Editing Edward the Black Prince

{{Short description|Heir of Edward III of England (1330–1376)}}
{{Redirect|The Black Prince}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title        = [[Prince of Wales]] and [[Prince of Aquitaine|Aquitaine]]<br/>[[Duke of Cornwall]]
| image        = TombaPrincepNegre (cropped).JPG
| caption      = Effigy of Prince Edward in [[Canterbury Cathedral]]
| birth_date   = 15 June 1330
| birth_place  = [[Woodstock Palace]], Oxfordshire, England
| death_date   = 8 June 1376 (aged 45)
| death_place  = [[Westminster Palace]], London, England
| burial_date  = 29 September 1376
| burial_place = [[Canterbury Cathedral]], Kent
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Joan of Kent]]|10 October 1361}}
| issue        = {{Unbulleted list |[[Edward of Angoulême]] |[[Richard II of England]] |[[Roger Clarendon]] (ill.)}}
| issue-link   = #Family
| issue-pipe   = more...
| house        = [[Plantagenet]]
| father       = [[Edward III of England]]
| mother       = [[Philippa of Hainault]]
}}
'''Edward of Woodstock''' (15 June 1330 – 8 June 1376),{{sfn|Barber|2008}} known as '''the Black Prince''',{{efn|''Edward of Woodstock'' after the place of his birth, ({{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=90}} cites le Baker ''Chronicle'') was [[Duke of Cornwall]] (from 1337), the [[Prince of Wales]] (from 1343) and the [[Prince of Aquitaine]] (1362–1372). Sometimes called '''Edward IV''' ({{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=90}} cites Walsingham ''Eulogium''). For details of the origins of the sobriquet "Black Prince" see the section "[[#Appellation "Black Prince"|Appellation 'Black Prince']]".}} was the eldest son and [[heir apparent]] of King [[Edward III of England]]. He died before his father and so his son, [[Richard II of England|Richard II]], [[succession to the British throne|succeeded to the throne]] instead. Edward nevertheless earned distinction as one of the most successful English commanders during the [[Hundred Years' War]], being regarded by his English contemporaries as a model of [[chivalry]] and one of the greatest [[knights]] of his age.{{sfn|Wagner|2006|p=116}} Edward was made [[Duke of Cornwall]], the first English dukedom, in 1337. He was guardian of the kingdom in his father's absence in 1338, 1340, and 1342. He was created [[Prince of Wales]] in 1343 and knighted by his father at [[Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue|La Hougue]] in 1346.

In 1346, Prince Edward commanded the vanguard at the [[Battle of Crécy]], his father intentionally leaving him to win the battle. He took part in Edward III's [[Battle of Calais|1349 Calais expedition]]. In 1355, he was appointed the [[Lieutenant of the Duchy of Aquitaine|king's lieutenant in Gascony]] and ordered to lead an army into [[Aquitaine]] on [[Black Prince's chevauchée of 1355|a chevauchée]], during which he pillaged [[Avignonet]] and [[Castelnaudary]], sacked [[Carcassonne]], and plundered [[Narbonne]]. In 1356, on [[Black Prince's chevauchée of 1356|another chevauchée]], he ravaged [[Auvergne]], [[Limousin]], and [[Berry, France|Berry]] but failed to take [[Bourges]]. He offered terms of peace to King [[John II of France]], who had outflanked him near [[Poitiers]], but Edward refused to surrender himself. This led to the [[Battle of Poitiers]], where his army routed the French and took King John prisoner.

In 1360, he negotiated the [[Treaty of Brétigny]]. He was created [[Prince of Aquitaine]] and [[Gascony]] in 1362, but his [[suzerainty]] was not recognised by the [[Arnaud Amanieu d'Albret|lord of Albret]] or other Gascon nobles. He was directed by his father to forbid the marauding raids of the English and Gascon [[Free company|free companies]] in 1364. He entered into an agreement with Kings [[Peter of Castile]] and [[Charles II of Navarre]], by which Peter [[Covenant (law)|covenanted]] to mortgage [[Castro Urdiales]] and the [[Biscay|province of Biscay]] to him as security for a loan; in 1366 a passage was secured through [[Kingdom of Navarre#Navarre in the Late Middle Ages|Navarre]]. In 1367, he received a letter of defiance from [[Henry II of Castile|Henry of Trastámara]], Peter's half-brother and rival. The same year, after an obstinate conflict, he defeated Henry at the [[Battle of Nájera]]. However, after a wait of several months during which he failed to obtain either the province of Biscay or liquidation of the debt from Don Pedro, he returned to Aquitaine. Edward persuaded the [[Estates of the realm|estates]] of Aquitaine to allow him a [[hearth tax]] of ten [[Solidus (coin)#France|sous]] for five years in 1368, thereby alienating the lord of Albret and other nobles.

Prince Edward returned to England in 1371 and resigned the principality of Aquitaine and Gascony in 1372. He led the Commons in their attack upon the Lancastrian administration in 1376. He died in 1376 of [[dysentery]]{{efn|name="dysentery"}} and was buried in [[Canterbury Cathedral]], where his [[surcoat]], helmet, shield, and gauntlets are still preserved.

==Early life (1330–1343)==
Edward—the eldest son of [[Edward III of England]], [[Lordship of Ireland|Lord of Ireland]] and ruler of [[Gascony]], and [[Philippa of Hainault|Queen Philippa]]—was born at [[Woodstock Palace|Woodstock]], [[Oxfordshire]], on 15 June 1330. On 10 September Edward III allowed five hundred [[Mark (currency)#England and Scotland|mark]]s per year from the profits of the [[Cheshire|county of Chester]] for his son's maintenance; on 25 February 1331, the whole of these profits were assigned to the queen for maintaining Edward and the [[Eleanor of Woodstock|king's sister Eleanor]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=90}} cites ''Fœdera'', ii. pp. 798, 811.</ref> In July 1331 the king proposed to marry Edward to a daughter of [[Philip VI of France]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=90}} cites ''Fœdera'', ii. p. 822.</ref>

Edward III had been in conflict with the French over English lands in France and also the kingship of France; Edward III's mother and the Prince's grandmother, Queen [[Isabella of France]] was a daughter of King [[Philip IV of France]], thus placing her son in line for the throne of France. Relations between England and France quickly deteriorated when Philip threatened to confiscate his lands in France, beginning the [[Hundred Years' War]]. 

On 18 March 1333, Edward was invested with the [[Earl of Chester|earldom and county of Chester]], and in the parliament of 9 February 1337 he was created [[duke of Cornwall]] and received the [[duchy]] by charter dated 17 March. This is the earliest instance of the creation of a [[duke]] in England. By the terms of the charter the duchy was to be held by Edward and the eldest sons of kings of England.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=90}} cites Courthope, p. 9.</ref> His tutor was Dr. [[Walter Burley]] of [[Merton College, Oxford]]. His revenues were placed at the disposal of his mother in March 1334 for the expenses she incurred in bringing up him and his two sisters, Isabella and Joan.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=90}} cites ''Fœdera'', ii. p. 880.</ref> Rumours of an impending French invasion led the king in August 1335 to order that he and his household should remove to [[Nottingham Castle]] as a place of safety.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=90}} cites ''Fœdera'', ii. p. 919.</ref>

When two [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinals]] came to England at the end of 1337 to make peace between Edward III and Philip VI, Edward reportedly met the cardinals outside the [[City of London]] and, in company with many nobles, conducted them to Edward III.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|pp=90–91}} cites Holinshed.</ref> On 11 July 1338 his father, who was on the point of leaving England for [[Flanders]], appointed him guardian of the kingdom during his absence, and he was appointed to the same office on 27 May 1340 and 6 October 1342;<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=91}} cites ''Fœdera'', ii. pp. 1049, 1125, 1212.</ref> he was, of course, too young to take any save a nominal part in the administration, which was carried on by the council. To attach [[John III, Duke of Brabant]], to his cause, the king in 1339 proposed a marriage between Edward and John's daughter Margaret, and in the spring of 1345 wrote urgently to [[Pope Clement VI]] for a dispensation for the marriage.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=91}} cites ''Fœdera'', ii. p. 1083, iii. pp. 32, 35.</ref>

On 12 May 1343, Edward III created Edward [[Prince of Wales]] in a parliament held at Westminster, investing Edward with a circlet, gold ring, and silver rod. Edward accompanied his father to [[Sluis|Sluys]] on 3 July 1345, and the king tried to persuade the [[burgomaster]]s of [[Ghent]], [[Bruges]] and [[Ypres]] to accept his son as their lord, but the murder of [[Jacob van Artevelde]] put an end to this project. Both in September 1345 and in April 1346, Edward was called on to furnish troops from his principality and earldom for the impending campaign in France, and as he incurred heavy debts in the king's service, his father authorised him to make his will and provided that, in case he fell in the war, his executors should have all his revenue for a year.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=91}} cites ''Fœdera'', iii. p. 84.</ref>

== Early campaigns (1346–53) ==

===Battle of Crécy===
[[File:The Black Prince of Crecy.jpg|thumb|''The Black Prince at Crécy'' by [[Julian Russell Story]], 1888, shows the prince contemplating his slain opponent, [[John of Bohemia|King John of Bohemia]].<br/> [[Telfair Museums]], [[Savannah, Georgia]]]]
Edward, Prince of Wales, sailed with King Edward III on 11 July 1346, and as soon as he landed at [[Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue|La Hougue]] he received [[Knight Bachelor|knighthood]] from his father in the local church of [[Quettehou]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=91}} cites ''Fœdera'', iii. p. 90; letter of Edward III to Archbishop of York, ''Retrospective Review,'' i. 119; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000020573638&seq=169 ''Rot. Parl.'' ii. 163]; Chandos, l. 145.</ref> Then he "made a right good beginning", for he rode through the [[Cotentin Peninsula|Cotentin]], burning and ravaging as he went. Edward distinguished himself at the [[Battle of Caen (1346)|taking of Caen]] and in the [[Battle of Blanchetaque]] with the force under Sir [[Godemar I du Fay]], which endeavoured to prevent the English army from crossing the [[Somme (river)|Somme]].<ref name="Hunt 1889 91, Crecy">{{harvnb |Hunt|1889|p=91}} cites Baron Seymour de Constant, ''Bataille de Crécy'', ed, 1846; Louandre, ''Histoire d'Abbeville; Archæologia'', xxviii. 171.</ref>

Early on 26 August 1346, before the start of the [[Battle of Crécy]], Edward [[Eucharist|received the sacrament]] with his father at [[Crécy-en-Ponthieu|Crécy]], and took the command of the right, or van, of the army with the earls of [[Thomas Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick|Warwick]] and [[John de Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford|Oxford]], Sir [[Geoffroy d'Harcourt]], Sir [[John Chandos]], and other leaders, and at the head of 800 men-at-arms, 2,000 archers, and 1,000 Welsh foot soliders, though the numbers are by no means trustworthy. When the Genoese bowmen were discomfited and the front line of the French was in some disorder, Edward apparently left his position to attack their second line. At this moment, however, the [[Charles II, Count of Alençon|Count of Alençon]] charged his division with such fury that Edward was in great danger, and the leaders who commanded with him sent a messenger to tell Edward III that he was in great straits and to beg for assistance.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=91}} When Edward III learned that his son was not wounded, he responded that he would send no help, for he wished to give Edward the opportunity to "win his [[spur]]s" (he was in fact already a knight), and to allow him and those who had charge of him the honour of the victory. Edward was thrown to the ground and was rescued by Sir [[Richard Fitz-Simon]], his [[standard-bearer]], who threw down the banner, stood over his body, and beat back his assailants while he regained his feet.{{sfn|Barber|1978|p=67}} Harcourt sent to [[Richard Fitzalan, 3rd Earl of Arundel|Earl of Arundel]] for help, and he forced back the French, who had probably by this time advanced to the rising ground of the English position.<ref name="Hunt 1889 91, Crecy" />

A [[Flanking maneuver|flank attack]] on the side of [[Wadicourt]] was next made by the Counts of [[Count of Alençon|Alençon]] and [[Count of Ponthieu|Ponthieu]], but the English were strongly entrenched there, and the French were unable to penetrate the defences and lost the [[Duke of Lorraine]] and the Counts of [[Count of Alençon|Alençon]] and [[Count of Blois|Blois]].<ref name="Hunt 1889 91, Crecy" /> The two front lines of their army were utterly broken before King Philip's division engaged. Then Edward III appears to have advanced at the head of the reserve, and the rout soon became complete. When Edward III met his son after the battle was over, he embraced him and declared that he had acquitted himself loyally, and Edward bowed low and did reverence to his father. The next day he joined the king in paying funeral honours to King [[John of Bohemia]].<ref name="Hunt 1889 91, Crecy" />{{efn|name="ostrich feathers"|As regards the story that the prince took the '''crest of three ostrich feathers''' and the motto "''Ich dien''" from the King John of Bohemia, who was slain in the battle of Crécy, it may be noted, first, as to the '''ostrich feathers''', that in the manuscript of [[John Arderne|John of Arderne's]] ''Medica'', written by William Seton,<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=92}} cites ''Sloane MS.'' 56, f. 74, 14th cent.</ref> is an ostrich feather used as a mark of reference to a previous page, on which the same device occurs, "''ubi depingitur penna principis Walliæ''", with the remark: "''Et nota quod talem pennam albam portabat Edwardus, primogenitus E. regis Angliæ, super cristam suam, et illam pennam conquisivit de Rege Boemiæ, quem interfecit apud Cresy in francia''",<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=92}} notes: see also John of Arderne's ''Miscellanea medica et chirurgica'',' in ''Sloane MS.'' 335, f. 68, 14th cent.; but not, as asserted in ''Notes and Queries'', 2nd ser. xi. 293, in Arderne's 'Practice,' ''Sloane MS.'' 76, f. 61, written in English 15th cent.</ref> Although the reference and remark in Sloane MS. 56 may be by Seton and not by Arderne, the prince's physician, it is evident that probably before the prince's death the ostrich feather was recognised as his peculiar badge, assumed after the battle of Crécy. While the crest of John of Bohemia was the entire wings of a vulture "''besprinkled with linden leaves of gold''"<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=92}} cites a poem in Baron Reiffenburg's ''Barante'', ''Ducs de Bourgogne''; Olivier de Vrée, ''Généalogie des Comtes de Flandre'', pp. 65–67.</ref> the ostrich seems to have been the badge of his house; it was borne by Queen [[Anne of Bohemia]], as well as by her brother [[Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia]], and is on her effigy on her tomb.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=92}} cites ''Archæologia'', xxix, 32–59.</ref> The feather badge occurs as two feathers on four seals of the prince ,<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=92}} cites ''Archæologia'', xxxi. 361.</ref> and as three feathers on the alternate escutcheons placed on his tomb in accordance with the directions of his will The prince in his will says that the feathers were "for peace",{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=92}} ie for jousts and tournaments, and calls them his badge, not his crest. Although the ostrich feather was his special badge, it was placed on some plate belonging to his mother, was used in the form of one or more feathers by various members of the royal house, and (by grant of Richard II), by [[Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=92}} cites ''Archæologia'', xxxi. 354–379.</ref> The story of the prince's winning the feathers was printed, probably for the first time, by Camden in his ''Remaines'' In his first edition (1605) he states that it was "at the battle of Poictiers",<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=92}} cites Camden p. 161.</ref> but corrects this in his next edition (1614),<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=92}} cites Camden 1614, p. 214.</ref> Secondly, as to the motto, it appears that the prince used two mottoes, "''Houmout''" and "''Ich dien''", which are both appended as signature to a letter under his privy seal.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=92}} cites ''Archæologia'', xxxi. 381.</ref> In his will he directed that "Houmout" should be written on each of the escutcheons round his tomb. But it actually occurs only over the escutcheons bearing his arms, while over the alternate escutcheons with his badge, and also on the escroll upon the quill of each feather, are the words ''ich diene'' {{sic}}. "Houmout" is interpreted as meaning high mood or courage.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=92}} cites ''Archæologia'', xxxii. 69.</ref> No early tradition connects "''Ich dien''" with John of Bohemia. Like "Houmout", it is probably old Flemish or Low German. Camden in his 'Remaines' (in the passage cited above) says that it is old English, "''Ic die''", that is "I serve", and that the prince "adjoyned" the motto to the feathers, and he connects it, no doubt rightly, with the prince's position as heir, referring to Ep. to ''Galatians'', iv. 1.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=92}}<!--end efn-->}}

[[File:Edward the Black Prince 1430.jpg|thumb|Edward as a [[Knight of the Garter]], 1453, illustration from the ''[[Bruges Garter Book]]'', [[British Library]]]]
Edward was present at the [[siege of Calais (1346–1347)]], and after the surrender of the town [[wikt:harry|harried]] and burned the country for {{convert|30|mi|km}} around, and he brought much booty back with him.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=92}}cites Knighton, c. 2595.</ref> He returned to England with his father on 12 October 1347, took part in the [[Jousting|jousts]] and other festivities of the court, and was invested by the king with the new [[Order of the Garter]] in 1348.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|pp=92–93}}

===Siege of Calais and Battle of Winchelsea===
Prince Edward shared in the king's [[Siege of Calais (1348)|expedition to Calais]] in the last days of 1349, came to the rescue of his father, and when the combat was over and the king and his prisoners sat down to feast, he and the other English knights served the king and his guests at the first course and then sat down for the second course at another table.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=93}} cites [[Froissart]], iv. p. 82.</ref> When the king embarked at [[Winchelsea]] on 28 August 1350 to intercept the fleet of [[La Cerda]], the Prince sailed with him, though in another ship, and in company with his brother, the young [[John of Gaunt]], [[Earl of Richmond]]. During the [[Battle of Winchelsea]] his ship was grappled by a large Spanish ship and was so full of leaks that it was likely to sink, and though he and his knights attacked the enemy manfully, they were unable to take her. [[Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster|Henry of Grosmont, Earl of Lancaster]], came to his rescue and attacked the Spaniard on the other side; she was soon taken, her crew were thrown into the sea, and as the Prince and his men got on board her their own ship foundered.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|pp=93}} cites [[Froissart]], iv. p. 95; Nicolas, ''Royal Navy'', ii. 112.</ref>

===Cheshire expedition===
In 1353 some disturbances seem to have broken out in [[Cheshire]], for the Prince as [[Earl of Chester]] marched with Henry of Grosmont, now [[Duke of Lancaster]], to the neighbourhood of [[Chester]] to protect the justices, who were holding an assize there. The men of the earldom offered to pay him a heavy fine to bring the assize to an end, but when they thought they had arranged matters the justices opened an inquisition of [[trailbaston]], took a large sum of money from them, and seized many houses and much land into the prince's, their earl's, hands. On his return from Chester the prince is said to have passed by the [[Abbey of Dieulacres]] in Staffordshire, to have seen a fine church which his great-grandfather, [[Edward I of England|Edward I]], had built there, and to have granted five hundred marks, a tenth of the sum he had taken from his earldom, towards its completion; the abbey was almost certainly not Dieulacres but [[Vale Royal Abbey|Vale Royal]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=93}} cites Knighton, c. 2606; ''Monasticon'', v. 626, 704; {{harvnb|Barnes|1688|p=468}}.</ref>

==Further campaigns (1355–64)==
{{Further information|Black Prince's chevauchée of 1355|Black Prince's chevauchée of 1356}}

===Aquitaine===
When Edward III determined to renew the war with France in 1355, he ordered Edward to lead an army into [[Aquitaine]] while he, as his plan was, acted with the king of Navarre in Normandy, and the Duke of Lancaster upheld the cause of [[John of Montfort]] in Brittany. Edward's expedition was made in accordance with the request of some of the Gascon lords who were anxious for plunder. On 10 July the king appointed him his lieutenant in Gascony and gave him powers to act in his stead and to receive homages.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=93}} cites ''Fœdera'', iii. 302, 312.</ref> Edward left London for Plymouth on 30 June, was detained there by contrary winds, and set sail on 8 September with about 300 ships, in company with four earls (Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, [[William de Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk|William Ufford, Earl of Suffolk]], [[William de Montagu, 2nd Earl of Salisbury|William Montagu, Earl of Salisbury]], and John Vere, Earl of Oxford) and in command of 1,000 men-at-arms, 2,000 archers, and a large body of Welsh foot soldiers.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=93}} cites Avesbury, p. 201.</ref> At [[Bordeaux]] the Gascon lords received him with much rejoicing. It was decided to make a short campaign before the winter, and on 10 October he set out with 1,500 lances, 2,000 archers, and 3,000 light foot. Whatever scheme of operations the king may have formed during the summer, this expedition of Edward was purely a piece of marauding. After grievously harrying the counties of Juliac, [[Armagnac (province)|Armagnac]], [[Astarac]], and part of [[Comminges]], he crossed the [[Garonne]] at Sainte-Marie a little above [[Toulouse]], which was occupied by [[John I, Count of Armagnac]], and a considerable force. The count refused to allow the garrison to make a sally, and Edward passed on into the [[Lauragais]]. His troops stormed and burnt [[Montgiscard]], where many men, women, and children were ill-treated and slain,<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=93}} cites Froissart, iv. 163, 373</ref> and took and pillaged [[Avignonet]] and [[Castelnaudary]]. The country was "very rich and fertile" according to Edward,{{Sfn|Taylor|2018}} and the people "good, simple, and ignorant of war", so the prince took great spoil, especially of carpets, draperies, and jewels, for "the robbers" spared nothing, and the Gascons who marched with him were especially greedy.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=93}} cites Jehan le Bel, ii. 188; Froissart, iv. 165).</ref>  The only castle to resist the English forces was [[Montgey]].  Its [[châtelain]]e defended its walls by pouring beehives onto the attackers, who fled in panic.{{Sfn|Taylor|2018}}

[[Carcassonne]] was taken and sacked, but Edward did not take the citadel which was strongly situated and fortified. [[Ourmes]] (or Homps, near [[Narbonne]]) and [[Trèbes]] bought off his army. He plundered [[Narbonne]] and thought of attacking the citadel, for he heard that there was much booty there, but he gave up the idea on finding that it was well defended. While there a messenger came to him from the papal court, urging him to allow negotiations for peace. He replied that he could do nothing without knowing his father's will.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=93}} cites Avesbury, p. 215.</ref> From Narbonne he turned to march back to Bordeaux. The Count of Armagnac tried to intercept him, but a small body of French having been defeated in a skirmish near Toulouse the rest of the army retreated into the city, and the prince returned in peace to Bordeaux, bringing back with him enormous spoils. The expedition lasted eight weeks, during which the prince only rested eleven days in all the places he visited, and without performing any feat of arms did the French king much mischief.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=93}} cites a letter of Sir John Wingfield, in Avesbury, p. 222.</ref> During the next month, before 21 January 1356, the leaders under his command reduced five towns and seventeen castles.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=94}} cites another letter of Sir J. Wingfield, in Avesbury, p. 224).</ref>

====Battle of Poitiers====
{{Main|Battle of Poitiers}}
[[File:Poitiers 1356.jpg|thumb|[[Battle of Poitiers]], from the ''[[Grandes Chroniques de France]]'']]
On 6 July 1356 Edward set out on another expedition, undertaken with the intention of passing through France to Normandy and there giving aid to his father's Norman allies, the party headed by the king of Navarre and Geoffrey d'Harcourt. In Normandy he expected to be met by his father.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=94}} cites a letter of the prince dated 20 October, ''Archæologia,'' i. 212; Froissart, iv. 196.</ref> He crossed the [[Dordogne]] at [[Bergerac, Dordogne|Bergerac]] on 4 August<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=94}} states for itinerary of this expedition see ''Eulogium'', iii. 215 sq.</ref> and rode through [[Auvergne]], Limousin, and Berry, plundering and burning as he went until he came to [[Bourges]], where he burnt the suburbs but failed to take the city. He then turned westward and made an unsuccessful attack on [[Issoudun]] on 25–27 August. Meanwhile, King John II was gathering a large force at [[Chartres]], from which he was able to defend the passages of the [[Loire]] and was sending troops to the fortresses that seemed in danger of attack. From Issoudun Edward returned to his former line of march and took [[Vierzon]]. There he learnt that it would be impossible for him to cross the Loire or to form a junction with Lancaster, who was then in Brittany. Accordingly he determined to return to Bordeaux by way of Poitiers, and after putting to death most of the garrison of the castle of Vierzon he set out on 29 August towards [[Romorantin-Lanthenay|Romorantin]].{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=94}}

Some French knights who skirmished with the English advanced guard retreated into Romorantin, and when Prince Edward heard of this he said: "Let us go there; I should like to see them a little nearer".{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=94}} He inspected the fortress in person and sent his friend Chandos to summon the garrison to surrender. The place was defended by Boucicault and other leaders, and on their refusing his summons he assaulted it on 31 August. The siege lasted three days, and the prince, who was enraged at the death of one of his friends, declared that he would not leave the place untaken. Finally he set fire to the roofs of the fortress by using [[Greek fire]], reduced it on 3 September.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=94}}

On 5 September Edward proceeded to march through Berry. On 9 September King John II, who had gathered a large force, crossed the Loire at Blois and went in pursuit of them. When the king was at [[Loches]] on 12 September he had as many as 20,000 men-at-arms, and with these and his other forces he advanced to [[Chauvigny]]. On 16 and 17 September his army crossed the [[Vienne (river)|Vienne]].{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=94}} Meanwhile, Edward was marching almost parallel to the French and at only a few miles distance from them. From 14 to 16 September he was at [[Châtellerault]], and 17 September as he was marching towards Poitiers, some French men-at-arms skirmished with his advance guard, pursued them up to the main body of his army, and were all slain or taken prisoners. The French king had outstripped him, and his retreat was cut off by an army at least 50,000 strong, while Edward he about 7,500 men. Lancaster had endeavoured to come to his relief but had been stopped by the French at [[Les Ponts-de-Cé|Pont-de-Cé]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=94}} cites ''Chronique de Bertrand du Guesclin'', p. 7.</ref>

When Prince Edward knew that the French army lay between him and Poitiers, he took up his position on some rising ground to the south-east of the city in the [[Mignaloux-Beauvoir|commune of Beauvoir]] and remained there that night. On 18 September Cardinal [[Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord (cardinal)|Hélie Talleyrand]] endeavoured to make peace. Edward was willing to come to terms and offered to give up all the towns and castles he had conquered, to set free all his prisoners, and not to serve against the king of France for seven years, besides, it is said, offering a payment of 100,000 francs. King John, however, was persuaded to demand that Edward and 100 of his knights should surrender themselves as prisoners, and to this Edward would not consent. The cardinal's negotiations lasted the whole day and were protracted in the interest of the French, for John was anxious to give time for further reinforcements to join his army. Considering the position of Edward, it seems probable that the French might have destroyed his army by hemming it in with a portion of their host, and so either starving it or forcing it to leave its strong station and fight in the open with the certainty of defeat. John made a mistake in allowing Edward respite during the negotiations, during which he employed his army in strengthening its position. The English front was well covered by vines and hedges; on its left and rear was the ravine of the Miausson river and a good deal of broken ground, and its right was flanked by the wood and abbey of Nouaillé. All through the day the army was busily engaged in digging trenches and making fences, so that it stood, as at Crécy, in a kind of entrenched camp.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=94}} cites ''Froissart'', v. 29; {{sc|Matt. Villani}}, vii. c. 16.</ref>

Prince Edward drew up his men in three divisions, the first being commanded by the earls of Warwick and Suffolk, the second by himself, and the rear by Salisbury and Oxford. The French were drawn up in four divisions, one behind the other, and so lost much of the advantage of their superior numbers. In front of his first line and on either side of the narrow lane that led to his position the prince stationed his archers, who were well protected by hedges, and posted a kind of ambush of 300 men-at-arms and 300 mounted archers, who were to fall on the flank of the second battle of the enemy, commanded by the [[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]], [[Charles V of France|Charles, Duke of Normandy]].{{sfn|Hunt|1889|pp=94–95}}

At daybreak on 19 September Prince Edward addressed his army, and the fight began. An attempt was made by 300 picked men-at-arms to ride through the narrow lane and force the English position, but they were shot down by the archers. A body of Germans and the first division of the army which followed were thrown into disorder; then the English force in ambush charged the second division on the flank, and as it began to waver the English men-at-arms mounted their horses, which they had kept near them, and charged down the hill. Edward kept Chandos by his side, and his friend did him good service in the fray. As they prepared to charge he cried: "John, get forward; you shall not see me turn my back this day, but I will be ever with the foremost", and then he shouted to his banner-bearer, "Banner, advance, in the name of God and St. George!".{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=95}} All the French except the advance guard fought on foot, and the division of the Duke of Normandy, already wavering, could not stand against the English charge and fled in disorder. The next division, under [[Philip, Duke of Orléans]], also fled, though not so shamefully, but the rear under King John fought with much gallantry. The prince, "who had the courage of a lion, took great delight that day in the fight".{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=95}} The combat lasted until a little after 3&nbsp;pm, and the French, who were utterly defeated, left 11,000 dead on the field, of whom 2,426 were men of gentle birth. Nearly 100 counts, barons, and [[banneret]]s and 2,000 men-at-arms, besides many others, were made prisoners, and the king and his youngest son Philip were among those who were taken. The English losses were not large.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=95}}

When King John was brought to him, Edward received him with respect, helped him to take off his armour, and entertained him and the greater part of the princes and barons who had been made prisoners at supper. He served at the king's table and would not sit down with him, declaring that "he was not worthy to sit at table with so great a king or so valiant a man",{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=95}} and speaking many comfortable words to him, for which the French praised him highly.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=95}} Froissart, v. 64, 288.</ref> The next day Edward continued his retreat on Bordeaux; he marched warily, but no one ventured to attack him.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=95}}

At Bordeaux, which Prince Edward reached on 2 October, he was received with much rejoicing, and he and his men tarried there through the winter and wasted in festivities the immense spoil they had gathered. On 23 March 1357 Edward concluded a two years' truce, for he wished to return home. The Gascon lords were unwilling that King John should be carried off to England, and the prince gave them 100,000 crowns to silence their murmurs. He left the country under the government of four Gascon lords and arrived in England on 4 May, landing at Plymouth.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=95}} Knighton, c. 2615; ''Eulogium'', iii. 227; Walsingham, i. 283; ''Fœdera'', iii. 348, not at Sandwich as Froissart, v. 82 states.</ref> When he entered London in triumph on 24 May with King John as his prisoner.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=95}} cites Matt. ''Villani'', vii. c. 66.</ref>

====England, tournaments and debts====
After his return to England, Prince Edward took part in the many festivals and tournaments of his father's court, and in May 1359 he and the king and other challengers held the lists at a joust proclaimed at London by the mayor and sheriffs, and, to the great delight of the citizens, the king appeared as the mayor and the prince as the senior sheriff.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=95}} cites {{harvnb|Barnes|1688|p=564}}.</ref> Festivities of this sort and the lavish gifts he bestowed on his friends brought him into debt, and on 27 August, when a new expedition into France was being prepared, the king granted that if he fell his executors should have his whole estate for four years for the payment of his debts.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=95}} cites ''Fœdera'', iii, 445.</ref>

=== Reims campaign ===
In October 1359 Prince Edward sailed with his father to Calais and led a division of the army during the [[Reims campaign]]. At its close he took the principal part on the English side in negotiating the [[Treaty of Brétigny]], and the preliminary truce arranged at Chartres on 7 May 1360 was drawn up by proctors acting in his name and the name of Charles, Duke of Normandy, the regent of France.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=95}} cites ''Fœdera'', iii, 486; Chandos, l. 1539</ref> He probably did not return to England until after his father,<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|pp=95}} cites James, ii. 223 ''n''.</ref> who landed at [[Rye, East Sussex|Rye]] on 18 May. On 9 July he and Henry, Duke of Lancaster, landed at Calais in attendance on the French king. As, however, the stipulated instalment of the king's ransom was not ready, he returned to England, leaving King John in the charge of Sir [[Walter Manny, 1st Baron Manny|Walter Manny]] and three other knights.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=95}} ''Froissart'', vi. 24.</ref> He accompanied his father to Calais on 9 October to assist at the liberation of King John and the ratification of the treaty. He rode with John to Boulogne, where he made his offering in the [[Basilica of Notre-Dame, Boulogne|Church of the Virgin]]. He returned with King Edward to England at the beginning of November.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|pp=95–96}}

====Marriage to Joan====
On 10 October 1361 Edward married his cousin [[Joan of Kent|Joan, Countess of Kent]], daughter of [[Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent|Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent]] (younger son of [[Edward I of England|Edward I]], and [[Margaret of France, Queen of England|Margaret]], daughter of [[Philip III of France]]) and widow of [[Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent]] and the mother of three children. Because Edward and Joan were related in the third degree (and since Edward was the godfather of Joan's elder son [[Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent|Thomas]]) a dispensation was obtained for their marriage from [[Pope Innocent VI]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=96}} cites ''Fœdera'', iii. 626.</ref> The marriage was performed at [[Windsor Castle|Windsor]] in the presence of King Edward III by [[Simon Islip]] [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]. According to [[Jean Froissart]] the contract of marriage (the engagement) was entered without the knowledge of the king.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=96}} cites Froissart, vi. 275, Amiens.</ref> Edward and Joan resided at [[Berkhamsted Castle]] in [[Hertfordshire]]{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=96}} and held the manor of [[Princes Risborough]] from 1343; though local history describes the estate as "his palace", many sources suggest it was used more as a hunting lodge.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.chilternsaonb.org/ccbmaps/1317/137/the-black-prince.html | accessdate=13 September 2021 | title=The Black Prince | website=Chilterns Conservation Board | archive-date=16 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016213819/https://www.chilternsaonb.org/ccbmaps/1317/137/the-black-prince.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony===
[[File:Edward III Black Prince 14thc.jpg|thumb|Edward is granted Aquitaine by his father King Edward III. Initial letter "E" of miniature, 1390; [[British Library]], [[shelfmark]]: Cotton MS Nero D VI, f.31]]
[[File:Signet-ring Black Prince Louvre OA9597.jpg|thumb|Edward's [[signet ring]], found in [[Montpensier]], France in 1866. Now in the [[Louvre]], Paris.]]
On 19 July 1362 Edward III granted Prince Edward all his dominions in Aquitaine and Gascony, to be held as a principality by liege homage on payment of an ounce of gold each year, together with the title of Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=96}} cites ''Fœdera'', iii. 667.</ref> During the rest of the year he was occupied in preparing for his departure to his new principality, and after Christmas he received the king and his court at Berkhamsted, took leave of his father and mother, and in the following February sailed with Joan and all his household for Gascony, landing at [[La Rochelle]].{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=96}}

At La Rochelle the prince was met by John Chandos, the king's lieutenant, and proceeded with him to Poitiers, where he received the homage of the lords of Poitou and [[County of Saintonge|Saintonge]]; he then rode to various cities and at last came to Bordeaux, where from 9 to 30 July he received the homage of the lords of Gascony. He received all graciously and kept a splendid court, residing sometimes at Bordeaux and sometimes at [[Angoulême]].{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=96}}

The prince appointed Chandos constable of [[Guyenne]] and provided the knights of his household with profitable offices. They kept much state, and their extravagance displeased the people.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=96}} cites ''Froissart'', vi. 82.</ref> Many of the Gascon lords were dissatisfied at being handed over to the dominion of the English, and the favour the prince showed to his own countrymen, and the ostentatious magnificence they exhibited, increased this feeling of dissatisfaction. [[Arnaud Amanieu, Lord of Albret]], and many more were always ready to give what help they could to the French cause, and [[Gaston III, Count of Foix|Gaston, Count of Foix]], though he visited the prince on his first arrival, was thoroughly French at heart and gave some trouble in 1365 by refusing to do homage for Bearn.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=96}} cites ''Fœdera'', iii. 779.</ref> Charles V, who succeeded to the throne of France in April 1364, was careful to encourage the malcontents, and the prince's position was by no means easy.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=96}}

In April 1363 Edward mediated between the Counts of Foix and Armagnac, who had for a long time been at war with each other. He also attempted in February 1364 to mediate between [[Charles, Duke of Brittany|Charles of Blois]] and John of Montfort, the rival competitors for the [[Duchy of Brittany]]. Both appeared before him at Poitiers, but his mediation was unsuccessful.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=96}}

In May 1363 the prince entertained [[Peter I of Cyprus|Peter, King of Cyprus]], at Angoulême and held a tournament there. At the same time he and his lords excused themselves from assuming the cross—that is, they declined to join Peter's proposed [[Crusades|crusade]]. During the summer the lord of Albret was at Paris, and his forces and several other Gascon lords held the French cause in Normandy against the party of Navarre. Meanwhile, war was renewed in Brittany; the prince allowed Chandos to raise and lead a force to succour the party of Montfort, and Chandos won the [[Battle of Auray]] (29 September 1364) against the French.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=96}}

As the leaders of the free companies which desolated France were for the most part Englishmen or Gascons, they did not ravage Aquitaine, and the prince was suspected, probably not without cause, of encouraging or at least of taking no pains to discourage their proceedings.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=96}} cites ''Froissart'', vi. 183.</ref> Accordingly on 14 November 1364 Edward III called upon him to restrain their ravages.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=96}} cites ''Fœdera,'' iii. 754.</ref>

== Spanish campaign (1365–67) ==
In 1365 the free companies, under Sir [[Hugh Calveley]] and other leaders, took service with [[Bertrand du Guesclin]], who employed them in 1366 in compelling King [[Peter of Castile]] to flee from his kingdom, and in setting up his bastard brother, Henry of Trastámara, as king in his stead. Peter, who was in alliance with Edward III, sent messengers to Prince Edward asking his help, and on receiving a gracious answer at [[Corunna]], set out at once, and arrived at [[Bayonne]] with his son and his three daughters. The prince met him at [[Capbreton]] and rode with him to Bordeaux.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=96}} Many of the prince's lords, both English and Gascon, were unwilling that he should espouse Peter's cause, but he declared that it was not fitting that a bastard should inherit a kingdom or drive out his lawfully born brother, and that no king or king's son ought to suffer such disrespect to royalty; nor could any turn him from his determination to restore the king.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|pp=96–97}}

Peter won friends by declaring that he would make Edward's son king of Galicia and would divide his riches among those who helped him. A parliament was held at Bordeaux, in which it was decided to ask the wishes of the English king. Edward III replied that it was right that his son should help Peter, and the prince held another parliament at which the king's letter was read. Then the lords agreed to give their help, provided that their pay was secured to them. To give them the required security, the prince agreed to lend Peter whatever money was necessary.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=97}}

Edward and Peter then held a conference with [[Charles II of Navarre|Charles of Navarre]] at Bayonne and agreed with him to allow their troops to pass through his dominions. To persuade him to do this, Peter had, besides other grants, to pay Charles 56,000 [[florin]]s, and this sum was lent him by Edward. On 23 September a series of agreements (the [[Treaty of Libourne]]) were entered into between Edward, Peter, and Charles at [[Libourne]], by which Peter covenanted to put the prince in possession of the province of Biscay and the territory and fortress of [[Castro Urdiales|Castro de Urdialès]] as pledges for the repayment of this debt, to pay 550,000 florins for six months' wages at specified dates, 250,000 florins being the prince's wages, and 800,000 florins the wages of the lords who were to serve in the expedition. Peter consented to leave his three daughters in Edward's hands as hostages for the fulfilment of these terms, and he further agreed that whenever the king, the prince, or their heirs, the king of England, should march in person against the [[Moors]], they should have the command of the vanguard before all other Christian kings, and that if they were not present the banner of the king of England should be carried in the vanguard side by side with the banner of Castile.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=97}} cites ''Fœdera,'' iii. 799–807.</ref>

Edward received 100,000 francs from his father out of the ransom of John II, the late king of France,<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=97}} cites ''Fœdera,'' iii. p. 787.</ref> and broke up his plate to help to pay the soldiers he was taking into his pay. While his army was assembling he remained at Angoulême and was there visited by Peter.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=97}} cites Ayala; Chandos.</ref> He then stayed over Christmas at Bordeaux, where Joan gave birth to their second son [[Richard II of England|Richard]].{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=97}} Prince Edward left Bordeaux early in February 1367 and joined his army at [[Dax, Landes|Dax]] where he remained three days and received a reinforcement of 400 men-at-arms and 400 archers sent out by Edward III under his brother John of Gaunt. From Dax, Edward advanced via [[Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port]] through [[Roncesvalles]] (in the [[Pyrenees]]) to [[Pamplona]] (the capital of [[Kingdom of Navarre]]).{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=97}}[[File:The Black Prince's March Through Roncevalles.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|19th-century illustration of the Black Prince's march through [[Roncesvalles]]]]
When Calveley and other English and Gascon leaders of free companies found that Prince Edward was about to fight for Peter, they withdrew from the service of [[Henry II of Castile|Henry of Trastámara]] and joined Edward "because he was their natural lord".<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=97}} cites Ayala, xviii. 2.</ref> While the prince was at Pamplona he received a letter of defiance from Henry.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=97}} cites ''Froissart'', vii. 10.</ref> From Pamplona Edward marched by [[Arruiz]] to [[Salvatierra/Agurain|Salvatierra]], which opened its gates to his army, and thence advanced to [[Vitoria-Gasteiz|Vitoria]], intending to march on [[Burgos]] by this direct route. A body of his knights, which he had sent out to reconnoitre under [[Sir William Felton]], was defeated by a skirmishing party, and he found that Henry had occupied some strong positions, and especially [[Santo Domingo de la Calzada]] on the right of the river [[Ebro]], and [[Zaldiaran]] mountain on the left, which made it impossible for him to reach Burgos through [[Álava]]. Accordingly he crossed the Ebro and encamped under the walls of [[Logroño]]. During these movements the prince's army had suffered from want of provisions both for men and horses, and from wet and windy weather. At Logroño, however, though provisions were still scarce, they were somewhat better off.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=97}}

On 30 March 1367, the prince wrote an answer to Henry's letter. On 2 April he left Logroño and moved to [[Navarrete, La Rioja]]. Meanwhile, Henry and his French allies had encamped at [[Nájera]], so that the two armies were now near each other. Letters passed between Henry and Edward, for Henry seems to have been anxious to make terms. He declared that Peter was a tyrant and had shed much innocent blood, to which Edward replied that Peter had told him that all the persons he had slain were traitors.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=97}} On the morning of 3 April, Edward's army marched from Navarrete, and all dismounted while they were yet some distance from Henry's army. The [[vanguard]], in which were 3,000 men-at-arms, both English and Bretons, was led by Lancaster, Chandos, Calveley, and Clisson; the right division was commanded by Armagnac and other Gascon lords; the left, in which some German mercenaries marched with the Gascons, by [[Jean III de Grailly, captal de Buch|Jean, Captal de Buch]], and the Count of Foix; the rear or main battle by Edward with 3,000 lances; with the prince was Peter and the dethroned [[James IV of Majorca|James of Majorca]] and his company; the numbers, however, are scarcely to be depended on.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|pp=97–98}}

Before the [[Battle of Nájera]] began, Edward prayed aloud to God that as he had come that day to uphold the right and reinstate a disinherited king, God would grant him success. Then, after telling Peter that he should know that day whether he should have his kingdom or not, he cried: "Advance, banner, in the name of God and [[Saint George]]; and God defend our right".{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=98}} The knights of Castile attacked and [[wikt:press#Verb|press]]ed the English vanguard, but the wings of Henry's army failed to move, so that the Gascon lords were able to attack the main body on the flanks. Then Edward brought the main body of his army into action, and the fighting became intense for he had under him "the flower of chivalry, and the most famous warriors in the whole world".{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=98}} At length Henry's vanguard gave way, and he fled from the field.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=98}} cites Ayala, xviii. c. 23; Friossart, vii. 37; Chandos, 1. 3107 sq.; Du Guesclin, p. 49.</ref> When the battle was over Edward asked Peter to spare the lives of those who had offended him. Peter assented, with the exception of one notorious traitor, whom he at once put to death; and he also had two others slain the next day.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=98}}

Among the prisoners was the French marshal [[Arnoul d'Audrehem]], whom Edward had formerly taken prisoner at Poitiers and whom he had released on d'Audrehem giving his word that he would not bear arms against the prince until his ransom was paid. When Edward saw him he reproached him bitterly and called him "liar and traitor".{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=98}} D'Audrehem denied that he was either, and Edward asked him whether he would submit to the judgment of a body of knights. To this d'Audrehem agreed, and Edward chose 12 knights—four English, four Gascons, and four Bretons—to judge between him and the marshal. After he had stated his case, d'Audrehem replied that he had not broken his word, for the army Edward led was not his own; he was merely in the pay of Peter. The knights considered that this view of Edward's position was sound and gave their verdict for d'Audrehem.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=99}} cites Ayala.</ref>

On 5 April 1367, Edward and Peter marched to [[Burgos]], where they celebrated Easter. Edward, however, did not take up his quarters in the city but camped outside the walls at the [[Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas|Monastery of Las Huelgas]]. Peter did not pay him any of the money he owed him, and Edward could get nothing from him except a solemn renewal of his bond of the previous 23 September, which he made on 2 May 1367 before the high altar of the [[Cathedral of Burgos]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=98}} cites ''Fœdera'', iii. 825.</ref> By this time, Edward began to suspect his ally of treachery. Peter had no intention of paying his debts, and when Edward demanded possession of Biscay, Peter told him that the Biscayans would not consent to be handed over to him. To get rid of his creditor, Peter told Edward that he could not get money at Burgos and persuaded Edward to take up his quarters at [[Valladolid]] while he went to Seville, whence he declared he would send the money he owed.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=98}}

Edward remained at [[Valladolid]] during some very hot weather, waiting in vain for his money. His army suffered so terribly from dysentery and other diseases that it is said that scarcely one Englishman out of five ever saw England again.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=98}} cites Knighton, c. 2629.</ref> Edward was seized with a sickness from which he never thoroughly recovered and which some said was caused by poison.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=98}} cites Walsingham, i. 305.</ref> Food and drink were scarce, and the free companies in his pay did much mischief to the surrounding country.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=98}} cites Chandos, 1. 3670 sq.</ref>

Meanwhile, Henry made war upon Aquitaine, took [[Bagnères-de-Bigorre|Bagnères]] and wasted the country. Fearing that Charles of Navarre would not allow him to return through his dominions, Edward negotiated with King [[Peter IV of Aragon]] for a passage for his troops. Peter IV made a treaty with him, and when Charles of Navarre heard of it he agreed to allow Edward, the Duke of Lancaster, and some of their lords to pass through his country; so they returned through [[Roncesvalles]] and reached Bordeaux early in September 1367.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=98}}

== War in Aquitaine (1366–70) ==
Some time after he had returned to Aquitaine the free companies, some 6,000 strong, also reached Aquitaine, having passed through [[Kingdom of Aragon]]. As they had not received the whole of the money Edward had agreed to pay them, they took up their quarters in his country and began to do much mischief. Edward persuaded the captains to leave Aquitaine, and the companies under their command crossed the Loire and did much damage to France. This greatly angered Charles V, who about this time did the prince serious mischief by encouraging disaffection among the Gascon lords.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=98}}

When Edward had been gathering his army for his Spanish expedition, the [[Arnaud Amanieu d'Albret|Lord of Albret]] had agreed to serve with 1,000 lances. Considering, however, that he had at least as many men as he could find provisions for, Edward on 8 December 1366 had written to him requesting that he would bring only 200 lances. The Lord of Albret was much incensed at this, and, though peace was made by his uncle the Count of Armagnac, did not forget the offence, and Froissart speaks of it as the "first cause of hatred between him and the prince".{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=98}} A more powerful cause of this lord's discontent was the non-payment of an annual pension which had been granted him by Edward. About this time he agreed to marry [[Margaret of Bourbon, Lady of Albret|Margaret of Bourbon]], sister of the queen of France. Edward was annoyed at this betrothal and, his temper probably being soured by sickness and disappointment, behaved with rudeness to both Albret and his intended bride. On the other hand, Charles offered the lord the pension which he had lost, and thus drew him and his uncle, the Count of Armagnac, altogether over to the French side.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|pp=98–99}}

The immense cost of the late campaign and his constant extravagance had brought Edward into financial difficulties, and as soon as he returned to Bordeaux he called an assembly of the estates of Aquitaine (Parliament) to meet at [[Saint-Émilion]] to obtain a grant from them. It seems as though no business was done then, for in January 1368 he held a meeting of the estates at Angoulême and there persuaded them to allow him a [[hearth tax]] of ten sous for five years. An edict for this tax was published on 25 January 1368.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=99}} The chancellor, Bishop [[John Harewell]], held a conference at [[Niort]], at which he persuaded the barons of Poitou, Saintonge, Limousin, and Rouergue to agree to this tax, but the great vassals of the high marches refused, and on 20 June and again on 25 October the Counts of Armagnac, [[Périgord]], and [[Comminges]], and the lord of Albret laid their complaints before the king of France, declaring that he was their lord paramount.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=99}} cites ''Froissart'', i. 548 ''n''., Buchon.</ref> Meanwhile, Chandos, who strongly urged Edward against imposing this tax, had retired to his Norman estate.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=99}} 

Charles took advantage of these appeals, and on 25 January 1369 sent messengers to Prince Edward, who was then residing at Bordeaux, summoning him to appear in person before him in Paris and there receive judgment. He replied: "We will willingly attend at Paris on the day appointed since the king of France sends for us, but it shall be with our helmet on our head and sixty thousand men in our company".{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=99}} Prince Edward caused the messengers to be imprisoned, and in revenge for this the Counts of Périgord and Comminges and other lords set on Sir Thomas Wake,{{sfn|Johnes|1848|p=398}}{{efn|"Whiteval. Q. if not Whitwell. Barnes calls him sir Thomas Wake" {{harv|Johnes|1848|p=411}}.}} the high-steward of Rouergue, slew many of his men, and put him to flight. The prince sent for Chandos, who came to his help, and some fighting took place, though war was not yet declared. His health was now so feeble that he could not take part in active operations, for he was swollen with dropsy and could not ride. By 18 March 1369 more than nine hundred towns, castles, and other places signified in one way or another their adherence to the French cause.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=99}} cites ''Froissart'', vii. Pref. p. lviii.</ref>

Prince Edward had already warned his father of the intentions of the French king, but there was evidently a party at Edward III's court that was jealous of his power, and his warnings were slighted. In April 1369, however, war was declared. Edward sent the Earls of Cambridge and Pembroke to his assistance, and Sir Robert Knolles, who now again took service with him, added much to his strength. The war in Aquitaine was desultory and, though the English maintained their ground fairly in the field, every day that it was prolonged weakened their hold on the country.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=99}}

On 1 January 1370, Prince Edward sustained a heavy loss in the death of Chandos. Several efforts were made by Edward to conciliate the Gascon lords,<ref>For more details of how Edward tried to conciliate the Gascon lords see {{cite DNB|wstitle=Edward III|volume=17|page=66 |short=x}}</ref> but they were fruitless and can only have served to weaken the prince's authority. It is probable that John of Gaunt was working against him at the English court, and when he was sent out in the summer to help his elder brother, he came with such extensive powers that he almost seemed as though he had come to supersede him.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=99}}

In the spring, Charles raised two large armies for the invasion of Aquitaine; one, under [[Louis I, Duke of Anjou]], was to enter Guyenne by [[La Reole]] and Bergerac, the other, under [[John, Duke of Berry]], was to march towards Limousin and [[Quercy]], and both were to unite and besiege the prince in Angoulême. Ill as he was, Edward left his bed of sickness<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=99}} cite Chandos, 1. 4043.</ref> and gathered an army at [[Cognac, France|Cognac]] where he was joined by the Barons of Poitou and Saintonge, and the Earls of Cambridge, Lancaster, and Pembroke. The two French armies gained many cities, united and laid siege to Limoges, which was treacherously surrendered to them by the bishop, [[Jean de Murat de Cros]], who had been one of the prince's trusted friends.<ref name="Hunt 1889, p. 99">{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=99}} cites ''Froissart'', i. 620, Buchon; ''Cont''. Murimuth, p. 209.</ref>

[[File:Siege of Limoges.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|The [[siege of Limoges]] in 1370]]
When Prince Edward heard of the surrender of Limoges to the French, he swore "by the soul of his father" that he would have the place again and would make the inhabitants pay dearly for their treachery.<ref name="Hunt 1889, p. 99"/> He set out from Cognac with an army of about 4,000 men. Due to his sickness he was unable to mount his horse, and was carried in a litter. During the [[siege of Limoges]], the prince was determined to take the town and ordered the undermining of its walls. On 19 September, his miners succeeded in demolishing a large piece of wall which filled the ditches with its ruins. The town was then stormed, with the inevitable destruction and loss of life.<ref name="Hunt 1889, p. 100">{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=100}} cites ''Froissart'', i. 620, Buchon; ''Cont''. Murimuth, p. 209.</ref>

The Victorian historian [[William Hunt (priest)|William Hunt]], author of Prince Edward's biography in the ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]'' (1889), relying on Froissart as a source,{{efn|[[Jean Froissart]] (1337 – {{circa|1405}}), a contemporary court historian and a major historical source of the Prince's campaigns}} wrote that when the bishop (who was the most responsible for the surrender) was brought before Edward, he told the bishop that his head should be cut off (Lancaster persuaded him not to carry out the deed), but that the city was nevertheless pillaged and burnt, and that 3,000 persons of all ranks and ages were massacred.<ref name="Hunt 1889, p. 100"/> However, modern scholarship, including the historian [[Richard Barber]] writing in 2008 in the ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' and drawing on a wider range of evidence, places casualties much lower than Froissart did – around 300 garrison soldiers and civilians in total.<ref>{{harvnb|Barber|2008}}; and {{harvnb|Jones|2017|pp=365–367}}</ref> Edward returned to Cognac; his sickness increased, and he was forced to give up all hope of being able to direct any further operations and to proceed first to Angoulème and then to Bordeaux.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=100}}

==Return to England==
The death of Edward's eldest son, [[Edward of Angoulême]], in 1371 caused him a great deal of grief. His health continued to deteriorate, and his personal doctor advised him to return to England. Edward left Aquitaine with the Duke of Lancaster and landed at Southampton early in January 1371. Edward met his father at Windsor. At this meeting, Prince Edward interceded to stop a treaty Edward III had made the previous month with Charles of Navarre because he did not agree to the ceding of lands King Charles demanded in it.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=100}} cites ''Fœdera,'' iii. 967.</ref> After this, Edward returned to his manor in Berkhamsted.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=100}}

On his return to England, Edward was probably at once recognised as the natural opponent of the influence exercised by the anti-clerical and Lancastrian party, and it is evident that the clergy trusted him; on 2 May he met the [[convocation of Canterbury]] at the Savoy and persuaded them to make an exceptionally large grant.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=100}} cites Wilkins, ''Concilia,'' iii. 91.</ref> His health began to improve, and in August 1372 he sailed with his father to the relief of [[Thouars]]; but contrary winds meant that the fleet never reached the French coast. On 6 October he resigned the principality of Aquitaine and Gascony, giving as his reason that its revenues were no longer sufficient to cover expenses; he acknowledged his resignation in Parliament the next month. At the conclusion of this parliament, after the knights had been dismissed, he met the citizens and burgesses "in a room near the white chamber" and prevailed on them to extend the customs granted the year before for the protection of merchant shipping for another year.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=100}} cites [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000020573638&seq=316 ''Rot. Parl''. ii. 310]; Hallam, ''Const Hist'', iii. 47.</ref>

Edward's illness returned in force, though when the "[[Good Parliament]]" met on 28 April 1376 he was looked upon as the chief support of the commons in their attack on the abuses of the administration, and evidently acted in concert with [[William of Wykeham]] in opposing the influence of Lancaster and the disreputable clique of courtiers who upheld it, and he had good cause to fear that his brother's power would prove dangerous to the prospects of his son Richard.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=100}} cites ''Chron. Angliæ'', Pref. xxix, pp. 74, 75, 393.</ref> [[Richard Lyons (Warden of the Mint)|Richard Lyons]], the king's financial agent who was impeached for gigantic frauds, sent him a bribe of £1,000 and other gifts, but Edward refused to receive it, though he afterwards said that it was a pity he had not kept it and sent it to pay the soldiers who were fighting for the kingdom.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=100}} cites ''Chron. Angliæ'', Pref. xxix, p. 80).</ref>

==Death==
[[File:TOMB OF THE BLACK PRINCE, CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Tomb of Edward, the Black Prince|Edward's tomb]] in [[Canterbury Cathedral]]]]
[[File:Black Prince Heraldic Achievements (cropped).JPG|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Edward's heraldic [[Achievement (heraldry)|achievements]] on display in Canterbury Cathedral]]
From the period of the Good Parliament, Edward knew that he was dying. His [[dysentery]] had become so violent on occasion, causing him to faint from weakness, that his household believed he had died.{{efn|name="dysentery"|It is widely believed that he contracted amoebic dysentery but some argue against the likelihood that he could sustain a ten-year battle with dysentery. Other possible diagnoses include nephritis, cirrhosis or a combination of these.({{harvnb|Green|2007|p=73}}; {{harvnb|MacNalty|1955|p=411}}).}} He left gifts for his servants in his will and said goodbye to Edward III, whom he asked to confirm his gifts, pay his debts quickly out of his estate, and protect his son [[Richard II of England|Richard]]. Edward's illness is thought to have started after his victory at the Battle of Nájera in 1367, relapsing sporadically over the next 9 years of his life. There are several diverse infections or inflammatory conditions that may have led to his demise. These might include malaria (specifically vivax), brucellosis, inflammatory bowel disease, or long-term complications of acute dysentery. However, chronic dysentery is probably unlikely.<ref>Anderson JR, Burns DS, Naumann DN. BMJ Mil Health 2024;170:169–170.</ref>

His death was announced at the [[Palace of Westminster]] on 8 June 1376.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=101}} cites Walsingham, i, 321; ''Froissart'', i, 706, Buchonl</ref>{{efn|It is asserted by [[William Caxton|Caxton]], in his continuation of the "[[Ranulf Higden|Polychronicon]]", cap.8, that the Prince died at his [[Kennington|manor of Kennington]] and that his body was brought to Westminster on 8 July, [[Trinity Sunday]], a day he had always kept with special reverence ({{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=101}} cites Chandos, vol. 1. p. 4201)}} In his last moments, he was attended by the [[Bishop of Bangor]] who urged him to ask forgiveness of God and of all those he had injured. He "made a very noble end, remembering God his Creator in his heart" and asked people to pray for him.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|pp=100–101}}

Edward was buried in [[Canterbury Cathedral]] on 29{{nbs}}September. His funeral and the design of [[Tomb of Edward, the Black Prince|his tomb]] were conducted in accordance to the directions dictated in his will.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=101}} It has a bronze effigy beneath a tester depicting the Holy [[Trinity]] with his [[Funerary hatchment|heraldic achievements]]{{snd}}his surcoat, helmet, shield and gauntlets{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=101}}{{snd}}hung over the tester; they have since been replaced with replicas; the originals now reside in a glass-fronted cabinet within the cathedral. His epitaph inscribed around his effigy reads:{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=101}}

<blockquote><poem>Such as thou art, sometime was I.
Such as I am, such shalt thou be.
I thought little on th'our of Death
So long as I enjoyed breath.
On earth I had great riches
Land, houses, great treasure, horses, money and gold.
But now a wretched captive am I,
Deep in the ground, lo here I lie.
My beauty great, is all quite gone,
My flesh is wasted to the bone.{{sfn|Jones|2014|p=524}}</poem></blockquote>

==Arms and heraldic badge==
 {{multiple image
<!-- | width = 80 -->
 | footer =
 | image1 = Arms of the Prince of Wales (Ancient).svg
 | alt1 |The Black Prince's shield: Quarterly, 1 and 4 France (ancient); 2 and 3 England, and a label of three points argent.
 | caption1 = The Black Prince's shield.{{efn|The shield of Edward the Black Prince: Quarterly, 1 and 4 France (ancient); 2 and 3 England, and a label of three points argent}}
 | width1= 103
 | image2 = Arms of the Prince of Wales (Shield of Peace).svg
 | alt2 = Arms of the Prince of Wales (Shield of Peace)
 | width2=103
 | caption2 = The "shield for peace", with the ''[[ich dien]]'' motto.{{efn|The ''[[ich dien]]'' motto is attributed to Edward according to a long-standing but unhistorical tradition {{harv|Siddons|2009|pp=178–190}}.}}
 }}
Arms: ''Quarterly, 1st and 4th azure semée of fleur-de-lys or'' (France Ancient); ''2nd and 3rd gules, three lions passant guardant or'' (England); ''overall a label of three points argent''. Crest: ''On a chapeau gules turned up ermine, a lion statant or gorged with a label of three points argent''. Mantling: ''gules lined ermine''. Edward's [[Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales|coat of arms as Prince of Wales]] were those of the kingdom, differenced by ''a label of three points argent''.{{sfn|Velde|2013}}[[File:Edward, the Black Prince, in Canterbury Cathedral 02.JPG|thumb|upright|Edward's arms on his tomb monument]]Edward also used an alternative coat of ''Sable, three ostrich feathers argent'', described as his "shield for peace" (probably meaning the shield he used for [[jousting]]).{{efn|name="ostrich feathers"}} This shield can be seen several times on his tomb chest, alternating with the differenced royal arms. John of Gaunt used a similar shield on which the ostrich feathers were [[Ermine (heraldry)|ermine]]. Edward's "shield for peace" is believed to have inspired the badge of [[Prince of Wales's feathers|three ostrich feathers]] used by later [[Prince of Wales|Princes of Wales]]. The motto "Ich dien" means "I serve".
==Family==
Edward [[Cousin marriage|married his cousin]] [[Joan, Countess of Kent]], on 10 October 1361. She was the daughter and heiress of [[Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent|Edmund, Earl of Kent]], the younger son of King [[Edward I]] by his second wife [[Margaret of France, Queen of England|Margaret of France]]. They had two sons, both born in Aquitaine:{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=101}}
* [[Edward of Angoulême]], born at Angoulême on 27 January 1365,<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=101}} cites ''Eulogia'', 1365 Murimuth, or 1363 ''Froissart''</ref> died immediately before his father's return to England in January 1371, and was buried in the church of the [[Austin Friars, London]]<ref>{{harvnb|Hunt|1889|p=101}}cites Weive, ''Funeral Monuments'', p, 419</ref>
* [[Richard II of England|Richard]], who succeeded his grandfather as king

From his marriage to Joan he also became stepfather to her children by [[Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent|Thomas Holland]]:
* [[Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent]], whose daughter, [[Joan Holland]], later married Edward's brother, [[Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York|Edmund of Langley]].
* [[John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter]], who married Edward's niece, [[Elizabeth of Lancaster]], daughter of his brother, [[John of Gaunt]].
* [[Joan Holland, Duchess of Brittany]], who married [[John IV, Duke of Brittany]]
* [[Maud Holland, Lady Courtenay, Countess of Ligny, Countess of St Pol]], who married firstly, Hugh Courtenay, grandson of [[Hugh de Courtenay, 10th Earl of Devon]]; Secondly, [[Waleran III of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny]]. No issue from either marriage
* Edmund Holland (c. 1354), who died young

Edward had several [[natural son]]s before his marriage.{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=101}}

With Edith de Willesford (died after 1385):
* Sir [[Roger Clarendon]] ({{circa|1352}} – executed 1402);{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=101}} he married Margaret (d. 1382), a daughter of John Fleming, Baron de la Roche.{{sfn|Weir|2008|p=95}}
With unknown mother:
* Sir John Sounders{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=101}}{{sfn|Costain|1962|p=387}}

===Ancestry===
{{ahnentafel
|width=100%
|collapsed=yes |align=center
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| 1 = 1. '''Edward, the Black Prince'''
| 2 = 2. [[Edward III of England]]
| 3 = 3. [[Philippa of Hainault]]
| 4 = 4. [[Edward II of England]]{{sfn|Armitage-Smith|1905|p=21}}
| 5 = 5. [[Isabella of France]]{{sfn|Armitage-Smith|1905|p=21}}
| 6 = 6. [[William I, Count of Hainaut]]{{sfn|Redlich|2009|p=64}}
| 7 = 7. [[Joan of Valois, Countess of Hainaut|Joan of Valois]]{{sfn|Redlich|2009|p=64}}
| 8 = 8. [[Edward I of England]]{{sfn|Armitage-Smith|1905|p=21}}
| 9 = 9. [[Eleanor of Castile]]{{sfn|Armitage-Smith|1905|p=21}}
| 10 = 10. [[Philip IV of France]]{{sfn|Armitage-Smith|1905|p=21}}
| 11 = 11. [[Joan I of Navarre]]{{sfn|Redlich|2009|p=64}}
| 12 = 12. [[John II, Count of Holland]]{{sfn|Redlich|2009|p=64}}
| 13 = 13. [[Philippa of Luxembourg]]{{sfn|Redlich|2009|p=64}}
| 14 = 14. [[Charles, Count of Valois]]{{sfn|Weir|1999|pp=75, 92}}
| 15 = 15. [[Margaret, Countess of Anjou]]{{sfn|Selby|Harwood|Murray|1895|p=228}}
}}

=={{anchor|Cognomen|Sobriquet}}Appellation "Black Prince"==
[[File:Edward The Black Prince - Cassell.jpg|thumb|A 19th-century illustration of the Black Prince]]
Edward is often referred to as the "Black Prince".{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=91}} The first known source to use this [[sobriquet]] was the [[antiquarian|antiquary]] [[John Leland (antiquary)|John Leland]] in the 1530s or early 1540s (about 165 years after Edward's death). Leland mentions it in two manuscript notes of this period, with the implication that it was in relatively widespread use by that date. In one instance, he refers in Latin to "''Edwardi Principis cog: Nigri''" (i.e., "Edward the Prince, [[cognomen]]: The Black"); in the other, in English to "the Blake Prince".<ref>{{harvnb|Barber|1978|p=242}}; and {{harvnb|Leland|1774|pp=307, 479}}</ref> In both instances, Leland is summarising earlier works – respectively, the 14th-century ''Eulogium Historiarum'' and the late 15th-century chronicle attributed to [[John Warkworth]] – but in neither case does the name appear in his source texts. In print, [[Roger Ascham]] in his 1545 ''[[Toxophilus]]'' refers to "ye noble black prince Edward beside Poeters";{{sfn|Ascham|1545|p=40}} while [[Richard Grafton]] in his 1569 ''Chronicle at Large'' uses the name on three occasions, saying that "some writers name him the black prince", and elsewhere that he was "commonly called the black Prince".{{sfn|Grafton|1569|pp=223, 293, 324}} [[Raphael Holinshed]] uses it several times in his 1577 ''[[Holinshed's Chronicles|Chronicles]]'';{{sfn|Holinshed|1577|pp=893, 997, 1001}} and it is also used by [[William Shakespeare]] in his plays ''[[Richard II (play)|Richard II]]'' (written c. 1595; Act 2, scene 3) and ''[[Henry V (play)|Henry V]]'' (c. 1599; Act 2, scene 4). In 1688, it appears in the title of [[Joshua Barnes]]'s ''The History of that Most Victorious Monarch, Edward IIId, King of England and France, and Lord of Ireland, and First Founder of the Most Noble Order of the Garter: Being a Full and Exact Account Of the Life and Death of the said King: Together with That of his Most Renowned Son, Edward, Prince of Wales and of Aquitain, Sirnamed the Black-Prince''.

The origins of the name are uncertain, though many theories have been proposed, falling under two main themes, that it is derived from Edward's black shield (and/or the rumours that he wore black armour), or from his brutal reputation, particularly towards the French in Aquitaine. It was possibly intended as a ''[[double entendre]]'', combining these two meanings.

The black (''[[sable (heraldry)|sable]]'') field of his "shield for peace" is well documented. However, there is no sound evidence that Edward wore black armour, although [[John Harvey (historian)|John Harvey]] (without citing a source) refers to "some rather shadowy evidence that he was described in French as clad at the battle of Crécy ' ''en armure noire en fer bruni'' ' – in black armour of burnished steel".{{sfn|Harvey|1976|p=15}} [[Richard Barber]] suggests that the name's origins may have lain [[Medieval pageant|in pageantry]], in that a tradition may have grown up in the 15th century of representing the prince in black armour. He points out that several chronicles refer to him as Edward IV (the title he would have taken as king had he outlived his father): this name would obviously have become confusing when the actual [[Edward IV]] succeeded in 1461, and this may have been the period when an alternative had to be found.{{sfn|Barber|1978|pp=242–3}}

Edward's reputation for brutality in France is well documented, and it is possible that this is where the title had its origins. French soldier [[Philippe de Mézières]] refers to Edward as the greatest of the "black boars" – those aggressors who had done so much to disrupt relations within Christendom.{{sfn|Green|2007|pp=184–5}} Other French writers made similar associations, and Peter Hoskins reports that an oral tradition of ''L'Homme Noir'', who had passed by with an army, survived in southern France until recent years.{{sfn|Hoskins|2011|p=57}} In Shakespeare's ''Henry V'', the King of France alludes to "that black name, Edward, Black Prince of Wales". [[John Speed]] reported in 1611 that the Black Prince was so named "not of his colour, but of his dreaded Acts in battell";{{sfn|Speed|1611|p=567}} a comment echoed in 1642 by [[Thomas Fuller]], who wrote that he was named "from his dreaded acts and not from his complexion".<ref>{{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Fuller |author-link=Thomas Fuller |title=The Holy State |url=https://archive.org/details/holystate1642full |location=Cambridge |year=1642 |page=[https://archive.org/details/holystate1642full/page/342 342] }}</ref> Joshua Barnes claimed in 1688 that it was from the time of the Battle of Crécy that "the ''French'' began to call [him] ''Le Neoir'', or the ''Black-Prince''", appearing to cite a record of 2 [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] (i.e. 1378–1379); but his reference is insufficiently precise to be traceable.<ref>{{harvnb|Barnes|1688|p=363}}</ref>{{sfn|Hunt|1889|p=92}} However, it is unclear how a French sobriquet might have crossed to England, and Barber finds this derivation of the name "unlikely".{{sfn|Barber|1978|p=243}}

==See also==
* [[Black Prince's Ruby]], which he forced [[Peter of Castile]] to give to him after the Castilian campaign. It is actually a large red [[spinel]], now set at the front of the British [[Imperial State Crown]]. (Originally, the term "ruby" was given to any red gemstone.)
* [[Black Prince (tank)]]  A43 Infantry Tank, a British experimental AFV design, essentially a "super [[Churchill tank|Churchill]]" of which six prototypes were built very late in World War II.
* [[Cultural depictions of Edward the Black Prince]]
* [[HMS Black Prince|HMS ''Black Prince'']], for [[Royal Navy]] ships named in his honour
* [[Junio Valerio Borghese]], an Italian Navy commander also known as the Black Prince due to his aristocratic connections and adherence to fascism.
* [[List of knights and ladies of the Garter]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last=Armitage-Smith |first=Sydney |title=John of Gaunt: King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester, Seneschal of England |page=[https://archive.org/details/johngauntkingca01armigoog/page/n60/mode/2up 21] |year=1905 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons}}
* {{Citation |last=Ascham |first=Roger |title=Toxophilus |volume=1 |page=40 |year=1545 |place=London |author-link=Roger Ascham}}
* {{Citation |last=Barber |first=Richard |title=Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine: a biography of the Black Prince |year=1978 |place=London |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-0-7139-0861-9 |author-link=Richard Barber}}
* {{Cite book |last=Barnes |first=Joshua |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A31006.0001.001?view=toc |title=The history of that most victorius monarch, Edward IIId, ... together with that of his most renowned son, Edward, Prince of Wales and of Aquitain, sirnamed the Black-Prince |year=1688 |location=Cambridge |author-link=Joshua Barnes |url-access=subscription |via=[[EEBO]]}};
* {{cite ODNB|mode=cs2 |last=Barber |first=Richard |date=January 2008 |title=Edward, prince of Wales and of Aquitaine (1330–1376) |id=8523}}
* {{Citation |last=Costain |first=Thomas B. |title=The Three Edwards |page=87 |year=1962 |place=New York |publisher=Popular Library |orig-year=1958}}
* {{Citation |last=Froissart |first=Sir John |title=Chronicles of England, France and Spain and the Surrounding Countries, Translated from the French Editions with Variations and Additions from Many Celebrated MSS |pages=[http://elfinspell.com/FroissartCh250Style.html 398–411] |year=1848 |place=London |publisher=William Smith |ref={{sfnRef|Johnes|1848}} |translator-last=Johnes |translator-first=Thomas}}
* {{Citation |last=Grafton |first=Richard |title=A Chronicle at Large |pages=223, 293, 324 |year=1569 |place=London |author-link=Richard Grafton}}
* {{Citation |last=Green |first=David |title=Edward, the Black Prince: Power in Medieval Europe |page=73 |year=2007 |place=Harlow |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-78481-9}}
* {{Citation |last=Harvey |first=John |title=The Black Prince and his Age |year=1976 |place=London |publisher=Batsford |isbn=978-0-7134-3148-3 |author-link=John Harvey (historian)}}
* {{Citation |last=Holinshed |first=Raphael |title=The Laste Volume of the Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande |url=http://english.nsms.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/texts.php?text1=1577_5320 |pages=893, 997, 1001 |year=1577 |place=London |author-link=Raphael Holinshed}}
* {{Citation |last=Hoskins |first=Peter |title=In the Steps of the Black Prince: the Road to Poitiers, 1355–1356 |year=2011 |place=Woodbridge |publisher=Boydell |isbn=978-1-84383-611-7}}
* {{DNB|mode=cs2 |last=Hunt |first=William |wstitle=Edward the Black Prince |volume=17 |pages=90–101}} Endnotes
* {{Citation |last=Jones |first=Dan |title=The Plantagenets: the warrior kings and queens who made England |page=524 |year=2014 |place=New York |publisher=Penguin}}.
* {{Citation |last=Jones |first=Michael |title=The Black Prince |date=2017 |pages=365–7 |place=London |publisher=Head of Zeus |isbn=978-1-78497-293-6}}
* {{Citation |last=Leland |first=John |title=Collectanea |volume=2 |pages=307, 479 |year=1774 |editor-last=Hearne |editor-first=Thomas |edition=3rd |place=London |author-link=John Leland (antiquary) |editor-link=Thomas Hearne (antiquarian)}}
* {{Citation |last=MacNalty |first=A. S. |title=The illness of Edward the Black Prince. |work=Br Med J |volume=1 |issue=4910 |page=411 |year=1955 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.4910.411 |pmc=2061131 |pmid=13230513}}
* {{Citation |last=Redlich |first=Marcellus Donald R. von |title=Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants |volume=I |page=64 |year=2009 |edition=1st, reprint, ebook |publisher=Genealogical Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-8063-0494-6 |orig-year=1941}}
* {{Citation |last=Sainte-Marie |first=Père Anselme de |title=Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9lEAAAAcAAJ |volume=1 |pages=87–88 |year=1726 |trans-title=Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France |edition=3rd |place=Paris |publisher=La compagnie des libraires |language=fr}}}
* {{Citation |last1=Selby |first1=Walford Dakin |title=The genealogist |page=[http://archive.org/details/genealogist1118selb/page/n475 228] |year=1895 |place=London |publisher=George Bell & Sons |last2=Harwood |first2=H. W. Forsyth |last3=Murray |first3=Keith W.}}
* {{Citation |last=Siddons |first=Michael Powell |title=Heraldic Badges in England and Wales 2.1. |pages=178–190 |year=2009 |place=Woodbridge |publisher=Society of Antiquaries/Boydell}}
* {{Citation |last=Speed |first=John |title=The History of Great Britaine under the Conquests of ye Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans |page=567 |year=1611 |place=London |author-link=John Speed}}
* {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Colin |title=Lauragais: Steeped in History, Soaked in Blood |publisher=Troubador Publishing |year=2018 |isbn=978-1789015836 |language=English}}
* {{Citation |last=Velde |first=Francois R. |title=Marks of cadency in the British royal family |date=5 August 2013 |url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm |work=Heraldica |access-date=10 November 2017}}.{{Unreliable source?|sure=y|reason=self published|date=November 2017}}{{Better source needed||date=November 2017}}
* {{Citation |last=Wagner |first=J. |title=Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War |date=2006 |url=http://dl.lilibook.ir/2016/03/Encyclopedia-of-the-Hundred-Years-War.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716235643/http://dl.lilibook.ir/2016/03/Encyclopedia-of-the-Hundred-Years-War.pdf |place=[[Westport, Connecticut|Westport]] |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-32736-0 |archive-date=16 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation |last=Weir |first=Alison |author-link=Alison Weir |title=Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy |pages=75, 92 |year=1999 |place=London |publisher=The Bodley Head}}
* {{Citation |last=Weir |first=Alison |author-link=Alison Weir |title=Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy |page=95 |year=2008 |place=London |publisher=Vintage Books}}
{{Refend}}

=== Other sources ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* [[Sloane MS]], S. 56 and 335;
* For the battle of Poitiers
** {{Cite journal |ref=none |last=Allonneau |date=1841 |title=Campagne du prince de Galles dans le Languedoc, l'Aquitaine et la France, terminée par la bataille de Poitiers et la captivité du roi Jean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcStleBTZ9kC&pg=RA2-PA59 |journal=Mémoires de la Société des antiquaires de l'Ouest |volume=8 |pages=59–120 |access-date=18 March 2020}}
** {{Cite journal |ref=none |last=St-Hypolite |date=1844 |title=Extraits de quatre notices sur les batailles de Voulon, Poitiers, Maupertuis et Moncontour: § III: Bataille de Maupertuis ou de Poitiers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WANFBXDBKfMC&pg=PA76 |journal=Mémoires de la Société des antiquaires de l'Ouest |volume=11 |pages=76–91 |access-date=18 March 2020}}
* For the Spanish campaign, {{Cite book |ref=none |last=López de Ayala |first=Pedro |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009326459 |title=Cronicas de los Reyes de Castilla |date=1779 |publisher=Don Antonio de Sancha |editor-last=Zurita |editor-first=Geronimo |volume=I: Don Pedro |location=Madrid |pages=364–519 |chapter=Aňo XIV–XVIII |author-link=Pero López de Ayala |access-date=18 March 2020 |editor-last2=de Llaguno Amirola |editor-first2=Eugenio}}
* For other references see under {{cite DNB |wstitle=Edward III|volume=17 |noicon=x |short=x}}, in text of above article, and in the notes of M. Luce's Froissart.
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Barber |editor-first=Richard |editor-link=Richard Barber |title=The Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince: from contemporary letters, diaries and chronicles, including Chandos Herald's Life of the Black Prince |place=Woodbridge |publisher=Boydell |year=1986|isbn=978-0-85115-435-0 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Collins |first=Arthur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQpaAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7 |title=The Life and Glorious Actions of Edward, Prince of Wales, (commonly Call'd the Black Prince) |date=1740 |publisher=Thomas Osborne |location=London |language=en |author-link=Arthur Collins (antiquarian) |access-date=18 March 2020}}
* {{Cite book |last=Froissart |first=Jean |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/010015694 |title=Chroniques |date=1869–1875 |publisher=Mme. ve. J. Renouard for Sociéte de l'histoire de France |editor-last=Luce |editor-first=Siméon |location=Paris |language=fr |author-link=Jean Froissart}}
* {{Cite book |last=Froissart |first=Jean |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100723731 |title=Chroniques |date=1835 |publisher=Desrez |editor-last=Buchon |editor-first=J. A. C. |series=Panthéon littéraire. Littérature française. Histoire |location=Paris |language=fr |author-link=Jean Froissart}}
* {{Cite book |last=Galfridi Le Baker de Swinbroke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5kKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5 |title=Chronicon Angliae temporibus Edwardi II et Edwardi III |date=1847 |publisher=Jacobus Bohn |editor-last=Giles |editor-first=J. A. |location=London |language=la |author-link=Geoffrey the Baker |access-date=18 March 2020}}
* {{Cite book |last=Guesclin |first=Bertrand |author-link=Bertrand du Guesclin |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000410295 |title=Chronique |date=1839 |publisher=Printed by Firmin Didot frères for Panthéon |editor-last=Charrière |editor-first=Ernest |location=Paris |access-date=18 March 2020 |editor-last2=de Saint-André |editor-first2=Guillaume}}
* {{citation |last=Green |first=David |title=The Black Prince |publisher=Tempus |place=Stroud |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7524-1989-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/blackprince0000gree }}
* {{citation |last=Green  |first=David |title=Masculinity and medicine: Thomas Walsingham and the death of the Black Prince |journal=Journal of Medieval History |volume=35 |year=2009 |pages=34–51 |doi=10.1016/j.jmedhist.2008.12.002|s2cid=155063563 }}
* {{citation |last=Gribling |first=Barbara |title=The Image of Edward the Black Prince in Georgian and Victorian England: negotiating the late medieval past |publisher=[[Royal Historical Society]] |place=Woodbridge |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-86193-342-6 }}
* {{citation |author=The Herald of Sir John Chandos |title=Life of the Black Prince |editor-first=Mildred K. |editor-last=Pope |editor2-first=Eleanor C. |editor2-last=Lodge |year=1910 |place=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |url=http://www.elfinspell.com/ChandosTitle.html}}
* {{Cite book |last=Herald |first=Chandos |author-link=Chandos Herald |url=https://archive.org/details/leprincenoirpom00changoog/page/n10 |title=Le Prince Noir |date=1883 |publisher=J. G. Fotheringham |editor-last=Francisque |editor-first=Michel |language=fr |access-date=18 March 2020}}
** {{Cite book |last=James |first=G. P. R. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009735211 |title=A history of the life of Edward the Black Prince, and of various events connected therwith, which occurred during the reign of Edward III, King of England |date=1836 |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman |edition=2nd |location=London |author-link=G. P. R. James |access-date=18 March 2020 |orig-year=1822}} – eulogistic and wordy, but useful; in the edition of 1836 James defends his work from the strictures of the Athenæum;
* {{Cite book |last=[[Jehan Le Bel]] |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005859961 |title=Les vrayes chroniques de Messire Jehan le Bel |date=1863 |publisher=F. Heussner |editor-last=Polain |editor-first=Matthieu Lambert |series=Académie royale de Belgique |location=Bruxelles |language=fr |access-date=18 March 2020}}
* {{Cite book |last=Knighton |first=Henry |title=Historiae anglicanae scriptores X |date=1652 |publisher=Printed by James Flesher and Cornelius Bee |editor-last=Twysden |editor-first=Roger |editor-link=Roger Twysden |location=London |pages=2311–2744 |chapter=Henricus Knighton Leicestrensis |author-link=Henry Knighton}}
* {{citation |author=Jean de Bel |url=https://archive.org/details/chroniquedejeand01lebeuoft |title=Chronique de Jean de Bel |location=Paris, Librairie Renouard, H. Laurens, successeur |year=1904}}
* {{Cite book |last=Longman |first=William |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000768557 |title=The history of the life and times of Edward the Third |date=1869 |publisher=Longmans, Green |access-date=17 March 2020}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Murimuth |first1=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GgNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Adami Murimuthensis Chronica sui temporis (M.CCC.III.–M.CCC.XLVI.) cum eorundem continuatione (ad M.CCC.LXXX.) |last2=Anon |date=1846 |publisher=Sumptibus Societatis |editor-last=Hog |editor-first=Thomas <!-- not [[Thomas Hog]] --> |language=la |author-link=Adam Murimuth |access-date=17 March 2020}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nichols |first=John Gough |author-link=John Gough Nichols |date=1843 |title=Observations on the Heraldic Devices discovered on the Effigies of Richard the Second and his Queen in Westminster Abbey, and upon the Mode in which those Ornaments were executed; including some Remarks on the surname Plantagenet, and on the Ostrich Feathers of the Prince of Wales |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d006533553&seq=48 |journal=[[Archaeologia (London)|Archaeologia]] |publisher=Society of Antiquaries of London |volume=29 |pages=32–59 |doi=10.1017/S0261340900001880 |access-date=18 March 2018}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nicolas |first=Nicholas Harris |author-link=Nicholas Harris Nicolas |date=1846 |title=Observations on the Origin and History of the Badge and Mottoes of Edward Prince of Wales |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d00576448c&seq=364 |journal=[[Archaeologia (London)|Archaeologia]] |publisher=Society of Antiquaries of London |volume=31 |pages=350–384 |doi=10.1017/S0261340900012509 |access-date=18 March 2018}}
* {{citation |last=Pattison  |first=Richard Phillipson Dunn |title=The Black Prince |year=1910 |place=London |publisher=Methuen }}
* {{citation |last=Pepin |first=Guilhem  |title=Towards a new assessment of the Black Prince's principality of Aquitaine: a study of the last years (1369–1372) |journal=Nottingham Medieval Studies |volume=50 |year=2006 |pages=59–114 |doi=10.1484/J.NMS.3.394 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Planché |first=J. R. |author-link=James Planché |date=1847 |title=Observations on the Mottoes, 'Houmout' and 'Ich Dien', of Edward the Black Prince |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015007010799&seq=99 |journal=[[Archaeologia (London)|Archaeologia]] |publisher=Society of Antiquaries of London |volume=32 |pages=69–71 |doi=10.1017/S0261340900003465 |access-date=18 March 2018}}
* {{Cite book |author=Robert of Avesbury |author-link=Robert of Avesbury |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049848461&seq=11 |title=Historia de mirabilibus gestis Edvardi III |date=1720 |publisher=[[Thomas Hearne (antiquarian)|Thomas Hearne]] |location=Oxford |language=la |access-date=17 March 2020}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stow |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsofenglandt00stow/page/n24/mode/2up |title=Annales of England |date=1603 |location=London |author-link=John Stow |access-date=18 March 2020}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100675829 |title=Fœdera |date=1816–1869 |publisher=[[Record Commission]] |editor-last=Rymer |editor-first=Thomas |editor-link=Thomas Rymer |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000020573638 |title=Rotuli Parliamentorum; ut et Petitiones, et Placita in Parliamento |editor-last=Strachey |editor-first=John |volume=II: Tempore Edwardi R. III |location=London |access-date=18 March 2020}}
* {{Cite book |last=Villani |first=Matteo |title=Rerum Italicarum Scriptores |date=1729 |publisher=Societas Palatinae |editor-last=Muratori |editor-first=Ludovico Antonio |volume=14 |location=Milan |pages=1–770 |language=it |chapter=Istorie |author-link=Matteo Villani |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PRii4Ker2YUC&pg=PT31}}
* {{Cite book |last=Walsingham |first=Thomas |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006062169 |title=Eulogium (historiarum sive temporis): Chronicon ab orbe condito usque ad annum Domini M.CCC.LXCI., a monacho quodam Malmesburiensi exaratum |date=1858–1863 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green and Longsman, and Roberts |editor-last=Haydon |editor-first=Frank Scott |series=[[Rolls Series]] |volume=9 |location=London |language=la, en |author-link=Thomas Walsingham |access-date=17 March 2020}}
* {{Cite book |last=Walsingham |first=Thomas |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009628237 |title=Thomae Walsingham, quondam monachi S. Albani, Historia Anglicana |date=1863–1864 |publisher=Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green |editor-last=Riley |editor-first=Henry T. |series=[[Rolls Series]] |volume=28 |location=London |language=la, en |author-link=Thomas Walsingham |access-date=17 March 2020}}
* {{citation |last1=Witzel |first1=Morgen |author1-link=Morgen Witzel |last2=Livingstone |first2=Marilyn |title=The Black Prince and the Capture of a King: Poitiers 1356 |location=Oxford |publisher=Casemate |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-61200-451-8 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Edward, the Black Prince}}
* {{wikisource inline|list=
** {{cite book |last=Haaren |first=John H |year=1904|chapter=[[s:Famous Men of the Middle Ages/Edward the Black Prince|Edward the Black Prince]] |title=Famous Men of the Middle Ages}}
** {{cite EB1911 |last=Tout |first=Thomas Frederick |wstitle=Edward, the Black Prince |volume=8 |pages=999–1000 |noicon=x |short=x}}
}}
* {{NPG name|name=Edward, Prince of Wales}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou | [[House of Plantagenet]]| 15 June|1330|8 June|1376}}
{{S-roy | en}}
{{S-bef |before=[[Edward III]]}}
{{S-ttl | title=[[Prince of Aquitaine]]|years=1362–1372}}
{{S-aft |after= [[Edward III]]}}
{{S-vac|last= English title: [[Edward II of England|Edward of Carnarvon]] <br/>Welsh title: [[Dafydd ap Gruffudd]] (1283)}}
{{S-ttl | title= [[Prince of Wales]] | years= 1343–1376 }}
{{S-vac |next=English title: [[Richard II of England|Richard of Bordeaux]]}}<br/>'''Welsh title: [[Owain Glyndwr]] (1400/15)'''
{{S-new}}
{{S-ttl | title=[[Duke of Cornwall]] | years=1337–1376 }}
{{S-vac |next= [[Richard II of England|Richard of Bordeaux]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{House of Plantagenet|edward3|England Arms 1340-white label.svg}}
{{Princes of Wales}}{{Hundred Years' War}}{{Dukes of Cornwall}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Edward, The Black Prince}}
[[Category:Edward the Black Prince| ]]
[[Category:1330 births]]
[[Category:1376 deaths]]
[[Category:14th-century English nobility]]
[[Category:14th-century peers of France]]
[[Category:Basque history]]
[[Category:Burials at Canterbury Cathedral]]
[[Category:Children of Edward III of England]]
[[Category:Deaths from dysentery]]
[[Category:Dukes of Cornwall]]
[[Category:English heirs apparent who never acceded]]
[[Category:High sheriffs of Cornwall]]
[[Category:House of Plantagenet]]
[[Category:Garter Knights appointed by Edward III]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Peers created by Edward III]]
[[Category:People from Wallingford, Oxfordshire]]
[[Category:People from Woodstock, Oxfordshire]]
[[Category:People of the Hundred Years' War]]
[[Category:Princes of Wales]]
[[Category:Sons of kings]]
[[Category:English princes]]