Editing Emperor Kaika

{{Short description|9th Emperor of Japan}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Emperor Kaika<br>{{nobold|{{lang|ja|開化天皇}}}}
| succession   = [[Emperor of Japan]]
| image        = Tennō Kaika thumb.jpg
| caption      = 
| reign        = 158 BC – 98 BC (traditional)<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322210732/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/genealogy/img/keizu-e.pdf|archivedate=March 22, 2011|url=http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/genealogy/img/keizu-e.pdf|title=Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan|work=Kunaicho.go.jp|access-date=May 16, 2019}}</ref>
| coronation   = 
| cor-type     = Japan
| predecessor  = [[Emperor Kōgen|Kōgen]]
| successor    = [[Emperor Sujin|Sujin]]
| posthumous name = [[Posthumous name#Chinese-style (Han-style) shigō|Chinese-style ''shigō'']]:<br/>Emperor Kaika ({{lang|ja|開化天皇}})<br/><br/>[[Posthumous name#Japanese-style shigō|Japanese-style ''shigō'']]:<br/>Wakayamato-nekohiko-ōbibi no Sumeramikoto ({{lang|ja|稚日本根子彦大日日天皇}})
| spouse       = [[:ja:伊香色謎命|Ikagashikome-no-Mikoto]]
| issue        = [[Emperor Sujin]]
| issue-link   = #Consorts and children
| issue-pipe   = among others...
| royal house  = [[Imperial House of Japan]]
| father       = [[Emperor Kōgen]]
| mother       = {{ill|Utsushikome|lt='''Utsushikome'''|ja|欝色謎命}}
| religion     = [[Shinto]]
| birth_date   = 208 BC<ref name="Henshall">{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tmYYAgAAQBAJ&q=Kaika+208&pg=PA487|title=Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945|author=Kenneth Henshall|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2013|page=487|isbn=9780810878723}}</ref>
| birth_place  = 
| death_date   = 98 BC (aged 110)
| death_place  = 
| burial_place = {{Nihongo||春日率川坂上陵|''Kasuga no Izakawa no saka no e no misasagi''}} (Nara)|
}}

{{Nihongo|'''Emperor Kaika{{efn|The name ''Kaikwa'' has also been used.<ref name="Fane">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=Kaikwa|title=''The Imperial House of Japan''|author=Ponsonby-Fane, Richard|publisher=Ponsonby Memorial Society|year=1959|page=30 & 418|author-link=Richard Ponsonby-Fane}}</ref>}}'''|開化天皇|Kaika-tennō}}, also known as {{Nihongo||若倭根子日子大毘毘命|''Wakayamato Nekohiko Ōbibi no Mikoto''}} in the ''[[Kojiki]]'', and {{Nihongo||稚日本根子彦大日日天皇|''Wakayamato Nekohiko Ōbibi no Sumeramikoto''}} in the ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' was the ninth [[legend|legendary]] [[emperor of Japan]], according to the traditional [[List of Emperors of Japan|order of succession]].<ref name="kunaicho">{{cite web|url=http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/009/index.html|title=開化天皇 (9)|work=[[Imperial Household Agency]] (Kunaichō)|language=ja|access-date=May 16, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Brown1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Emperor+Kaika|title=A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219|author=[[Delmer Brown|Brown, Delmer M.]] and Ichirō Ishida|publisher=University of California Press|year=1979|page=252|isbn=9780520034600}}</ref> Very little is known about this Emperor due to a lack of material available for further verification and study. Kaika is known as a "legendary emperor" among historians as his actual existence is disputed. Nothing exists in the ''[[Kojiki]]'' other than his name and genealogy. Kaika's reign allegedly began in 158 BC. He had one wife and three consorts whom he fathered five children with. After his death in 98 BC, one of his sons supposedly became [[Emperor Sujin]].<ref name="Fane"/><ref name="Nussbaum">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA451|title=''Japan Encyclopedia''|author=Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2002|page=451|author-link=Louis-Frédéric|isbn=9780674017535}}</ref>

==Legendary narrative==
In the ''[[Kojiki]]'' and ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'', only Kaika's name and genealogy were recorded. The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and an Imperial ''misasagi'' or tomb for Kaika is currently maintained; however, no extant contemporary records have been discovered that confirm a view that this historical figure actually reigned. Kaika was born sometime in 208 BC, and is recorded as being the second son of [[Emperor Kōgen]].<ref name="Henshall"/> His empress mother was named ''Utsushikome'', who was the daughter of ''Oyakuchisukune''.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}} Before he was enthroned sometime in 158 BC, his pre-ascension name was ''Prince Nikohiko Ō-hibi no Mikoto''.<ref name="Nussbaum"/> The Kojiki records that he ruled from the palace of {{Nihongo||軽之堺原宮|[[Sakaihara-no-miya]]|extra=and in the ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' as {{Nihongo2|軽境原宮}}}} at Karu in what would come to be known as [[Yamato Province]].<ref name="Brown1"/> Emperor Kaika had a chief wife (empress) named ''Ikagashikome'', along with three consorts of which he fathered five children with. Kaika ruled until his death in 98 BC; his second son was then enthroned as [[Emperor Sujin|the next emperor]].<ref name="Nussbaum"/> His son/heir to the throne was [[Posthumous name|posthumously]] named ''Sujin'' by later generations, and is the first emperor that historians say might have actually existed.<ref name="Fishbowl">{{cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2007/03/27/reference/life-in-the-cloudy-imperial-fishbowl/#.UhYzedK-2uI|title=Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl|publisher=Japan Times|author=Yoshida, Reiji.|date=March 27, 2007|access-date=May 17, 2019|newspaper=The Japan Times Online}}</ref>

==Known information==
[[File:NaraKaikaTennoRyo0367.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Official tomb of Emperor Kaika in [[Nara, Nara|Nara]].]]

The existence of at least the first nine Emperors is disputed due to insufficient material available for further verification and study.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.t-net.ne.jp/~keally/kofun.html|title=Kofun Culture|author=Kelly, Charles F.|work=www.t-net.ne.jp|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> Kaika is thus regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor", and is considered to have been the eighth of [[Nihon Shoki#Kesshi Hachidai|eight Emperors without specific legends associated with them]].{{efn|Also known as the {{Nihongo|"eight undocumented monarchs"|欠史八代|''Kesshi-hachidai''}}<ref name="aston">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oEfAAAAYAAJ|title=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2|author=Aston, William George.|publisher=The Japan Society London|date=1896|pages=109, 148–149|isbn=9780524053478 |author-link=William George Aston}}</ref>}} The name Kaika''-tennō'' was assigned to him [[Posthumous name|posthumously]] by later generations.
<ref name="name">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryjapanes00kikugoog|title=''A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era''|author=Brinkley, Frank|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica Company|year=1915|page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryjapanes00kikugoog/page/n33 21]|quote=Posthumous names for the earthly ''Mikados'' were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the ''Records'' and the ''Chronicles.''|author-link=Francis Brinkley}}</ref> His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Kaika, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the [[Imperial House of Japan|imperial dynasty]] were compiled as the chronicles known today as the ''[[Kojiki]]''.<ref name="aston"/> While the actual site of Kaika's [[grave (burial)|grave]] is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at a [[memorial]] [[Shinto]] [[shrine]] (''misasagi'') in [[Nara, Nara|Nara]]. The [[Imperial Household Agency]] designates this location as Kaika's [[mausoleum]], and its formal name is ''Kasuga no Izakawa no saka no e no misasagi''.<ref name="Fane"/><ref name="kunaicho"/>

Like [[Emperor Kōshō]] and [[Emperor Kōrei]], there is a possibility that ''"Kaika"'' could have lived instead in the 1st century (AD). Historian [[Louis Frédéric]] notes this idea in his book ''[[Japan Encyclopedia]]'' where he says "more likely early AD", but this remains [[Japan Encyclopedia#Criticism|disputed]] among other researchers.<ref name="Nussbaum"/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Miller, R. A.|title=''Journal of Asian History''|journal = Journal of Asian History|volume = 37|issue = 2|pages = 212–214|year=2003|quote=Review of ''Japan Encyclopedia''|jstor = 41933346}}</ref> The first emperor that historians state might have actually existed is [[Emperor Sujin]], the 10th emperor of Japan.<ref name="Fishbowl"/> Outside of the Kojiki, the reign of [[Emperor Kinmei]]{{efn|The 29th Emperor<ref name="Titsingh pp. 34-36">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon%20o%20dai%20itsi%20ran&pg=PA34|title=Nihon Ōdai Ichiran|author=Titsingh, Isaac.|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland|language=fr|year=1834|pages=34–36|author-link=Isaac Titsingh}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA261|title=A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219|author=[[Delmer Brown|Brown, Delmer M.]] and Ichirō Ishida|publisher=University of California Press|year=1979|pages=261–262|isbn=9780520034600}}</ref>}} ({{circa|509}}&nbsp;– 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axRyAAAAMAAJ&q=According+to+legend%2C+the+first+Japanese+Emperor+was+Jimmu.+Along+with+the+next+13+Emperors%2C+Jimmu+is+not+considered+an+actual%2C+historical+figure.+Historically+verifiable+Emperors+of+Japan+date+from+the+early+sixth+century+with+Kimmei.|title=''Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds''|author=Hoye, Timothy.|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=1999|page=78|quote=According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.|isbn=9780132712897}}</ref> The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of [[Emperor Kanmu]]{{efn|Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty}} between 737 and 806 AD.<ref name="aston"/>

==Consorts and children==
*Empress: {{Nihongo|Ikagashikome|伊香色謎命}}, Oohesoki's daughter
**{{Nihongo|Prince Mimakiirihikoinie|御間城入彦五十瓊殖尊}}, later [[Emperor Sujin]]
**{{Nihongo|Princess Mimatsuhime|御真津比売命}}
*Consort: {{Nihongo|Taniwanotakano-hime|丹波竹野媛}}, Taniwa no Ooagatanushi Yugori's daughter
**{{Nihongo|Prince Hikoyumusu|彦湯産隅命}}
*Consort: {{Nihongo|Hahatsu-hime|姥津媛}}, Prince Waninishisaihito's daughter
**{{Nihongo|{{ill |Prince Hikoimasu |ja|彦坐王|vertical-align=sup}}|彦坐王}}
*Consort: {{Nihongo|Washi-hime|鸇比売}}, Katsuragi no Tarumi no Sukune's daughter
**{{Nihongo|Prince Taketoyohazurawake|建豊波豆羅和気王}}

==Family tree==
{{Generations of Jimmu}}

==See also==
* [[Emperor of Japan]]
* [[List of Emperors of Japan]]
* [[Imperial cult]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|thumb|right|120px|[[Imperial Seal of Japan|Japanese Imperial kamon]] — a stylized [[chrysanthemum]] blossom]]
{{Reflist|1}}

==Further reading==
* [[William George Aston|Aston, William George.]] (1896). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_oEfAAAAYAAJ  ''Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697''.] London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.  {{OCLC|448337491}}
* Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Gukansho  ''Gukanshō: The Future and the Past''.] Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-03460-0}};  {{OCLC|251325323}}
* [[Basil Hall Chamberlain|Chamberlain, Basil Hall.]] (1920). [http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/index.htm ''The Kojiki''.] Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882; reprinted, May, 1919.  {{OCLC|1882339}}
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC  ''Japan encyclopedia''.] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5}};  {{OCLC|58053128}}
* [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon]]. (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan  ''The Imperial House of Japan''.] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. {{OCLC|194887}}
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]] (1834). ''[[Nihon Ōdai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran  ''Annales des empereurs du Japon''.]  Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.  {{OCLC|5850691}}
* [[H. Paul Varley|Varley, H. Paul.]] (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ  ''Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns''.] New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}};  {{OCLC|59145842}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Emperor Kōgen]]}} 
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Emperors of Japan|Legendary Emperor of Japan]]|years=158 BC – 98 BC}} 
{{s-aft|after=[[Emperor Sujin]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Emperors of Japan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaika}}
[[Category:Legendary emperors of Japan]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC legendary monarchs]]
[[Category:1st-century BC legendary monarchs]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Japanese monarchs]]
[[Category:People of Yayoi-period Japan]]