Editing Emperor Ninmyō

{{Short description|54th emperor of Japan (r. 833-850)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Emperor Ninmyō<br>{{nobold|{{lang|ja|仁明天皇}}}}
| image        = 仁明天皇 日本の第54代天皇.jpg
| caption      = 
| succession   = [[Emperor of Japan]]
| reign        = 22 March 833 – 4 May 850
| coronation   = 30 March 833
| cor-type     = japan
| predecessor  = [[Emperor Junna|Junna]]
| successor    = [[Emperor Montoku|Montoku]]
| posthumous name = [[Posthumous name#Chinese-style (Han-style) shigō|Chinese-style ''shigō'']]:<br/>Emperor Ninmyō ({{lang|ja|仁明天皇}})<br/><br/>[[Posthumous name#Japanese-style shigō|Japanese-style ''shigō'']]:<br/>Yamato-neko-amatsumishirushi-toyosato no Mikoto ({{lang|ja|日本根子天璽豊聡慧尊}})
| issue        = {{plainlist|
* [[Emperor Montoku]]
* [[Emperor Kōkō]]}}
| issue-link   = #Consorts and children
| issue-pipe   = more...
| royal house  = [[Imperial House of Japan]]
| father       = [[Emperor Saga]]
| mother       = [[Tachibana no Kachiko]]
| birth_name   = {{nihongo|Masara|正良}}
| birth_date   = 27 September 808
| death_date   = {{death date and age|850|5|6|808|9|27|df=yes}}
| death_place  = Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
| burial_place = ''Fukakusa no misasagi'' (深草陵) (Kyoto)|
}}

{{nihongo|'''Emperor Ninmyō'''|仁明天皇|Ninmyō-tennō|27 September 808 – 6 May 850}}<ref>Spelling note: A modified [[Hepburn romanization]] system for Japanese words is used throughout Western publications in a range of languages including [[English language|English]].  Unlike the standard system, the "''n''" is maintained even when followed by "[[homorganic consonants]]" (e.g., ''shinbun'', not ''shimbun'').</ref> was the 54th [[emperor of Japan]],<ref name="kunaichō">[[#Kunaichō|Emperor Ninmyō, Fukakusa Imperial Mausoleum]], Imperial Household Agency</ref> according to the traditional [[List of Emperors of Japan|order of succession]].<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan,'' pp. 64–65.</ref>  Ninmyō's reign lasted from 833 to 850, during the [[Heian period]].<ref>[[#Brown-Ishida|Brown and Ishida]], pp.283–284; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''Jinnō Shōtōki,'' p. 164-165; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|''Annales des empereurs du Japon,'' pp. 106–112.|page=106}}</ref>

==Traditional narrative==
Ninmyō was the second son of [[Emperor Saga]] and the Empress Tachibana no Kachiko.  His personal name (''[[imina]]'') was {{nihongo|Masara|正良}}.<ref>[[#Brown-Ishida|Brown and Ishida]], p. 282; Varley, p. 164.</ref>  After his death, he was given the title {{nihongo|Ninmyō|仁明}}.

Ninmyō had nine Empresses, Imperial consorts, and concubines (''kōi''); and the emperor had 24 Imperial sons and daughters.<ref name="b283">[[#Brown-Ishida|Brown and Ishida]], p. 283.</ref>

Emperor Ninmyō is traditionally venerated at his tomb; the [[Imperial Household Agency]] designates {{nihongo3|Fukakusa Imperial Mausoleum|深草陵|Fukakusa no Misasagi}}, in [[Fushimi-ku, Kyoto]], as the location of Ninmyō's [[mausoleum]].<ref name="kunaichō" />

===Events of Ninmyō's life===
[[File:Fujiwara no Junshi-Rijksmuseum RP-P-1991-578.jpeg|thumb|''Fujiwara no Junshi'', print by [[Teisai Hokuba]], 1800 and 1805, ([[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]])]]

Ninmyō ascended to the throne following the abdication of his uncle, [[Emperor Junna]].

* '''6 January 823'''<ref>Julian dates derived from [http://web.me.com/meyer.eva/www.yukikurete.de/nengo_calc.htm NengoCalc]</ref> ({{nihongo foot|''[[Kōnin]] 10, 4th month, 19th day''|弘仁十四年四月十九日}}): Received the title of Crown Prince at the age of 14.
* '''22 March 833''' ({{nihongo foot|''[[Tenchō]] 10, 28th day of the 2nd month''|天長十年二月二十八日}}): In the 10th year of Emperor Junna's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (''senso'') was received by his adopted son.  Masara''-shinnō'' was the natural son of Emperor Saga, and therefore would have been Junna's nephew.<ref name="b283"/>  Shortly thereafter, Emperor Ninmyo is said to have acceded to the throne (''sokui'').<ref>Titsingh, p. 106; [[#Brown-Ishida|Brown and Ishida]], pp. 283; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized prior to [[Emperor Tenji]]; and all sovereigns except [[Empress Jitō|Jitō]], [[Emperor Yōzei|Yōzei]], [[Emperor Go-Toba|Go-Toba]], and [[Emperor Fushimi|Fushimi]] have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of [[Emperor Go-Murakami]].</ref>

Shortly after Ninmyo was enthroned, he designated an heir.  He named [[Prince Tsunesada]], a son of former Emperor Junna, as the crown prince.<ref name="b284">[[#Brown-Ishida|Brown and Ishida]], pp. 284.</ref>

* '''835''' ({{nihongo foot|''[[Jōwa (Heian period)|Jōwa]] 2''|承和二年}}): [[Kūkai]] (known posthumously as Kōbō-Daishi) died.  This monk, scholar, poet, and artist had been the founder of the [[Shingon]] or "True Word" school of [[Buddhism]].<ref name="b284"/>
* '''838-839''' (''Jōwa  5-6''): Diplomatic mission to [[Tang dynasty|Tang China]] headed by [[Fujiwara no Tsunetsugu]].<ref>[[George Sansom|Sansom, George Bailey]]. (1958). [https://books.google.com/books?id=t2c4t4yw21gC&pg=PA134 ''A History of Japan to 1334,'' pp. 134-135]; Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA211 "Fujiwara no Tsunetsugu"] in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 211.</ref>
*'''842''': Following a coup d'état called the [[Jōwa Incident]], Tsunesada the crown prince was replaced with Ninmyō's first son, Prince Michiyasu (later [[Emperor Montoku]]) whose mother was the Empress Fujiwara no Junshi, a daughter of ''[[sadaijin]]'' [[Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu]]. It is supposed that this was the result of political intrigue planned by Ninmyō and [[Fujiwara no Yoshifusa]].<ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Mason-Caiger|Mason and Caiger]], p. 69</ref>  The first of what would become a powerful line of Fujiwara regents,<ref>[[#Mason-Caiger|Mason and Caiger]], p. 71</ref>  Yoshifusa had numerous family ties to the imperial court; he was Ninmyō's brother in law (by virtue of his sister who became Ninmyō's consort), the second son of ''sadaijin'' Fuyutsugu, and uncle to the new crown prince.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In his lifetime, Ninmyō could not have anticipated that his third son, [[Emperor Koko|Prince Tokiyasu]], would eventually ascend the throne in 884 as [[Emperor Kōkō]].<ref>Titsingh,  p. 124; [[#Brown-Ishida|Brown and Ishida]], p. 289; Varley, pp. 171–175.</ref>

* '''6 May 850''' (''{{nihongo foot|[[Kashō]] 3, 21st day of the 3rd month''|嘉祥三年三月二十一日}}): Emperor Ninmyō died at the age of 41.<ref>[[#Brown-Ishida|Brown and Ishida]], p. 284</ref><ref>Adolphson, Mikael ''et al.'' (2007). ''Heian Japan, centers and peripheries'', p. 23.</ref>  He was sometimes posthumously referred to as "the Emperor of Fukakusa", because that was the name given to his tomb.<ref>[[#Brown-Ishida|Brown and Ishida]], p. 284; Varley, p. 165.</ref>

===Eras of Ninmyō's reign===
The years of Ninmyō's reign are more specifically identified by more than one [[Japanese era names|era name]] (''nengō'').<ref>Titsingh, p. 106.</ref>
* ''[[Tenchō]]''  (824–834)
* ''[[Jōwa (Heian period)|Jōwa]]''    (834–848)
* ''[[Kashō]]''    (848–851)

==Kugyō==
{{nihongo|''[[Kugyō]]''|公卿}} is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the [[Emperor of Japan]] in pre-[[Meiji period|Meiji]] eras.<ref>Heian period Imperial courts: [http://www.furugosho.com/moyenage/empereur-g2.htm – ''kugyō'' of  Ninmyō-tennō (in French)]</ref>

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time.  These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career.  During Ninmyō's reign, this apex of the ''[[Daijō-kan]]'' included:
* ''[[Sadaijin]]'', [[Fujiwara no Otsugu]] (藤原緒嗣), 773–843.<ref name="nussbaum208">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Fujiwara no Otsugu" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 208|page=208}}.</ref>
* ''Sadaijin'', Minamoto no Tokiwa (源常), 812–854.<ref name="b283"/>
* ''[[Udaijin]]'', Kiyohara no Natsuno (清原夏野), 782–837.<ref name="b283"/>
* ''Udaijin'', Fujiwara no Mimori (藤原三守), d. 840.<ref name="b283"/>
* ''Udaijin'', Minamoto no Tokiwa (源常)
* ''Udaijin'', Tachibana no Ujikimi (橘氏公), 783–847.<ref name="b283"/>
* ''Udaijin'', [[Fujiwara no Yoshifusa]] (藤原良房), 804–872.<ref name="b284"/>
* ''Udaijin'', Fujiwara no Otsugu, 825–832<ref name="nussbaum208"/>
* ''[[Naidaijin]]'' (not appointed)
* ''[[Dainagon]]'', Fujiwara no Otsugu, ?–825.<ref>Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|p. 104.|page=104}}</ref>

==Consorts and children==
{{Further|topic=terms related to imperial consorts|Kōkyū#consorts}}
Consort (''[[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]'') later Empress Dowager (''Tai-Kōtaigō''): [[Empress Gojō|Fujiwara no Junshi]] (藤原順子; 809–871), [[Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu]]’s daughter
*First Son: Imperial Prince Michiyasu (道康親王) later [[Emperor Montoku]]

Consort (''Nyōgo''): Fujiwara no ''Takushi''/Sawako (藤原沢子; d.839), Fujiwara no Fusatsugu’s daughter
*Second Son: Imperial Prince Muneyasu (宗康親王; 828–868)
*Third Son: Imperial Prince Tokiyasu (時康親王) later [[Emperor Kōkō]]
*Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Saneyasu (人康親王; 831–872)
*Imperial Princess ''Shinshi'' (新子内親王; d.897)

Consort (''Nyōgo''): Fujiwara no ''Teishi''/Sadako (藤原貞子; d.864), Fujiwara no Tadamori’s daughter
*Eighth Son: Imperial Prince Nariyasu (成康親王; 836–853)
*Imperial Princess ''Shinshi'' (親子内親王; d. 851)
*Imperial Princess ''Heishi'' (平子内親王; d. 877)

Court lady: Shigeno no Tsunako (滋野縄子), Shigeno no Sadanushi’s daughter
*fifth Son: Imperial Prince Motoyasu (本康親王; d. 902)
*Ninth Daughter: Imperial Princess Tokiko (時子内親王; d. 847), 2nd [[Saiin (Priestess)|Saiin]] in [[Kamo Shrine]] 831–833
*Imperial Princess ''Jūshi'' (柔子内親王; d. 869)

Consort (''Nyōgo''): Tachibana no Kageko (橘影子; d. 864), Tachibana no Ujikimi’s daughter

Consort (''Nyōgo''): Fujiwara Musuko (藤原息子)

Court Attendant (''Koui''): Ki no Taneko (紀種子; d. 869), Ki no Natora’s daughter
*Seventh Prince: Imperial Prince Tsuneyasu (常康親王; d. 869)
*Imperial Princess ''Shinshi''/Saneko (真子内親王; d. 870)

Court Attendant (''Koui'') (deposed in 845): Mikuni-machi (三国町), daughter of Mikuni clan
*Sada no Noboru (貞登), given the family name "Sada" from Emperor (Shisei Kōka, 賜姓降下) in 866

Court lady: Fujiwara no Katoko (藤原賀登子), Fujiwara no Fukutomaro's daughter
*Sixth Son: Imperial Prince Kuniyasu (国康親王; d. 898)

Court lady: Fujiwara no Warawako (藤原小童子), Fujiwara no Michitō's daughter
*Imperial Princess Shigeko (重子内親王; d. 865)

Court lady: Princess Takamune (高宗女王), Prince Okaya's daughter
*Seventh/eighth Daughter: Imperial Princess Hisako (久子内親王; d. 876), 18th [[Saiō]] in [[Ise Shrine]] 833–850.<ref>Saikū Historical Museum, Meiwa, Mie: wall-display information table.</ref>

Court lady: daughter of Yamaguchi clan (山口氏の娘)
*Minamoto no Satoru (源覚; 849–879)

''Nyoju'': Kudaraō Toyofuku's daughter
*Minamoto no Masaru (源多; 831–888), ''Udaijin'' 882–888
*Minamoto no Hikaru (源光; 846–913), ''Udaijin'' 901–913

Court lady (''Nyoju''): Kudara no Yōkyō (百済永慶), Kudara no Kyōfuku's daughter
*Twelfth Daughter: Imperial Princess Takaiko (高子内親王; d. 866), 3rd [[Saiin (Priestess)|Saiin]] in [[Kamo Shrine]] 833–850

(from unknown women)
*Minamoto no ''Suzushi'' (源冷; 835–890), ''Sangi'' 882–890
*Minamoto no ''Itaru'' (源効)

==Ancestry==
<ref name=descent>{{cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp054|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|date=30 April 2010 |access-date=28 January 2018|language=ja}}</ref>
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Emperor Ninmyō '''
|2= 2. [[Emperor Saga]] (786–842)
|3= 3. [[Tachibana no Kachiko]] (786–850)
|4= 4. [[Emperor Kanmu]] (737–806)
|5= 5. [[Fujiwara no Otomuro]] (760–790)
|6= 6. [[:ja:橘清友|Tachibana no Kiyotomo]] (758–789)
|7= 7. Taguchi Michihime
|8= 8.  [[Emperor Kōnin]] (709–782)
|9= 9. [[Takano no Niigasa]] (c. 720–790)
|10=10. [[Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu]] (716–777)
|11=11. [[:ja:阿倍古美奈|Abe no Komina]] (d. 784)
|12=12. [[Tachibana no Naramaro]] (721–757)
|13=13. Awata 
|14= 
|15= 
}}

==See also==
* [[Emperor Go-Fukakusa]], a later emperor named in honor of Emperor Ninmyō
* [[Imperial cult]]
* [[List of Emperors of Japan]]
* ''[[Shoku Nihon Kōki]]'', a [[Rikkokushi|Japanese national history]] covering Emperor Ninmyō's reign.

==Notes==
[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|thumb|right|120px|[[Imperial Seal of Japan|Japanese Imperial kamon]] — a stylized [[chrysanthemum]] blossom]]
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Adolphson, Mikael S., [[Edward Kamens]] and Stacie Matsumoto. (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UjB8yiiGDykC&q=day+of+death++ninmyo  ''Heian Japan, centers and peripheries''.] Honolulu: [[University of Hawaii Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8248-3013-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Brown, Delmer M.|author2=Ishida, Ichirō|year=1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Gukansho|title=''The Future and the Past''|publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press.|format=a translation and study of the [[Gukanshō]], an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219|isbn=978-0-520-03460-0|oclc=251325323|ref=Brown-Ishida}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/054/index.html | script-title=ja:仁明天皇 深草陵 | access-date=2011-02-04 | author=Imperial Household Agency | language=ja |trans-title=Emperor Ninmyō, Fukakusa Imperial Mausoleum | year=2004 | ref=Kunaichō}}
* {{cite book | title=A History of Japan |author1=Mason, R.H.P.  |author2=Caiger, J.G. | year=1997 | edition=2nd (revised)| publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Company | location=North Clarendon, VT | isbn=0-8048-2097-X | ref=Mason-Caiger}}
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC  ''Japan encyclopedia''.] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5}};  {{OCLC|58053128}}
* [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon]]. (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan  ''The Imperial House of Japan.''] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. {{OCLC|194887}}
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac]]. (1834). ''[[Nihon Ōdai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran  ''Annales des empereurs du Japon''.]  Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.  {{OCLC|5850691}}
* [[H. Paul Varley|Varley, H. Paul]]. (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ ''Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns''.] New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}};  {{OCLC|59145842}}

==External links==
* Hokusai: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080412082850/http://visipix.dynalias.com/sites-en/hoku_100_poem/poem_11_14.htm Poem #12, image of ceremonial event in Ninmyō's court]

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{{s-bef|before=[[Emperor Junna]]}} 
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Emperors of Japan|Emperor of Japan]]:<br>Ninmyō|years=833–850}} 
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{{Emperors of Japan}}

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[[Category:Emperors of Japan]]
[[Category:808 births]]
[[Category:850 deaths]]
[[Category:9th-century Japanese monarchs]]