Editing Emperor Sutoku

{{Short description|Emperor of Japan from 1123 to 1142}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Emperor Sutoku<br>{{nobold|{{lang|ja|崇徳天皇}}}}
| succession   = [[Emperor of Japan]]
| image        = Emperor Sutoku2.jpg
| caption      = Portrait of Emperor Sutoku by Fujiwara Tamenobu, 14th century
| reign        = February 25, 1123 – January 5, 1142
| coronation   = March 18, 1123
| cor-type     = Japan
| predecessor  = [[Emperor Toba|Toba]]
| successor    = [[Emperor Konoe|Konoe]]
| posthumous name = [[Posthumous name#Tsuigō|''Tsuigō'']]:<br/>Emperor Sutoku ({{lang|ja|崇徳院}} or {{lang|ja|崇徳天皇}})
| spouse       = [[Fujiwara no Kiyoko]]
| issue        = Prince Shigehito
| royal house  = [[Imperial House of Japan]]
| father       = [[Emperor Toba]]
| mother       = [[Fujiwara no Tamako]]
| birth_date   = July 7, 1119
| birth_place  = 
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1164|9|14|1119|7|7}}
| death_place  = 
| burial_place = ''Shiramine no misasagi'' (白峯陵) (Kagawa)|
}}
{{nihongo|'''Emperor Sutoku'''|崇徳天皇|Sutoku-[[tennō]]|July 7, 1119 – September 14, 1164}} was the 75th [[emperor]] of [[Japan]],<ref name="kunaicho">[[Imperial Household Agency]] (''Kunaichō''): [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/075/index.html  崇徳天皇 (75)]</ref> according to the traditional [[List of Emperors of Japan|order of succession]].<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan,'' pp. 80.</ref>

Sutoku's reign spanned the years from [[Heian period|1123 through 1142]].<ref>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  ''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' pp. 181]-185; Brown, Delmer ''et al.'' (1979). ''Gukanshō,'' pp. 322–324; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''Jinnō Shōtōki.'' pp. 204–205.</ref>

==Genealogy==
Before his ascension to the [[Chrysanthemum Throne]], his personal name (his ''imina'')<ref>Brown, pp. 264. [Up until the time of [[Emperor Jomei]], the personal names of the emperors (their ''imina'') were very long and people did not generally use them.  The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.]</ref> was Akihito (顕仁).<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p. 181]; Brown, p. 322; Varley, p. 204.</ref> Sutoku was the eldest son of [[Emperor Toba]]. Some old texts say he was instead the son of Toba's grandfather, [[Emperor Shirakawa]].

*Chūgū: [[Fujiwara no Kiyoko]] (藤原 聖子) later Kōkamon'in (皇嘉門院), [[Fujiwara no Tadamichi]]'s daughter
* Hyounosuke-no-Tsubone (兵衛佐局), Minamoto no Masamune's adopted daughter
** First son: Imperial {{Nihongo|Prince Shigehito|重仁親王}} (1140–1162).
* Mikawa-dono (三河), Minamoto no Morotsune's daughter
** Fifth Son: Kakue (覚恵; 1151–1184)
* Karasuma-no-Tsubone (烏丸局)

==Events of Sutoku's life==

* '''February 25, 1123''' (''[[Hōan]] 4, 28th day of the 1st month'')<!-- NengoCalc 保安四年一月二十八日 -->: In the 16th year of Emperor Toba's reign (鳥羽天皇二十五年), he abdicated; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by his son, aged 3.<ref>Brown, p. 322; Varley, p. 44. [A distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized prior to [[Emperor Tenji]]; and all sovereigns except [[Empress Jitō|Jitō]], [[Emperor Yōzei|Yōzei]], [[Emperor Go-Toba|Go-Toba]], and [[Emperor Fushimi|Fushimi]] have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of Go-Murakami.]</ref>
* '''''Hōan 4''''', in the 2nd month (1123): Emperor Sutoku is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p. 182]; Varley, p. 44.</ref>
* '''1124''' (''[[Tenji]] 1, 2nd month''): Former-Emperor Shirakawa and former-Emperor Toba went in carriages to outside the city where they could all together enjoy contemplating the flowers. [[Fujiwara no Tamako|Taiken-mon'in]] (? – August 26, 1145) (formerly Fujiwara no Shōshi), who was Toba's empress and Sutoku's mother, joined the procession along with many other women of the court.  Their cortege was brilliant and colorful.  A great many men of the court in hunting clothes followed the ladies in this parade.  [[Fujiwara no Tadamichi]] then followed in a carriage, accompanied by bands of musicians and women who were to sing for the emperors.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p. 182]; Varley, p. 204.</ref>
* '''1124''' (''Tenji 1, 10th month''): Shirakawa visited [[Mount Kōya]].<ref name="t182">Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p. 182.]</ref>
* '''1125''' (''Tenji 2, 10th month''): The emperor visited [[Iwashimizu Shrine]] and the [[Kamo Shrines]]; and afterwards, he also visited the shrines [[Hirano Shrine|Hirano]], [[Ōharano Shrine|Ōharano]], [[Matsunoo Shrine|Mutsunoo]], [[Kitano Tenman-gū|Kitano]], [[Yasaka Shrine|Gion]] and several others.<ref name="t182"/>
* '''1128''' (''[[Daiji (era)|Daiji]] 3, 3rd month''): Taiken-mon'in ordered the construction of [[Enshō-ji (Antei)|Enshō-ji]] in fulfillment of a sacred vow.<ref name="t185">Titsigh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p. 185.]</ref>  This was one in a series of "sacred vow temples" (''gogan-ji'') built by imperial command following a precedent established by Emperor Shirakawa's [[Hosshō-ji]].<ref>Varley, p. 200. (The six ''gogan-ji'') "superiority" temples were: 1. [[Hosshō-ji]] (Superiority of Buddhist Law); 2. [[Sonshō-ji]] (Superiority of Worship); 3. [[Saishō-ji]] (Most Superior); 4. [[Enshō-ji (Antei)|Enshō-ji]] (Superiority of Perfection); 5. [[Jōshō-ji]] (Superiority of Becoming); 6. [[Enshō-ji (Kenchō)|Enshō-ji]] (Superiority of Duration).]</ref>
* '''1128''' (''Daiji 3, 6th month''): Fujiwara no Tadamichi is relieved of his responsibilities and duties as ''sesshō'' (regent); and simultaneously, Tadamichi is named ''kampaku.''<ref name = "t185"/>
* '''August 17, 1135''' (''[[Hōen]] 1, 7th day of the 7th month'')<!-- NengoCalc 保延一年七月七日 -->: Former-Emperor Shirakawa died at the age of 77.<ref name="b323"/>
* '''1141''' (''[[Eiji]]  1, 3rd month''): The former emperor Toba accepted the tonsure in becoming a monk at the age of 39.<ref name = "t185"/>

In 1151, Sutoku ordered [[Waka (poetry)|Waka]] [[imperial anthology]] ''[[Shika Wakashū]]''.

In 1156, after being defeated by forces loyal to Emperor [[Go-Shirakawa]] in the [[Hōgen Rebellion]], he was [[exile]]d to [[Sanuki Province]] (modern-day [[Kagawa prefecture]] on the island of [[Shikoku]]).
Emperor Sutoku's reign lasted for 19 years: 2 years in the ''nengō'' ''Tenji'', 5 years in ''Daiji'', 1 year in '''Tenshō'', 3 years in ''Chōshō'', 6 years in Hōen, and 1 year in ''Eiji''.<ref name="t185"/>

[[File:Sutokutenno Shiraminegoryo 01.JPG|thumb|right|Memorial Shinto shrine and mausoleum honoring Emperor Sutoku.]]
The site of Sutoku's [[grave (burial)|grave]] is settled.<ref name="kunaicho"/>  This emperor is traditionally venerated at a [[memorial]] [[Shinto]] [[shrine]] (''misasagi'') in [[Sakaide, Kagawa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.city.sakaide.lg.jp/soshiki/bunkashinkou/sutokujyoukou.html |title=崇徳上皇|publisher=Sakaide city official|language=ja|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref> He was also enshrined (or sealed away ...) in [[Shiramine Shrine]] in [[Kyoto]] and [[Kotohira-gū]] in Kagawa Prefecture. The former is also associated with the god of football, worshipped by Kuge clan Asukai in times of yore, while the latter enshrined Ō-mono-nushi-no-mikoto, a god known to have restored harmony in Yamato (or blackmailed [[Emperor Sujin]] ...) in exchange for worship and nepotism.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

The [[Imperial Household Agency]] designates this location as Sutoku's [[mausoleum]].  It is formally named ''Shiramine no misasagi''.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 419.</ref>

===''Kugyō''===
''Kugyō'' (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the [[Emperor of Japan]] in pre-[[Meiji period|Meiji]] eras.
 
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time.  These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career.  During Sutoku's reign, this apex of the ''[[Daijō-kan]]'' included: 
* ''[[Sesshō]]'', [[Fujiwara no Tadamichi]], 1097–1164.<ref name="b323">Brown, p. 323.</ref>
* ''[[Daijō-daijin]]'', Fujiwara no Tadamichi.<ref name = "b323"/>
* ''[[Sadaijin]]''
* ''[[Udaijin]]''
* ''[[Nadaijin]]'', Fujiwara no Yorinaga, 1120–1156.<ref name="b323" />
* ''[[Dainagon]]''

==Eras of Sutoku's reign==
The years of Sutoku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one [[Japanese era names|era name]] or ''[[nengō]]''.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  pp. 181]-185; Brown, p. 323.</ref>
* ''[[Hōan]]'' (1120–1124)
* ''[[Tenji (era)|Tenji]]'' (1124–1126)
* ''[[Daiji (era)|Daiji]]'' (1126–1131)
* ''[[Tenshō (Heian period)|Tenshō]]'' (1131–1132)
* ''[[Chōshō]]'' (1132–1135)
* ''[[Hōen]]'' (1135–1141)
* ''[[Eiji]]'' (1141–1142)

==Legends==
[[File:Yoshitsuya The Lightning Bolt.jpg|400px|thumb|Sutoku becoming {{nihongo3|[[vengeful spirit]]||[[onryō]]}}, by [[Utagawa Yoshitsuya]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ukiyo-e.org/image/artofjapan/06134235|title=Utagawa Yoshitsuya: Princess Shirinui Fights off the Evil Sotoku-in - The Art of Japan|website=ukiyo-e.org|access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref>]]
After Sutoku's abdication and exile, he devoted himself to monastic life.  He copied numerous scriptures and offered them to the court.  Fearing that the scriptures were cursed, the court refused to accept them.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1963). ''Vicissitudes of Shinto,'' p. 99.</ref> Snubbed, Sutoku was said to have resented the court and, upon his death, became an {{nihongo3|[[vengeful spirit]]|怨霊|[[onryō]]}}.  Everything from the subsequent fall in fortune of the Imperial court, the rise of the samurai powers, droughts and internal unrests were blamed on his haunting.

Along with [[Sugawara no Michizane]] and [[Taira no Masakado]], he is often called one of the “{{ill|Three Great Onryō of Japan|ja|日本三大怨霊}}”.<ref name="onryotohananika">{{Cite book|author=山田雄司|title=妖怪とは何か 菅原道真・平将門・崇徳院|year=2014|publisher=中央公論新社|series=中公新書|isbn=978-4-12-102281-3|pages=i–iii頁|trans-title=What is a youkai? Sugawara no Michizane, Taira no Masakado, Sutokuin}}</ref>

Literary works from the Edo period such as {{transliteration|ja|[[Ugetsu Monogatari]]}} and {{nihongo3||[[:ja:椿説弓張月|椿説弓張月]]|Chinsetsu Yumiharizuki}} and [[ukiyo-e]] paintings by [[Utagawa Yoshitsuya]] depict Emperor Sutoku as an {{transliteration|ja|onryō}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arc.ritsumei.ac.jp/lib/vm/jl2016/2016/10/post-51.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301125246/http://www.arc.ritsumei.ac.jp/lib/vm/jl2016/2016/10/post-51.html|script-title=ja:E2-1 崇徳院説話の展開.|language=ja|publisher=[[Ritsumeikan University]]|date=25 October 2016|archive-date=1 March 2022|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>

In 2023, the [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Onmyo-Za]] produced the song {{nihongo3||白峯|Shiramine}}, about Emperor Sutoku as a {{transliteration|ja|onryō}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/special/detail/3809|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224064102/https://www.billboard-japan.com/special/detail/3809|script-title=ja:＜インタビュー＞陰陽座、有りのままを形にした快作『龍凰童子』に迫る|language=ja|publisher=Billboard Japan|archive-date=24 February 2023|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>

==Ancestry==
<ref name=descent>{{cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp075|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|date=30 April 2010 |access-date=27 October 2018|language=ja}}</ref>
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Emperor Sutoku'''  
|2= 2. [[Emperor Toba]] (1103–1156)
|3= 3. [[Fujiwara no Tamako]] (1101–1145)
|4= 4.[[Emperor Horikawa]] (1079–1107)
|5= 5.[[:ja:藤原苡子|Fujiwara no Ishi]] (1076–1103)
|6= 6. [[:ja:藤原公実|Fujiwara no Kinzane]] (1053–1107)
|7= 7. [[:ja:藤原光子|Fujiwara no Mitsuko]] (1060–1121)
|8= 8. [[Emperor Shirakawa]] (1053–1130)
|9= 9. [[Fujiwara no Kenshi (Shirakawa)|Fujiwara no Kenshi]] (1057–1084)
|10=10.[[:ja:藤原実季|Fujiwara no Sanesue]] (1035–1092)
|11=11.Fujiwara no Mutsuko
|12=12.[[:ja:藤原実季|Fujiwara no Sanesue]] (1035–1092)
|13=13. Fujiwara no Mutsuko
|14=14. Fujiwara no Takakata (1014–1079)
|15= 
}}

==See also==
* [[Emperor of Japan]]
* [[Goryō]]
* [[Imperial cult]]
* [[List of Emperors of Japan]]
* [[Shin Heike Monogatari (TV series)|Shin Heike Monogatari]] ([[Taiga Drama]]), [[Masakazu Tamura]] played Emperor Sutoku.

==Notes==
[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|thumb|right|120px|[[Imperial Seal of Japan|Japanese Imperial kamon]] — a stylized [[chrysanthemum]] blossom]]
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Gukansho  ''Gukanshō: The Future and the Past.''] Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-03460-0}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/251325323  OCLC 251325323]
* [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon]]. (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan  ''The Imperial House of Japan.''] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/194887 OCLC 194887]
* _____________. (1963). [https://books.google.com/books?id=IGkrAAAAIAAJ&q=Vicissitudes+of+Shinto  ''Vicissitudes of Shinto.''] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/36655 OCLC 36655]
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]] (1834). ''[[Nihon Odai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran  ''Annales des empereurs du Japon.'']  Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691  OCLC 5850691]
* [[H. Paul Varley|Varley, H. Paul.]] (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ  ''Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns.''] New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59145842  OCLC 59145842]

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{{s-bef|before=[[Emperor Toba]]}} 
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Emperors of Japan|Emperor of Japan]]:<br>Sutoku|years=1123–1142}} 
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{{Emperors of Japan}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sutoku}}
[[Category:Emperor Sutoku| ]]
[[Category:Emperors of Japan]]
[[Category:1119 births]]
[[Category:1164 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century Japanese monarchs]]
[[Category:People of Heian-period Japan]]
[[Category:Hyakunin Isshu poets]]
[[Category:Shikashū]]
[[Category:Sons of Japanese emperors]]
[[Category:12th-century Japanese poets]]