113–1118)
* ''[[Gen'ei]]''               (1118–1120)
* ''[[Hōan]]''            (1120–1124)

==Ancestry==
<ref name=descent>{{cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp074|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|date=30 April 2010 |access-date=21 October 2018|language=ja}}</ref>
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Emperor Toba'''  
|2= 2. [[Emperor Horikawa]] (1079–1107)
|3= 3. [[:ja:藤原苡子|Fujiwara no Ishi]] (1076–1103)
|4= 4.[[Emperor Shirakawa]] (1053–1130)
|5= 5.[[Fujiwara no Kenshi (Shirakawa)|Fujiwara no Kenshi]] (1057–1084)
|6= 6.[[:ja:藤原実季|Fujiwara no Sanesue]] (1035–1092)
|7= 7.Fujiwara no Mutsuko
|8= 8.[[Emperor Go-Sanjō]] (1034–1073) 
|9= 9.[[:ja:藤原茂子|Fujiwara no Shigeko]] (d. 1062)   
|10=10.[[:ja:源顕房|Minamoto no Akifusa]] (1037–1094)
|11=11.Minamoto no Takako
|12=12.[[:ja:藤原公成|Fujiwara no Kin'nari]] (999–1043)  
|13=13. Fujiwara
|14=14. [[:ja:藤原経平|Fujiwara no Tsunehira]] (1014–1091)  
|15= 
}}

==See also==
* [[Emperor of Japan]]
* [[List of Emperors of Japan]]
* [[Imperial cult]]
* [[Emperor Go-Toba]]

==Notes==
[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|thumb|right|120px|[[Imperial Seal of Japan|Japanese Imperial kamon]] — a stylized [[chrysanthemum]] blossom]]
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Gukansho  ''Gukanshō: The Future and the Past.''] Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-03460-0}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/251325323  OCLC 251325323]
* Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Bruce T. Tsuchida, ed. (1975). The Tale of the Heike. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. {{ISBN|0-86008-128-1}} [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/164803926 OCLC 164803926]
* [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon]]. (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan  ''The Imperial House of Japan.''] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/194887 OCLC 194887]
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]] (1834). ''[[Nihon Odai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran  ''Annales des empereurs du Japon.'']  Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691  OCLC 5850691]
* [[H. Paul Varley|Varley, H. Paul.]] (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ  ''Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns.''] New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59145842  OCLC 59145842]

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{{s-bef|before=[[Emperor Horikawa]]}} 
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Emperors of Japan|Emperor of Japan]]:<br>Toba|years=1107–1123}} 
{{s-aft|after=[[Emperor Sutoku]]}}
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{{Emperors of Japan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toba}}
[[Category:Emperors of Japan]]
[[Category:1103 births]]
[[Category:1156 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century Japanese monarchs]]
[[Category:People of Heian-period Japan]]
[[Category:Buddhist clergy of Heian-period Japan]]
[[Category:Japanese Buddhist monarchs]]
[[Category:Japanese emperors who abdicated]]
[[Category:Sons of Japanese emperors]]