Editing Emperor Kazan

{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Emperor Kazan<br>{{nobold|{{lang|ja|花山天皇}}}}
| succession   = [[Emperor of Japan]]
| image        = Emperor Kazan.jpg
| caption      = 
| reign        = September 24, 984 – August 1, 986
| coronation   = November 5, 984
| cor-type     = Japan
| predecessor  = [[Emperor En'yū|En'yū]]
| successor    = [[Emperor Ichijō|Ichijō]]
| posthumous name = [[Posthumous name#Tsuigō|''Tsuigō'']]:<br/>Emperor Kazan ({{lang|ja|花山院}} or {{lang|ja|花山天皇}})
| issue        = {{plainlist|
* Prince Kiyohito
* Prince Akinori
* Kakugen
* Shinkan}}
| issue-link   = #Consorts and children
| issue-pipe   = more...
| royal house  = [[Imperial House of Japan]]
| father       = [[Emperor Reizei]]
| mother       = {{ill|Fujiwara no Kaishi|ja|藤原懐子|vertical-align=sup}}
| birth_date   = November 29, 968
| birth_place  = Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1008|3|17|968|11|29}}
| death_place  = Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
| burial_place = ''Kamiyagawa no hotori no misasagi'' (紙屋川上陵) (Kyoto)|
}}

{{nihongo|'''Emperor Kazan'''|花山天皇|Kazan-[[tennō]]|November 29, 968 – March 17, 1008}} was the 65th [[emperor]] of [[Japan]],<ref name="kunaicho">[[Imperial Household Agency]] (''Kunaichō''): [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/065/index.html  花山天皇 (65)]</ref> according to the traditional [[List of Emperors of Japan|order of succession]].<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan,'' p. 72.</ref>

Kazan's reign spanned the years from [[Heian period|984 through 986]].<ref>Brown, Delmer '' et al.'' (1979). ''Gukanshō,'' pp. 300–302; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''Jinnō Shōtōki,''p. 192; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' pp. 148–150.|page=148}}</ref>

==Biography==
Before his ascension to the [[Chrysanthemum Throne]], his personal name (''[[imina]]'') was Morosada''-shinnō'' (師貞親王).<ref>Titsingh, p. 148; Varley, p. 192; Brown, p. 264; prior to [[Emperor Jomei]], the personal names of the emperors (their ''imina'') were very long and people did not generally use them.  The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.</ref>

Morasada was the eldest son of [[Emperor Reizei]]. The prince's mother was Fujiwara no Kaneko/''Kaishi'' (藤原懐子), who was a daughter of ''sesshō'' [[Fujiwara no Koretada]]. Morasada was also the brother of [[Emperor Sanjō]].<ref name = "pqfptl">Titsingh, p. 148.</ref>

==Events of Kazan's life==
[[File:Tennō Kazan.jpg|thumb|right|Emperor Kazan, who was fooled into abdicating, on his way to the temple where he will become a Buddhist monk – woodblock print by Yoshitoshi Tsukioka (1839–1892)]]
Prince Morasada was seventeen years of age at the time of the succession.<ref>Titsingh, p. 148; Brown, p. 300.</ref>

* '''October 6, 984''' (''[[Eikan]] 1, 27th day of the 8th month'')<!-- [http://web.me.com/meyer.eva/www.yukikurete.de/nengo_calc.htm   NengoCalc] 永観一年八月二十七日  -->: In the 15th year of Emperor En'yu's reign (円融天皇十五年), he abdicated; and the succession (''senso'') was received by a nephew.  Shortly thereafter, Emperor Kazan is said to have acceded to the throne (''sokui'').<ref>Titsingh, p. 148; Brown, pp. 300; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized prior to [[Emperor Tenji]]; and all sovereigns except [[Empress Jitō|Jitō]], [[Emperor Yōzei|Yōzei]], [[Emperor Go-Toba|Go-Toba]], and [[Emperor Fushimi|Fushimi]] have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of [[Emperor Go-Murakami]].</ref>

He commissioned the [[Shūi Wakashū]].

* '''985''' (''[[Kanna (era)|Kanna]] 1, 4th month''): Fujiwara no Tokiakira and his brother, Yasusuke, contended with Fujiwara no Sukitaka and Ōe-no Masahira in a sword fight in Kyoto. Masahira lost the fingers of his left hand.  The two brothers fled; and after careful searching, Tokiakira was eventually located in [[Ōmi Province]].<ref name = "pqfptl"/>

He faced a tough political struggle from the [[Fujiwara clan|Fujiwara family]]; and at the age of nineteen, he was manipulated into abandoning the throne by [[Fujiwara no Kaneie]]. Kaneie told him that Ichijo (Kaneie's maternal grandson) already held the [[Imperial Regalia of Japan|Regalia]], and that there was no purpose in Kazan continuing to rule. Under some pressure, Kazan acquiesced, and went to the [[Gangyō-ji]] temple. He was accompanied by Kaneie's second son, [[Fujiwara no Michikane|Michikane]], who was also to enter religion. When they arrived, however, Michikane said he would like to see his parents one final time while he was still a layman. Michikane never came back.

* '''986''' (''Kanna 2, 6th month''): Kazan abdicated, and took up residence at [[Gangyō-ji]] where he became a Buddhist monk; and his new priestly name was Nyūkaku.<ref>Brown, p. 302.</ref>
* '''August 23, 986''' (''Kanna 2, 16th day of the 7th month'')<!-- 寛和二年七月十六日  -->: Iyasada''-shinnō'' was appointed as [[heir]] and [[crown prince]] at age 11.<ref>Brown, p. 307.</ref>  This followed the convention that two imperial lineages took the throne in turn, although Emperor Ichijō was in fact Iyasada's junior. He thus gained the [[nickname]] ''Sakasa-no moke-no kimi'' (the imperial heir in reverse). When Emperor Kanzan abandoned the world for holy orders, one grandson of Kaneie ascended to the throne as Emperor Ichijō (the 66th sovereign); and in due course, another grandson would follow on the throne as Emperor Sanjō (the 67th sovereign).<ref>Varley, p. 195.</ref>

Nyūkaku went on various [[pilgrimages]] and 're-founded' the [[Saigoku Kannon Pilgrimage]], which was established in the early 8th century by a monk to the name of Tokudo Shonin. This pilgrimage involves travelling to 33 locations across the eight provinces of the Western Japan.

Some scholars{{Who|date=February 2024}} doubt that Kazan, in his unstable mental condition at the time was involved with the founding of the pilgrimage, thereby leaving all of the credit to Shonin.

It is suggested by many scholars{{Who|date=March 2021}} that the mental health of Kazan, particularly in later life, was not stable; and therefore, living as a monk may have caused deteriorating behavior.

[[Image:Go-shichi no kiri crest 2.svg|thumb|left|140px|Decorative emblems (''kiri'') of the Hosokawa clan are found at [[Ryōan-ji]].  Kazan is amongst six other emperors entombed near what had been the residence of [[Hosokawa Katsumoto]] before the [[Ōnin War]].]]''[[Daijō-tennō]]'' Kazan died at the age of 41 on the 8th day of the 2nd month of the fifth year of ''[[Kankō]]'' (1008).<ref>Brown, p. 306.</ref>

The actual site of Kazan's [[grave (burial)|grave]] is known.<ref name="kunaicho"/>  This emperor is traditionally venerated at a [[memorial]] [[Shinto shrine]] (''misasagi'') at Kyoto.

The [[Imperial Household Agency]] designates this location as Kazan's [[mausoleum]].  It is formally named ''Kamiya no hotori no misasagi''.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 420.</ref>

He is buried amongst the "Seven Imperial Tombs" at Ryōan-ji Temple in Kyoto.<ref>The "Seven Imperial Tombs" at Ryoan-ji are the burial places of [[Emperor Uda|Uda]], Kazan, [[Emperor Ichijō|Ichijō]], [[Emperor Go-Suzaku|Go-Suzaku]], [[Emperor Go-Reizei|Go-Reizei]], [[Emperor Go-Sanjō|Go-Sanjō]], and [[Emperor Horikawa|Horikawa]].</ref> The mound which commemorates the Hosokawa Emperor Kazan is today named ''Kinugasa-yama.''  The emperor's burial place would have been quite humble in the period after Kazan died.  These tombs reached their present state as a result of the 19th century restoration of imperial sepulchers (''misasagi'') which were ordered by Emperor Meiji.<ref>Moscher, G. (1978). ''Kyoto: A Contemplative Guide,'' pp. 277–278.</ref>

===Kugyō===
{{nihongo|''[[Kugyō]]''|公卿}} is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the [[Emperor of Japan]] in pre-[[Meiji period|Meiji]] eras.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time.  These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career.  During Kazan's reign, this apex of the ''[[Daijō-kan]]'' included: 
* ''[[Kampaku]]'', [[Fujiwara no Yoritada]], 924–989.<ref name="b301">Brown, p. 301.</ref>
* ''[[Daijō-daijin]]'', Fujiwara no Yoritada.<ref name = "b301"/>
* ''[[Sadaijin]]'', [[Fujiwara no Kaneie]], 929–990.<ref name="b301" />
* ''[[Naidaijin]]'' (not appointed)
* ''[[Dainagon]]''

==Eras of Kazan's reign==
The years of Kazan's reign are more specifically identified by more than one [[Japanese era names|era name]] or ''[[nengō]]''.<ref name = "pqfptl"/>
* ''[[Eikan]]''   (983–985)
* ''[[Kanna (era)|Kanna]]''   (985–986)

==Consorts and children==
Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Fujiwara no ''Shishi'' (藤原忯子; 969–985), [[Fujiwara no Tamemitsu]]’s daughter

Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Fujiwara no ''Teishi'' (藤原諟子; d.1035), [[Fujiwara no Yoritada]]’s daughter

Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Fujiwara no ''Chōshi'' (藤原姚子; 971–989), Fujiwara no Asateru's daughter

Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Princess Enshi (婉子女王; 972–998), Imperial Prince Tamehira's daughter

Nakatsukasa (中務), Taira no Sukeyuki's daughter,  – Nurse of Emperor Kazan
*Imperial Prince Kiyohito (清仁親王; c. 998–1030) – Ancestor of Shirakawa family (白川家)
*princess (d.1024), [[Empress Shōshi|Fujiwara no ''Shoshi'']]’s lady-in-waiting
*princess

Nakatsukasa (中務), Taira no ''Heishi'' (平平子), Taira no Suketada's daughter 
*Imperial Prince Akinori (昭登親王; 998–1035)
*princess
*princess

(from unknown women)
*Kakugen (覚源; 1000–1065), a Buddhist monk (Gon-no-Sōjō, 権僧正)
*Shinkan (深観; 1001–1050), a Buddhist monk (Gon-no-Daisōzu, 権大僧都)

==Ancestry==
<ref name=descent>{{cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%E5%AE%B6%E7%B3%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88/%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6#emp065|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|date=30 April 2010 |access-date=8 April 2018|language=ja}}</ref>
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Emperor Kazan'''
|2= 2. [[Emperor Reizei]] (950-1011)
|3= 3. [[:ja:藤原懐子|Fujiwara no Kaishi]] (945-975) 
|4= 4. [[Emperor Murakami]] (926-967)
|5= 5. [[Fujiwara no Anshi]] (927-964)
|6= 6. [[Fujiwara no Koretada]] (924-972)
|7= 7. Princess Keiko (925-992)
|8= 8. [[Emperor Daigo]] (885-930)
|9= 9. [[Fujiwara no Onshi]] (885-954)
|10=10.[[Fujiwara no Morosuke]] (909-960) (=12)
|11=11.[[:ja:藤原盛子 (藤原経邦女)|Fujiwara no Seishi]] (d. 943) (=13)
|12=12.[[Fujiwara no Morosuke]] (909-960) (=10)
|13=13. [[:ja:藤原盛子 (藤原経邦女)|Fujiwara no Seishi]] (d. 943) (=11)
|14=14. [[:ja:代明親王|Prince Yoakira]] (904-937) 
|15=15. Fujiwara 
}}

==See also==
* [[Emperor of Japan]]
* [[List of Emperors of Japan]]
* [[Imperial cult]]

==Notes==
[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|thumb|right|120px|[[Imperial Seal of Japan|Japanese Imperial kamon]]—a stylized [[chrysanthemum]] blossom]]
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Gukansho  ''Gukanshō: The Future and the Past.''] Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-03460-0}};  {{OCLC|251325323}}
* Moscher, Gouverneur. (1978). ''Kyoto: A Contemplative Guide.'' {{ISBN|9780804812948}};  {{OCLC|4589403}}
* [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon]]. (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan  ''The Imperial House of Japan.''] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. {{OCLC|194887}}
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]] (1834). ''[[Nihon Odai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran  ''Annales des empereurs du Japon.'']  Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.  {{OCLC|5850691}}
* [[H. Paul Varley|Varley, H. Paul.]] (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ ''Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns.''] New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}};  {{OCLC|59145842}}

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{{s-bef|before=[[Emperor En'yū]]}} 
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Emperors of Japan|Emperor of Japan]]:<br>Kazan|years=984–986}} 
{{s-aft|after=[[Emperor Ichijō]]}}
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{{Emperors of Japan}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kazan}}
[[Category:Emperors of Japan]]
[[Category:968 births]]
[[Category:1008 deaths]]
[[Category:People of Heian-period Japan]]
[[Category:Buddhist clergy of Heian-period Japan]]
[[Category:10th-century Japanese monarchs]]
[[Category:11th-century Japanese people]]
[[Category:Japanese Buddhist monarchs]]
[[Category:Japanese emperors who abdicated]]
[[Category:People from Kyoto]]
[[Category:Sons of Japanese emperors]]