Editing Elizabeth Peabody

{{Short description|American educator}}
{{use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Elizabeth Peabody
| image              = Elizabeth Palmer Peabody portrait1.png
| image_size         = 200px
| caption            = 
| birth_date         = {{birth-date|May 16, 1804}}
| birth_place        = [[Billerica, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{death-date|January 3, 1894}} (aged 89)
| death_place        = [[Jamaica Plain]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.
| burial_place       = [[Sleepy Hollow Cemetery]]
| education          = Tutored in Greek by [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]
| occupation         = Teacher, schoolmistress, writer, editor, and publisher
| spouse             = 
| parents            = {{unbulleted list | [[Nathaniel Peabody (Boston)|Nathaniel Peabody]] 
| Elizabeth "Eliza" Palmer }}
| relatives          = {{unbulleted list 
| [[Sophia Hawthorne|Sophia Peabody Hawthorne]] (sister) 
| [[Mary Tyler Peabody Mann]] (sister) }}
| children           = 
}}
'''Elizabeth Palmer Peabody''' (May 16, 1804{{snd}}January 3, 1894) was an American educator who opened the first English-language [[kindergarten]] in the United States. Long before most educators, Peabody embraced the premise that children's play has intrinsic developmental and educational value.

With a grounding in history and literature and a reading knowledge of ten languages, in 1840, she also opened a bookstore that held Margaret Fuller's "Conversations". She published books from [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] and others in addition to the periodicals ''The Dial'' and ''Æsthetic Papers''.  She was an advocate of [[abolitionism|antislavery]] and of [[Transcendentalism]]. 

Peabody also led efforts for the rights of the [[Northern Paiute|Paiute]] Indians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Landrigan |first=Leslie |date=2014-01-04 |title=Elizabeth Peabody, Always a Bridesmaid… |url=https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/elizabeth-peabody-always-a-bridesmaid/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=New England Historical Society |language=en-US}}</ref> She was the first translator into English of the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] scripture the ''[[Lotus Sutra]]'', translating a chapter from its French translation in 1844. It was the first English version of any Buddhist scripture.<ref name=ford>{{cite book| last =Ford| first =James Ishmael| title =Zen Master Who?| publisher =[[Wisdom Publications]]| year =2006| page =[https://archive.org/details/zenmasterwhoguid00jame/page/60 60]| url =https://archive.org/details/zenmasterwhoguid00jame/page/60| isbn =0-86171-509-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lopez Jr.|first1=Donald S.|title=The Life of the Lotus Sutra|journal=Tricycle Maqgazine|date=2016|issue=Winter}}</ref> 

==Personal life==
===Early years===
Peabody was born in [[Billerica, Massachusetts]], on May 16, 1804. She was the eldest daughter of [[Nathaniel Peabody (Boston)|Nathaniel Peabody]], a physician, and Elizabeth ({{nee|Palmer}}) Peabody,<ref name="SPL sisters">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-21 |title=The Peabody Sisters |url=https://salempl.org/the-peabody-sisters/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Salem Public Library (Massachusetts) |language=en-US}}</ref> the granddaughter of [[Joseph Palmer (American Revolutionary War general)|Joseph Palmer]], a general during the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref name="BET obit">{{Cite news |date=1887-02-12 |title=Recent Deaths: Mrs. Horace Mann |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/boston-evening-transcript-obituary-for/144339358/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=Boston Evening Transcript |page=8}}</ref> The Peabodys were a two-income family. Elizabeth advocated for preschool child education and taught school. Nathaniel was an apothecary, doctor, and dentist.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=41}} Her sisters were [[Mary Tyler Peabody Mann|Mary]], reformer, educator, and pioneer in establishing kindergarten schools and [[Sophia Peabody Hawthorne|Sophia]], painter and the wife of [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]].<ref name="SPL sisters" /> Peabody had three brothers, Nathaniel, George Francis, and Wellington Peabody.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=41}} George and Wellington died in the twenties. Nathaniel relied on Peabody for his living expenses.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=41}}

The Peabody family lived in [[Salem, Massachusetts]], and worshiped at the Second Church (later [[Unitarianism|Unitarian Church]]) there. The children received a thorough education at home.<ref name="SPL sisters" /> Elizabeth Peabody operated a school from the family home, providing a classical education for boys and girls.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=41}} Nathaniel tutored the Peabody children.<ref name="Ritchie">{{Cite web |last=Ritchie |first=Susan |date=September 16, 2001 |title=The Peabody Sisters |url=https://www.uudb.org/the-peabody-sisters/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography |language=en-US}}</ref> Peabody developed an interest in philosophy, theology, literature, and history over the years and she spoke ten languages.<ref name="SPL sisters" /> 

In 1820, the Peabodys moved to a farm in [[Lancaster, Massachusetts]], and Peabody taught and ran the school beginning at age 16, based on what she learned from her mother's [[wikt:tutelage|tutelage]]. Peabody taught from an enlightened perspective, helping her students build character, grow spiritually, and engage in discussions about school work.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=42}} In 1822, the Peabodys left the farm life of Lancaster for the social city life of Salem, where Nathaniel worked as a dentist.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=42}}

===The Peabody sisters===
[[File:Mary_Tyler_Peabody_Mann (cropped).png|thumb|200px|[[Mary Tyler Peabody Mann]]]]
[[File:Sophia Peabody Hawthorne 2.png|thumb|200px|[[Sophia Peabody Hawthorne]]]]
The Peabody sisters, intelligent and capable on their own, were stronger together. Sophia was an artist. Peabody and Mary were educators who played significant roles in the creation of [[Kindergarten#Creation of the kindergarten|kindergarten programs]] and improvements to traditional education.<ref name="SPL sisters" /> In 1825, Peabody and Mary lived in a boarding house on [[Beacon Hill, Boston|Beacon Hill]],{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=44}} where they met a fellow boarder [[Horace Mann]] in 1832<ref name="SPL sisters" /> or 1833.{{sfn|Roberts|1945|p=164}} Rebecca Clarke, the mother of [[James Freeman Clarke]], operated the boarding house, Ashburton Place.{{sfn|Roberts|1945|p=164}} Living there at the time were [[George Stillman Hillard]], [[Edward Kennard Rand]], and [[Jared Sparks]].{{sfn|Roberts|1945|pp=164–165}} The sisters were [[Unitarianism|Unitarians]] who embraced the [[Transcendentalism|Transcendentalism movement]] and supported fellow Transcendentalists [[Henry David Thoreau]], [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], who married Sophia.<ref name="SPL sisters" /><ref name="Ritchie" />

Mann, a widow, came to Boston to recuperate from losing his wife.{{sfn|Roberts|1945|pp=164–165}} Peabody and Mary frequently talked with him about their lives and viewpoints. Sometimes, they read to one another. The young women helped Mann manage what Josephine E. Roberts called his "hopeless sorrow".{{sfn|Roberts|1945|pp=165–166}} Peabody shared an interest in education with Horace Mann. Although working in the fields of politics and the law, Mann had developed his educational theories.<ref name="SPL sisters" /> 

In 1833, Mary went to Cuba, where she worked as a governess and looked after her sister Sophia, who went to the country to recuperate from some medical conditions. Mary and Sophia lived there until 1835 when they returned to Salem, where Mary taught until 1840.<ref name="SPL sisters" /> During that time, Mary and Mann stayed in contact via letters. Mann visited and wrote to Peabody periodically to learn what she knew of Mary. Mary questioned Peabody about the affection and "brotherly tenderness" she shared with Mann during his visits.{{sfn|Roberts|1945|pp=168–175, 177–178}} After Mary returned from Cuba, Mann visited and wrote Mary regularly in Salem in friendship and confidence, to the exclusion of her sister.{{sfn|Roberts|1945|pp=178–179}}

===Transcendentalism===
Peabody developed a network of intellectual friends and transcendentalists, including [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], [[Henry David Thoreau]], [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], [[William Ellery Channing]], [[Bronson Alcott]], and [[Jones Very]], who in 1837 founded the [[Transcendentalist Club]]. They sought to question traditional religious and societal thinking, and develop their political, philosophical, and literary views of the world. They advanced the belief in the inherent goodness of people.<ref name="SPL sisters" />

===Personal life after 1852 and death===
After Peabody shut down the West Street Bookshop in 1852, she moved in with her parents in [[West Newton, Massachusetts]], and cared for them. Peabody moved in with her sister Mary in Concord in 1859.<ref name="SPL sisters" />

[[Image:ElizabethPalmerPeabodyGrave.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Peabody's grave]] 
Peabody died on January 3, 1894, aged 89. She is buried at [[Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord|Sleepy Hollow Cemetery]] in [[Concord, Massachusetts]].<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may16.html Library of Congress ''Today in History: May 16'']</ref>

===Legacy===
[https://teph.org The Elizabeth Peabody House] in [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville, MA]] continues to educate children, after evolving from an early 20th century settlement house and moving out of the West End of Boston.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Museum |first=The West End |date=2021-11-24 |title=The Elizabeth Peabody House – The West End Museum |url=https://thewestendmuseum.org/history/era/immigrant-neighborhood/the-elizabeth-peabody-house/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
===Educator===
Peabody operated a private school for girls in Boston from 1822 to 1823.<ref name="SPL sisters" /> She was a governess to the children of Benjamin Vaughn in [[Hallowell, Maine]], and taught other children in Maine.<ref name="SPL sisters" /> In 1825, Peabody set up a school in Boston, and Mary helped run it.<ref name="SPL sisters" /> Peabody and Mary developed an "active interest" in the work of [[Samuel Gridley Howe]] and his school, [[Perkins School for the Blind]], after they visited the school with Mann, who sat on the board of trustees.{{sfn|Roberts|1945|pp=175–176}}

After 1822, Peabody resided principally in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] where she engaged in teaching.<ref name="appletons">{{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer|year=1900}}</ref> She also became a writer and a prominent figure in the [[Transcendentalism|Transcendental movement]].{{sfn|Roberts|1945|p=177}} Peabody and her sister Mary operated a school in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], from 1825 to 1832, when there was a scandal about finances.<ref name="SPL sisters" /> Peabody opened a school for women to empower women. She held reading parties, gave lectures, and conducted discussions on a variety of subjects.<ref name="SPL sisters" />

[[File:1834 TempleSchool BAlcott EPeabody PendeltonsLith Boston.png|thumb|Bronson Alcott's Temple School opened in 1834 in the Masonic Temple, Tremont Street, Boston. Engraving by Pendelton's Lithography]]
During 1834 and 1835, Peabody worked as an assistant teacher to [[Amos Bronson Alcott]] at his experimental [[Temple School, Boston (1830s)|Temple School]] in [[Boston]].{{sfn|Roberts|1945|p=177}} After the school closed, Peabody published ''Record of a School'', outlining the plan of the school and Alcott's philosophy of early childhood education, which had drawn on German models.

==={{anchor|Kindergarden}}Kindergarten===
[[File:15 PinckneySt Boston 2010 b3.jpg|thumb|Site of Elizabeth and Mary Peabody's Kindergarten, Pinckney Street, Boston, Massachusetts]]
In 1859{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=39}} or 1860, Peabody opened the first English language kindergarten in the country on Beacon Hill in Boston with her sister Mary. They influenced the creation of public kindergarten schools.<ref name="SPL sisters" />{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=39}} The school taught reading, writing, arithmetic, gymnastics, singing, and French. They encouraged moral and positive social engagement among the children.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=51}} The sisters wrote the ''Moral Culture of Infancy and Kindergarten Guide'' in 1863 to provide information about how to set up and operate a kindergarten.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|p=51}}

When Peabody opened her kindergarten in 1860, the practice of providing formal schooling for children younger than six was largely confined to Germany.{{cn|date=March 2024}} She had a particular interest in the educational methods of [[Friedrich Fröbel]],<ref name="SPL sisters" /> particularly after meeting one of his students, [[Margarethe Schurz]], in 1859.  In 1867, Peabody visited Germany to study Fröbel's teachings more closely.<ref name="eb1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer|volume=21|page=4}}</ref> Through her kindergarten and as editor of the ''Kindergarten Messenger'' (1873–1877), Peabody helped establish kindergarten as an accepted institution in American education.<ref name="SPL sisters" /> In 1877, she organized the American Froebel Union.<ref name="SPL sisters" /> She also wrote numerous books in support of the cause. The extent of her influence is apparent in a statement submitted to [[United States Congress|Congress]] on February 12, 1897, in support of free kindergartens:

{{block quote|The advantage to the community in utilizing the age from 4 to 6 in training the hand and eye; in developing the habits of cleanliness, politeness, self-control, urbanity, industry; in training the mind to understand numbers and geometric forms, to invent combinations of figures and shapes, and to represent them with the pencil—these and other valuable lessons… will, I think, ultimately prevail in securing to us the establishment of this beneficent institution in all the city school systems of our country.<ref>{{cite book|title=Report of the Commissioner of Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNtEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA922|year=1898|pages=922–}}</ref>}}

===Bookstore owner===
In 1840, Peabody established the West Street Bookshop near [[Beacon Hill, Boston|Beacon Hill]] and [[Boston Common]] in Boston and had a home above the bookstore where her sisters and parents lived with her. Sophia and Mary lived there until they were married.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|pp=48, 53}} Peabody purchased foreign journals and books for her business, which was part bookstore, a lending library, and a place for scholars, liberal thinkers, and transcendentalists to meet.{{sfn|Seavey|2004|pp=48–49}}{{efn|The 1840 ''Catalogue of the Foreign Library'' offered several hundred titles in German, French, Spanish, Italian and English languages, including:<ref>Catalogue of the Foreign Library, no.13 West Street. Boston: printed by S.N. Dickinson, 1840</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Abigail Adams|Mrs. John Adams]]' ''Letters''
* Andryane's ''Memoires d'un Prisonnier de'Etate au Spielberg''<ref>WorldCat. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcidentities/lccn-nb98-22800 Alexandre Andryane]</ref>
* ''[[Bentley's Miscellany]]''
* [[Richard Henry Bonnycastle|Bonnycastle]]'s ''Spanish America''
* ''Boston Quarterly Review''<ref>WorldCat. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5837908 Boston Quarterly Review]</ref>
* Buche's ''Ruins of Cities''
* [[William Ellery Channing|Channing]]'s ''Slavery''
* [[Thomas Crofton Croker|Crocker]]'s ''Fairy Legends''
* [[André Marie Constant Duméril|Dumeril]]'s ''Elemens des sciences Naturelles''
* [[Eliza Ware Farrar|Mrs. Farrar's]] ''Howard's Life''<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Farrar, Mrs. Eliza Ware [Rotch]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNdOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA352|encyclopedia=Herringshaw's encyclopedia of American biography of the nineteenth century|page=352|year=1901|publisher=American Publishers' Association}}</ref>
* ''[[Fraser's Magazine]]''
* [[Giovanni Battista Guarini|Guarini]]'s ''Pastor Fido''
* Haydn et Mozart lettres
* [[Johann Gottfried Herder|Herder]]'s ''Hebrew Poetry''
* Junger's ''Lustspiele''<ref>WorldCat. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcidentities/lccn-no2002-32610 J. F Jünger]</ref>
* [[Luigi Lanzi|Lanzi]]'s ''Storia Pittorica''
* [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing|Lessing]]'s ''Nathan der Weise''
* ''[[The Metropolitan Magazine|Metropolitan Magazine]]''
* [[Mary Russell Mitford|Miss Mitford]]'s ''Our Village''
* ''Musical Journal''
* [[Isaac Taylor]]'s ''Natural History of Enthusiasm''
* [[Sara Coleridge]]'s ''Phantasmion''
* [[Thomas Pringle|Pringle]]'s ''Residence in South Africa''
* ''[[Revue des deux Mondes]]''
* [[George Sand]]'s ''André''
* [[Albertine Necker de Saussure|Madame Necker de Saussure]]'s ''Notice sur le caractère et les écrits de Mme de Staël''
* [[Henry Cockton|Cockton]]'s ''Valentine Vox'', illus. by Cruikshank
* ''Vie de Poussin''<ref>WorldCat. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcidentities/lccn-n50-77532 Maria Callcott]</ref>
{{div col end}}}}

It was there that [[Margaret Fuller]] held "Conversations" for women beginning on November 6, 1839.<ref name=Slater43>Slater, Abby. ''In Search of Margaret Fuller''. New York: Delacorte Press, 1978: 43. {{ISBN|0-440-03944-4}}</ref> Topics for these discussions and debates included fine arts, history, mythology, literature, and nature.<ref>Gura, Philip F. ''American Transcendentalism: A History''. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 134. {{ISBN|0-8090-3477-8}}</ref> Fuller served as the "nucleus of conversation" and hoped to answer the "great questions" facing women: "What were we born to do? How shall we do it? which so few ever propose to themselves 'till their best years are gone by",<ref>Marshall, Megan. ''The Peabody Sisters: Three Women Who Ignited American Romanticism''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005: 387. {{ISBN|978-0-618-71169-7}}</ref> Many figures in the woman's rights movement took part, including [[Sophia Ripley|Sophia Dana Ripley]], [[Caroline Sturgis Tappan|Caroline Sturgis]],<ref>Marshall, Megan. ''The Peabody Sisters: Three Women Who Ignited American Romanticism''. Boston: Mariner Books, 2005: 386–387. {{ISBN|978-0-618-71169-7}}</ref> and [[Maria White Lowell]].<ref name=Slater43/>

Peabody lived above the bookstore until 1852,<ref name="Closing down" /><ref>"Foreign books & circulating library, 13 West" Street; cf. Boston Directory. 1848, 1851, 1852</ref>{{efn|The Salem Public Library states that she closed the store in 1850.<ref name="SPL sisters" /> On March 27, 1850, Peabody stated that she had let her old stock sell out, and had now restocked the store with new goods.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1850-03-27 |title=Miss Elizabeth Peabody |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/boston-evening-transcript-miss-elizabeth/144391547/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=Boston Evening Transcript |page=3}}</ref> She sold good out of the store in May 1851.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1851-05-24 |title=Ready, at No 13 West street - Elizabeth Peabody |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/boston-evening-transcript-ready-at-no-1/144391959/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=Boston Evening Transcript |page=3}}</ref> A notice from March 1852 stated that the business was closing down.<ref name="Closing down">{{Cite news |date=1852-03-22 |title=Notice - Peabody Library closing down |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/boston-evening-transcript-notice-peabo/144457731/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |work=Boston Evening Transcript |page=3}}</ref> [[Sampson R. Urbino]] bought Peabody's book stock in the mid-1850s.<ref>Publishers Weekly, April 4, 1896</ref>}} when the bookstore and library closed down. Members of the Transcendentalist movement had begun to disperse since the mid-1840s, and income from the bookstore gradually declined. In 2011, the [[Boston Landmarks Commission]] designated the building a [[Boston Landmark]].

===''The Dial''===
[[Image:ElizabethPeabody portrait2.png|thumb|Elizabeth Peabody]]
For a time, Peabody was the business manager of ''[[The Dial]]'', the main publication of the Transcendentalists. In 1843, she noted that the journal's income was not covering the cost of printing and that subscriptions totaled just over two hundred. In 1844 the magazine published Peabody's translation of a chapter of the ''[[Lotus Sutra]]'' from French, which was the first English version of a Buddhist scripture.<ref name=ford>{{cite book| last =Ford| first =James Ishmael| title =Zen Master Who?| publisher =[[Wisdom Publications]]| year =2006| page =[https://archive.org/details/zenmasterwhoguid00jame/page/60 60]| url =https://archive.org/details/zenmasterwhoguid00jame/page/60| isbn =0-86171-509-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lopez Jr.|first1=Donald S.|title=The Life of the Lotus Sutra|journal=Tricycle Maqgazine|date=2016|issue=Winter}}</ref> The publication ceased shortly thereafter in April 1844.<ref>Gura, Philip F. ''American Transcendentalism: A History''. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 130. {{ISBN|978-0-8090-3477-2}}</ref>

===Author and publisher===
Peabody published [[Abolitionism in the United States|antislavery]] literature and books, like ''[[Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)|Civil Disobedience]]'' by Henry David Thoreau and children's stories written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. She was one of the country's first female publisher.<ref name="SPL sisters" /> In the 1860s and 1870s, Peabody wrote about social and educational reform, producing 50 articles and 10 books.<ref name="SPL sisters" />

==Selected works==
Peabody published and authored a number of works, including this selection:
* {{cite book |first1=Elizabeth |last1=Peabody|url=https://archive.org/details/recordaschoolex00peagoog |title =Record of a school: exemplifying the general principles of spiritual culture |location=Boston |publisher=J. Munroe and Company | year= 1835}} About Bronson Alcott's Temple School, Boston.
* {{ cite book | first1=Elizabeth Palmer |last1=Peabody |first2=Józef |last2=Bem |title=The Polish-American System of Chronology|location=Boston |publisher=George Palmer Putnam|year= 1850 |oclc=197976248 }}
* {{cite book |editor1=Peabody, E. P. (Elizabeth Palmer) | publisher=G. B. Putnam| url=https://archive.org/details/crimesofhouseofa00peab |title=Crimes of the House of Austria| location= New York | year= 1852 }}
* {{cite book |first1=Mary Tyler Palmer| last1=Mann |first2=Elizabeth Palmer |last2=Peabody | title= Moral Culture of Infancy |location=New York |publisher=Putnam | year=1864}}
* {{cite book |first1=Elizabeth |last1=Peabody|title=Educational Tracts: Kindergarten Culture|year=1870 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Publisher not identified|oclc=191312802}}
* {{cite magazine |first1=Elizabeth Palmer |last1=Peabody |author2=United States Bureau of Education| title=Kindergarten in Italy |magazine=U. S. Bureau of Education Circular| year=1872 |oclc=900889743}}
* {{cite book |first1=Elizabeth Palmer |last1=Peabody |title=Reminiscences of Rev. Wm Ellery Channing, D.D.|year=1880 |oclc=1087346697}} About [[William Ellery Channing]]
* {{citation |first1=Elizabeth Palmer |last1=Peabody |title=Letters to Kindergarteners|year= 1886 }}
* {{cite magazine |first1=Elizabeth Palmer |last1=Peabody |title=Last Evening with Allston, and other Papers|magazine=
Emerson's magazine |year=1887|oclc=}} About [[Washington Allston]]. Also published in Putnam's monthly.
* {{cite book |first1=Elizabeth Palmer |last1=Peabody |title=Lectures in the Training Schools for Kindergartners|publisher=Forgotten Books|year=2018|orig-year=1888|isbn=978-1-5279-5468-7|oclc=
1381177637}}

==See also==
* [[Susan Blow]]
* [[Maria Kraus-Boelté]]
* [[Elizabeth Pabodie]]
* [[Boston Women's Heritage Trail]]
* [[Margaret Fuller]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Josephine E. |date=1945 |title=Horace Mann and the Peabody Sisters |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/361283 |journal=The New England Quarterly |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=164–180 |doi=10.2307/361283 |jstor=361283 |issn=0028-4866}}
* {{cite book|first1=Lura Rogers |last1=Seavey |title=More Than Petticoats: Remarkable Massachusetts Women |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/morethanpetticoa0000roge/page/39/mode/1up?q=Mann|chapter=Elizabeth Palmer Peabody| publisher=Twodot |year= 2004 |isbn=978-0-7627-2599-1 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Tharp |first=Louise Hall |author-link1=Louise Hall Tharp |url=http://archive.org/details/untilvictoryhora0000unse |title=Until victory : Horace Mann and Mary Peabody |date=1953 |publisher=Little, Brown |location=Boston }}

==External links==
{{Wikisource-author|Elizabeth Palmer Peabody}}
{{Commons category|Elizabeth Palmer Peabody}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=37825| name=Elizabeth Palmer Peabody}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Elizabeth Palmer Peabody}}
* {{Librivox author |id=14297}}
*[https://archive.org/details/aestheticpapers00peabrich Peabody, Elizabeth, Ed. ''Æsethic Papers''. The Editor, Boston, 1849], at the [[Internet Archive]].
*[https://www.walden.org/work/elizabeth-peabody-and-her-aesthetic-papers/ Elizabeth Peabody and Her Aesthetic Papers] excerpted from The Periodicals Of American Transcendentalism by Clarence L. F. Gohdes (Duke University Press, 1931) pp.&nbsp;142–156, courtesy of the [[Walden Woods Project]].
* Mabel Flick Altstetter, “[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1488243 Some Prophets of the American Kindergarten],” ''Peabody Journal of Education'', Vol. 13, No. 5 (March 1936), pp.&nbsp;221–225.
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110208023221/http://salemwomenshistory.com/ Salem Women's Heritage Trail]}}
*[http://www.bwht.org Boston Women's Heritage Trail]
*City of Boston, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141009104222/http://www.cityofboston.gov/landmarks/publications/ Boston Landmarks Commission][https://web.archive.org/web/20130420063810/http://www.cityofboston.gov/Images_Documents/13-15_West_Street_Study_Report_tcm3-31148.pdf 13-15 West Street Study Report]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peabody, Elizabeth}}
[[Category:Members of the Transcendental Club]]
[[Category:American educators]]
[[Category:American education writers]]
[[Category:Early childhood education in the United States]]
[[Category:Writers from Boston]]
[[Category:1804 births]]
[[Category:1894 deaths]]
[[Category:19th century in Boston]]
[[Category:People from Billerica, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Bookstores in Boston]]
[[Category:Commercial circulating libraries]]
[[Category:American abolitionists]]
[[Category:19th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:19th-century American writers]]
[[Category:American women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery (Concord, Massachusetts)]]
[[Category:American women founders]]
[[Category:History of women in Massachusetts]]