Editing Emilia-Romagna

{{Short description|Region of Italy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| official_name      = Emilia-Romagna
| native_name        = {{small|{{lang|egl|Emégglia-Rumâgna}} / {{native name|egl|Emîlia-Rumâgna}}<br>{{native name|rgn|Emélia-Rumâgna}}}}
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| settlement_type    = [[Regions of Italy|Region]]
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| image_flag         = Flag of Emilia-Romagna (de facto).svg
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| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = [[Italy]]
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| seat_type          = Capital
| seat               = [[Bologna]]
| government_footnotes = 
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| leader_party       = [[Democratic Party (Italy)|PD]]
| leader_title       = President
| leader_name        = [[Michele De Pascale]]
| leader_title1      = Vice President
| leader_name1       = [[Vincenzo Colla]]
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| area_total_km2     = 22,446
| elevation_footnotes = 
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| population_total   = 4,425,366
| population_as_of   = 2021 census<ref>{{cite web |title=Resident population and demographic trends. Year 2021 |url=https://www.istat.it/it/files/2022/12/CENSIMENTO-E-DINAMICA-DEMOGRAFICA-2021.pdf |publisher=[[Istat]] |access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = 
* {{langx|en|Emilia-Romagnan}}
* {{langx|egl|emigliàn|links=no}} (man), {{lang|egl|emiglièna}} (woman)
* {{langx|rgn|rumagnòl|links=no}} (man), {{lang|rgn|rumagnòla}} (woman)
* {{langx|it|emiliano|links=no}} and {{lang|it|romagnolo}} (man), {{lang|it|emiliana}} (woman) and {{lang|it|romagnola}} (woman)
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| demographics1_title3 = 
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| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{citation|title=Population on 1 January by age, sex and NUTS 2 region|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/DEMO_R_D2JAN/default/table?lang=en|website=www.ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = €163.293 billion (2021)
| timezone1          = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1        = +1
| timezone1_DST      = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST    = +2
| postal_code_type   = 
| postal_code        = 
| area_code_type     = [[ISO 3166 code]]
| area_code          = IT-45
| blank2_name_sec2   = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2022)
| blank2_info_sec2   = 0.935<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{cite web |title=Subnational HDI - Table - Global Data Lab |website=globaldatalab.org |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/ITA/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2022 |access-date=2025-01-03}}</ref><br/>{{color|green|very high}}  · [[List of Italian regions by Human Development Index|1st of 21]]
| blank_name_sec2    = [[First-level NUTS of the European Union#Italy|NUTS Region]]
| blank_info_sec2    = ITH<ref>{{CELEX|32016R2066|text=Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/2066 of 21 November 2016 amending the annexes to Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the establishment of a common classification of territorial units for statistics (NUTS)}}</ref>
| website            = {{URL|http://www.regione.emilia-romagna.it/en/}}
| footnotes          = 
| name               = 
}}

'''Emilia-Romagna''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ɪ|ˌ|m|iː|l|i|ə|_|r|oʊ|ˈ|m|ɑː|n|j|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|US|eɪ|ˌ|-}}, <small>both</small> {{IPAc-en|also|ɛ|ˌ|-}},<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Emilia-Romagna|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/emilia-romagna|title=Emilia-Romagna|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Emilia-Romagna |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527192357/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Emilia-Romagna |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-05-27 |title=Emilia-Romagna |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Emilia-Romagna|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|it|eˈmiːlja roˈmaɲɲa|lang}}; {{langx|egl|Emégglia-Rumâgna}} or {{lang|egl|Emîlia-Rumâgna}}; {{langx|rgn|Emélia-Rumâgna}}) is an [[Regions of Italy|administrative region]] of [[northern Italy]], comprising the historical regions of [[Emilia (region)|Emilia]] and [[Romagna]]. Its capital is [[Bologna]]. It has an area of {{convert|22446|km2|0|abbr=on}}, and a population of 4.4 million.

Emilia-Romagna is one of the wealthiest and most developed regions in Europe, with the third highest [[gross domestic product]] per capita in Italy. It is also a cultural center, being the home of the [[University of Bologna]], the oldest university in the world. Some of its cities, such as [[Modena]], [[Parma]], [[Ferrara]], and [[Ravenna]], are UNESCO heritage sites. It is a center for [[food]] and [[automobile]] production (such as [[Ferrari]], [[Lamborghini]], and [[Maserati]]). It has coastal resorts such as [[Cervia]], [[Cesenatico]], and [[Rimini]]. In 2018, the [[Lonely Planet]] guide named Emilia-Romagna as the best place to see in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/best-in-europe|title=10 best places to visit in Europe in 2019|first=Lonely|last=Planet|website=Lonely Planet}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name ''Emilia-Romagna'' is a legacy of [[Ancient Rome]]. ''Emilia'' derives from the ''[[via Aemilia]]'', the Roman road connecting [[Piacenza]] to [[Rimini]], completed in 187 BC, and named after the consul [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 187 BC)|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]].<ref>[[Livy]] ''[[Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)|Ab Urbe Condita]]'' XXXIX 1; Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 617</ref> ''Romagna'' derives from ''Romània'', the name of the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman Empire]] applied to [[Ravenna]] by the [[Lombards]] when the [[Western Roman Empire|western Empire]] had ceased to exist and Ravenna was [[Exarchate of Ravenna|an outpost of the east (540–751)]].

== History ==
===Prehistory and antiquity===
Before the Romans took control of present-day Emilia-Romagna, it had been part of the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] world and subsequently that of the [[Gauls]]. During the first thousand years of Christianity, trade flourished, as did culture and religion, thanks to the region's numerous [[monasteries]].

===Early origins===
[[Image:Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna.JPG|thumb|[[Mausoleum of Galla Placidia]], early Christian Monuments of [[Ravenna]]]]
The history of Emilia-Romagna dates back to Roman times when the region of Emilia was ruled by imperial judges linked to the nearby regions of either [[Liguria]] or [[Tuscany]]. After the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]] in the 5th century, the Lombards, a Germanic tribe, founded the [[Kingdom of the Lombards|kingdom of Lombardy]] in northern and central Italy. This kingdom, which included the region known as Emilia, flourished until the Lombard dynasty was overthrown by the Frankish king [[Charlemagne]] in 774. From the 6th to 8th centuries, the region of Romagna was under Byzantine rule and Ravenna was the capital of the Exarchate of Italy within the Eastern Roman Empire. In the 8th century, this region became a province of the [[Papal States]] when Pepin, the father of Charlemagne, donated the land to the Pope in 754.

===High Middle Ages to early modern period===
During the 10th century, northern Italy became part of the Holy Roman Empire under the control of the Germanic leader Otto I. The Holy Roman emperors had varying degrees of control over northern Italy until the close of the Middle Ages. In the 12th century, the papacy extended its political influence and city states began to form in opposition to the Holy Roman emperors.

The northern cities, supported by the Pope, formed the [[Lombard League]] and reduced the influence of the ruling Hohenstaufen dynasty over their lands. Division between imperial partisans and their opponents created factions called the Guelphs and the Ghibellines which would divide the cities for centuries. For the next few centuries both Emilia and Romagna were ruled by papal legates or representatives of the Pope.
[[File:Archiginnasio ora blu Bologna.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Bologna]], founded in 1088, is the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|world's oldest university in continuous operation]].]]

The [[University of Bologna]]—the oldest university in the world, established in AD 1088—and its bustling towns kept trade and intellectual life alive. Local nobility like the [[House of Este|Este]] of Ferrara, the [[House of Malatesta|Malatesta]] of Rimini, the [[Papal State|Popes of Rome]], the [[House of Farnese|Farnese]] of Parma and Piacenza, and the [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio]], jostled for power and influence.

[[File:Castello_Estense_con_riflessi_-_Ferrara.jpg|thumb|[[Castello Estense|Castle Estense]] in [[Ferrara]]]]The [[House of Este]] gained a notable profile for its political and military might and its patronage of the arts: it left behind a vast heritage of splendid Renaissance palaces, precious paintings and literary masterpieces, such as the works of [[Ludovico Ariosto]], [[Torquato Tasso]] and [[Matteo Maria Boiardo]].
[[File:Flag of the Cispadane Republic.svg|thumb|Flag of the [[Cispadane Republic]], which was the first [[Flag of Italy|Italian tricolour]] adopted by a sovereign Italian state (1797)]]

Following the rise of [[Napoleon]], the region of Emilia came under French control.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Musei Civici Reggio Emilia » Napoleone e la Repubblica Reggiana |url=https://www.musei.re.it/collezioni/museo-del-tricolore/sala-napoleonica/napoleone-e-la-repubblica-reggiana/ |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=musei.re.it}}</ref> The first red, white and green national flag of a sovereign Italian state was adopted on 7 January 1797, when the Fourteenth Parliament of the [[Cispadane Republic]] (1797), on the proposal of deputy [[Giuseppe Compagnoni]], decreed "to make universal the ... standard or flag of three colours, green, white, and red ...":<ref>[http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Benvenuti_in_Italia/Conoscere_Italia/bandieraInno.htm The tri-coloured standard].Getting to Know Italy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (retrieved 5 October 2008) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223131121/http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Benvenuti_in_Italia/Conoscere_Italia/bandieraInno.htm |date=23 February 2008}}</ref> For having proposed the green, white and red tricolour flag, Giuseppe Compagnoni is considered the "father of the [[Italian flag]]".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maiorino |first1=Tarquinio|last2=Marchetti Tricamo|first2=Giuseppe |last3=Zagami |first3=Andrea |title=Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera|year=2002 |publisher=Arnoldo Mondadori Editore|language=it|isbn=978-88-04-50946-2|page=157}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tarozzi|first1=Fiorenza|last2=Vecchio|first2=Giorgio |title=Gli italiani e il tricolore|year=1999|publisher=Il Mulino|language=it|isbn=88-15-07163-6|page=9}}</ref>

After the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, there was a growing movement for Italian national unity and independence. In 1848, a revolution in Vienna initiated uprisings against Austrian rule. The following decades saw uprisings in several regions and, in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy was established. During this [[Italian Unification]], the territories of Emilia and Romagna would be incorporated into the new nation.

===Late modern and contemporary===
In the 16th century, most of what would become Emilia-Romagna had been seized by the Papal States, but the territories of Parma, Piacenza, and Modena remained independent until Emilia-Romagna became part of the [[Kingdom of Italy|Italian kingdom]] between 1859 and 1861.

After the First world war, Emilia-Romagna was at the centre of the so-called [[Biennio Rosso]], a period of left-wing agitations that paved the way for [[Benito Mussolini]]'s coup d'état in 1922 and the birth of the Fascist regime in Italy. Mussolini, a native of Emilia-Romagna, sponsored the rise of many hierarchs coming from his same region, such as [[Italo Balbo]], [[Dino Grandi]] and [[Edmondo Rossoni]].

Towards the end of the [[Second World War]], Emilia-Romagna was [[Operation Achse|occupied by Germany]] and has been the theatre of numerous [[Nazi war crimes]], such as the [[Marzabotto massacre]] in which 770 innocent civilians were brutally executed by German troops.

During the [[Cold war era]], Bologna, traditionally a [[left-wing]] city, was particularly hit by political street violence and [[terrorism]]; in 1980 a [[far-right terrorist]] group [[Bologna massacre|detonated a bomb]] at the city's main railway station, killing 85 people and wounding more than 200.

After the referendum of 2006, seven municipalities of [[Montefeltro]] were detached from the [[Province of Pesaro and Urbino]] ([[Marche]]) to join that of [[Province of Rimini|Rimini]] on 15 August 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iusetnorma.it/news_normativa/normativa/l-03-08-09n117.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722040247/http://www.iusetnorma.it/news_normativa/normativa/l-03-08-09n117.htm|url-status=dead|title=Article about the legislation|archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/rimini/cronaca/2010/07/10/355107-valmarecchia_rimane_emilia_romagna.shtml Article] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419054858/http://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/rimini/cronaca/2010/07/10/355107-valmarecchia_rimane_emilia_romagna.shtml |date=19 April 2016}} on "[[il Resto del Carlino]]"</ref> The municipalities are [[Casteldelci]], [[Maiolo]], [[Novafeltria]], [[Pennabilli]], [[San Leo]], [[Sant'Agata Feltria]] and [[Talamello]].

On 20 and 29 May 2012 two [[2012 Emilia earthquakes|powerful earthquakes]] struck the central area of the region, killing 27 people and causing substantial damages to the region's artistic heritage as well as to numerous manufacturing facilities. The 5.8 magnitude earthquake left 14,000 people temporarily homeless.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/International/2012/May-30/175070-17-dead-and-200-injured-in-latest-killer-quake-in-northern-italy.ashx#axzz1wIcDRVY7 |title=Dailystar, 17 dead and 200 injured in latest killer quake in northern Italy|author=Colleen Barry |publisher=Dailystar.com.lb |date=30 May 2012 |access-date=28 November 2013}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{see also|Po Delta Interregional Park}}
[[File:Reliefkarte Emilia-Romagna 2019.png|thumb|Relief map of Emilia-Romagna]]
[[File:Saline di Comacchio.JPG|thumb|right|Lagoons along the [[Po (river)|Po]] delta]]
The region of Emilia-Romagna consists of nine provinces and covers an area of {{cvt|22,446|km2|sqmi}}, ranking sixth in Italy. Nearly half of the region (48%) consists of plains while 27% is hilly and 25% mountainous. The region's section of the [[Apennines]] is marked by areas of [[flysch]], [[badland]] erosion ([[calanques]]) and [[cave]]s. The mountains stretch for more than {{convert|300|km|2|abbr=on}} from the north to the south-east, with only three peaks above 2,000&nbsp;m – [[Monte Cimone]] (2,165 m), [[Monte Cusna]] (2,121&nbsp;m) and [[Alpe di Succiso]] (2,017&nbsp;m).

The plain was formed by the gradual retreat of the sea from the [[Po basin]] and by the detritus deposited by the rivers. Almost entirely [[marshland]] in ancient times, its history is characterised by the hard work of its people to reclaim and reshape the land in order to achieve a better standard of living.

The [[geology]] varies, with [[lagoon]]s and saline areas in the north and many [[thermal spring]]s throughout the rest of the region as a result of groundwater rising towards the surface at different periods of history. All the rivers rise locally in the Apennines except for the Po, which has its source in the [[Alps]] in [[Piedmont]]. The northern border of Emilia-Romagna follows the path of the river for {{convert|263|km|mi|frac=2|abbr=on}}.

The region has temperate broadleaved and mixed forests and the vegetation may be divided into belts: the [[Quercus robur|Common oak]]-[[Carpinus betulus|European hornbeam]] belt ([[Padan plain]] and adriatic coast) which is now covered (apart from the Mesóla forest in [[Province of Ferrara]]) with fruit orchards and fields of [[wheat]] and [[sugar beet]], the [[Quercus pubescens|Pubescent oak]]-[[Ostrya carpinifolia|European hop-hornbeam]] belt on the lower slopes up to 800&ndash;900&nbsp;m, the [[Fagus sylvatica|European beech]]-[[Abies alba|Silver fir]] belt between 800&ndash;900&nbsp;m and 1,700&nbsp;m and the final mountain [[heath]] belt above 1,700&ndash;1,800&nbsp;m. Emilia-Romagna has two Italian National Parks, the [[Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park|Foreste Casentinesi National Park]] and the [[Appennino Tosco-Emiliano National Park]].

=== Land use ===
[[File:Alta Val Trebbia - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Val Trebbia, near [[Piacenza]]]]
[[File:Sentieri tra le foreste casentinesi.jpg|thumb|[[Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park|Casentinesi Forests]]]]
Emilia-Romagna has been a highly populated area since ancient times. Inhabitants over the centuries have radically altered the [[landscape]], building cities, reclaiming wetlands, and establishing large agricultural areas. All these transformations in past centuries changed the aspect of the region, converting large natural areas to cultivation, up until the 1960s. The trend then changed, and agricultural lands began giving way to residential and industrial areas. The increase of urban-industrial areas continued at very high rates until the end of the 2010s. In the same period, hilly and mountainous areas saw an increase in the registration of semi-natural areas, because of the abandonment of agricultural lands.

[[Land use]] changes can have strong effects on ecological functions. Human interactions such as agriculture, forestation and deforestation affect [[Soil functions|soil function]], e.g. food and other biomass production, storing, filtering and transformation, habitat and gene pool.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2002:0179:FIN:EN:PDF |last=European Commission|title=Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Towards a Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection. Thematic strategy for soil protection COM(2002)179|publisher=European Commission, Brussels|year=2002}}</ref>

In the Emilia-Romagna plain, which represents half of the region and where three quarters of the population of the region live, the agricultural land area has been reduced by 157&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> while urban and industrial areas have increased to over 130&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> between 2003 and 2008. The impact of [[land use]] and particularly of the urbanisation of the Emilia-Romagna plain during this period has had some strong consequences in the economic and ecological assessment of the region. The loss of arable land is equivalent to a permanent loss of the capacity to feed 440,000 persons per year from resources grown within the region.  The increased [[water runoff]] due to [[soil sealing]] requires adaptation measures for river and irrigation canals such as the building of [[retention basin]]s, at a total cost estimated in the order of billions of euros.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Malucelli|first=F. |author2=Certini, G. |author3=Scalenghe, R.|title=Soil is brown gold in the Emilia-Romagna Region|journal=Land Use Policy|year=2014| doi= 10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.01.019|volume=39|pages=350–357}}</ref>

In 2000 there were 103,700 farm holdings and in 2010 there were 73,470, or a -29.2% loss in holdings for the region. The total utilised agricultural area (UAA) was {{Convert|1,114,590|ha}} in 2000 and {{Convert|1,064,210|ha}} in 2014 for a loss of 4.5%, indicating a downturn of smaller farm ownership. During this same timeframe there was a 14.5% decrease in the farm labor workforce.<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Agricultural_census_in_Italy#Agricultural_holdings Eurostat]- Retrieved 4 July 2018</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="135" style="font-size:88%;line-height:120%">
Badlands - Canossa, Reggio Emilia, Italy - December 21, 2014 02.jpg|Badlands of [[Canossa]]
File:Monte Cimone - Orobie.JPG|[[Monte Cimone]], in the [[Apennine Mountains|Apennines]]
File:Colline bolognesi.JPG|Hills around [[Bologna]]
File:I fenicotteri rosa prendono il volo - panoramio.jpg|[[Flamingo]]s in the [[River delta|delta]] of the [[Po (river)|Po river]]
</gallery>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Emilia-Romagna}}
[[File:Sede regione Emilia-Romagna.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Seat of the [[Regional Council of Emilia-Romagna|Regional Assembly of Emilia-Romagna]] in [[Bologna]]]] 
The Regional Government (''Giunta Regionale'') is presided by the President of the Region (''Presidente della Regione''), who is elected for a five-year term. The Regional Government is composed of the President and the Ministers (''Assessori''), of which there are currently twelve including the Vice President and the Under-Secretary for the President's office.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.regione.emilia-romagna.it/giunta|title = Giunta – E-R Il Portale della Regione Emilia-Romagna|publisher = Regione.emilia-romagna.it|access-date = 30 August 2015}}</ref>

Apart from the [[province of Piacenza]], Emilia-Romagna was historically a stronghold of the [[Italian Communist Party]], forming the Italian "Red Quadrilateral"<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Architects' Journal]]|title=Owen Hatherley's Eurovisionaries: Bologna|date=4 September 2015|url=https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/culture/owen-hatherleys-eurovisionaries-bologna/8688460.article}}</ref> or sometimes "[[Red belt (Italy)|Red Belt]]" called with [[Tuscany]], [[Umbria]] and [[Marche]]. This is probably due to the strength of the anti-fascist resistance around the time of World War II as well as a strong tradition of [[anti-clericalism]] dating from the 19th century, when part of the region belonged to the [[Papal States]]. The strength of the anti-fascist resistance is one of the main factors, along with the effectiveness of trade-unionism, that led to the dominance of the PCI in the region.

Emilia-Romagna has since World War II been a left-wing stronghold, nowadays led by the [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]], since its creation in 2007.

== Administrative divisions ==
[[File:CESENA-3497.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Piazza del Popolo, Cesena|Piazza del Popolo]] in [[Cesena]]]]
[[File:View from the Torre degli Asinelli, Bologna 3.jpg|thumb|right|220px|View of [[Bologna]]]]
[[File:Arco d'Augusto, Rimini Italy.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Arch of Augustus in [[Rimini]]]]
Emilia-Romagna is divided into nine provinces. Apart from the creation of the [[Metropolitan City of Bologna]], plans to reduce the number of provinces from nine to four have been dropped.

[[File:Map of region of Emilia-Romagna, Italy, with provinces-it.svg|350px|center]]

{| class="wikitable centered"
|-
! style="background:#ccf;"|Province
! style="background:#ccf;"|Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
! style="background:#ccf;"|Population
! style="background:#ccf;"|Density (inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>)
! style="background:#ccf;"|Region
|-
| [[Metropolitan City of Bologna]]
| 3,702
| 1,011,291
| 262.9
| [[Emilia (region of Italy)|Emilia]] - [[Romagna]]
|-
| [[Province of Ferrara]]
| 2,632
| 357,471
| 135.8
| [[Emilia (region of Italy)|Emilia]]
|-
| [[Province of Forlì-Cesena]]
| 2,377
| 387,200
| 162.9
| [[Romagna]]
|-
| [[Province of Modena]]
| 2,689
| 686,104
| 255.1
| [[Emilia (region of Italy)|Emilia]]
|-
| [[Province of Parma]]
| 3,449
| 431,419
| 125.1
| [[Emilia (region of Italy)|Emilia]]
|-
| [[Province of Piacenza]]
| 2,589
| 284,885
| 110.0
| [[Emilia (region of Italy)|Emilia]]
|-
| [[Province of Ravenna]]
| 1,858
| 383,945
| 206.6
| [[Romagna]]
|-
| [[Province of Reggio Emilia]]
| 2,293
| 517,374
| 225.6
| [[Emilia (region of Italy)|Emilia]]
|-
| [[Province of Rimini]]
| 863
| 325,219
| 377.0
| [[Romagna]]
|}

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
|type =
|footnote = Source: [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]
|1861 |2083000
|1871 |2228000
|1881 |2289000
|1901 |2547000
|1911 |2813000
|1921 |3077000
|1931 |3267000
|1936 |3339000
|1951 |3578018|1961 |3692787|1971 |3866218|1981 |3977104|1991 |3928841|2001 |4003196|2011 |4344755|2021|4425366}}

[[Istat|ISTAT]] estimates the population of Emilia-Romagna was 4,459,577 on 1 January 2019.<ref name="Istat"/> The population density, which was equal to 200 inhabitants per km<sup>2</sup> in 2019, is close to the national average. The population of this region is traditionally evenly distributed, with no dominant metropolis but rather a line of medium-sized cities along the [[Via Emilia]], where two thirds of the population and the majority of the industrial production are concentrated. The coast of [[Romagna]] is also densely populated due to the booming seaside tourism in recent decades. In the peripheral areas of the Apennine Mountains and the agricultural plains around Ferrara and Piacenza, the population is less dense.

===Cities, towns and metropolitan areas===

The region has nine cities with populations exceeding one hundred thousand: Bologna, Parma, Modena, Reggio Emilia, Ravenna, Rimini, Ferrara, Forlì and Piacenza. These cities rank among the 50 most populous in Italy. The regional capital, Bologna, has about 400,000 inhabitants and lies at the heart of a [[Metropolitan City of Bologna|metropolitan area]] of about one million residents.

{{Largest cities
| country = Emilia-Romagna
| stat_ref = Source:<ref name="Istat">{{cite web |url=http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=19101&lang=en |title=Emilia-Romagna (Italy). Resident population on 1st January 2019 by territory|website=dati.istat.it |publisher=Istat |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref>
| list_by_pop =
| div_name =
| div_link = Provinces of Italy{{!}}Province
| city_1 = Bologna
| div_1 = Province of Bologna{{!}}Bologna
| pop_1 = 390,636
| img_1 = Grattacieli_Bologna.jpg
| city_2 = Parma
| div_2 = Province of Parma{{!}}Parma
| pop_2 = 196,518
| img_2 =Duomo_e_Battistero_di_Parma.jpg
| city_3 = Modena
| div_3 = Province of Modena{{!}}Modena
| pop_3 = 186,307
| img_3 = Modena_Palazzo_Comunale_e_Duomo.jpg
| city_4 = Reggio nell'Emilia
| div_4 =  Province of Reggio nell'Emilia{{!}}Reggio nell'Emilia
| pop_4 = 171,997
| img_4 = Reggio_emilia_panorama_e_Ghiara.jpg
| city_5 = Ravenna
| div_5 =  Province of Ravenna{{!}}Ravenna
| pop_5 = 157,663
| img_5 =
| city_6 = Rimini
| div_6 = Province of Rimini{{!}}Rimini
| pop_6 = 150,576
| img_6 =
| city_7 = Ferrara{{!}}Ferrara
| div_7 =Province of Ferrara{{!}}Ferrara
| pop_7 = 132,052
| img_7 =
| city_8 = Forlì{{!}} Forlì
| div_8 = Province of  Forlì{{!}} Forlì
| pop_8 = 117,798
| img_8 =
| city_9 =  Piacenza{{!}}Piacenza
| div_9 =Province of Piacenza{{!}}Piacenza
| pop_9 = 103,942
| img_9 =
| city_10 = Cesena{{!}}Cesena
| div_10 = Province of Forlì{{!}}Forlì
| pop_10 = 97,210
| img_10 =
| city_11 = Carpi, Emilia-Romagna{{!}}Carpi
| div_11 = Province of Modena{{!}}Modena
| pop_11 = 71,836
| img_11 =
| city_12 = Imola{{!}}Imola
| div_12 = Province of Bologna{{!}}Bologna
| pop_12 = 69,798
| img_12 =
| city_13 = Faenza{{!}}Faenza
| div_13 =  Province of Ravenna{{!}}Ravenna
| pop_13 = 58,755
| img_13 =
| city_14 =Sassuolo{{!}}Sassuolo
| div_14 = Province of Modena{{!}}Modena
| pop_14 = 40,918
| img_14 =
| city_15 =  Casalecchio di Reno
| div_15 = Province of Bologna{{!}}Bologna
| pop_15 = 36,512 
| img_15 =
| city_16 = Cento
| div_16 =  Province of Ferrara{{!}}Ferrara
| pop_16 = 35,474
| img_16 =
| city_17 = Riccione
| div_17 =Province of Rimini{{!}}Rimini
| pop_17 = 35,181
| img_17 =
| city_18 = Formigine
| div_18 = Province of Modena{{!}}Modena
| pop_18 = 34,559
| img_18 =
| city_19 =  Castelfranco Emilia
| div_19 = Province of Modena{{!}}Modena
| pop_19 = 33,059
| img_19 =
| city_20 = San Lazzaro di Savena
| div_20 = Province of Bologna{{!}}Bologna
| pop_20 = 32,518
| img_20 =
}}

===Immigration and ethnicity===

{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ The largest resident foreign-born <br>groups on 31 December 2019<ref name="Stranieri">{{cite web |title=Foreign Citizens. Resident Population by sex and citizenship on 31st December 2019 |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2019/query.php?lingua=eng&Rip=S1&Reg=R08&Pro=P000&Com=&paese=A9999&submit=Tavola |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|National Institute of Statistics]] |access-date=19 June 2018 |language=it}}</ref>
|-
! Nationality ||Population
|-
| {{flagu|Romania}}||93,428
|-
| {{flagu|Morocco}} ||60,680
|-
| {{flagu|Albania}} ||57,148
|-
| {{flagu|Ukraine}} ||31,895
|-
| {{flagdeco|PRC}} China ||28,931
|-
| {{flagu|Moldova}} ||26,363
|-
| {{flagu|Pakistan}} ||22,752
|-
| {{flagu|Tunisia}} ||18,319
|-
| {{flagu|India}} ||17,583
|-
|{{flagu|Nigeria}} ||15,632
|}

Between 1876 and 1976, about 1.2 million people emigrated from Emilia-Romagna to other countries. {{As of|2008}}, there were 119,369 people from this region living outside Italy, particularly in [[Argentina]], [[Switzerland]], [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Brazil]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museonazionaleemigrazione.it/regioni.php?id=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722042834/http://www.museonazionaleemigrazione.it/regioni.php?id=6 |url-status=dead|archive-date=22 July 2011 |title=Museo Nazionale Emigrazione Italiana |publisher=Museonazionaleemigrazione.it |access-date=28 November 2013 }}</ref> {{As of|2008}}, the Italian National Institute of Statistics ([[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]) estimated that 365,687 foreign-born immigrants lived in Emilia-Romagna, equal to 8.5% of the total regional population.

===Language===
{{Main|Emilian language|Romagnol language}}
[[File:Emiliano-Romagnolo_area.jpg|thumb|{{legend|#f8c6c9|[[Emilian language]]}}
{{legend|#e59da1|[[Romagnol language]]}}
{{legend|#f7e9e9|Transition between Emilian and [[Lombard language]]}}]]
[[Emilian–Romagnol]] ({{langx|it|emiliano-romagnolo}}) is a [[dialect continuum|linguistic continuum]] that is part of the [[Gallo-Italic languages]] spoken in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Loporcaro|first=Michele|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/318631969|title=Profilo linguistico dei dialetti italiani|date=2009|publisher=Laterza|isbn=978-88-420-8920-9|location=Bari|pages=104–108|oclc=318631969}}</ref> It is divided into two main [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]], [[Emilian dialect|Emilian]] and [[Romagnol]].

As part of the [[Gallo-Italic languages]], Emilian–Romagnol is most closely related to the [[Lombard language|Lombard]], [[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]] and [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]] languages, all of which are spoken in neighboring regions.

Among other Gallo-Italic languages, Emilian–Romagnol is characterized by systematic [[Raising (sound change)|raising]] and [[Vowel breaking|diphthongization]] of Latin [[Stress (linguistics)|stressed]] [[Vowel|vowels]] in [[Syllable|open syllables]], as well as widespread [[Syncope (phonology)|syncope]] of unstressed vowels other than /a/ and use of [[Apophony|vowel gradation]] in the formation of plurals and certain verb tenses.<ref name=":0" />

Apart from standard [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Emilian language|Emilian]] and [[Romagnolo language|Romagnolo]], two closely related languages that are part of the [[Emiliano-Romagnolo]] [[language family]], are the local languages of Emilia-Romagna. They are [[Romance language|Romance]] [[language]]s spoken in the region, in Northern Marche and other nearby areas such as parts of [[Province of Massa Carrara|Massa-Carrara]], [[Province of Mantua|Mantua]], [[Province of Pavia|Pavia]] and [[Province of Rovigo|Rovigo]] provinces and in [[San Marino]]. The [[Sillaro]] river ({{langx|egl|Séllar}} in Emilian), near the town of [[Castel San Pietro Terme]], is the border between Emilia and Romagna. They belong to the [[Northern Italian]] group within Romance languages (like [[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]], [[Lombard language|Lombard]], [[Ligurian language (Romance)|Ligurian]] and [[Venetian language|Venetian]]), which is included in the wider group of western Romance languages (including [[French language|French]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[Catalan language|Catalan]]). They are considered minority languages, structurally separated from Italian by the [[Ethnologue]] and by the ''[[Red Book of Endangered Languages]]'' of [[UNESCO]].

== Economy ==
Emilia-Romagna today is considered one of the richest European regions and the third wealthiest Italian region by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.<ref name="epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080216020135/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2008/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2008_MONTH_02/1-12022008-EN-AP.PDF Regional GDP per inhabitant in the EU27: GDP per inhabitant in 2005 ranged from 24% of the EU27 average in Nord-Est Romania to 303% in Inner London]. European Commission, Eurostat. 12 February 2008.</ref> These results have been achieved by developing a balanced integration of agriculture and manufacturing and of different industries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Damborg |first=Charlotte |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Regional_Development_Agencies_in_Europe/Ucg3DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Emilia-Romagna+balanced+economy+agricultural+manufacturing&pg=PA257&printsec=frontcover |title=Regional Development Agencies in Europe |last2=Danson |first2=Mike |last3=Halkier |first3=Henrik |date=2017-09-29 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-03656-9 |language=en}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
[[File:I-RE-Brescello9.JPG|thumb|Wheat fields in [[province of Reggio Emilia]]]]
In spite of the depth and variety of industrial activities in the region, agriculture has not been eclipsed. Emilia-Romagna is among the leading regions in the country, with farming contributing 5.8% of the gross regional product. The agricultural sector has aimed for increased competitiveness by means of structural reorganisation and high-quality products, and this has led to the success of marketed brands. [[Cereal]]s, [[potato]]es, [[maize]], [[tomato]]es and [[onion]]s are the most important products, along with [[fruit]] and [[grape]]s for the production of [[wine]] (of which the best known are Emilia's [[Lambrusco]], Bologna's {{ill|Pignoletto|it}}, Romagna's [[Sangiovese]] and white [[Albana (grape)|Albana]]). Alongside cereals, which for centuries remained the first local product, the cultivation of fruit trees has developed (especially peaches, but also apricots, plums, apples and pears).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haresnape |first=Robert E. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Canned_Deciduous_Fruit_Industries_in/5ymL4lotgwUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Emilia-Romagna+apricots,+plums,+apples+and+pears&pg=PA17&printsec=frontcover |title=The Canned Deciduous Fruit Industries in Greece and Italy |date=1981 |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service |language=en}}</ref>

[[Cattle breeding|Cattle]] and [[pig]] breeding are also highly developed. Farm [[cooperative]]s have been working along these lines in recent years. With their long tradition in the region there are now about 8,100 cooperatives, generally in the agricultural sector and mainly located in the provinces of [[province of Bologna|Bologna]] (2,160) and [[province of Forlì-Cesena|Forlì-Cesena]] (1,300).<ref name="regportraits1">{{cite web |url=http://circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/regportraits/info/data/en/itd5_eco.htm |title=Eurostat |publisher=Circa.europa.eu |access-date=13 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223230313/http://circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/regportraits/info/data/en/itd5_eco.htm |archive-date=23 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Industry===
[[File:2014-03-04_Geneva_Motor_Show_0832_%28cropped%29.JPG|thumb|right|[[Maserati Alfieri]]]]
[[File:Ferrari 458 Spider.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ferrari 458 Italia#458 Spider|Ferrari 458 Spider]]]]
[[File:Lamborghini_Aventador_SVJ%2C_Paris_Motor_Show_2018%2C_IMG_0656.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lamborghini Aventador]]]]
[[File:Pagani%2C_GIMS_2019%2C_Le_Grand-Saconnex_%28GIMS0023%29.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pagani Huayra]]]]
The regional economy is more geared to export markets than other regions in the country: the main exports are from mechanical engineering (53%), the extraction of non-metallic minerals (13%) and the [[clothing industry]] (10%).<ref name="regportraits1"/> Industry in the region presents a varied and complex picture and is located along the Via Emilia.

The food industry (e.g. [[Barilla Group|Barilla]], [[Parmalat]], [[Granarolo (company)|Granarolo]], [[Massimo Zanetti Beverage Group|Zanetti]], Grandi Salumifici Italiani, Cremonini, Fini, [[Conserve Italia]]) is particularly concentrated in [[Parma]], [[Modena]] and [[Bologna]]. Very important is production of [[Parma ham]], [[Parmesan]] and [[Grana Padano]] cheeses, [[traditional balsamic vinegar|Modena balsamic vinegar]], and [[Mortadella]] sausages. It is not restricted to these famous products, but also include production of sausages, other cheese, dairy products, coffee, sugar, fruit and vegetable conserves and [[Tortellini|stuffed pasta]].

Automotive industry produces sports cars ([[Ferrari]], [[Lamborghini]], [[Maserati]], [[Pagani (automobile)|Pagani]]), trucks ([[Astra Veicoli Industriali|Astra]]), buses ([[BredaMenarinibus#Industria Italiana Autobus|Menarinibus]]) and motorcycles ([[Ducati]], [[Bimota]]).<ref name="BelussiGottardi2003">{{cite book|author1=Fiorenza Belussi|author2=G. Gottardi|author3=Enzo Rullani|title=The Technological Evolution of Industrial Districts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3F49bpBABZsC&pg=PA348|access-date=13 April 2012|date=30 September 2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-7555-1|page=348}}</ref>

Machine building is well-developed and represented with fork-lifts ([[KION Group|OM Still]], FMTH Fantuzzi), [[skid-steer loader]] ([[New Holland Construction|CNH Industrial]]),  tractors ([[ARGO SpA|Argo]], [[Goldoni (company)|Goldoni]], [[Arbos]]), motors ([[VM Motori]], [[Lombardini S.r.l.|Lombardini]]), vehicle gas-fuel equipment ([[Landi Renzo]]), undercarriages ([[Berco S.p.A.|ThyssenKrupp Berco]]), ceramic machine ([[SACMI]]), packaging machine ({{ill|Coesia|it}}, [[SACMI]], [[IMA (company)|IMA]]), pumps ([[Interpump Group|Interpump]]), wood-working machine tools (SCM Group), home appliance ([[Smeg (appliances)|Smeg]], [[Saeco]]), [[Automatic identification and data capture|automatic data capture equipment]] ([[Datalogic]]) etc.

There is a {{ill|chemical industrial park|it|Polo chimico di Ferrara}} in [[Ferrara]], where different companies manufacturing [[polyethylene]], [[polypropylene]], [[synthetic rubber]] and [[Fertilizer#Nitrogen fertilizers|nitrogenous fertilizers]]. Other industrial park is [[Mirandola Biomedical District]]. In [[Parma]] there is pharmaceutical manufacturing from [[Chiesi Farmaceutici]].

Sport and fitness articles is manufacturing by [[Technogym]] in [[Cesena]].

The [[ceramic]] sector is concentrated in [[Faenza]] and [[Sassuolo]].

Footwear industry is well developed and located in 2 industrial districts [[San Mauro Pascoli]] and between [[Fusignano]] and [[Bagnacavallo]].

===Tourism===
[[File:Beach of Rimini (14-07-2012).jpg|thumb|The beach and the coast of [[Rimini]]]]
[[Tourism]] is increasingly important, especially along the Adriatic coastline and the cities of art. The coast is a tourist attraction both in summer, for its rich and organized accommodation (over 5,000 hotels), and in other low-season periods thanks to the numerous youth entertainment venues. In 2022, over 42 million presences and 7 million arrivals were recorded.<ref name=ansa-turismo>{{cite web|url=https://www.ansa.it/emiliaromagna/notizie/2023/03/20/i-numeri-del-turismo-in-emilia-romagna-tornano-al-pre-covid_6a75e58f-2153-4152-af54-8e1c3a8b3fa8.html|title=I numeri del turismo in Emilia-Romagna tornano al pre-Covid|date=20 March 2023|access-date=2 June 2023|language=it}}</ref> The most popular location for seaside tourism is [[Rimini#Economy|Rimini]]. Winter tourism is also good in the ski resorts of the [[Apennines]], including [[Sestola]], [[Monte Cimone]] and Corno alle Scale. Tourism in the cities of art is very flourishing, especially from abroad. Overall, in 2022, over 60 million tourist presences were recorded in the region with almost 14 million arrivals.<ref name=ansa-turismo/>

Emilia-Romagna has many small and picturesque villages, 16 of them have been selected by {{lang|it|[[I Borghi più belli d'Italia]]}} ({{langx|en|The most beautiful Villages of Italy}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://borghipiubelliditalia.it/emilia-romagna/|title=Emilia Romagna|date=10 January 2017 |access-date=31 July 2023|language=it}}</ref> a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/viaggi/2023/01/16/news/borghi_piu_belli_italia_14_nuovi_2023-383794441/|title=Borghi più belli d'Italia. Le 14 novità 2023, dal Trentino alla Calabria|date=16 January 2023 |access-date=28 July 2023|language=it}}</ref> that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://borghipiubelliditalia.it/ |title = I Borghi più belli d'Italia, la guida online ai piccoli centri dell'Italia nascosta|access-date=3 May 2018|language=it}}</ref> These villages are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://borghipiubelliditalia.it/emilia-romagna/|title=Emilia Romagna|date=10 January 2017 |access-date=31 July 2023|language=it}}</ref>
[[File:BAGNO DI ROMAGNA - Scorcio caratteristico 04.JPG|thumb|right|[[Bagno di Romagna]]]]
*[[Bagnara di Romagna]]
*[[Bagno di Romagna]]
*[[Bobbio]]
*[[Brisighella]]
*[[Castell'Arquato]]
*[[Compiano]]
*[[Dozza]]
*[[Fiumalbo]]
*[[Gualtieri]]
*[[Montechiarugolo]]
*[[Montefiore Conca]]
*[[Montegridolfo]]
*[[San Giovanni in Marignano]]
*[[San Leo]]
*[[Verucchio]]
*[[Vernasca|Vigoleno]]

=== Unemployment rate ===
The unemployment rate stood at '''5.1%''' in 2022 and was lower than the national average of 8.1%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lavoro: Istat, nel 2022 tasso disoccupazione giù all'8,1% |date=15 March 2023 |url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/economia/2023/03/15/lavoro-istat-nel-2022-tasso-disoccupazione-giu-all81_c06f3615-52ae-4aae-82e8-cc8c8f406a4f.html |publisher=Ansa |language=it}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!2006
!2007
!2008
!2009
!2010
!2011
!2012
!2013
!2014
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
|-
|'''unemployment rate'''<br/>(in %)
|3.4% 
|2.8% 
|3.2% 
|4.6%
|5.6%
|5.2% 
|7.0% 
|8.4% 
|8.3%
|7.7% 
|6.9% 
|6.5%
|5.9%
|5.5%
|5.7%
|5.6%<ref>{{cite web |title=Mercato del lavoro nel secondo trimestre 2020 |url=https://statistica.regione.emilia-romagna.it/notizie/2020/occupazione-emilia-romagna-secondo-trimestre-2020 |website=statistica.regione.emilia-romagna.it |access-date=14 September 2020 |language=it}}</ref>
|5.1%<ref>{{cite web |title=Tasso di disoccupazione per regione |url=http://dati.istat.it/index.aspx?queryid=20744 |publisher=Istat |language=it}}</ref>
|}

==Transport==
[[File:Autostrada del sole sesso reggio emilia.jpg|thumb|right|[[Autostrada A1 (Italy)|Autostrada A1]] at [[Reggio Emilia]]]]
The transport infrastructure system of Emilia-Romagna consists of railways, airports, motorways, roads, maritime and river lines. The region of Emilia-Romagna has a very good system of transport, with {{convert|574|km|abbr=on}} of motorways, {{convert|1,053|km|abbr=on|}} of railways and airports in [[Bologna]], [[Forlì]], [[Parma]] and [[Rimini]]. The main motorway crosses the region from north-west ([[Piacenza]]) to the south-east (Adriatic coast), connecting the main cities of [[Parma]], [[Reggio Emilia]], [[Modena]], [[Bologna]], and from here further to [[Ravenna]], [[Rimini]] and the Adriatic coast.<ref name="regportraits1"/> The region is the most important commercial strategic point of the country: [[Bologna]] is a railway hub of primary importance in the North and its freight station is the largest in Italy in terms of traffic volume. Some of the main motorways of the country converge in Emilia ([[Autostrada A1 (Italy)|Autostrada A1]], [[Autostrada A13 (Italy)|Autostrada A13]], [[Autostrada A14 (Italy)|Autostrada A14]], [[Autostrada A15 (Italy)|Autostrada A15]], [[Autostrada A21 (Italy)|Autostrada A21]] e [[Autostrada A22 (Italy)|Autostrada A22]]). The [[port of Ravenna]] is the largest in the region, and with 26,256,248 tons of freight traffic in 2019,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.travel365.it/porti-piu-grandi-italia.htm|title=I 15 Porti Italiani più grandi - Classifica Aggiornata|access-date=16 March 2024|language=it}}</ref> it is the sixth port in Italy in terms of goods flow and the second in the Adriatic Sea after the [[port of Trieste]].

==Culture==
{{see also|List of museums in Emilia-Romagna}}

===Cinema===
[[File:Federico Fellini NYWTS 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Federico Fellini]]]]

Emilia-Romagna has given birth to a number of important filmmakers and actors and was the main setting for numerous important movies. [[Bernardo Bertolucci]] was a native from Parma and his 1976 masterpiece, ''[[1900 (film)|1900]]'', was partially set in Emilia-Romagna. [[Federico Fellini]], a native of Rimini, shot many movies in the region, among them ''[[Amarcord]]''. [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]], a native from Bologna, in addition to being a film director, was a poet, writer, and intellectual, who also distinguished himself as an actor, journalist, novelist, playwright, and political figure. [[Michelangelo Antonioni]], a native of Ferrara, shot his 1964 movie ''[[Red Desert (film)|Red Desert]]'' in Ravenna. [[Florestano Vancini]], also from Ferrara, shot there his 1960 film ''[[Long Night in 1943]]''. [[Pupi Avati]], a native of Bologna, shot numerous movies in the region, including the 1976 horror-thriller ''[[The House with Laughing Windows]]''. [[Marco Bellocchio]], a native of Bobbio, near Piacenza, directed many award-winning movies, such as his 2009 biopic ''[[Vincere]]''. Liliana Cavani, a native of Carpi, near Modena, became internationally known after the success of her 1974 feature film ''[[The Night Porter]]''. In addition, actor and filmmaker Vittorio De Sica shot in Ferrara his 1970 movie ''[[The Garden of the Finzi-Continis (film)|The Garden of the Finzi-Continis]]''. Other actors from Emilia-Romagna include [[Gino Cervi]], who played [[Peppone]] in the ''[[Don Camillo]]'' 1950s–1960s movie series; [[Rossano Brazzi]], who acted in numerous English-language films, including the 1954 drama film ''[[The Barefoot Contessa]]''; and the 1980s comedy duo [[Gigi e Andrea]].

===Cuisine and gastronomy===
{{main|Emilian cuisine}}
[[File:Piadina.jpg|thumb|{{lang|it|[[Piadina]]}}]]
[[File:Tagliatelle al ragù (image modified).jpg|thumb|Tagliatelle with [[Bolognese sauce|ragù]]]]
Emilia-Romagna is considered one of the richest regions of Italy with regard to its gastronomic and wine-making tradition. The region is known for its egg and filled pasta made with soft wheat flour. [[Bologna]] is notable for pasta dishes like ''[[tortellini]]'', ''[[lasagne verdi|lasagne]]'', ''[[gramigna (pasta)|gramigna]]'' and ''[[tagliatelle]]'' made by ''[[sfoglini]]'' out of ''[[sfoglia]]''. These are found also in many other parts of the region in different declinations.  The [[Romagna]] subregion is known as well for pasta dishes like ''[[garganelli]]'', ''[[strozzapreti]]'', ''[[sfoglia lorda]]'' and ''[[tortelli alla lastra]]''. In the [[Emilia (region of Italy)|Emilia]] subregion, except [[Piacenza]] which is heavily influenced by the cuisines of [[Lombardy|Lombardia]] where rice is more common, rice is eaten to a lesser extent. ''[[Polenta]]'', a maize-based dish, is common both in Emilia and Romagna. The celebrated [[balsamic vinegar]] is made only in the Emilian cities of [[Modena]] and [[Reggio Emilia]], following legally binding traditional procedures.<ref>Piras, 187.</ref> [[Parmigiano Reggiano]] (Parmesan Cheese) is produced in Reggio Emilia, Parma, Modena and Bologna and is much used in cooking, while [[Grana Padano]] variety is produced in the rest of the region.

[[File:Parmigiano Reggiano, Italien, Europäische Union.jpg|thumb|[[Parmesan]] cheese]]

Although the Adriatic coast is a major fishing area which produces eels and clams, the region produces more meat products, especially pork-based, including Parma's ''[[prosciutto]]'', ''[[culatello]]'' and ''[[Salame Felino]]'', Piacenza's ''[[pancetta]]'', ''[[capicola|coppa]]'' and salami, Bologna's ''[[mortadella]]'' and ''[[salame rosa]]'', Modena's ''[[zampone]]'', ''[[cotechino]]'' and ''[[cappello del prete]]''  and [[Ferrara]]'s ''[[salama da sugo]]''. [[Reggio Emilia]] is the origin of the fresh egg-made pasta ''[[Cappelletti (pasta)|cappelletti]]'' (similar to Bologna's tortellini but differing in size), the typical  ''Erbazzone Reggiano'' (Emilian spinach cheese pie) and ''[[Parmigiano Reggiano]]'' salted cake, and ''[[Gnocco Fritto]]'', mixed flour stripes fried in boiling oil, eaten in combination with ham or salami. ''[[Crescentina modenese|Crescentina]]'' is a thin round bread that originates in the Apennines around Modena and is usually filled with ''cunza'' (a spread made from pork lard and flavoured with garlic and rosemary) or with cold cuts, cheese and salty dressings or sweet spreads. Piacenza and Ferrara are also known for some dishes prepared with horse and donkey meat. Regional desserts include ''[[zuppa inglese]]'' (custard-based dessert made with sponge cake and [[Alchermes]] liqueur) and ''[[panpepato]]'' (Christmas cake made with pepper, chocolate, spices, and almonds). An exhaustive list of the most important regional wines should include [[Sangiovese]] from Romagna, [[Lambrusco]] from [[Reggio Emilia]] or [[Modena]], [[Cagnina di Romagna]], [[Gutturnio]] and [[Trebbiano]] from [[Piacenza]].

=== Music ===
[[File:Giuseppe Verdi by Giovanni Boldini.jpg|thumb|[[Giuseppe Verdi]], one of the most popular and acclaimed opera composers]]
Emilia-Romagna gave birth to one of the most important composers in the history of music, [[Giuseppe Verdi]], as well as [[Arturo Toscanini]], one of the most acclaimed conductors of the 20th century, and the operatic tenor [[Luciano Pavarotti]].

The region is well known in Italy for its [[rock and roll|rock]] and [[folk music|folk]] musicians, such as [[Laura Pausini]], [[Raffaella Carrà]], [[Samuele Bersani]], [[Luciano Ligabue]], [[Lucio Dalla]], [[Francesco Guccini]], [[Vasco Rossi]] and [[Zucchero]]. "[[Romagna mia]]", a song written in 1954 by [[Secondo Casadei]], is considered by many as the unofficial anthem of [[Romagna]].

== Sport ==

=== Motorsports ===
[[File:Michael Schumacher 2006 USA 2.jpg|thumb|A [[Ferrari 248 F1]] by [[Scuderia Ferrari]], the oldest surviving team in [[Grand Prix motor racing|Grand Prix]] racing,<ref name="targaflorio">{{Cite web|title=Enzo Ferrari|url=https://www.targaflorio.info/enzoferrari.htm|access-date=4 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> having competed since 1948, and statistically the [[List of Formula One Grand Prix winners (constructors)|most successful Formula One team in history]]]]
[[Ferrari]]'s motorsports division [[Scuderia Ferrari]] is also run out of [[Maranello]] in the [[Province of Modena]], the teams' colours being red. Ferrari's Formula One team has won 15 [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|Drivers' titles]] and 16 [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Constructors' titles]]. The team has also won multiple [[Le Mans 24 Hours]] in sports car racing. The most successful Ferrari driver is German racer [[Michael Schumacher]], who won five consecutive Formula One titles between {{f1|2000}} and {{f1|2004}} with Ferrari, being the first Formula One driver to achieve that milestone. Among other legendary Ferrari drivers include pre-Formula One era [[Tazio Nuvolari]], and in the Formula One era [[Alberto Ascari]], [[Juan Manuel Fangio]], [[John Surtees]], [[Niki Lauda]] and [[Kimi Räikkönen]] include among drivers to have won the title in a Ferrari car. Another Formula 1 team is based here, [[RB Formula One Team]] in Faenza, the heir of [[Minardi]] and [[Scuderia Toro Rosso]].
[[File:MotoGP - Sachsenring 2018 (42154519290).jpg|thumb|[[Ducati Desmosedici]] by [[Ducati Corse]], one of the most successful motorcycle racing team in history]]
[[Ducati Corse]] is the motorsports division of [[Ducati]]'s motorcycle company, being the predominant Italian constructor in [[MotoGP]] and the [[Superbike World Championship]]. Ducati has won two MotoGP titles, with Australian [[Casey Stoner]] in [[2007 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2007]] and with Italian [[Francesco Bagnaia|Pecco Bagnaia]] in [[2022 MotoGP World Championship|2022]]. Stoner is also the most successful rider for the team in MotoGP, having won 23 Grands Prix in his four seasons. Ducati have had multiple World Champions [[Valentino Rossi]] and [[Jorge Lorenzo]] race for the team. In 2017, Emilia-Romagna native [[Andrea Dovizioso]] finished second in the MotoGP championship for Ducati. The team has frequently had at least one Italian rider in its factory team since its entry into the premier class in 2003 at the beginning of the four-stroke engine era. Its first Grand Prix winner was Emilia-Romagna native [[Loris Capirossi]] in the team's inaugural season. Ducati have also won multiple Superbike titles with riders such as [[Carl Fogarty]], [[Troy Bayliss]], and [[Álvaro Bautista|Alvaro Bautista]] being among title winners.

Aside from Dovizioso and Capirossi, high-profile racers such as [[Marco Melandri]] and [[Marco Simoncelli]] have also come out of Emilia-Romagna. Simoncelli died in an accident when he was run over on track in the [[2011 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|2011 Malaysian Grand Prix]] at the age of 24, and was honoured by having the [[Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli|Misano World Circuit]] named after him.

Emilia-Romagna have two major international race circuits; [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari]] in [[Imola]] and the aforementioned [[Misano World Circuit|circuit]] in [[Misano Adriatico]]. Imola used to host Formula One between 1980 and 2006, under the banner of [[San Marino Grand Prix]] on all but one occasion; as well as hosting two non-championship races in [[1963 Imola Grand Prix|1963]] and [[1979 Dino Ferrari Grand Prix|1979]]. The track was the site for the [[Death of Ayrton Senna|fatal crash]] of three-time world champion [[Ayrton Senna]] on [[1994 San Marino Grand Prix|1 May 1994]], along with a fatal crash the day before of Austrian [[Roland Ratzenberger]]. The track was rebuilt after the tragedies and returned to the calendar in a new guise already the following year. Imola was a happy hunting ground for Emilia-Romagna team Scuderia Ferrari during the era on the re-built track, with Michael Schumacher winning the race five times in front of the home crowd. In [[2020 Formula One World Championship|2020]], Imola returned to the calendar due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and hosted the [[2020 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix|Emilia Romagna Grand Prix]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Morlidge|first=Matt|date=25 August 2020|title=Nurburgring, Portugal and Imola races added to F1 2020 calendar|url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12035235/nurburgring-portugal-and-imola-races-added-to-f1-2020-calendar|access-date=28 August 2020|website=Sky Sports|language=en}}</ref>

=== Football ===
[[File:Stadio Dall'Ara 01-02-2020.jpg|thumb|[[Stadio Renato Dall'Ara]] in [[Bologna]]]]
Several clubs from Emilia-Romagna compete at a high level on the national stage. [[Bologna F.C. 1909|Bologna]] and [[Parma F.C.|Parma]] compete in the top-flight of [[Football in Italy|Italian football]] – in [[Serie A]]. The region's two biggest clubs are the only two to win major honours: [[Bologna F.C. 1909|Bologna]], which has won seven [[scudetto|scudetti]] and two [[Coppa Italia]] trophies, and [[Parma F.C.|Parma]], winners of four European trophies (two [[UEFA Europa League|Europa League]]s, one [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|Cup Winners' Cup]] and one [[UEFA Super Cup|Super Cup]]) and three Coppe Italia.

The [[Derby dell'Emilia]] features Bologna and Parma, whereas the [[Derby dell'Enza]] features Parma and [[A.C. Reggiana 1919|Reggiana]].

The region has hosted 42 [[Italy national football team]] home matches. With 11 professional clubs in 2022/2023 season, the region is only bettered in terms of number of professional clubs by [[Lombardy]]. It also has 747 amateur clubs, 1,522 football pitches and 75,328 registered players.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vivoazzurro.it/files/vivoazzurro.it/Report%20Calcio%202014%20_Low%20Res.pdf |title=FIGC |access-date=18 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419020611/http://vivoazzurro.it/files/vivoazzurro.it/Report%20Calcio%202014%20_Low%20Res.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2014 }}</ref>

Included in the table below are all sides in the top three tiers of Italian football ([[Serie A]], [[Serie B]] and [[Serie C]]), as well as any sides that have won major honours.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left"
! Club
! Town
! Current division
! [[Serie A]] seasons
! Major trophies
|-
|[[Bologna F.C. 1909|Bologna]]||[[Bologna]]||Serie A||78||9
|-
|[[AC Carpi|Carpi]]||[[Carpi, Emilia-Romagna|Carpi]]||Serie C||1||0
|-
|[[Cesena F.C.|Cesena]]||[[Cesena]]||Serie B||13||0
|-
|[[Modena F.C. 2018|Modena]]||[[Modena]]||Serie B||13||0
|-
|[[Parma Calcio 1913|Parma]]||[[Parma]]||Serie A||28||8
|-
|[[A.C. Reggiana 1919|Reggiana]]||[[Reggio Emilia]]||Serie B||3||0
|-
|[[Rimini F.C. 1912|Rimini]]||[[Rimini]]||Serie C||0||0
|-
|[[U.S. Sassuolo Calcio|Sassuolo]]||[[Sassuolo]]||Serie B||11||0
|-
|[[S.P.A.L. 2013|S.P.A.L.]]||[[Ferrara]]||Serie C||19||0
|}

=== Other sports ===
[[File:Segafredo Arena EuroCup 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Virtus Segafredo Arena]]]]
Another popular sport in this region is [[basketball]]. Two teams from Emilia-Romagna currently compete in the [[Lega Basket Serie A]]: [[Virtus Bologna]], which with 16 ''scudetti'', 2 [[Euroleague]] championships and 8 [[Coppa Italia|Coppe Italia]] is one of the most important teams in Europe, and [[Pallacanestro Reggiana|Reggiana]] from Reggio Emilia. [[Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna|Fortitudo Bologna]], which has also won two ''scudetti'', Cento, [[Pallacanestro Forlì 2.015|Forlì]] and [[Unione Cestistica Casalpusterlengo|U.C.C. Piacenza]] compete in [[Serie_A2_(basketball)|Serie A2]], the second tier of the Italian basketball league pyramid.

The region has a very strong tradition in [[volleyball]] as well, with three clubs that are among the oldest, most winning and prestigious teams in Italy and Europe: [[Pallavolo Parma|Parma]], [[Pallavolo Modena|Modena]] and [[Porto Ravenna Volley|Porto Ravenna]]. These three clubs have won a combined 9 [[CEV Champions League]]s, 4 won by Modena, 3 by Ravenna and 2 by Parma.

[[Panthers Parma]] are one of four [[American football]] teams that have participated in every edition of the [[Italian Football League]].

[[Zebre]] compete professionally in the [[United Rugby Championship]], the combined [[Ireland|Irish]], [[Italy|Italian]], [[Scotland|Scottish]], [[South Africa]]n and [[Wales|Welsh]] [[rugby union]] league. The club's home ground, the [[Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi]], is located in [[Parma]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zebrerugby.eu |title=Zebre rugby: Tutte le notizie sulla storica squadra di Parma |access-date=25 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023172538/http://www.zebrerugby.eu/ |archive-date=23 October 2016 }}</ref> Included in the table below are all sides in the top two tiers of Italian rugby.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left"
! Club
! Town
! Current division
|-
|[[Zebre Parma|Zebre]]||[[Parma]]||[[United Rugby Championship|URC]]
|-
|[[Rugby Colorno|Colorno]]||[[Colorno]]||[[Top10 (rugby union)|Top10]]
|-
|[[Rugby Lyons Piacenza|Lyons]]||[[Piacenza]]||[[Top10 (rugby union)|Top10]]
|-
|[[Valorugby Emilia]]||[[Reggio Emilia]]||[[Top10 (rugby union)|Top10]]
|-
|Noceto||[[Noceto]]||[[Serie A (rugby union)|Serie A]]
|-
|[[Crociati Parma Rugby FC|Parma]]||[[Parma]]||[[Serie A (rugby union)|Serie A]]

|}

== See also ==
* [[Emilian-Romagnol language]]
* [[List of European regions by GDP]]
* [[Emilia-Romagna luthiers]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Alfani, Guido. "The famine of the 1590s in Northern Italy. An analysis of the greatest "system shock" of sixteenth century." ''Histoire & mesure'' 26.XXVI-1 (2011): 17-50 [https://journals.openedition.org/histoiremesure/4119 online].
* Bayer, Andrea. ''North of the Apennines: sixteenth-century Italian painting in Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna'' (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2003).
* Bianchi, Patrizio, and Maria Grazia Giordani. "Innovation policy at the local and national levels: The case of Emilia‐Romagna." ''European Planning Studies'' 1.1 (1993): 25–41.
* Cooke, Philip. "Building a twenty‐first century regional economy in Emilia‐Romagna." ''European Planning Studies'' 4.1 (1996): 53–62.
* Passarelli, Gianluca, and Dario Tuorto. "The Lega Nord goes south: The electoral advance in Emilia-Romagna: A new territorial model?." ''Political Geography'' 31.7 (2012): 419-428 [http://www.academia.edu/download/39211009/506329_Political_geography.pdf online]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.
* Rossi, Leonardo, Britta Holtschoppen, and Christoph Butenweg. "Official data on the economic consequences of the 2012 Emilia-Romagna earthquake: a first analysis of database SFINGE." ''Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering'' 17.9 (2019): 4855–4884.

===Guide books===
* Facaros, Dana, and Michael Pauls. ''Northern Italy: Emilia-Romagna: including Bologna, Ferrara, Modena, Parma, Ravenna and the Republic of San Marino'' (2018) – [https://www.amazon.com/Northern-Italy-Emilia-Romagna-including-Republic/dp/178477085X/ excerpt]
* Macadam, Alta. ''Blue Guide Emilia Romagna'' (2017) – [https://www.amazon.com/Blue-Guide-Emilia-Romagna-Macadam/dp/1905131801/ excerpt]

== External links ==
{{commons category|Emilia-Romagna}}
{{wikivoyage|Emilia-Romagna}}
*[http://www.regione.emilia-romagna.it/en/ Emilia-Romagna Region Official website]

{{Emilia-Romagna}}
{{regions of Italy}}
{{Italy topics}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Emilia-Romagna| ]]
[[Category:Regions of Italy]]
[[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union]]
[[Category:Wine regions of Italy]]