Editing Emperor Kanmu

{{Short description|50th emperor of Japan (r. 781–806)}}
{{use mdy dates|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Emperor Kanmu<br>{{nobold|{{lang|ja|桓武天皇}}}}
| image        = Emperor Kammu large.jpg
| caption      = Portrait of Emperor Kanmu, 16th century
| succession   = [[Emperor of Japan]]
| reign        = 30 April 781 – 9 April 806
| coronation   = 10 May 781
| cor-type     = japan
| predecessor  = [[Emperor Kōnin|Kōnin]]
| successor    = [[Emperor Heizei|Heizei]]
| posthumous name = [[Posthumous name#Chinese-style (Han-style) shigō|Chinese-style ''shigō'']]:<br/>Emperor Kanmu ({{lang|ja|桓武天皇}})<br/><br/>[[Posthumous name#Japanese-style shigō|Japanese-style ''shigō'']]:<br/>Yamatonekoamatsuhitsugiiyateri no Sumeramikoto ({{lang|ja|日本根子皇統弥照天皇}})
| spouse       = [[Fujiwara no Otomuro]]
| issue        = {{plainlist|
* [[Emperor Heizei]]
* [[Emperor Saga]]
* [[Emperor Junna]]}}
| issue-link   = #Consorts and children
| issue-pipe   = among others...
| royal house  = [[Imperial House of Japan]]
| father       = [[Emperor Kōnin]]
| mother       = [[Takano no Niigasa]]
| birth_name   = Yamabe ({{lang|ja|山部}})
| birth_date   = 4 February 736
| birth_place  = 
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|806|04|09|736|02|04|df=yes}}
| death_place  = 
| burial_place = ''Kashiwabara no misasagi'' (柏原陵) (Kyoto)|
}}

{{Nihongo|'''Emperor Kanmu'''|桓武天皇|Kammu-tennō|735 – 9 April 806}}, or '''Kammu''', was the 50th [[emperor of Japan]],<ref name="kunaicho">[[Imperial Household Agency]] (''Kunaichō''): [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/050/index.html  桓武天皇 (50)]; retrieved 2013-8-22.</ref> according to the traditional [[List of Emperors of Japan|order of succession]].<ref>[[Louis-Frédéric|Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric]]. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA464 "Etchū"] in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 464; [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard]]. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan,'' pp. 61–62.</ref> Kammu reigned from 781 to 806, and it was during his reign that the scope of the emperor's powers reached its peak.<ref>[[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac]]. (1834). {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|''Annales des empereurs du Japon,'' pp. 86–95|page=86}}; [[Delmer Brown|Brown, Delmer M.]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA277  ''Gukanshō,'' pp. 277–279]; [[H. Paul Varley|Varley, H. Paul]]. ''Jinnō Shōtōki,'' pp. 148–150.</ref> His reign saw the transition from the [[Nara period]] to the [[Heian period]].

==Traditional narrative==
[[File:Portrait of Emperor Kanmu.png|Emperor Kammu|130px|thumb]]
Kammu's personal name (''[[imina]]'') was {{Nihongo|Yamabe|山部}}.<ref name="brown277">[https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA277 Brown, p. 277].</ref> He was the eldest son of Prince Shirakabe (later known as [[Emperor Kōnin]]), and was born prior to Shirakabe's ascension to the throne.<ref>Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|p. 86|page=86}}; Varley, p. 149.</ref> According to the {{Nihongo|''[[Shoku Nihongi]]''|続日本紀}}, Yamabe's mother, Yamato no Niigasa (later called [[Takano no Niigasa]]), was a 10th generation descendant of [[Muryeong of Baekje]] (462–523).<ref>Watts, Jonathan.  [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/dec/28/japan.worlddispatch  "The emperor's new roots: The Japanese emperor has finally laid to rest rumours that he has Korean blood, by admitting that it is true,"] ''The Guardian'' (London). December 28, 2001.</ref>

After his father became emperor, Kammu's half-brother, Prince Osabe was appointed to the rank of [[crown prince]]. His mother was [[Princess Inoe]], a daughter of [[Emperor Shōmu]]; but instead of Osabe, it was Kammu who was later named to succeed their father. After Inoe and Prince Osabe were confined and then died in 775, Osabe's sister – Kammu's half-sister [[Princess Sakahito]] – became Kammu's wife.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Van Goethem|first=Ellen|title=Nagaoka: Japan's Forgotten Capital|date=2008|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-474-3325-5|editor-last=Bolitho|editor-first=H.|series=Brill’s Japanese Studies Library|volume=29|location=Leiden; Boston|pages=229|language=English|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004166004.i-370|issn=0925-6512|oclc=592756297|quote=Kanmu’s next consort was his half-sister Sakahito. She had been appointed high priestess of the Ise shrine in 772, but upon the death of her mother in 775, Sakahito returned to the capital and married Kanmu.|editor-last2=Radtke|editor-first2=K.}}</ref> Later, when he ascended to the throne in 781, Kammu appointed his young brother, [[Prince Sawara]], whose mother was Takano no Niigasa, as crown prince. Hikami no Kawatsugu, a son of [[Emperor Tenmu]]'s grandson Prince Shioyaki and Shōmu's daughter Fuwa, attempted to carry out a coup d'état in 782, but it failed and Kawatsugu and his mother were sent into exile. In 785 Sawara was expelled and died in exile.

The [[Nara period]] saw the appointment of the first ''[[shōgun]]'', [[Ōtomo no Otomaro]] by Emperor Kammu in 794 CE. The shōgun was the [[military dictatorship|military dictator]] of Japan with near absolute power over territories via the military. Otomaro was declared "Sei-i Taishōgun" which means "Barbarian-subduing Great General".<ref name="first-shogun-otomaro">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/541431/shogunate|title=Shogun|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=November 19, 2014}}</ref> Emperor Kammu granted the second title of shōgun to [[Sakanoue no Tamuramaro]] for subduing the [[Emishi]] in northern [[Honshu]].<ref>Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''Jinnō Shōtōki,'' p. 272.</ref>

Kammu had 16 empresses and consorts, and 32 imperial sons and daughters.<ref name="brown277"/> Among them, three sons would eventually ascend to the imperial throne: [[Emperor Heizei]], [[Emperor Saga]] and [[Emperor Junna]]. Some of his descendants (known as the ''Kammu Taira'' or ''Kammu Heishi'') took the [[Taira clan|Taira]] hereditary clan title, and in later generations became prominent warriors. Examples include [[Taira no Masakado]], [[Taira no Kiyomori]], and (with a further surname expansion) the [[Hōjō clan]]. The ''[[Waka (poetry)|waka]]'' poet [[Ariwara no Narihira]] was one of his grandsons.

Kammu is traditionally venerated at his tomb; the [[Imperial Household Agency]] designates {{Nihongo3|Kashiwabara Imperial Mausoleum|柏原陵|Kashiwabara no Misasagi}}, in [[Fushimi-ku, Kyoto]], as the location of Kammu's [[mausoleum]].<ref name="kunaicho"/>

===Events of Kammu's life===
Kammu was an active emperor who attempted to consolidate government hierarchies and functions. Kammu appointed [[Sakanoue no Tamuramaro]] (758–811) to lead a military expedition against the [[Emishi]].<ref>Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|pp. 91–2|page=91}}; [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA278 Brown, pp. 278–79]; Varley, p. 272.</ref>

* '''737''':<ref name="brown277"/> Kammu was born.
* '''773''':<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA34 Brown, p. 34].</ref> Received the title of crown prince.
* '''April 30, 781'''<ref>Julian dates derived from [http://web.me.com/meyer.eva/www.yukikurete.de/nengo_calc.htm NengoCalc]</ref>({{Nihongo foot|''[[Ten'ō]] 1, 3rd day of the 4th month''|天安一年四月三日}}): In the 11th year of Kōnin's reign, he abdicated; and the succession was received by his son Kammu.<ref>Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ| pp. 85–6|page=85}}; [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA277 Brown, p. 277].</ref> Shortly thereafter, Emperor Kammu is said to have ascended to the throne.<ref>Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|p. 86|page=86}}; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized prior to [[Emperor Tenji]]; and all sovereigns except [[Empress Jitō|Jitō]], [[Emperor Yōzei|Yōzei]], [[Emperor Go-Toba|Go-Toba]], and [[Emperor Fushimi|Fushimi]] have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of [[Emperor Go-Murakami]].</ref> During his reign, the [[capital of Japan]] was moved from [[Nara, Nara|Nara]] ([[Heijō-kyō]]) to [[Nagaoka-kyō]] in 784.<ref name="brown278">[https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA278 Brown, 278].</ref> Shortly thereafter, the capital would be moved again in 794.<ref name="brown279">[https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA279 Brown, 279].</ref>
* '''July 28, 782''' ({{Nihongo foot|''[[Enryaku]] 1, 14th day of the 6th month''|延暦一年六月十四日}}): The ''sadaijin'' [[Fujiwara no Uona]] was involved in an incident that resulted in his removal from office and exile to Kyushi.<ref name="brown278"/> Claiming illness, Uona was permitted to return to the capital where he died; posthumously, the order of banishment was burned and his office restored.<ref name="brown278"/> In the same general time frame, Fujiwara no Tamaro was named Udaijin. During these days in which the offices of ''sadaijin'' and ''udaijin'' were vacant, the major counselors (the ''dainagon'') and the emperor assumed responsibilities and powers which would have been otherwise delegated.<ref name= "titsingh86">Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ| p. 86|page=86}}.</ref>
* '''783''' ({{Nihongo foot|''Enryaku 2, 3rd month''|延暦二年三月}}): The ''udaijin'' Tamaro died at the age of 62 years.<ref name = "titsingh86"/>
* '''783''' ({{Nihongo foot|''Enryaku 2, 7th month''|延暦二年七月}}): Fujiwara no Korekimi became the new ''udaijin'' to replace the late Fujiwara no Tamaro.<ref name = "titsingh86"/>
* '''793''' ({{Nihongo foot|''Enryaku 12''|延暦十二年}}): Under the leadership of Dengyō, construction began on the Enryaku Temple.<ref name="brown279"/>
* '''794''':<ref name="brown279"/> The capital was relocated again, this time to [[Heian-kyō]], where the palace was named {{Nihongo3|"palace of peace/tranquility"|平安宮|Heian no Miya}}.<ref name="brown277"/>
* '''November 17, 794''' ({{Nihongo foot|''Enryaku 13, 21st day of the 10th month''|延暦十三年十月二十一日}}): The emperor traveled by carriage from Nara to the new capital of Heian-kyō in a grand procession.<ref name="brown279"/> This marks the beginning of the [[Heian period]].
* '''794''' appointed [[Ōtomo no Otomaro]] as the first [[Shōgun]] "Sei-i Taishōgun—"Barbarian-subduing Great General", together with [[Sakanoue no Tamuramaro]] subdues the [[Emishi]] in Northern [[Honshu]].<ref name="first-shogun-otomaro"/>
* '''806''':<ref name="brown277" /> Kammu died at the age of 70.<ref>Varley, p. 150.</ref> Kammu's reign lasted for 25 years.

===Eras of Kammu's reign===
The years of Kammu's reign are more specifically identified by more than one [[Japanese era name|era name]] (''nengō'').<ref name ="titsingh86"/>
* ''[[Ten'ō]]'' (781–82)
* ''[[Enryaku]]'' (782–806)

==Politics==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2011}}

=== Domestic relations ===
Earlier Imperial sponsorship of [[Buddhism]], beginning with [[Prince Shōtoku]] (574–622), had led to a general politicization of the clergy, along with an increase in intrigue and corruption. In 784 Kammu shifted his capital from [[Nara, Nara|Nara]] to [[Nagaoka-kyō]] in a move that was said to be designed to encumber the powerful Nara Buddhist establishments out of state politics—while the capital moved, the major Buddhist temples, and their officials, stayed put.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adolphson |first=Mikael S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjT8_78YAwAC&pg=PA27 |title=The Gates of Power: Monks, Courtiers, and Warriors in Premodern Japan |date=2000-07-01 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-2334-4 |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref> Indeed, there was a steady stream of edicts issued from 771 right through the period of Kūkai's studies which, for instance, sought to limit the number of Buddhist priests, and the building of temples. However, the move was to prove disastrous and was followed by a series of natural disasters including the flooding of half the city. In 785 the principal architect of the new capital, and royal favourite, [[Fujiwara no Tanetsugu]], was assassinated.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

Meanwhile, Kammu's armies were pushing back the boundaries of his empire. This led to an uprising, and in 789 a substantial defeat for Kammu's troops. Also in 789 there was a severe drought and famine—the streets of the capital were clogged with the sick, and people avoiding being [[Conscription|draft]]ed into the military, or into forced labour. Many disguised themselves as Buddhist priests for the same reason. Consequently, in 792 Kammu abolished national conscription, replacing it with a system wherein each province formed a militia from the local gentry, however this system vitiated the authority of the Emperor and led to proliferation of private armies. Then in 794 Kammu suddenly shifted the capital again, this time to Heian-kyō, which is modern day [[Kyoto]]. The new capital was started early the previous year, but the change was abrupt and led to even more confusion amongst the populace.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} Kammu's rule witnessed the frontiers of Japan expanding into Izawa and Shiba, under the command of a preeminent commander, Tamura Maro.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sansom |first=Sir George Bailey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2c4t4yw21gC |title=A History of Japan to 1334 |date=1958 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-0523-3 |pages=106 |language=en}}</ref>

Politically Kammu shored up his rule by changing the syllabus of the university. [[Confucius|Confucian]] ideology still provided the ''raison d'être'' for the Imperial government. In 784 Kammu authorised the teaching of a new course based on the ''[[Spring and Autumn Annals]]'' based on two newly imported commentaries: ''Kung-yang'' and ''Ku-liang''. These commentaries used political rhetoric to promote a state in which the Emperor, as "Son of Heaven," should extend his sphere of influence to barbarous lands, thereby gladdening the people. In 798 the two commentaries became required reading at the government university.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

Emperor Kanmu was the first person to conceive the ''[[Shinsen Shōjiroku]]'', a [[Japan|Japanese]] [[Genealogy|genealogical]] record in 799 to properly track the clans' then ambiguous lineages, but it was not able to be completed before his death in 806. The project was later carried over by his sons and was completed during [[Emperor Saga]]'s reign in 814.

=== Foreign relations ===

==== China ====
Kammu also sponsored the travels of the monks [[Saichō]] and [[Kūkai]] to [[China]], from where they returned to found the Japanese branches of, respectively, [[Tendai]] and [[Shingon Buddhism]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}<ref>Alam, M. J. (2016). The early Japanese and their religio-cultural life: A historical overview. ''Philosophy and Progress'', ''55''(1-2), 69–90. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3329/pp.v55i1-2.26391</nowiki></ref>

==== Korea ====
He was specifically interested in Baekje (and to an extent, [[Goguryeo]]) as his mother was of Baekje descent.

{{blockquote|{{lang|ja|百濟王等者朕之外戚也。}}<br/>The king of Baekje is my maternal relative.|author=Emperor Kanmu|title=[[Shoku Nihongi]]|source=Enryaku, 9th year, September 27th}}

Kammu's emphasis towards his Baekje heritage became prominent as his mother was not of the Imperial line, but was in fact a royal consort to Emperor Kōnin on top of coming from a [[Yamato no Fuhito clan|clan]] of foreign (Korean) origin, which could have negatively affected his ascension as emperor and be deemed illegitimate by some.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Japan Echo |publisher=Japan Echo Incorporated |year=2006 |volume=33 |location=the University of Michigan |pages=44 |language=en}}</ref> To circumvent this, Kammu focused heavily on the mythological aspects of his mother's ancestor, [[Muryeong of Baekje]] and Muryeong's own ancestor, [[Chumo of Goguryeo|Dongmyeong of Goguryeo]] (Ko Chumong), emphasizing Chumong's heritage as a grandchild of the god [[Habaek]] and Kammu's own lineage that continued it claiming that he was part of the "heavenly lineage". He mentions this in [[Shoku Nihongi|''Shoku Nihongi'']] when honoring his late mother.

{{blockquote|{{lang|ja|明年正月十四日辛亥。中納言正三位藤原朝臣小黒麻呂率誄人奉誄。上諡曰天高知日之子姫尊。壬午。葬於大枝山陵。皇太后姓[[Yamato no Fuhito clan|和氏]]。諱[[Takano no Niigasa|新笠]]。贈正一位乙継之女也。母贈正一位大枝朝臣眞妹。后先出自百濟[[Muryeong of Baekje|武寧王]]之子[[Prince Junda|純陀太子]]。皇后容徳淑茂。夙著聲譽。天宗高紹天皇龍潜之日。娉而納焉。生今上。早良親王。能登内親王。寳龜年中。改姓爲高野朝臣。今上即位。尊爲皇太夫人。九年追上尊號。曰皇太后。[[Onjo of Baekje|其百濟]]遠祖[[Dongmyeong of Goguryeo|都慕王]]者。[[Habaek|河伯]]之[[Lady Yuhwa|女]]感日精而所生。皇太后即其後也。因以奉諡焉。}}<br/>The empress dowager's clan (surname) was [[Yamato no Fuhito clan|Yamato]] and her name was [[Takano no Niigasa|Niigasa]]. Her majesty had astonishing looks that spoke of maturity that was quickly recognized. She was married to [[Emperor Kōnin]] before he was officially inaugurated when she had his son (Kammu/Yamabe). Her ancestor was the son of King [[Muryeong of Baekje]], [[Prince Junda]]. The [[Onjo of Baekje|king of Baekje]] is said to be the descendant of [[Dongmyeong of Goguryeo|King Dongmyeong]] who hatched from an egg when his [[Lady Yuhwa|mother]], the daughter of [[Habaek]] was touched by sunlight. The empress dowager, therefore I, am the direct descendant of them.|author=Emperor Kanmu|title=[[Shoku Nihongi]]|source=Enryaku, 9th year, January 15th}}

In 790, Emperor Kanmu issued a rescript that treated the [[Kudara no Konikishi clan]] (a fellow Japanese clan of Baekje descent) as "relatives by marriage".<ref name="tanaka1997b">{{cite book |author=Tanaka Fumio 田中史生 |title=Nihon kodai kokka no minzoku shihai to toraijin |year=1997 |pages=72–109 |language=Japanese |script-title=ja:日本古代国家の民族支配と渡来人 |chapter=Kanmu chō no Kudara no Konikishi shi |script-chapter=ja:桓武朝の百済王氏}}</ref> It was related to the fact that the emperor's mother belonged to the Baekje-originated [[Yamato no Fuhito clan]], who then claimed its roots in the Baekje royal family. In addition, according to the [[Shoku Nihongi]], Takano no Niigasa was a 10th-generation descendant of King [[Muryeong of Baekje]] through his son Prince [[Junda]] ([[Nihon Shoki]], chapter 17), making Emperor Kammu an 11th-generation descendant of Muryeong through maternal lineage. The Kudara no Konikishi clan fell under the influence of the southern branch of the [[Fujiwara clan]] after Kudara no Konikishi Myōshin had married [[Fujiwara no Tsugutada]] around 754. Emperor Kanmu's rescript of 790 aimed to support Myōshin's appointment as lady-in-waiting (尚侍), the highest post among court ladies, due to her similar background with Kammu.<ref name="otsubo2008">{{cite book |author=Ōtsubo Hidetoshi 大坪秀敏 |title=Kudara no Konikishi shi to kodai Nihon |year=2008 |language=Japanese |script-title=ja:百済王氏と古代日本}}</ref>

A 14th century book called "''[[Jinnō Shōtōki]]''" by [[Kitabatake Chikafusa]] states that a record that claimed of Japan's origin with Korea was lost during Kammu's time, which indicates that such intentions were highly regarded during Emperor Kanmu's reign up until the book's disappearance.

{{blockquote|{{lang|ja|昔『日本は三韓と同種也』と云事のありし、かの書をば、桓武の御代にやきすてられしなり。}}<br/>Originally, it was recorded that "[[Japan]] and the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]] are the same" but the book was lost during Emperor Kanmu's reign.|author=[[Kitabatake Chikafusa]]|title=[[Jinnō Shōtōki]]|source=}}

It can be deduced that Kammu advocated his Korean ancestry for both political and social reasons at the time, which was later officially recognized by the government coming from the [[Emperor of Japan]].

==Kugyō==
{{Nihongo|''[[Kugyō]]''|公卿}} is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the [[Emperor of Japan]] in pre-[[Meiji period|Meiji]] eras.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.furugosho.com/moyenage/empereur-g2.htm| title = ''kugyō'' of Kanmu-tennō}}</ref>

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Kammu's reign, this apex of the ''[[Daijō-kan]]'' included:
* ''[[Sadaijin]]'', [[Fujiwara no Uona]] (藤原魚名), 781–82.<ref name="brown278"/>
* ''Sadaijin'', Fujiwara no Tamaro (藤原田麿), 783.
* ''[[Udaijin]]'', Ōnakatomi no Kiyomaro (大中臣清麿), 771–81
* ''Udaijin'', Fujiwara no Tamaro (藤原田麿), 782–83.<ref name="brown278"/>
* ''Udaijin'', Fujiwara no Korekimi (藤原是公), 783–89.<ref name="brown278"/>
* ''Udaijin'', [[Fujiwara no Tsuginawa]] (藤原継縄), 790–96.<ref name="brown278"/>
* ''Udaijin'', Miwa ōkimi or Miwa oh (神王), 798–806
* ''Udaijin'', Fujiwara no Uchimaro (藤原内麻呂) 756–812, 806–12.<ref name="brown278"/>
* ''[[Dainagon]]''

When the daughter of a ''[[chūnagon]]'' became the favored consort of the Crown Prince Ate (later known as Heizei''-tennō''), her father's power and position in court was affected. Kammu disapproved of [[Fujiwara no Kusuko]], daughter of [[Fujiwara no Tanetsugu]]; and Kammu had her removed from his son's household.<ref name="ponsonby318">Ponsonby-Fane, p. 318.</ref>
* ''[[Chūnagon]]'', Fujiwara no Tadanushi<ref name="ponsonby318"/>

==Consorts and children==
{{further|topic=terms related to imperial consorts|Kōkyū#consorts}}
Emperor Kammu's Imperial family included 36 children.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 62.</ref>

*Empress (''[[Kōkyū|Kōgō]]''): [[Fujiwara no Otomuro]] (藤原乙牟漏), [[Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu]]’s daughter
**First Son: Imperial Prince Ate (安殿親王) later [[Emperor Heizei]]
**Fourth Son:<ref>{{cite web| url = https://japanese-wiki-corpus.github.io/emperor/Emperor%20Saga.html| title = Emperor Saga (嵯峨天皇)}}</ref> Imperial Prince Kamino (賀美能親王/神野親王) later [[Emperor Saga]]
**Imperial Princess Koshi (高志内親王; 789–809), married to [[Emperor Junna]]
*Madame ''([[Kōkyū|Bunin]] later [[Empress dowager|Kōtaigō]])'': [[Fujiwara no Tabiko]] (藤原旅子), [[Fujiwara no Momokawa]]’s daughter
**Fifth Son: Imperial Prince Ōtomo (大伴親王) later [[Emperor Junna]]
*''Consort ([[Kōkyū|Hi]]):'' Imperial [[Princess Sakahito]] (酒人内親王), [[Emperor Kōnin]]’s daughter
**First Daughter: Imperial Princess Asahara (朝原内親王; 779–817), 12th ''[[Saiō]]'' in [[Ise Grand Shrine]] (782–before 796), and married to [[Emperor Heizei]]
*Madame ([[Kōkyū|''Bunin'']]'')'': Fujiwara no Yoshiko (藤原吉子; d.807), [[Fujiwara no Korekimi]]’s daughter
**Second Son: Imperial Prince Iyo (伊予親王; 783–807)
*Madame ''([[Kōkyū|Bunin]])'' : Tajihi no Mamune (多治比真宗; 769–823), Tajihi no Nagano's daughter
**Sixth Son: Imperial Prince Kazurahara (葛原親王; 786–853)
**Ninth Son: Imperial Prince Sami (佐味親王; 793–825)
**Tenth Son: Imperial Prince Kaya (賀陽親王; 794–871)
**Imperial Prince Ōno (大野親王/大徳親王; 798–803)
**Imperial Princess Inaba (因幡内親王; d.824)
**Imperial Princess Anou (安濃内親王; d.841)
*Madame ''([[Kōkyū|Bunin]])'': Fujiwara no Oguso (藤原小屎), Fujiwara no Washitori's daughter
**Third Son: Imperial Prince Manta (万多親王; 788–830)
*Court Lady ''([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]])'' : Ki no Otoio (紀乙魚; d.840), Ki no Kotsuo's daughter
*Court Lady ''([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]])'' : Kudarao no Kyōhō (百済王教法; d.840), Kudara no Shuntetsu's daughter
*Court Lady ''([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]])'' : Tachibana no Miiko (橘御井子), daughter of Tachibana no Irii (橘入居)
**Imperial Princess Sugawara (菅原内親王; d.825)
**Sixteenth Daughter: Imperial Princess Kara (賀楽内親王; d.874)
*Court Lady ''([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]])'' : Fujiwara no Nakako (藤原仲子), Fujiwara no Ieyori's daughter
*Court Lady ([[Kōkyū|''Nyōgo'']]) : Tachibana no Tsuneko (橘常子; 788–817), Tachibana no Shimadamaro's daughter
**Ninth Daughter: Imperial Princess Ōyake (大宅内親王; d.849), married to [[Emperor Heizei]]
*Court Lady ''([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]])'': Fujiwara no ''Shōshi'' (藤原正子), Fujiwara no Kiyonari's daughter
*Court Lady ''([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]])'': Sakanoue no Matako (坂上全子, d.790), Sakanoue no Karitamaro's daughter
**Twelfth Daughter: Imperial Princess Takatsu (高津内親王; d.841), married to [[Emperor Saga]]
*Court Lady ''([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]])'': Sakanoue no Haruko (坂上春子, d.834), [[Sakanoue no Tamuramaro]]'s daughter
**Twelfth Son: Imperial Prince Fujii (葛井親王; 800–850)
**Imperial Princess Kasuga (春日内親王; d.833)
*Court Lady ''([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]])'': Fujiwara no Kawako (藤原河子, d.838), [[Fujiwara no Ōtsugu]]'s daughter
**Thirteenth Son: Imperial Prince Nakano (仲野親王; 792–867)
**Thirteenth Princess: Imperial Princess Ate (安勅内親王; d.855)
**Imperial Princess Ōi (大井内親王; d.865)
**Imperial Princess Ki (紀内親王; 799–886)
**Imperial Princess Yoshihara (善原内親王; d.863)
*Court Lady ''([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]])'': Fujiwara no Azumako (藤原東子, d.816), Fujiwara no Tanetsugu's daughter
**Imperial Princess Kannabi (甘南備内親王, 800–817), Married to [[Emperor Heizei]]
*Court Lady ''([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]])'': Fujiwara no ''Heishi/Nanshi'' (藤原平子/南子, d.833), Fujiwara no Takatoshi's daughter
**Eighth Daughter: Imperial [[Princess Ito]] (伊都内親王), married to [[Prince Abo]]
*Court Lady ''([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]])'': Ki no Wakako (紀若子), Ki no Funamori's daughter
**Seventh Son: Imperial Prince Asuka (明日香親王, d.834)
*Court Lady ''([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]])'': Fujiwara no Kamiko (藤原上子), Fujiwara no Oguromaro's daughter
**Imperial Princess Shigeno (滋野内親王, 809–857)
*Court Lady ''([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]])'': Tachibana no Tamurako (橘田村子), Tachibana no Irii's daughter
**Imperial Princess Ikenoe (池上内親王, d.868)
*Court Lady ''([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]])'': Kawakami no Manu (河上好), Nishikibe no Haruhito's daughter
**Imperial Prince Sakamoto (坂本親王, 793–818)
*Court Lady (''[[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]''): Kudarao no Kyōnin (百済王教仁), Kudara no Bukyō's daughter
**Imperial Prince Ōta (大田親王, d.808)
*Court Lady (''[[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]''): Kudarao no Jōkyō (百済王貞香), Kudara no Kyōtoku's daughter
**Imperial Princess Suruga (駿河内親王, 801–820)
*Court Lady (''[[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]''): Nakatomi no Toyoko (中臣豊子), Nakatomi no Ōio's daughter
**Fifth Daughter: Imperial Princess Fuse (布勢内親王, d.812), 13th [[Saiō]] in Ise Shrine, 797–806
*Court lady (''[[Kōkyū|Nyoju]]''): Tajihi no Toyotsugu (多治比豊継), Tajihi no Hironari's daughter
**Nagaoka no Okanari (長岡岡成, d.848), removed from the Imperial Family by receiving the family name from Emperor (Shisei Kōka, 賜姓降下) in 787
*Court Lady (''[[Kōkyū|Nyoju]]''):: Kudara no Yōkei (百済永継), Asukabe no Natomaro's daughter
**Yoshimine no Yasuyo (良岑安世, 785–830), removed from the Imperial Family by receiving the family name from Emperor (Shisei Kōka, 賜姓降下) in 802

==Ancestry==
<ref name=descent>{{cite web|url= https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp050|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|date=April 30, 2010 |access-date=28 January 2018|language=ja}}</ref>
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Emperor Kanmu'''
|2= 2. [[Emperor Kōnin]] (709–82)
|3= 3. [[Takano no Niigasa]] (c. 720–90)
|4= 4. [[:ja:志貴皇子|Prince Shiki]] (d. 716)
|5= 5. [[:ja:紀橡姫|Ki no Tochihime]] (d. 709)
|6= 6. Yamato no Ototsugu
|7= 7. Haji no Maimo
|8= 8. [[Emperor Tenji]] (626–72)
|9= 9.  Koshi-no-michi no Iratsume
|10=10. [[:ja:紀諸人|Ki no Morohito]]
|11=11.  Michi   
|12= 
|13= 
|14= 
|15=
}}

==Legacy==
In 2001, Japan's emperor [[Akihito]] told reporters "I, on my part, feel a certain kinship with Korea", given the fact that it is recorded in the ''Chronicles of Japan'' that the Emperor Kammu's mother was one of the descendant of [[Muryeong of Baekje|King Muryong of Baekje]] (462–523). It was the first time that a Japanese emperor publicly referred to any Korean ancestry in the imperial line.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.theguardian.com/japan/story/0,7369,625426,00.html| title = Guardian| website = [[TheGuardian.com]]| date = December 28, 2001| last1 = Watts| first1 = Jonathan}}</ref> According to the ''[[Shoku Nihongi]]'', Emperor Kammu's mother, [[Takano no Niigasa]] (720–90), is a descendant of [[Prince Junda]], son of Muryeong, who died in Japan in 513 (''[[Nihon Shoki]]'', Chapter 17).

==See also==
* [[Emperor of Japan]]
* [[List of Emperors of Japan]]
* [[Heian-kyō]]
* [[Heian Shrine]]
* [[Kammu Seamount]]

==Notes==
[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|thumb|right|120px|[[Imperial Seal of Japan|Japanese Imperial kamon]] — a stylized [[chrysanthemum]] blossom]]
{{Reflist|1}}

==References==
* {{cite book|author=Brown, Delmer M.|author-link=Delmer Brown|author2= Ichirō Ichida|year=1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Gukansho|title=''The Future and the Past''|publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press.|format=a translation and study of the [[Gukanshō]], an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219|isbn=978-0-520-03460-0|oclc=251325323|ref=Brown-Ishida}}
* [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard]]. (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan  ''The Imperial House of Japan.''] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. {{OCLC|194887}}
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac]]. (1834). [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran  ''Annales des empereurs du Japon''] (''[[Nihon Ōdai Ichiran]]''). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. {{OCLC|5850691}}
* [[H. Paul Varley|Varley, H. Paul]]. (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ  ''Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns''.] New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}}; {{OCLC|59145842}}

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{{Emperors of Japan}}

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[[Category:Emperor Kanmu| ]]
[[Category:730s births]]
[[Category:806 deaths]]
[[Category:8th-century Japanese monarchs]]
[[Category:9th-century Japanese monarchs]]
[[Category:City founders]]
[[Category:Emperors of Japan]]
[[Category:People of Heian-period Japan]]
[[Category:People of Nara-period Japan]]
[[Category:Buddhism in the Heian period]]
[[Category:Buddhism in the Nara period]]
[[Category:Japanese Buddhist monarchs]]