Editing Educational reform in occupied Japan

{{Proofreader needed|学制改革|ja|date=August 2022}}
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'''Educational reform in [[Occupation of Japan|occupied Japan]]''' (August 1945 – April 1952) encompasses changes in philosophy and goals of education; nature of the student-teacher relationship; coeducation; the structure of the compulsory education system; textbook content and procurement system; personnel at the [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology|Ministry of Education (MEXT)]]; [[Japanese script reform#Reforms|kanji script reform]]; and establishment of a university in every [[Prefectures of Japan|prefecture]]. The reforms were directed by the Education Division (Joseph C. Trainor) of the [[Civil Information and Education Section]] (CIE; Kermit R. Dyke, followed by Donald M. Nugent) of the [[Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers]] (SCAP, in Japanese: "GHQ").<ref>{{cite book |last=Trainor |first=Joseph C. |date=c. 1983 |title=Educational reform in occupied Japan: Trainor's memoir |location= Tokyo, Japan|publisher=Meisei University Press }}</ref> Also influential were the two reports of the United States Education Mission to Japan (March 1946; September 1950).

==Background==
During [[World War II]], many [[Japan]]ese students were mobilized for the [[war effort]], practicing military drills and working in factories, while schools became factory-like production centers. [[Air raids on Japan|Bombings]] destroyed some schools, and others were used as refuge centers. After [[Surrender of Japan|Japan's defeat]], the [[occupation of Japan|occupation]] forces ([[Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers|SCAP]]) undertook the task of reconstruction.

SCAP philosophy regarded a reformed [[Education|educational system]] as vital for Japan to become a democratic nation. Traditional Japanese methods were nearly opposite to that of the [[United States]]: control of schools was highly centralized and [[Rote learning|rote memorization]] of textbooks without much interaction described the standard student-teacher relationship, and the study texts were described as boring. Over the period of occupation, these and many other systems were changed. A less centralized hierarchy of school administrators was introduced and parents were allowed to vote for school boards for the first time. A new [[textbook]] industry was also created.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}. The division of school years was made to resemble that of the United States' at the time which was 6 years [[Primary education]] ([[elementary school]]s) : 3 years Lower [[Secondary education]] ([[junior high school]]s); 3 years Upper Secondary education ([[senior high school]]s) : 4 years [[Higher Education]] ([[university|Universities]] or [[college]]s).

Much of the reform was focused on conditioning students to more readily accept [[democracy|democratic]], [[liberalism|liberal]] and egalitarian ideals, directly competing with the prevailing hierarchical structures deeply ingrained in every level of Japanese society, from family life to government institutions.<ref name="ColumbiaOcc">{{cite web|author1=Columbia University|title=The American Occupation of Japan, 1945–1952 - Asia for Educators|url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1900_occupation.htm|website=afe.easia.columbia.edu|access-date=3 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212161748/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1900_occupation.htm|archive-date=12 December 2015}}</ref> Classes became [[mixed-sex education|co-educational]] single track system composed of 9 compulsory years, moving away from the former 6-year, single-sex, multi-track system. The use of [[Japanese script reform|kanji script was overhauled]] and greatly simplified, eliminating all but 1,850 more commonly used characters, referred to as the ''[[Tōyō kanji|tōyō kanjihyō]]''.<ref name="Frost">{{cite web|last1=Frost|first1=Peter|title=The Allied Occupation of Japan|url=http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/the_allied_occupation_of_japan|website=aboutjapan.japansociety.org|publisher=Japan Society|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004053655/http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/the_allied_occupation_of_japan|archive-date=4 October 2016}}</ref>

Initially, before the Japanese Ministry of Education ([[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology|MEXT]]) and Allied command's Civil Information and Education Section (CI&E) produced new textbooks to replace them, narratives in existing Japanese textbooks found to extol [[feudalism|feudalistic]], [[Japanese nationalism|nationalistic]], [[Japanese militarism|militaristic]], [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]], [[State Shinto]]-religious, or [[anti-Americanism|anti-American]] views were censored during class by students through a process of s''uminuri-kyōkasho'', or "blackening-over textbooks" with ink, under orders of the [[Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers]] (SCAP).<ref name="Buono">{{cite web|last1=Buono|first1=Stephen|title=Commission and Omission of History in Occupied Japan (1945–1949)|url=https://www.binghamton.edu/history/resources/journal-of-history/stephen-buono.html|website=www.binghamton.edu|publisher=Binghamton University - History Department: Resources: Journal of History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130041757/https://www.binghamton.edu/history/resources/journal-of-history/stephen-buono.html|archive-date=30 January 2016|access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref>

== Reform Philosophy ==
The Civil Information and Education Division (CIE) under SCAP followed seven principles for implementing education reforms in occupied Japan. The CIE's objective was to eliminate practices that contradicted the tenets of democracy and employ democratic models. Some of the CIE's main reforms include the 6-3-3-4 school ladder,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/06/confusion-in-education-9-3-4-6-3-3-4-1-6-3-4-british-american-or-which-curriculum/|title=CONFUSION IN EDUCATION: 9-3-4, 6-3-3-4, 1-6-3-4, British, American or which curriculum? - Vanguard News|date=2012-06-28|work=Vanguard News|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en-US}}</ref> core curriculum, the program of tests and policies, graduation requirements, collaborative style of learning, and a new course in social studies.

The primary strategy was to establish standards of education common among democratic societies. CIE was aware patterns built from these theories were relative to circumstances. Principles were general, but their expression was comparative. Eventually, these standards became benchmarks for the CIE to ascertain genuine progress in education reforms. The position was militarism and ultra-nationalism (promoting Japanese cultural unity) must not be a segment of school curriculum. The Division removed the military from academic institutions. Decision-making was left to the civilian population. The Americans decentralized administration and authority. At the same time, equality was practiced in education, and discrimination was eliminated. The basis of education must be facts and the experimental method applied whenever necessary. Last but not least teaching must be regarded as a profession that requires special training programs. These principles were published in three documents during the early part of the occupation: The Civil Affairs Handbook (1944), Education in Japan (1946), and Report of the United States Mission to Japan (1946).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMy0NwAACAAJ|title=Because We Said So: Educational Reform in Occupied Japan|last=Lagotte|first=Brian W.|date=2004|publisher=University of Kansas, Anthropology|language=en}}</ref>

Efforts to develop a comprehensive program of a democratic educational platform had to be deferred until after The USA Education Mission to Japan headed by [[George D. Stoddard]] concluded its visit in March 1946. This delegation included 26 education experts sent by the government upon the request of occupation leaders. A Japanese team worked hand in hand with the American group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/html/others/detail/1317419.htm|title=（3）Report of the United States Education Mission to Japan：文部科学省|website=www.mext.go.jp|language=ja|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref>

=== Adopting mixed-sex education ===<!-- Reordered from the original ja: Segmenting into a section to change topic -->

Under the rule of occupation by the [[Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers]] after World War II and the reformed School Education Act of Japan, former secondary schools were converted into {{interlanguage link|Upper secondary school (Japan)|jp|高等学校|lt=Upper secondary schools}}, established as part of the democratization policy. At that time many public schools with [[single-sex education]] were made into [[mixed-sex education]] with exception of some schools in [[Miyagi prefecture]], [[Fukushima prefecture]], [[Gumma prefecture]], and [[Saitama prefecture]].<ref>Entering into the 21st century, those public high schools that had continued single-sex education in Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures have adopted mixed-sex education to countermeasure the diminishing age group of younger population.</ref> 

Rare cases occurred such as in [[Yamaguchi Prefecture]], where former high schools were integrated with nearby former secondary schools and transformed into upper secondary schools under a new school system. [[Osaka Prefecture]] converted upper secondary schools under its administration into the new system; however, instead of integrating with neighboring junior/upper secondary schools, they replaced the whole population of students and teachers in school A with those who had belonged to school B.

=== Amami Islands ===<!-- Reordered from the original ja: Segmenting into a section to change topic -->

The [[Amami Islands]] left Japanese administrative power in 1946 (Showa 21), and the Provisional Government of Northern Ryukyu Islands ([[:w:ja:臨時北部南西諸島政庁|ja]]) introduced their new school system in 1949, delayed by one year.<ref>[http://www.archives.pref.okinawa.jp/hpdata/kouhou/HTML/rinjihokubunansei/07142.html Abolition of schools] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527130653/http://www.archives.pref.okinawa.jp/hpdata/kouhou/HTML/rinjihokubunansei/07142.html |date=2013-05-27 }} {{in lang|ja}}, {{interlanguage link|Okinawa Prefecture Archives|ja|沖縄県公文書館}}</ref>

== Transition from the former to the new school system ==
Various transitional measures were taken to alleviate the turmoil caused by the major changes in the school system due to academic reform. A transitional system was applied between 1947 (Showa 22) and 1950 (Showa 25), when schools consolidated under the former and the new systems coexisted. There were cases that fifth-graders in the former secondary school of 1947 (Showa 22) were given the choice whether to graduate with a diploma of the former secondary school, or to transfer to the senior year in the [[secondary education in Japan]],  for one additional year of schooling before graduation.

=== Transition measures for the former primary and secondary education (1946&ndash;1950) ===
'''Public schools'''

Up to March 1946, compulsory education in the secondary level was offered up to the senior level at public {{Interlanguage link|国民学校|lt=National schools in Japan|ja||WD=}} {{Nihongo|2=国民学校高等科|3=kokumin gakko kotoka}}, a level providing lower secondary education equivalent to Senior elementary school called {{Nihongo|2=高等小学校|3=Kōtō-shōgakkō}}. Graduates were admitted to those surviving Middle schools ([[:ja:旧制中等教育学校|ja]]) or {{Nihongo|2=中等学校|3=chuto gakko}} under former system. All those who graduated from elementary schools after March 1947 (Showa 22) were admitted to the current {{Interlanguage link|中学校|lt=Junior high schools in Japan|ja||WD=}}, or {{Nihongo|2=中学校|3=chugakko}} for their lower secondary education. Starting in 1935, in some public primary schools, continued education for working youth was offered along with military drills at 
[[:Ja:青年学校|Youth Schools]] {{in lang|ja}} or {{Nihongo||青年学校|Seinen gakko}}([[:ja:青年学校#教育内容|ja]]).

In August 1945, there were three sub-systems to middle schools; for boys {{Nihongo|2=旧制中学校|3=kyusei chugakko}}, for girls {{Nihongo|2=高等女学校|3=koto jogakko}}, and for both sexes vocational school {{Nihongo|2=実業学校|3=jitsugyo gakko}}. It was in April 1947 (Showa 22) a measure was taken to provide {{Nihongo|interim attached middle school|併設中学校|heisetsu chugakko}} to each faculty of public middle school: although new students admitted in April 1947 were admitted to the current junior high schools at once, those entered middle school level in 1945 and 1946 (sophomore and senior students) were advanced to the attached middle schools as a transition phase to secondary higher education.

{{See also|ja:旧制中等教育学校#新制高等学校への移行}}

'''Private schools'''

The private middle schools were given choice of whether they will change to new school system at once, or to apply transitional system. There were cases that private schools decided to continue the attached middle school after 1950, and they offered continued six-year period of secondary education.

'''University of Tokyo Junior High School'''

During WWII, they suspended recruiting students for {{Nihongo|the former high school regular course|旧制高校尋常科}}, and in 1946 (Showa 21) very few public secondary schools admitted students as {{Nihongo|2=東京高等学校|3=Tokyo koto gakko}} ([[:w:ja:東京高等学校 (旧制)|ja]]) did, but none in 1947. The freshmen of 1946 became isolated as no new students followed them under former school regulation, and in their senior year in 1948 (Showa 23), the school was reformed into the '''University of Tokyo Junior High School''', recruited new freshmen and sophomores to fill the classrooms. It is reformed later to become the current {{interlanguage link|Secondary School of the Faculty of Education, the University of Tokyo|ja|東京大学教育学部附属中等教育学校}} affiliated to the [[University of Tokyo]].
* 1946 ([[Shōwa (1926–1989)|Showa]] 21)

<blockquote>
* A 6th grader in [[:w:ja:尋常小学校|shotoka]], [[:w:ja:国民学校|kokumin gakko]] {{in lang|ja}} would enter a reformed junior high in 1947, then graduate and would enter an upper secondary in 1950;
* A 1st grader in [[W:ja:高等小学校|Kotoka]], kokumin gakko {{in lang|ja}} would transfer to a 2nd grade in a reformed junior high in 1947, then graduate and would enter an upper secondary in 1949;
* A 1st grader at Youth school: in [[W:ja:青年学校#教育内容|Futsuka]] {{in lang|ja}} Regular course would transfer to a 2nd grade in a reformed junior high in 1947, then graduate and would enter an upper secondary in 1949;

</blockquote>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center"
|+{{nowrap|Education reform in Japan (1946&ndash;1950)}} {{nowrap|Transition measures from pre-1945}}
|- style="white-space:nowrap"
! style="text-align:right" |School calendar of:
! width=12% |1946<br />[[Shōwa (1926–1989)|Showa]] 21
! width=12% |1947<br />Showa 22
! width=12% |1948<br />Showa 23
! width=12% |1949<br />Showa 24
! width=12% |1950<br />Showa 25
! width=12% |1951<br />Showa 26
! width=12% |1952<br />Showa 27
|-
| style="text-align:left" |Reformed school system||'''Elementary {{pipe}} Junior high'''||'''Upper secondary''' was started||'''Colleges and universities''' were built.||||||||
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| colspan="5" |Transition period to new school system
|
|
|-
| colspan="5" |Pre-1946 Junior high schools {{nihongo2|中等学校}} (former system) were placed under pre-1946 high schools in 1948, then terminated by the end of 1950 school calendar.
| colspan="2" |
|-
|
| colspan="3" |Interim junior high schools were introduced in 1947, integrated into reformed upper secondary schools in 19xx, to be terminated by the end of 1949 school calendar.<ref>The attached junior high at Yamashita Seinan Junior High School (private) was sustained by 1950 (Showa 25) until the last over-year students commenced. It was a transitional measure for over-years as Yamashita was transformed into .[[:ja:愛媛県立三瓶高等学校|w:ja:愛媛県立三瓶高等学校]], a public prefectural high school before they could decide their graduation.</ref><br />
| colspan="3" |
|-
| colspan="4" |Former School System was terminated in 1949.
|Last Middle School {{nihongo2|中等学校}} (former system) was terminated by the end of 1950 school calendar.
| colspan="2" |New School System started officially.
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Category and transition, primary and secondary education'''
|-
! style="text-align:right" |School calendar of:
!1946<br />[[Shōwa (1926–1989)|Showa]] 21
!1947<br />Showa 22
!1948<br />Showa 23
!1949<br />Showa 24
!1950<br />Showa 25
!1951<br />Showa 26
!1952<br />Showa 27
|-
| style="text-align:left" rowspan="8" |National schools or [[:w:ja:国民学校|Kokumin gakko]], <br />{{in lang|ja}}
|1st grade, [[:w:ja:尋常小学校|shotoka]] {{in lang|ja}}; 7yrs old. Start of compulsory education<br />|| rowspan="5" |2nd to 6th grades, elementary school (new)
| colspan="4" |Elementary school
|Junior high school
|-
|2nd grade, 8yrs old.
| colspan="3" |Elementary school|| colspan="2" |Junior high school
|-
|3rd grade 9yrs old.
| colspan="2" |Elementary school
| colspan="3" |Junior high school
|-
|4th grade 10yrs old.
|Elementary school
| colspan="3" |Junior high school
|
|-
|5th grade 11 yrs old
| colspan="3" |Junior high school
| colspan="2" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |6th grade, [[:w:ja:尋常小学校|shotoka]] {{in lang|ja}}; 12yrs (grad 13yrs)<br />
| colspan="3" |1st to 3rd grade, interim junior high. Compulsory education extended to junior high.
| colspan="3" |
|-
|1st grader, Youth School
|merged into {{Nihongo|junior high school|新制中学校|}} under new system.
| colspan="4" |
|-
|Tokushu-ka<br />(supplementary course)
|Admitted to 3rd grade, interim junior high
| colspan="5" |
|-
| style="text-align:left" rowspan="3" |{{Nihongo|Youth school|青年学校|Seinen gakko}}<br />{{in lang|ja}}
|1st grade,<br /> [[:ja:青年学校#教育内容|futsuka]] {{in lang|ja}}
|Students and teachers transferred to new Junior High Schools. In old system, Futsuka students would have finished courses in the 2nd grade.
| colspan="5" |
|-
|2nd grade, <br />[[:w:ja普通科|futsuka]],
|3rd grade, interim junior high
| colspan="3" |1st to 3rd grade, upper secondary (new)
|transferred to reformed colleges/&thinsp;universities<!--（新制大学へ）-->
|
|-
|1st grader,<br /> [[:ja:青年学校#教育内容|Honka]] {{in lang|ja}}
|2st grade,<br /> [[:ja:青年学校#教育内容|Honka]] {{in lang|ja}}
| colspan="3" |Students and teachers transferred to new upper secondary education as new [[:ja:高等学校#定時制の課程|part-time courses]] for vocational education. In old system, Honka students would have finished courses in the 5th grade.
| colspan="2" |
|-
| style="text-align:left" rowspan="2" |{{Nihongo|Middle school|中等教育学校|Chuto gakko/Chuto kyoiku gakko}}<br /><small>[[:Ja:旧制中等教育学校|中等学校 (former system)]]</small> {{in lang|ja}}
| rowspan="2" |1st grader||2nd and 3rd grade, {{nihongo|lower secondary education|新制中学校|shinsei chugakko}} (new)
| colspan="5" |Transformed to upper secondary schools in 1948. The last school was closed in March 1950 due to document arrangements for over year students applying to colleges/&thinsp;universities.
|-
| colspan="2" |2nd and 3rd grade,  <br />interim junior high
| colspan="4" |Transformed to upper secondary schools in 1948. The last school was closed in March 1950 due to document arrangements for over year students applying to colleges/&thinsp;universities.
|-
| style="text-align:left" rowspan="2" |{{Nihongo|Girls' high schools|高等女学校|Koto jogakko}}<br />{{in lang|ja}}
| rowspan="2" |1st grader
|Transferred to 2nd grade, but no new 1st graders were admitted.
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" |Schools decided to adopt new education system. 
However, basically, continued education for six years of secondary education even if they issue graduation diploma at the end of 3rd grade junior high school, or the lower upper education.
|-
|Transferred to 2nd grade under new system. 
New 1st graders were admitted.
<br />
|-
| style="text-align:left" rowspan="3" |{{Nihongo|Business schools|実業学校|Jitsugyo gakko}}<br /><small>[[:Ja:実業学校|実業学校]]</small> {{in lang|ja}}
| rowspan="2" |1st grade{{Efn|1946 (Showa 21) - 5 years were required to qualify for diploma. Politecnic schools for boys were converted back to Men's commercial schools. See also [[:w:ja:実業学校#沿革|jawp jitsugyo gakko]].|name=jits1946|group=}}
|No students admitted in 1947. Interim junior high introduced and attached to jitsugyo gakko. {{Efn||name=jits1946|group=}}
| rowspan="2" |Admitted as 1st grade, {{Nihongo|upper secondary education|新制高校}}. 
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |2nd and 3rd grades, {{Nihongo|upper secondary education|新制高校}}.
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
|-
|Transferred 2nd and 3rd grades to 2nd and 3rd grades in junior high (new).
|-
|2nd grade
|graduated
|Nominated and enrolled as over-year 1st grade, {{Nihongo|upper secondary education|新制高校}}.
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Transformation of middle schools'''
|-
! style="text-align:right" |School calendar of:
!1946<br />[[Shōwa (1926–1989)|Showa]] 21
!1947<br />Showa 22
!1948<br />Showa 23
!1949<br />Showa 24
!1950<br />Showa 25
!1951<br />Showa 26
!1952<br />Showa 27
|-
| style="text-align:left" rowspan="7" |{{Nihongo|Middle school|中等学校|Chuto gakko}}<br />{{in lang|ja}}
| rowspan="2" |1st grader
| colspan="2" |2nd and 3rd grades, {{nihongo|lower secondary education|新制中学校|shinsei chugakko}} (new)
| colspan="4" |
|-
| colspan="2" |2nd and 3rd grades,  <br />interim junior high
| colspan="4" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |2nd grader||3rd grade, interim junior high<br />|| colspan="2" |1st and 2nd grades, upper secondary (new)<br />
| rowspan="2" |senior, <br />upper secondary (new system)
|transferred to [[:Ja:新制大学|reformed <br />colleges or universities]]<!--（新制大学へ）-->
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="3" |3rd, 4th and 5th grades, interim junior high {{nihongo2|中等学校}}{{Efn|Cases were exceptional among public schools, however, for private sector, the transition from pre-1946 system was adopted but as a matter of fact, there were special cases when a new 1st grade students in the upper secondary education needs to apply for entrance examination among other graduates from other junior high schools, after finishing the 3rd grade in the lower secondary form.|name=|group=}}
|
|-
|3rd grade||4th grade||2nd grade, <br />upper secondary (new)<br />||<small>transferred to 2nd grade, upper secondary (new)</small>||transferred to [[:Ja:新制大学|reformed <br />colleges or universities]]<!--（新制大学へ）-->|| colspan="2" |&nbsp;
|-
|4th grade||transferred to 1st grade, [[:Ja:旧制高等学校|Kyusei koko]] (<small>former system) {{in lang|ja}}</small>||3rd grade, upper secondary (new)<br />||transferred to [[:Ja:新制大学|reformed <br />colleges or universities]]<!--（新制大学へ）-->|| colspan="3" |
|-
|5th grade||transferred to either [[:Ja:新制大学|reformed <br />colleges or universities]], preparatory/vocational/normal schools. <!--旧制高校や新制大学へ-->
| colspan="5" |&nbsp;
|}

=== Higher education : 1948–1950, converting to modern universities ===
{{See also|:ja:旧制高等学校#戦時中の臨時措置}}
Under the system former to reformation, the last students were admitted in spring of 1948; Kyusei kotogakko was introduced in 1894 and expired in 1950 after the reformation in 1918, {{nihongo|Kyusei semmongakko|旧制専門学校}} in 1903 as a single major normal school specializing in elementary school education was called {{nihongo|Shihangakko|師範学校}} with {{nihongo|Koto shihangakko|高等師範学校}} for training educators for high schools and college level.

{{nihongo|Daigaku yoka|大学予科}} along with Kyusei kotogakko had been established as the primary higher education for those who would continue to universities. For Kyusei kotogakko, the senior year graduates, or the 3rd graders who commenced from kotogakko in 1947 were the last generation finishing the full three years' term of high school education. Those freshmen entered in 1948 completed their first year under the former system, and as it expired at the end of the academic year 1948 or March 1949, they did not qualify to transfer for their choice of colleges under a new system, or {{nihongo|shinsei daigaku|新制大学}}. They applied for admission examination and entered colleges and universities in the spring of 1949.

The idea of 1949 educational system reform was to reform so-called high schools under the old system as colleges and universities. As shinsei daigaku or universities under a new system, those high schools under the old system including single major semmon gakko and shihangakko for future educators were renamed.<!--{{efn|「<nowiki>[[第一高等学校 (旧制)|東京大学第一高等学校]]</nowiki>」、「<nowiki>[[金沢大学]]</nowiki><nowiki>[[第四高等学校 (旧制)|第四高等学校]]</nowiki>」、「<nowiki>[[滋賀大学]]</nowiki><nowiki>[[彦根高等商業学校|彦根経済専門学校]]</nowiki>」、「<nowiki>[[北海道教育大学|北海道学芸大学]]</nowiki>北海道第二師範学校」、「<nowiki>[[千葉大学]]</nowiki><nowiki>[[東京医科歯科大学]]</nowiki>予科」というような名称になった。この状態が旧制学校の最後の卒業生が卒業するまで続いた。}}-->

For students, those who had studied for the full four years' term and qualify as {{nihongo|kyusei chugakko|旧制中学校}} graduates in 1947 were offered two options. They either could enter kyuseikoko and transfer, or enter shinsei koko, the present day high school and continue to prepare for college/&thinsp;university. As for special transition measure, those 3rd graders in old high schools were also given those two options. Like on the Komaba campus of University of Tokyo, there were rivalry seen among those high school students of Daiichi Kotogakko against the university students. While the last kyusei daigaku, or old system universities admitted students till 1950, there were considerable number of graduates of old system high schools who either failed at the admission examinations or postponed their applications. Universities established administered by the new system held special examinations for those graduates of past academic years as transfer students.

==== Medical schools ====
In 1949 (Showa 24), under the academic system reform, the qualification for admission to the medical and dental departments became "a person who has completed two years of college and who meets specific requirements (in defined subjects and credits)". Therefore, a single department (medical/dental) schools and nursing schools transformed and adapted those {{Nihongo|Preparatory colleges|大学予科|Daigaku yoka}} under {{Interlanguage link|Loi sur l'université|lt=Japanese University Act of 1918|fr||WD=}} 
as two years' undergraduate course after the academic reformation. The four-year university which had established the “Science Department” made a two-years' preparatory courses, called {{Nihongo|2=理学部乙|3=Rigakubu otsu}}, or the “Preparatory Course, Science Department”, especially for medical and dental students: requirements of ''two-year university graduates'' were hence cleared. 
[[:Ja:大学予科|preparatory two-years colleges]]
[[:Fr:Loi sur l'université]]
The anomalous state of mixed students with academic achievement under the new and old systems lasted by 1955, when the new regulation for department of medical and dental studies went into effect, and surviving preparatory courses as well as those university preparatory courses was merged into [[:Ja:進学課程 (医歯学部)|Faculty of Science]]. Nursing school reform followed the course as well.<ref>{{cite journal|title= 総説&mdash;占領期の日本の看護教育改革構想 : Nursing Education Council における検討過程を通して |trans-title= General overview: The conception of nursing educational reform during the period of the occupation : through the discussion process of the nursing education council|last1= Tsuboi|first1= Yoshiko|last2= Sato |first2=Kumiko|journal= Yamanashi Nursing Journal |volume= 1 |number= 1 |pages= 3–7|year= 2002|publisher=山梨大学看護学会|oclc= 997851575|access-date= 2019-05-17|url=https://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/997851575?page=frame&url=http%3A%2F%2Fopac.lib.yamanashi.ac.jp%2Fopac%2Frepository%2F1%2F20937%2FKJ00004527830.pdf%26checksum%3Da491268614abed09644e660259f3be25&title=&linktype=digitalObject&detail=:noframes |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http%3A%2F%2Fopac.lib.yamanashi.ac.jp%2Fopac%2Frepository%2F1%2F20937%2FKJ00004527830.pdf%26checksum%3Da491268614abed09644e660259f3be25&title=&linktype=digitalObject&detail=:noframes |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|language=ja}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Education in Japan]]
* [[History of education in Japan]]
* [[Sadao Araki]]
* [[Occupation of Japan]] by the [[Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers]] (SCAP)

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Divine |first=Charles Peter |date=1978 |title=Educational reforms in occupied Japan |location= Madison, WI |publisher=University of Wisconsin }}
*[[Kenneth B. Pyle]]. ''The Making of Modern Japan'', 1996.
* {{Cite book|title= Kodomotachi no taiheiyō sensō |trans-title= Children at National Schools and the Age of the Pacific War|last=Yamanaka |first= Hisashi|date=1986-11-20|publisher=Iwanami Shoten |isbn=4-00-420356-2|series=Iwanami Shinsho (ki 356)|location=Tokyo|language=ja}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/html/others/detail/1317570.htm|title=Gakusei hyakunen-shi : Kokumin gakko no seiritsu |trans-title=A Century of Schooling : Formation of national schools|date=September 5, 1981 |publisher=[[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology]]|location=Shinjuku, Tokyo|language=ja |access-date=2015-07-19|website=White Papers> Centennial History> §5 Education under Wars}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Educational Reform In Occupied Japan}}
[[Category:Occupied Japan]]
[[Category:History of education in Japan|Reform]]
[[Category:Reform in Japan]]
[[Category:Education reform]]