Editing Edmund the Martyr

{{Short description|King of East Anglia from about 855 until 869}}
{{Distinguish|Edward the Martyr}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Edmund
| succession   = [[King of the East Angles]]
| image        = {{multiple image
 | direction = horizontal
 | align=center
 | total_width= 280
 | header =
 | footer =
 | image1 = Edmundbeingmartyred05.jpg
 | alt1 = illumination of Edmund the Martyr being shot with arrows
 | caption1 = 
 | image2 = Execution of Edmund the Martyr.jpg
 | alt2 = Illumination of the beheading of Edmund the martyr
 | caption2 = 
 }}
| caption      = The martyrdom of Edmund: [[Folio]]s 14r and 14v from the 12th century ''Passio Sancto Eadmundi'' ([[Morgan Library & Museum]], New York)
| reign        = {{circa}} 855{{snd}}20 November 869
| birth_date   = 
| death_date   = 20 November 869 
| death_place  = East Anglia
| burial_date  = 
| burial_place = <!-- <br /> {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->
| module       = 
| predecessor  = [[Æthelweard of East Anglia|Æthelweard]]
| successor    = [[Oswald of East Anglia|Oswald]]
}}

'''Edmund the Martyr''' (also known as '''St Edmund''' or '''Edmund of East Anglia''', died 20 November 869){{refn|The year of Edmund's death may have been 870, according to some calculations. The uncertainty has arisen because the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' sometimes began in September, meaning that an event that took place in November 869 (according to the modern calendar) would have been recorded by the Anglo-Saxons as having taken place in 870.{{sfn|Swanton|1997|p=xv}}|group=note}} was king of [[Kingdom of East Anglia|East Anglia]] from about 855 until his death. 

Few historical facts about Edmund are known, as the kingdom of East Anglia was devastated by the [[Vikings]], who destroyed any contemporary evidence of his reign. Coins minted by Edmund indicate that he succeeded [[Æthelweard of East Anglia]], as they shared the same [[moneyer]]s. He is thought to have been of East Anglian origin, but 12th century writers produced fictitious accounts of his family, succession and his rule as king. Edmund's death was mentioned in the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'', which relates that he was killed in 869 after the [[Great Heathen Army]] advanced into East Anglia. [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] versions of Edmund's life and martyrdom differ as to whether he died in battle fighting the Great Heathen Army, or if he met his death after being captured and then refusing the Viking leaders' demand that he renounce Christ. 

A popular [[Cult (religious practice)|cult]] emerged after Edmund's death, and he was [[canonised]] by the Church. A series of coins commemorating him was minted from around the time East Anglia was absorbed by the kingdom of [[Wessex]] in 918, and in about 986, the French monk [[Abbo of Fleury|Abbo]] wrote of his life and martyrdom. 

During the 10th century, Edmund's remains were [[Translation (relic)|translated]] from an unidentified location in East Anglia to Beodricesworth (modern [[Bury St Edmunds]]); they were temporarily moved to London for safekeeping in 1010. Edmund's cult flourished during the [[Early Middle Ages|Early]] and [[High Middle Ages|High]] Middle Ages, and he and [[Edward the Confessor]] were regarded as the [[patron saint]]s of [[Kingdom of England|medieval England]] until they were replaced by [[Saint George]] in the 15th century.{{sfn|Farmer|2011|pp=136-139}} Medieval manuscripts and works of art relating to Edmund include Abbo's ''Passio Sancti Eadmundi'', [[John Lydgate]]'s 15th-century ''Life'', the [[Wilton Diptych]], and a number of church [[Mural|wall paintings]].

==King of the East Angles==
===Accession and rule===
[[File:Williamson p16 3.svg|300px|thumb|The kingdom of the East Angles]]
The existence of Edmund is known from coins minted by his [[moneyer]]s, three of whom—Dudda, Eadmund, and Twicga—minted coins for Edmund's predecessor, [[Æthelweard of East Anglia|Æthelweard]] which suggests that a smooth transition of power occurred.{{sfn|Young|2018|p=40}} The number of coins issued in his name indicates that he reigned for a number of years, but the only contemporary documentary references to Edmund are the records of his death in [[Asser]]'s life of [[Alfred the Great]] and the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]''. The twelfth-century ''[[Annals of St Neots]]'' states that Edmund succeeded on Christmas Day 855 aged fourteen and was crowned by Bishop [[Hunberht]] on Christmas Day 856 at a royal vill in [[Bures St Mary|Burna]] in Suffolk, but no source is known for these statements.{{sfn|Gransden|2004}} The devastation in East Anglia that was caused by the [[Vikings]] destroyed all the [[charter]]s that may have referred to Edmund.{{sfn|Yorke|2002|p=20}}

Edmund cannot be placed within any ruling dynasty. The 10th century French monk [[Abbo of Fleury]] stated that Edmund was ''{{lang|la|ex antiquorum Saxonum nobili prosapia oriundus}}'', which according to Ridyard "was probably Abbo's rather verbose way of saying he was descended from the ancient nobility of his race".{{sfn|Ridyard|1988|p=217}}

A variety of different coins were [[Mint (facility)|minted]] by Edmund's moneyers during his reign.<ref>{{cite news|title=Treasure hunters found nearly 1,000 items in 2012|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-25748576|work=[[BBC News]]|date=16 January 2014 |publisher=|access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref> The letters ''AN'', standing for 'Anglia', appear on the coins of only Edmund and [[Æthelstan of East Anglia|Æthelstan]], another 9th century king of the East Angles; the letters appear on Edmund's coins as part of the phrase ''+ EADMUND REX AN[GLORUM]'' ("Edmund, King of the Angles").{{sfn|Young|2018|p=7}} Edmund's later coins read ''+ EADMUND REX'' ("Edmund, King").{{sfn|Young|2018|p=7}}{{sfn|Grierson|Blackburn|1986|p=294}} Otherwise, no chronology for his coins has been confirmed.{{sfn|Grierson|Blackburn|1986|p=588}}

===Death and burial===
For decades after the [[Lindisfarne#Viking raid on the monastery %28793%29|Viking raid on Lindisfarne in 793]], their attacks on England were mainly raids on isolated [[Monastery|monastic communities]]. According to the ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' and the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', a larger-scale attack occurred in {{circa|844}}. By the end of the decade the Vikings had started to over-winter in England.{{sfn|Oliver|2013|p=168}} In the autumn of 865 a force probably numbering over 5,000 combatants, described by the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' as "a great heathen army", came to East Anglia. Edmund made peace with them and gave them horses and other supplies, and they stayed there until the summer of 866, when they moved on to York.{{sfnm|1a1=Abels|1y=1998|1pp=113-115|2a1=Whitelock|2y=1979|2p=191}} The army attacked Mercia by the end of 867 and made peaceful terms with the Mercians; a year later the Vikings returned to East Anglia.{{sfn|Oliver|2013|p=172}} 

The ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', which generally described few matters relating to the East Angles and their rulers, relates that "here the army rode across Mercia into East Anglia, and took winter-quarters at Thetford; and that winter King Edmund fought against them, and the Danish took the victory, and killed the king and conquered all that land".{{sfn|Swanton|1997|p=70}} Where Edmund was killed and whether he died in battle or was murdered by the Danes afterwards is not known.{{sfn|Butler|Thomas|Burns|1997|p=173}} The Great Heathen Army went on to invade [[Wessex]] in late 870, where they were confronted by [[Æthelred of Wessex]] and his brother, the future [[Alfred the Great]].{{sfn|Yorke|1995|p=109}}{{sfn|Ridyard|1988|p=211}}

Edmund was buried in a wooden chapel near to where he was killed. At a date generally assumed by historians to have been during the reign of [[Æthelstan]], who became king of the Anglo-Saxons in 924, Edmund's body was [[Translation (relic)|translated]] from {{lang|ang|Haegelisdun}}—the location of which has never been conclusively identified—to ''{{lang|ang|Beodricesworth}}'', now modern [[Bury St Edmunds]].{{sfn|Young|2018|p=75}}{{sfn|Ridyard|1988|p=213}} In 925 Æthelstan founded a religious community to take care of Edmund's [[shrine]].{{sfn|Farmer|2011|pp=136{{ndash}}137}}

==Memorial coinage==
[[File:King Edmund coin (British Museum).jpg|thumb|alt=photograph of a St Edmund coin|A St Edmund memorial [[penny]] ([[British Museum]])]]
Following the death of the Danish [[Guthrum]], king of East Anglia, in around 890,{{refn|1=Guthrum who ruled East Anglia under the [[Christian name|baptismal name]] of Æthelstan.{{sfn|Costambeys|2008}}|group=note}} the same moneyers who had minted his coins started to produce money in commemoration of Edmund.{{sfn|Young|2018|p=72}} The coins, whose design was based upon those produced during Edmund's reign, provide the earliest evidence that he was venerated as a saint.{{sfn|Young|2018|pp=69, 72}}{{sfn|Grierson|Blackburn|1986|p=305}} All the [[Penny|pennies]] and (more rarely) [[History_of_the_halfpenny#Early_halfpennies|half-pennies]] that were produced read ''SCE EADMVND REX''—'O St Edmund the king!'. Some of them have a [[Legend (numismatics)|legend]] that provides evidence that the Vikings experimented with their initial design.{{sfn|Grierson|Blackburn|1986|p=320}}

The St Edmund memorial coins were minted in great quantities by a group of more than 70 moneyers, many of whom appear to have originated from continental Europe; over 1800 specimens were found when the [[Cuerdale Hoard]] was discovered in [[Lancashire]] in 1840.{{sfn|Grierson|Blackburn|1986|p=319}} The coins were widely used within the [[Danelaw]]. They have mainly been found in the east of England, but the exact location of any of the mints they came from is not known with certainty, although scholars have assumed that they were made in East Anglia.{{sfn|Grierson|Blackburn|1986|pp=319{{ndash}}320}}

==Veneration==
===Cult at Bury St Edmunds===
  {{Infobox saint
  |name=Saint Edmund the Martyr
  | image            = John Lydgate praying at St Edmund's shrine.png
  | imagesize        = 220px
  | alt              = medieval illustration of Edmund's shrine 
  | caption          = [[John Lydgate]] prays at the shrine of St Edmund, from a folio of ''Lives of SS Edmund and Fremund'' ([[British Library]])
  |feast_day=20 November
  |venerated_in=[[Catholic Church]]<br />[[Anglican Communion]]<br />[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
  |major_shrine=[[Bury St Edmunds]], destroyed during the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]]
  |attributes=<!-- Crowned and robed, --> An arrow or a sword, a hand-held [[Globus cruciger|orb]] and [[Sceptre#Christian_era|sceptre]], wolf<!-- , severed head --> 
  |patronage= Kings, [[pandemic]]s, wolves, torture victims, protection from the [[Plague (disease)|plague]] 
}}
Edmund's [[Cult (religious practice)|cult]] was promoted and flourished, but it declined, with the production of St Edmund coins ceasing after around 910. The saint did not reappear in [[Liturgical year|liturgical calendars]] from the 9th century until the appearance of Abbo of Fleury's ''Passio Sancti Eadmundi'' three centuries later.{{sfn|Gransden|1992|pp=82{{ndash}}83}} In 1010, Edmund's remains were translated to London to protect them from the Vikings, where they were kept for three years before being returned to Bury.{{sfn|Farmer|2011|pp=136{{ndash}}137}} 

The Danish king [[Cnut the Great|Canute]], who ruled England from 1016,{{sfn|Lawson|2013}} converted to Christianity and was instrumental in founding the abbey at Bury St Edmunds.{{sfn|Young|2018|p=89}} The new stone [[abbey]] church was completed in 1032, having possibly been commissioned by Canute in time to be consecrated on the 16th anniversary of the [[Battle of Assandun]], which took place on 18 October 1016.{{sfn|Young|2018|p=90}} Edmund's shrine became one of the most famous and wealthy [[pilgrimage]] locations in England. The abbey's power grew upon being given jurisdiction over the western half of the county of [[Suffolk]] by the creation in 1044 of the [[Liberty of Saint Edmund]], established by [[Edward the Confessor]], and a larger church was built in 1095, into which Edmund's [[relic]]s were translated.<ref name="High">{{cite web |title=High Stewards |url=https://www.highstewardship.org/high-stewards |publisher=The High Stewardship of the Liberty of St Edmund |access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref>{{refn|1=The [[Liberty (division)|Liberty]] remained a separate jurisdiction under the control of the abbot of [[Bury St Edmunds Abbey]] until the [[dissolution of the monasteries]] in the 1530s.{{sfn|Redstone|1914|p=202}}|group=note}} After the [[Norman Conquest]] of England in 1066, the [[abbot]] planned out over 300 new houses within a [[Grid plan|grid-iron pattern]] at a location that was close to the abbey precincts, a development which caused the town to more than double in size.{{sfn|Cantor|1982|p=176}}{{sfn|Waller|2000|p=98}} [[John, King of England|King John]] is said to have given a great [[sapphire]] and a precious stone set in gold to the shrine, which he was permitted to keep upon the condition that it was returned to the abbey when he died.{{sfn|Yates|1843|loc=part II p. 40}}

Edmund's shrine was destroyed in 1539, during the [[dissolution of the monasteries]]. According to a letter (now in the [[British Library]]'s [[Cotton Library|Cotton Collection]]), the shrine was defaced, and silver and gold to the value of over 5,000 [[Mark (money)|marks]] was taken away. The abbot and his monks were expelled and the abbey was dissolved.{{sfn|Pinner|2015|pp=1{{ndash}}2}}

=== Cult at Toulouse ===
In 1664, a lawyer from the French city of [[Toulouse]] publicized a claim that Edmund's remains had been taken from Bury by the future [[Louis VIII of France]] following his defeat at the [[Battle of Lincoln (1217)|Battle of Lincoln]] in 1217.{{sfn|Young|2018|p=12{{ndash}}13}} The relics had then been donated by Louis to the [[Basilica of St. Sernin, Toulouse|Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse]].{{sfn|Gem|2020}} The first record of this is a relic list for Saint-Sernin of around 1425, which included St Edmund among the church's relics.{{sfn|Gem|2020}} 

In 1644, after the city was saved from the [[Plague (disease)|plague]] from 1628 to 1631, which the population ascribed to the intercession of a saint known to the church authorities as ''Aymundus'', who they decided was Edmund. In gratitude for its deliverance, the city vowed to build a new [[reliquary]] for the saint's remains. Edmund's cult flourished there for over two centuries.{{sfn|Young|2018|p=133}} The reliquary, designed by [[Jean Chalette]], was silver and adorned with solid silver statues.{{sfn|Julien|1996}} In 1644, the relics were verified and catalogued for interment in the newly-completed shrine, by which time the cult's origins had been forgotten.{{sfn|Young|2018|pp=133{{ndash}}134}} Edmund's shrine was removed in 1794 during the [[French Revolution]]. The saint's relics were restored to the Basilica of Saint-Sernin in 1845 and placed in a new reliquary.{{sfn|Young|2018|pp=135{{ndash}}136}}

=== Relics at Arundel ===
[[File:Arundel Castle -West Sussex, England-23June2011 (2).jpg|thumb |alt=aerial photo of Arundel|upright=1.3|[[Arundel Castle]] in [[West Sussex]]]]
In 1901 the [[Archbishop of Westminster]], [[Herbert Vaughan]], received "certain relics" from the Basilica of Saint-Sernin. The relics, believed at the time to be those of St Edmund, were intended for the high altar of London's [[Westminster Cathedral]], which was then under construction.{{sfn|Gem|2020}}

The acceptance of the relics required the intercession of [[Pope Leo XIII]], after an initial refusal by the church in France.{{sfn|Houghton|1970|p=78}} Upon their arrival in England they were housed in the [[Fitzalan Chapel]] at [[Arundel Castle]] prior to their translation to Westminster. Although their validity had been confirmed in 1874, when two pieces were given to [[Henry Edward Manning|Edward Manning, Archbishop of Westminster]], concerns were raised about the authenticity of the Arundel relics by [[M. R. James|Montague James]] and Charles Biggs in ''[[The Times]]''. The relics remained at Arundel under the care of the [[Duke of Norfolk]] while a historical commission was set up by Cardinal Vaughan and Archbishop Germain of Saint-Sernin. They remain {{As of|1993|lc=y}} at Arundel.{{sfn|Gem|2020|p=45}} In 1966 three teeth from the collection of relics from France were given to [[Douai Abbey]] in [[Berkshire]].{{sfn|Gem|2020}}

===Commemoration and attributes===
[[File:St.Edmunds Monument (geograph 2705742).jpg|thumb|right|Monument in [[Hoxne]], Suffolk, marking the location of an ancient oak tree, supposed to be the site of Edmund's death.]]
The [[Calendar of saints|feast day]] of Edmund, King and Martyr in the Catholic Church is 20 November.{{sfn|Young|2018|p=100}} He is also remembered in the [[Church of England]], with a [[Lesser Festival (Anglicanism)|Lesser Festival]] on this day of the year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=27 March 2021|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref> Edmund's particular attributes are the arrow and the sword,{{sfn|Olderr|2012|pp=20, 198}} being an English king, his attributes include the [[Globus cruciger|orb]] and [[Sceptre#Christian_era|sceptre]].{{sfn|Olderr|2012|p=177}} According to the ''[[Oxford Dictionary of Saints]]'', his attribute can also be a wolf.{{sfn|Farmer|2011|pp=136{{ndash}}137}}

A stone cross at [[Hoxne]] in Suffolk marks one supposed location of Edmund's death. The monument records that it was built on the site of an ancient oak tree which fell in 1848 and was found to have an arrow head embedded in its trunk.<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1458357|access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref> Some fifty-five [[Church of England parish church]]es are dedicated to Edmund, perhaps the most notable being the Church of [[St Edmund, King and Martyr]], [[Lombard Street, London|Lombard Street]] in the [[City of London]]. The [[Benedictine]] community of [[Douai Abbey]] also has Edmund as its patron.<ref>Mackinlay 1893, pp. 324–325</ref> There is a St Edmunds chapel at the East end of [[Tewkesbury Abbey]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22260/22260-h/22260-h.htm#imagep061 | title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of the Abbey Church of Tewkesbury, by H.J.L.J. Massé. }}</ref>

== Medieval hagiographies and legends ==
=== ''Passio Sancti Eadmundi'' ===
{{anchor|Passio Sancti Eadmundi}}
In about 986, the monks of [[Ramsey Abbey]] commissioned Abbo of Fleury to write Edmund's ''{{lang|la|[[Hagiography|passio]]}}'', or account of his martyrdom.{{sfn|Gransden|1992|p=47}} According to Abbo, [[Dunstan|St Dunstan]], Archbishop of Canterbury, was the source of the story of the martyrdom, which he had heard told long before, in the presence of Æthelstan, by an old man who swore an oath that he had been Edmund's sword-bearer.{{sfn|Ridyard|1988|p=63}}

In Abbo's version of events, the king refused to meet the Danes in battle, preferring to die a martyr's death. According to Ridyard, Edmund's martyrdom cannot be proven and the nature of his fate—whether he died fighting or was murdered after the battle—cannot be read from the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle''. Ridyard notes that the story that Edmund had an armour-bearer implies that he would have been a warrior king who was prepared to fight the Vikings on the battlefield, but she acknowledges the possibility that such later accounts belong to "the realm of hagiographical fantasy".{{sfn|Ridyard|1988|pp=66{{ndash}}67}}

{{quote box
| width = 50%
| title = Edmund's death, according to Ælfric of Eynsham
| title_bg = BlanchedAlmond
| title_fnt = SaddleBrown
| bgcolor = Cornsilk
| align = right
| halign = left
|source = Ælfric of Eynsham, ''Old English paraphrase of Abbo of Fleury, 'Passio Sancti Eadmundi'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Medieval Sourcebook: Abbo of Fleury: The Martyrdom of St. Edmund, King of East Anglia, 870 |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/870abbo-edmund.asp |publisher=[[Fordham University]] |access-date=13 December 2021 |ref=for |date=2021}}</ref>
| quote = "King Edmund, against whom Ivar advanced, stood inside his hall, and mindful of the Saviour, threw out his weapons. He wanted to match the example of Christ, who forbade Peter to win the cruel Jews with weapons. Lo! the impious one then bound Edmund and insulted him ignominiously, and beat him with rods, and afterwards led the devout king to a firm living tree, and tied him there with strong bonds, and beat him with whips. In between the whip lashes, Edmund called out with true belief in the Saviour Christ. Because of his belief, because he called to Christ to aid him, the heathens became furiously angry. They then shot spears at him, as if it was a game, until he was entirely covered with their missiles, like the bristles of a hedgehog (just like [[St Sebastian]] was).

When Ivar the impious pirate saw that the noble king would not forsake Christ, but with resolute faith called after Him, he ordered Edmund beheaded, and the heathens did so. While Edmund still called out to Christ, the heathen dragged the holy man to his death, and with one stroke struck off his head, and his soul journeyed happily to Christ."}}

Abbo named one of Edmund's killers as Hinguar, who can probably be identified with Ivarr inn beinlausi (Ivar the Boneless), son of [[Ragnar Lodbrok]].{{sfn|Ridyard|1988|p=67}} After describing the horrific manner of Edmund's death, the ''{{lang|la|Passio}}'' continued the story. His severed head was thrown into the wood. As Edmund's followers searched for him, calling out "Where are you, friend?" the head answered, {{lang|ang|Her, her, her}} ("Here! Here! Here!") until at last they found it, clasped between a wolf's paws, protected from other animals and uneaten. The followers then recovered the head.{{sfn|Ridyard|1988|p=212}}{{sfn|Young|2018|p=55}}

Abbo failed to date these events surrounding Edmund's translation to {{lang|ang|Beodericsworth}}, although from his text it can be seen that he believed that the relics had been taken to Beodericsworth by the time that [[Theodred (bishop of London)|Theodred]] became [[Bishop of London]] in around 926.{{sfn|Ridyard|1988|p=231}} Upon [[Exhumation#Exhumation|exhumation]] of the body, a miracle was discovered. All the arrow wounds upon Edmund's undecayed corpse had healed and his head was reattached.{{sfn|Ridyard|1988|p=212}} The last recorded inspection of the body whilst at Bury St Edmunds was in 1198.{{sfn|Gem|2020}}{{sfn|Houghton|1970|p=51}}

[[File:St Andrew, Greensted-juxta-Ongar - 51572794143.jpg|thumb|A 19th century carving depicting the wolf guarding Edmund's head, in [[St Andrew's Church, Greensted-juxta-Ongar]].]]
The resemblance between the deaths of St Sebastian and St Edmund was remarked upon by Abbo: both saints were attacked by [[Archery|archers]], although only Edmund is supposed to have been decapitated. His death bears some resemblance to the fate suffered by other saints: [[Saint Denis of Paris|St Denis]] was [[whip]]ped and beheaded and the body of [[Mary of Egypt]] was said to have been guarded by a [[lion]].{{sfn|Gransden|1992|p=87}} The English [[Medieval studies|medievalist]] [[Antonia Gransden]] described Abbo's ''Passio'' as "little more than a hotch-potch of hagiographical commonplaces" and argues that Abbo's ignorance of what actually happened to Edmund would have led him to use aspects of the ''Lives'' of well-known saints such as Sebastian and Denis as models for his version of Edmund's martydom. Gransden acknowledged that there are some aspects of the story—such as the appearance of the wolf that guards Edmund's head—that do not have exact parallels elsewhere.{{sfn|Gransden|1992|pp=86{{ndash}}87}}

===''Miracles of St Edmund''===
[[Herman the Archdeacon]], who was an excellent Latinist, wrote another hagiography of Edmund, the ''Miracles of St Edmund'', at the end of the eleventh century. His original text does not survive, but a shortened version is part of a book dating to around 1100 produced by Bury St Edmunds Abbey, which is composed of Abbo's hagiography, followed by Herman's. The hagiographer and musician, [[Goscelin]], soon afterwards produced a revised version of Herman's ''Miracles'', which was hostile to Herman personally.{{sfn|Licence|2014|pp=xci, cix, cxiv–cxxix}} Both versions are printed and translated by [[Tom Licence]].{{sfn|Licence|2014}}

=== Other legends ===
[[File:12th-century painters - Life of St Edmund - WGA15723.jpg|thumb|alt=page from an illuminated manuscript |A 12th-century depiction of Edmund's martyrdom ([[Morgan Library & Museum]], New York)]]
''De Infantia Sancti Edmundi'', a fictitious 12th-century hagiography of Edmund's early life by the English [[Canon (priest)|canon]] [[Geoffrey of Wells]], represented him as the youngest son of 'Alcmund', a [[Saxons|Saxon]] king of Germanic descent. 'Alcmund' may never have existed.{{sfn|Phillips|1909|p=295}} Edmund's fictitious continental origins were later elaborated upon in the 15th century by the poet John Lydgate in his ''The Lives of Saints Edmund and Fremund''.{{sfn|Reimer|2004|p=169}} Lydgate spoke of his parentage, his birth at [[Nuremberg]], his adoption by [[Offa of Mercia]], his nomination as successor to the king and his landing at [[Old Hunstanton]] on the North Norfolk coast to claim his kingdom.{{sfn|Reimer|2004|p=179}} 

Biographical details of Edmund in the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'', published in 1913, include that "he showed himself a model ruler from the first, anxious to treat all with equal justice, and closing his ears to flatterers and untrustworthy informers".{{sfn|Phillips|1909|p=295}} It was written that he withdrew for a year to his royal tower at Hunstanton and learned the whole [[Psalter]], so that he could recite it from memory.{{sfn|Houghton|1970|p=16}}

Edmund may have been killed at [[Hoxne]], in Suffolk.{{sfn|Warner|1996|p=219}} His martyrdom is mentioned in a charter that was written when the church and chapel at Hoxne were granted to Norwich Priory in 1101. Place-name evidence has been used to link the name of Hoxne with Haegelisdun, named by Abbo of Fleury as the site of Edmund's martyrdom, but this evidence is dismissed by the historian Peter Warner.{{sfn|Warner|1996|pp=139, 141}} The association of Edmund's cult with the village has continued into modern times.{{refn|Until 1849, an old tree stood in Hoxne Park that was believed to be where Edmund had been martyred. In the heart of the tree, an arrowhead was found. A piece of the tree was used to form part of an altar of a church dedicated to Edmund. Another legend relates that after being routed in battle, Edmund hid under the Goldbrook bridge at Hoxne, but his hiding place was revealed to a wedding party, who gave him away to his enemies.|group=note}} [[Dernford]] in Cambridgeshire,{{sfn|Houghton|1970|p=24}} and [[Bradfield St Clare]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Reimer|first=Stephen R.|title=The Lives of Ss. Edmund and Fremund: Introduction|url=https://www.ualberta.ca/~sreimer/edmund/intro/int3.htm|work=The Canon of John Lydgate Project|access-date=26 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214011805/http://www.ualberta.ca/~sreimer/edmund/intro/int3.htm|archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> (near Bury St Edmunds) are other possible sites for where Edmund was martyred.{{refn|However, there is a spot where places named in the early accounts occur close together. A field called 'Hellesdon' lay just south of Pitcher's Green at [[Bradfield St Clare]]; Sutton Hall stands a mile south of Bradfield St Clare on the parish boundary; Kingshall Farm, Kingshall Green and Kingshall Street occur in [[Rushbrooke with Rougham|Rougham]], two miles to the north. Bradfield St Clare is approximately six miles from Bury St Edmunds, which was an Anglo-Saxon royal vill (settlement). A monastery already existed, founded by King Sigeberht in 633AD. There was also a building called Bradfield Hall that stood within the St Edmund's Abbey, and accounts show that the Abbey's Cellarer paid rent for small pieces of land at Bradfield St Clare Hall (6 [[Shilling (British coin)|shilling]]s 8d [[Penny (British pre-decimal coin)|pence]]) and Sutton Hall (3s 2d.).|group=note}} In a preface to Lydgate's ''Life'', in which Edmund's banner—depicting three crowns set on a blue background—is described,{{sfn|Frantzen|2004|pp=68{{ndash}}69}} the crowns are said to represent Edmund's martyrdom, virginity and kingship.{{sfn|Preble|1917|p=123}}{{refn|The three crowns banner (representing the [[coat of arms]] of Bury St Edmunds) appears in Lydgate's book.<ref name="BL-2278">British Library online ''Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts'': [http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=15554, Harley 2278 f.3v] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910034409/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=15554, |date=10 September 2016 }} (Arms of Bury).</ref>|group=note}}

The ancient wooden [[Greensted Church|St Andrew's Church, Greensted-juxta-Ongar]] in Essex, is said to have been a resting place for his body on the way to Bury St Edmunds in 1013.{{sfn|Westwood|1986|p=152}}

== Patronages ==
Edmund is the [[patron saint]] of [[pandemics]] as well as kings,{{sfn|Ball|2003|p=276}} the Catholic [[diocese of East Anglia]],<ref>Catholic diocese of East Anglia [http://www.catholiceastanglia.org/main/ website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217092458/http://www.catholiceastanglia.org/main/ |date=17 December 2011 }}.</ref> and Douai Abbey.<ref name="dou">{{cite web |title=Our Patron St Edmund |url=https://www.douaiabbey.org.uk/our-patron-st-edmund.php |website=Douai Abbey: Under the Patronage of St Edmund, King & Martyr |publisher=Trustees of Douai Abbey |access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref> England did not ever have a single patron saint before the [[Tudor period]];{{sfn|Young|2018|pp=11, 154}} during the Middle Ages, several saints were considered to have a close association with England and to be nationally important: St Edmund; [[Pope Gregory I|St Gregory the Great]]; [[Edward the Confessor|St Edward the Confessor]]; [[Thomas Becket|St Thomas Becket]]; and [[St George]]. Of these saints, Edmund was the most consistently popular with English kings,{{sfn|Young|2018|p=11}} although [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] raised the importance of George when he associated him with the [[Order of the Garter]].{{sfn|Cantor|1982|p=176}} 

In 2006, [[BBC Radio Suffolk]] radio presenter Mark Murphy and [[David Ruffley]], the [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Bury St Edmunds (UK Parliament constituency)|Bury St Edmunds]], failed in their campaign to reinstate Edmund as the patron saint of England.{{sfn|Young|2018|p=153}}{{refn|Ruffley had taken up the cause and helped deliver a large petition to the government in [[London]]. [[Prime Minister]] [[Tony Blair]] rejected the request; however, their attempt was successful on another level: "St Edmund (was) named patron saint of Suffolk...the high point of a successful campaign which was launched by Breakfast show presenter Mark Murphy and producer Emily Fellows in the autumn of 2006".<ref>{{cite news |title=St Edmund, Patron Saint of Suffolk |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/suffolk/content/articles/2007/04/18/st_edmund_day_feature.shtml |access-date=20 August 2007 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=25 April 2007}}</ref>|group=note}}
In 2013, [[BBC News]] reported a new campaign launched by Murphy and the [[Brewing|brewer]] [[Greene King]], which is based in Bury St Edmunds, to reinstate St Edmund as England's patron saint. Supporters of the campaign stated their hopes that a petition could be used to force Parliament to debate the issue.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Woodger |first1=Andrew |last2=Haugh |first2=Richard |title=St Edmund takes on St George for England's patron saint honour |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk-22649102 |access-date=6 June 2013 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=4 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="BBC13">{{cite news |title=Campaign for St Edmund to be England's patron saint |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-suffolk-22782644 |access-date=8 January 2022 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=5 June 2013}}</ref>

== In art ==

The veneration of Edmund throughout the centuries has created a legacy of noteworthy works of art. An illustrated copy of Abbo of Fleury's ''Passio Sancti Eadmundi'', made at Bury St Edmunds in around 1130, is now kept at the [[The Morgan Library & Museum|Morgan Library]] in [[New York City]].{{sfn|Farmer|2011|pp=136{{ndash}}137}} The copy of [[John Lydgate]]'s 15th-century ''Life'', written for [[Henry VI of England]], is held at the British Library.<ref name="H2278">{{cite web |title=Detailed record for Harley 2278 |url=http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=6643&CollID=8&NStart=2278 |publisher=[[British Library]] |access-date=13 December 2021 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106113936/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=6643&CollID=8&NStart=2278 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Wilton Diptych]] was painted during the reign of [[Richard II of England]] and is the most famous representation of Edmund in art. [[Panel painting|Painted on oak panels]], it shows Edmund and Edward the Confessor as the royal patrons of England presenting Richard to the [[Madonna (art)|Virgin and Child]].{{sfn|Farmer|2011|pp=136{{ndash}}137}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The Wilton Diptych |url=https://archives.history.ac.uk/richardII/wilton.html |website=Richard II's Treasure: the riches of a medieval king |publisher=[[University of London]] |access-date=12 December 2021 |date=2007}}</ref> The poet John Lydgate (1370{{ndash}}1451), who lived all his life in Bury St Edmunds, presented his twelve-year-old king Henry VI of England with a long poem (now known as ''Metrical Lives of Saints Edmund and Fremund'') when Henry came to the town in 1433 and stayed at the abbey for four months.{{sfn|Frantzen|2004|pp=66{{ndash}}67}} The book is now kept by the British Library in London.<ref name=BL-2278 /> Edmund's martyrdom features on several medieval wall-paintings to be found in churches across England.{{refn|1=Churches with surviving wall paintings of Edmund can be found at [http://www.paintedchurch.org/subinx2.htm Medieval Wall Painting in the English Parish Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612065324/http://www.paintedchurch.org/subinx2.htm |date=12 June 2012 }} website: D to F.|group=note}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150" style="text-align:left">
File:St Edmund Statue Designs on Metal.jpg|alt=photograph of sculpture of Edmund |''St Edmund'' (2011), Bury St Edmunds, pierced by arrows
File:Martrydom of St Edmund by Brian Whelan.jpg|alt=2011 painting of the death of Edmund |[[Brian Whelan]]{{spaced ndash}}''The Martyrdom of St Edmund'', [[St Edmundsbury Cathedral]]
File:Salisbury Cathedral St Edmund the Martyr.jpg|alt=photograph of cathedral statue |Statue, [[Salisbury Cathedral]]
File:The Wilton Diptych (left).jpg|alt=detail of the Wilton Diptych|The Wilton Diptych
File:Martrydom of St Edmund - geograph.org.uk - 232454.jpg|alt=photograph of wall painting depicting Edmund |Edmund's martyrdom on a wall painting at [[St Andrew's Church, Stoke Dry]], [[Rutland]]
File:St. Edmund, St. Edmund's Church, Southwold, Suffolk - geograph.org.uk - 212502.jpg|alt=photograph of statue of Edmund |A statue of the saint outside [[St Edmund's Church, Southwold]].
</gallery>

The saint features in a romantic poem, ''[[Athelston]]'', whose 15th-century author is unknown. In the climactic scene of the poem, Edyff, the sister of King 'Athelston' of England, gives birth to Edmund after passing through a ritual [[Ordeal by fire#Ordeal of fire|ordeal by fire]].{{sfn|Field|Brewer|2010|p=140}}

==See also==
*[[List of Catholic saints]]
*[[Ragener]] – reputedly a relative of St Edmund, who shared in his martyrdom.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|25em}}

== Sources ==
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*{{cite book|last=Ball|first=Ann|title=The Encyclopaedia of Catholic Devotion and Practices|year=2003|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Inc.|location=Huntingdon, US|isbn=978-0-87973-910-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjI9YQBFDGYC|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512024340/https://books.google.com/books?id=tjI9YQBFDGYC&pg=PA676&dq=|archive-date=12 May 2016}}
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Alban |last2=Thomas |first2=Sarah Fawcett |last3=Burns |first3=Paul |author1-link=Alban Butler |title=Butler's Lives of the Saints |date=1997 |publisher=The Liturgical Press |location=Collegeville |isbn=978-0-8146-2387-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCwqkdk1LcsC}}
* {{cite book|title=The English Medieval Landscape|year=1982|publisher=Croom Helm|location=London|isbn=978-0-7099-0707-7|url=|editor-last=Cantor |editor-first=Leonard}}
* {{cite ODNB|first=Marios |last=Costambeys|title=Guthrum|id=11793|date=2008}}
* {{cite book|last=Farmer |first=David Hugh |authorlink= |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Saints |publisher= Oxford University Press|location =Oxford, UK|edition=5th revised |year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-959660-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_zJJtvK2_KsC}}
*{{cite book|last1=Field|first1=Rosalind|last2=Brewer|first2=Derek |title=Christianity and Romance in Medieval England
|series=Christianity and Culture|year=2010|publisher=Brewer|location=Woodbridge|isbn=978-1-84384-219-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7gzPUxTuhuwC}}
*{{cite book|last=Frantzen|first=Allen J.|author-link=Allen Frantzen |title=Bloody Good: Chivalry, Sacrifice, and the Great War|year=2004|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-26085-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wTrTje_hI8C}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gem |first1=Richard |editor1-last=Gransden |editor1-first=Antonia |editor1-link=Antonia Gransden |title=Bury St Edmunds: Medieval Art, Architecture, Archaeology and Economy |date=2020|publisher=[[British Archaeological Association]] |isbn=978-09012-8-687-1 |pages=45{{ndash}}59 |url=|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kYHEAAAQBAJ |chapter=A Scientific Examination of the Relics of St Edmund at Arundel Castle}}<!-- 1998 ed - https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/_/md3VAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 -->
*{{cite book |last=Gransden |first=Antonia |title=Legends, Traditions and History in Medieval England  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lu7eBAAAQBAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Hambleton Press |location=London; Rio Grande |isbn=978-1-85285-016-6 |author-link=Antonia Gransden }}
*{{cite encyclopedia |first=Antonia|last =Gransden | publisher = Oxford University Press | encyclopedia= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | title=Edmund [St Edmund] (d. 869) | year = 2004 | url =https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-8500 |doi=  10.1093/ref:odnb/8500 |isbn =978-0-19-861412-8 }} {{ODNBsub}}
*{{cite book |last1=Grierson |first1=Philip |last2=Blackburn |first2=Mark |title=Medieval European Coinage 1. The Early Middle Ages (5th–10th centuries) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WpQiZ8BX2q8C |year=1986 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, New York |isbn=978-0-521-26009-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Houghton |first=Bryan |title=Saint Edmund King and Martyr |year=1970|publisher=Terence Dalton Limited |location=Lavenham & Sudbury, Suffolk |isbn=978-0-900963-18-6}}
*{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=St. Edmund the Martyr |volume=5 |first=George Edward  |last=Phillips}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Julien |first1=Pascal |title=A Design by Jean Chalette for the Silver Reliquary of St. Edmund |journal=Master Drawings |date=1996 |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=418{{ndash}}420 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1554276  |publisher=Master Drawings Association|jstor=1554276 }}
* {{cite ODNB|first=M. K. |last=Lawson|title=Cnut [Canute] (d. 1035)|id=4579|date=2013 }}
*{{cite book|editor-first=Tom|editor-last=Licence |title=Herman the Archdeacon and Goscelin of Saint-Bertin: Miracles of St Edmund |language=Latin, English|publisher=Clarendon Press |location =Oxford, UK |year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-968919-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Olderr |first1=Steven |title=Symbolism: A Comprehensive Dictionary |date=2012 |publisher=McFarland and Company Inc. |location=Jefferson, North Carolina; London |isbn=978-07864-9-067-7 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5gZDgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Mackinlay |first=James Boniface |date=1893 |title=Saint Edmund King and Martyr: A History of His Life and Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOdLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA136 |location=London |publisher=Art and Book Company }}
* {{cite book |last1=Oliver |first1=Neil |author1-link=Neil Oliver |title=The Vikings |date=2013 |publisher=Pegasus Books |location=New York |isbn=978-16059-8-483-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/vikings0000oliv/page/n5/mode/2up |archive-url=|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pinner |first1=Rebecca |title=The Cult of St Edmund in Medieval East Anglia |date=2015 |publisher=Boydell Press |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |isbn=978-17832-7-035-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vpq7CgAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|last=Preble|first=George Henry|title=Origin and History of the American Flag and of the Naval and Yacht-Club Signals, Seals and Arms, and Principal National Songs of the United States, with a Chronicle of the Symbols, Standards, Banners, and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations |oclc=834673566 |year=1917|publisher=N. L. Brown|location=Philadelphia|url=https://archive.org/stream/originandhistor01asnigoog#page/n154/mode/2up/search/edmund}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Redstone |first1=Lilian J. |title=The Liberty of St. Edmund |journal=Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology & History |date=1914 |volume=15 (part 2) |pages=200{{ndash}}211 |url=http://suffolkinstitute.pdfsrv.co.uk/customers/Suffolk%20Institute/2014/01/10/Volume%20XV%20Part%202%20%281914%29_The%20Liberty%20of%20St%20Edmunds%20L%20J%20Redstone_200%20to%20211.pdf |publisher=[[Suffolk Institute of Archaeology & History]] |issn=0262-6004}}
* {{cite book |last1=Reimer |first1=Stephen R. |editor1-last=Echard |editor1-first=Siân |editor2-last=Partridge |editor2-first=Stephen Bradford |title=The Book Unbound: Editing and Reading Medieval Manuscripts and Texts |date=2004 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |isbn=978-08020-8-756-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPjdsA2bj_EC |chapter=Unbinding Lydgate's Lives of Ss. Edmund and Fremund}}
*{{cite book|last=Ridyard|first=Susan J.|title=The Royal Saints of Anglo-Saxon England: a Study of West Saxon & East Anglian Cults|year=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-30772-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rj49AAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last= Swanton|first= Michael|title= The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f8B4NAl2r48C |year= 1997| location=London |publisher= Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-92129-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Waller |first1=Philip |title=The English Urban Landscape |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford New York |isbn=978-01986-0-117-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/englishurbanland00wall/page/116/mode/2up?q=}}
*{{Cite book | last = Warner| first = Peter| title = The Origins of Suffolk| publisher = Manchester University Press
| location = Manchester and New York | year = 1996 | isbn = 978-0-7190-3817-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Westwood |first1=Jennifer |author-link=Jennifer Westwood |title=Albion: A Guide to Legendary Britain |date=1986 |publisher=HarperCollins Canada, Limited |isbn=978-0-246-11789-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=quDZAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Whitelock|editor-first=Dorothy|editor-link=Dorothy Whitelock|title=English Historical Documents, Volume 1, c. 500–1042|edition=2nd |year=1979|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn= 978-0-415-14366-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Yates |first1=Richard |author-link=Richard Yates (antiquary) |title=History and Antiquities of the Abbey of St. Edmund's Bury |date=1843 |publisher=J.B. Nichols and Son |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3eBZAAAAYAAJ |edition=2nd |oclc=1153377679}}
* {{cite book |last1=Young |first1=Francis |title=Edmund: In Search of England's Lost King |date=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |isbn=978-17867-3-361-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBOMDwAAQBAJ }}
*{{Cite book | last = Yorke | first = Barbara | author-link = Barbara Yorke | title = Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England |url=https://archive.org/details/KingsAndKingdomsOfEarlyAngloSaxonEngland/page/n1/mode/2up |publisher = Routledge | location = London and New York | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-415-16639-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Yorke|first=Barbara|title=Wessex in the Early Middle Ages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7btzAsuOAWAC |year=1995|publisher=Leicester University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7185-1314-6|author-link=Barbara Yorke}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book|chapter = [[s:Ælfric's Lives of Saints/Of Saint Edmund|Of Saint Edmund]]|title = Ælfric's Lives of Saints|year = 1881| publisher = London, Pub. for the Early English text society, by N. Trübner & co.|author=[[Ælfric of Eynsham]]}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Altmann |editor1-first=Barbara K. |editor1-link=Barbara K. Altmann |editor2-last=Carroll |editor2-first=Carleton W. |title=The Court Reconvenes: Courtly Literature Across the Disciplines |date=2003 |publisher=Brewer |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |isbn=978-0-85991-797-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtsDg48PgtMC |ref=none}}
*{{cite book|title=St Edmund, King and Martyr: Changing Images of a Medieval Saint|year=2009|publisher=York Medieval Press|location=York, USA|isbn=978-1-903153-26-0|editor=Bale, Anthony |ref=none}}
*{{cite journal|last=Briggs|first=Keith|author-link=|title=Was Hægelisdun in Essex? A new site for the martyrdom of Edmund |url=http://suffolkinstitute.pdfsrv.co.uk/customers/Suffolk%20Institute/2014/01/10/Volume%20XLII%20Part%203%20(2011)_Was%20Hargelisdun%20in%20Essex%20A%20new%20site%20for%20the%20martyrdom%20of%20Edmund%20K%20Briggs_277%20to%20291.pdf#search=st%20edmund |journal=[[Suffolk Institute of Archaeology & History|Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology]] |year=2011|volume=XLII|issue=3 |publisher=[[Suffolk Institute of Archaeology]]|pages=277{{ndash}}291 |ref=none}}
*Pinner, Rebecca (2015). ''The Cult of St Edmund in Medieval East Anglia''. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer. [https://boydellandbrewer.com/9781783274017/the-cult-of-st-edmund-in-medieval-east-anglia/ ISBN 9781783270354].
*{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Mark|title=Edmund: The Untold Story of the Martyr-King and His Kingdom |year=2013|publisher=Fordaro |location=Wakefield |isbn=978-0-9927211-0-7|pages=|ref=none}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Whitelock |first1=Dorothy |author-link=Dorothy Whitelock|year=1969 |title=Fact and Fiction in the Legend of St Edmund |url=http://suffolkinstitute.pdfsrv.co.uk/customers/Suffolk%20Institute/2014/01/10/Volume%20XXXI%20Part%203%20(1969)_Fact%20and%20fiction%20in%20the%20legend%20of%20St%20Edmund%20D%20Whitelock_217%20to%20233.pdf 
 |journal=[[Suffolk Institute of Archaeology & History|Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology]] |volume=31 |pages=217{{ndash}}233 |ref=none}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{PASE|5207|Edmund 6}}
* Illuminated manuscripts depicting Edmund, from the British Library:
::- [http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=8737&CollID=8&NStart=1766 Harley 1766] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618054820/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=8737&CollID=8&NStart=1766 |date=18 June 2013 }} (''The Fall of Princes'')
::- [http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=8793&CollID=16&NStart=20206 Royal 2 B VI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223104000/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=8793&CollID=16&NStart=20206 |date=23 December 2014 }} (''Psalter and Canticles'' 13th century)
* [https://www.christianiconography.info/goldenLegend/edmund.htm Here Followeth The Life of S. Edmund] in Caxton's translation of ''The Golden Legend'' from the Christian Iconography website
* Images and information about the ''[https://www.themorgan.org/collection/Life-and-Miracles-of-St-Edmund Passio Sancti Eadmundi]'' at the [[Morgan Library & Museum]], New York
* ''[https://saintsandrelics.co.uk/onewebmedia/St%20Edmund.pdf The Relics of St. Edmund: The Little Box from Toulouse]'' by Michael P. Peyton from the Saints and Relics website
* ''[https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/abbofloracensis.html Passio Sancti Edmundi Regis et Martyris]'' by Abbo of Fleury, from The Latin Library (in Latin) 
* [https://musees-occitanie.fr/oeuvre/modele-pour-le-reliquaire-de-saint-edmond/ Drawing of the model for the reliquary of St Edmund] by [[Jean Chalette]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-roy|en}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Æthelweard of East Anglia|Æthelweard]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Kings of East Anglia|King of East Anglia]]
 |years=25 December 855 (trad.){{snd}}20 November 869}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Oswald of East Anglia|Oswald]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Portal bar|Saints|Royalty|Anglo-Saxon England}}
{{Kings of East Anglia |state=collapsed}}
{{Viking Invasion of England}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Edmund The Martyr}}
[[Category:9th-century births]]
[[Category:869 deaths]]
[[Category:Anglo-Saxon warriors]]
[[Category:East Anglian saints]]
[[Category:Bury St Edmunds]]
[[Category:East Anglian monarchs]]
[[Category:9th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:9th-century Christian martyrs]]
[[Category:9th-century English monarchs]]
[[Category:Pre-Reformation Anglican saints]]
[[Category:Anglican saints]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic royal saints]]