Editing Emperor Seiwa

{{Short description|56th emperor of Japan (r. 858-876)}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name         = Emperor Seiwa<br>{{nobold|{{lang|ja|清和天皇}}}}
| succession   = [[Emperor of Japan]]
| image        = Emperor Seiwa.jpg
| caption      = 
| reign        = October 7, 858 – December 18, 876
| coronation   = December 15, 858
| cor-type     = Japan
| predecessor  = [[Emperor Montoku|Montoku]]
| successor    = [[Emperor Yōzei|Yōzei]]
| posthumous name = [[Posthumous name#Tsuigō|''Tsuigō'']]:<br/>Emperor Seiwa ({{lang|ja|清和天皇}})
| issue        = [[Emperor Yōzei]]
| issue-link   = #Consorts and children
| issue-pipe   = Among others...
| royal house  = [[Imperial House of Japan]]
| father       = [[Emperor Montoku]]
| mother       = Fujiwara no Akirakeiko
| birth_date   = May 10, 850
| birth_place  = Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
| death_date   = {{death date and age|881|1|7|850|5|10}}
| death_place  = Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
| burial_place = ''Minooyama no misasagi'' (水尾山陵) (Kyoto)|
}}

{{Nihongo|'''Emperor Seiwa'''|清和天皇|Seiwa-[[tennō]]|May 10, 850 – January 7, 881}} was the 56th [[emperor]] of [[Japan]],<ref name="kunaicho">[[Imperial Household Agency]] (''Kunaichō''): [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/056/index.html  清和天皇 (56)]</ref> according to the traditional [[List of Emperors of Japan|order of succession]].<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan,'' p. 66.</ref>

Seiwa's reign spanned the years from [[Heian period|858 through 876]].<ref>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' pp. 115–121.|page=115}}; Brown, Delmer ''et al.'' (1979). ''Gukanshō,'' pp. 286–288; Varley, H. Paul. ''Jinnō Shōtōki,'' pp. 166–17.</ref>

==Traditional narrative==
Seiwa was the fourth son of [[Emperor Montoku]].  His mother was Empress Dowager Fujiwara no Akirakeiko (明子), also called the Somedono empress (染殿后).  Seiwa's mother was the daughter of [[Fujiwara no Yoshifusa]] (藤原良房), who was regent and great minister of the council of state.<ref name="v166"/>
He was the younger half-brother of Imperial Prince Koretaka (惟喬親王; 844–897)

===Imina===
Before his ascension to the [[Chrysanthemum Throne]], his personal name (his ''[[imina]]'')<ref>Brown, pp. 264; prior to [[Emperor Jomei]], the personal names of the emperors (their ''imina'') were very long and people did not generally use them.  The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.</ref> was {{Nihongo|Korehito|惟仁}},<ref name="t115">Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|p. 115.|page=115}}</ref> the first member of the [[Imperial House of Japan|Imperial house]] to be personally named "-hito" [[wikt:仁#Japanese|仁]]. One meaning of the character 仁 is the [[Confucianism|Confucian]] concept of ''[[Ren (Confucianism)|ren]]''. Later it has been a tradition to name the personal name of all male members of the Imperial family this way.

He was also known as emperor as ''Mizunoo-no-mikado''<ref name="v166">Varley, p. 166.</ref> or ''Minoo-tei''.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 8.</ref>

===Events of Seiwa's life===
Originally under the guardianship of his maternal grandfather [[Fujiwara no Yoshifusa]], he displaced Imperial Prince Koretaka (惟喬親王) as [[Crown Prince]].  Upon the death of his father in 858, Emperor Montoku, he became Emperor at the age of 9, but the real power was held by his grandfather, Yoshifusa.

* '''7 October 858''' (''[[Ten'an]] 2, 27th day of the 8th month'')<!-- [http://web.me.com/meyer.eva/www.yukikurete.de/nengo_calc.htm  NengoCalc] 天安二年八月二十七日 -->: In the 8th year of Montoku''-tennō''{{'}}s reign (文徳天皇8年), the emperor died;<ref name="t115"/> and the succession (''senso'') was received by his son.  Shortly thereafter, Emperor Seiwa is said to have acceded to the throne (''sokui'').<ref>Brown, pp. 286; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized prior to [[Emperor Tenji]]; and all sovereigns except [[Empress Jitō|Jitō]], [[Emperor Yōzei|Yōzei]], [[Emperor Go-Toba|Go-Toba]], and [[Emperor Fushimi|Fushimi]] have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of [[Emperor Go-Murakami]].</ref>
* '''15 December 858''' (''Ten'an 2, 7th day of the 11th month'')<!-- 天安二年十一月七日 -->: The emperor's official announcement of his enthronement at age 9 was accompanied by the appointment of his grandfather as regent (''sesshō'').  This is the first time that this high honor has been accorded to a member of the [[Fujiwara family]], and it is also the first example in Japan of the accession of an heir who is too young to be emperor.  The proclamation of the beginning of Seiwa's reign was made at the [[Kotaijingu]] at [[Ise Province]] and at all the tombs of the imperial family.<ref>Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|p. 115.|page=115}}; Brown, p. 286.</ref>
* '''859''' (''[[Jōgan]] 1, 1st month''): All New Year's festivities were suspended because of the period of national mourning for the death of Emperor Montoku.<ref>Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|p. 116.|page=116}}</ref>
* '''859''' (''Jōgan 1''): Construction began on the [[Iwashimizu Shrine]] near Heian-kyō.  This shrine honors Hachiman, the Shinto war god.<ref name="b288">Brown, p. 288.</ref>
* '''869''' (''Jōgan 10''): Yōzei was born, and he was named Seiwa's heir in the following year.<ref>Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|p. 122.|page=122}}</ref>
* '''876''' (''Jōgan 17, 11th month''): In the 18th year of Seiwa''-tennō''{{'}}s reign (清和天皇18年), the emperor ceded his throne to his five-year-old son, which meant that the young child received the succession (''senso'').  Shortly thereafter, Emperor Yōzei formally acceded to the throne (''sokui'').<ref>Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|p. 122.|page=122}}; Varley, p. 44.</ref>
* '''878''' (''[[Gangyō]] 2''):  Seiwa became a Buddhist priest.  His new priestly name was Soshin (素真).<ref name = "b288"/>
* '''7 January 881''' (''Gangyō 4, 4th day of the 12th month'')<!-- 元慶二年十二月四日  -->: Former-Emperor Seiwa died at age 30.<ref>Brown, p. 289; Varley, p. 170.</ref>

==Mausoleum==

The actual site of Seiwa's [[grave (burial)|grave]] is known.<ref name="kunaicho"/>  The emperor is traditionally venerated at the ''misasagi'' [[memorial]] [[Shinto shrine|shrine]] in the [[Ukyō-ku, Kyoto|Ukyō-ku]] ward of [[Kyoto]]. The [[Imperial Household Agency]] designates this location as Seiwa's [[mausoleum]]. It is formally named the {{Nihongo|Minooyama no Misasagi|清和天皇陵|}} or Seiwa Tennō Ryō.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 421.</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei |title=Seiwa Tennō Ryō (清和天皇陵) |url=http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ |access-date=2012-05-18 |year=2012 |publisher=Shogakukan |location=Tokyo |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ |archive-date=2007-08-25 }}</ref> From the site of his tomb the Emperor Seiwa is sometimes referred to as the {{Nihongo|Emperor Mizunoo|水尾帝|Mizunoo-tei}}.<ref name="nipponika">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) |title=Seiwa Tennō |url=http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ |access-date=2012-05-18 |year=2012 |publisher=Shogakukan |location=Tokyo |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ |archive-date=2007-08-25 }}</ref> The ''[[kami]]'' of Emperor Seiwa is venerated at the [[Seiwatennō-sha]] near the mausoleum.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 128.</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei |title=Seiwatennō-sha (清和天皇社) |url=http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ |access-date=2012-05-18 |year=2012 |publisher=Shogakukan |location=Tokyo |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ |archive-date=2007-08-25 }}</ref>

==Kugyō==
{{Nihongo|''[[Kugyō]]''|公卿}} is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the [[Emperor of Japan]] in pre-[[Meiji period|Meiji]] eras.<ref>Furugosho:  [http://www.furugosho.com/moyenage/empereur-g2.htm ''Kugyō'' of Seiwa-''tennō'']</ref>

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time.  These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career.  During Seiwa's reign, this apex of the ''[[Daijō-kan]]'' included:
* ''[[Sesshō]]'', [[Fujiwara no Yoshifusa]], 804–872.<ref name="b288"/>
* ''[[Daijō-daijin]]'', Fujiwara no Yoshifusa.<ref name="b288"/>
* ''[[Sadaijin]]'', Minamoto no Makoto (源信).
* ''Sadaijin'', Minamoto no Tooru (源融).<ref name="titsingh119">Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|p. 119.|page=119}}</ref>
* ''[[Udaijin]]'', Fujiwara no Yoshimi (藤原良相), 817–867.<ref name="b287">Brown, p. 287.</ref>
* ''Udaijin'', Fujiwara no Ujimune (藤原氏宗).
* ''Udaijin'', [[Fujiwara no Mototsune]], 836–891.<ref>Brown, p. 287; Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Fujiwara no Mototsune" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 206|page=206}}.</ref>
* ''[[Naidaijin]]''
* ''[[Dainagon]]'', Fujiwara no Mototsune.<ref name="titsingh119"/>

==Eras of Seiwa's reign==
The years of Seiwa's reign are more specifically identified by more than one [[Japanese era names|era name]] or ''[[nengō]]''.<ref name="t115"/>
* ''[[Ten'an]]''       (857–859)
* ''[[Jōgan]]''  (859–877)

==Consorts and children==
*Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]) later ''Kōtaigō'': Fujiwara no Takako (藤原高子; 842–910) later Nijo-kisaki (二条后), [[Fujiwara no Nagara]]'s daughter
**First Son: Imperial Prince Sadaakira (貞明親王) later [[Emperor Yōzei]]
**Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Sadayasu (貞保親王; 870–924)
**Third/Fifth daughter: Imperial Princess Atsuko (敦子内親王; d. 930), 7th [[Saiin (priestess)|Saiin]] in [[Kamo Shrine]] 877–880
*Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Fujiwara no Tamiko (藤原多美子; d. 886), Fujiwara no Yoshimi's daughter
*Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Taira no ''Kanshi'' (平寛子)
*Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Princess ''Kashi'' (嘉子女王)
*Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Minamoto no Sadako (源貞子; d. 873)
*Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Princess ''Ryūshi'' (隆子女王)
*Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Princess ''Kenshi'' (兼子女王)
*Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Princess ''Chūshi''/Tadako (忠子女王; 854–904), [[Emperor Kōkō]]'s daughter
*Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Fujiwara no Yoriko (藤原頼子; d. 936), [[Fujiwara no Mototsune]]'s daughter
*Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Fujiwara no Kazuko (藤原佳珠子; b. 856), [[Fujiwara no Mototsune]]'s daughter
**Seventh Son: Imperial Prince Sadatoki (貞辰親王; 874–929)
*Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Minamoto no Takeko/Izuko (源厳子; d. 879), [[Minamoto no Yoshiari]]'s daughter
*Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Minamoto no ''Seishi'' (源済子), [[Emperor Montoku]]'s daughter
*Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Minamoto no ''Kenshi''/Atsuko (源喧子)
*Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Minamoto no ''Gishi''/Yoshiko (源宜子), Minamoto no Okimoto's daughter
*Court Attendant ([[Kōkyū|Koui]]): Ariwara no Fumiko (在原文子), [[Ariwara no Yukihira]]'s daughter
**Eighth Son: Imperial Prince Sadakazu (貞数親王; 875–916)
**Imperial Princess Kaneko (包子内親王; d. 889)
*Court Attendant ([[Kōkyū|Koui]]): Fujiwara no Yoshichika's daughter
**Imperial Prince Sadahira (貞平親王; d. 914)
**Imperial Princess Shikiko (識子内親王; 874–906), 21st [[Saiō]] (Imperial Princess serving at [[Ise Grand Shrine]]) 877–880
*Court Attendant ([[Kōkyū|Koui]]): Tachibana no Yasukage's daughter (d. 924)
**Imperial Prince Sadakata (貞固親王; 868–930)
*Court Attendant ([[Kōkyū|Koui]]): Fujiwara no Nakamune's daughter
**third Son: Imperial Prince Sadamoto (貞元親王; 870–910)
*Court Attendant ([[Kōkyū|Koui]]): Prince Munesada's daughter
**Sixth Son: Imperial Prince Sadasumi (貞純親王; 873–916) – father of [[Minamoto no Tsunemoto]], founder of the [[Seiwa Genji]], from whom the [[Kamakura shogunate]], [[Ashikaga shogunate]] and the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] descend.
*Court Attendant ([[Kōkyū|Koui]]): Fujiwara no Sadamune's daughter
**Imperial Prince Sadayori (貞頼親王; 876–922)
*Court Attendant ([[Kōkyū|Koui]]): Fujiwara no Morofuji's daughter
**Imperial Prince Sadazane (貞真親王; 876–932)
*Court Attendant ([[Kōkyū|Koui]]): Fujiwara no Morokazu's daughter
**Imperial Princess ''Mōshi'' (孟子内親王; d. 901)
*Court Attendant ([[Kōkyū|Koui]]): Saeki no Sanefusa's daughter
**Minamoto no Nagami (源長鑒)
**Minamoto no Nagayori (源長頼; b. 875)
*Court Attendant ([[Kōkyū|Koui]]): Ben-no-miyasundokoro (弁の御息所), [[Ōe no Otondo]]'s daughter
*Court lady: Kamo no Mineo's daughter
**Minamoto no Naganori (源長猷; d. 918)
**Minamoto no ''Saishi''/Noriko (源載子)
*Court lady: Ōno no Takatori's daughter
**Minamoto no Nagafuchi (源長淵)

==Ancestry==
<ref name=descent>{{cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp056|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|date=30 April 2010 |access-date=3 February 2018|language=ja}}</ref>
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Emperor Seiwa'''
|2= 2. [[Emperor Montoku]] (826–858)
|3= 3. [[:ja:藤原明子 (染殿后)|Fujiwara no Akirakeiko]] (829–900)
|4= 4. [[Emperor Ninmyō]] (808–850)
|5= 5. [[:ja:藤原順子|Fujiwara no Junshi]] (809–871)
|6= 6. [[Fujiwara no Yoshifusa]] (804–872)
|7= 7. [[:ja:源潔姫|Minamoto no Kiyohime]] (810–856)
|8= 8. [[Emperor Saga]] (786–842)
|9= 9. [[Tachibana no Kachiko]] (786–850)
|10=10. [[Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu]] (775–826)
|11=11. [[:ja:藤原美都子|Fujiwara no Mitsuko]] (781–828)
|12=12. [[Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu]] (775–826)
|13=13. [[:ja:藤原美都子|Fujiwara no Mitsuko]] (781–828)
|14=14. [[Emperor Saga]] (786–842)
|15=15. Taima   
}}

==Notes==
[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|thumb|right|120px|[[Imperial Seal of Japan|Japanese Imperial kamon]] — a stylized [[chrysanthemum]] blossom]]
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Gukansho  ''Gukanshō: The Future and the Past''.] Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-03460-0}};  {{OCLC|251325323}}
* [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon]]. (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan  ''The Imperial House of Japan''.] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. {{OCLC|194887}}
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac]]. (1834). ''[[Nihon Ōdai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran  ''Annales des empereurs du Japon''.]  Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.  {{OCLC|5850691}}
* [[H. Paul Varley|Varley, H. Paul]]. (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ  ''Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns''.] New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}};  {{OCLC|59145842}}

==See also==
* [[Emperor of Japan]]
* [[List of Emperors of Japan]]
* [[Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku]]　Corresponding to three reign of Emperor Seiwa, Yōzei, and Kōkō. 
* [[Gion Matsuri]]　Said to have originated during the reign of Emperor Seiwa (r. 858–876).
* [[Imperial cult]]
* [[Emperor Go-Mizunoo]]

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{{Emperors of Japan}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Seiwa}}
[[Category:Emperors of Japan]]
[[Category:850 births]]
[[Category:881 deaths]]
[[Category:People of Heian-period Japan]]
[[Category:9th-century Japanese monarchs]]
[[Category:Buddhist clergy of Heian-period Japan]]
[[Category:Japanese Buddhist monarchs]]
[[Category:Japanese emperors who abdicated]]
[[Category:People from Kyoto]]