Editing Edgar Faure


{{short description|69th Prime Minister of France}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}{{Infobox officeholder 
| name          = Edgar Faure
| image         = Edgar Faure 1955.jpg
| caption       = Edgar Faure in 1955
| order2        = [[List of presidents of the National Assembly of France|President of the National Assembly]]
| term_start2   = 2 April 1973
| term_end2     = 2 April 1978
| predecessor2  = [[Achille Peretti (politician)|Achille Peretti]]
| successor2    = [[Jacques Chaban-Delmas]]
| order         = [[Prime Minister of France]]
| term_start1   = 20 January 1952
| term_end1     = 8 March 1952
| president1    = [[Vincent Auriol]]
| predecessor1  = [[René Pleven]]
| successor1    = [[Antoine Pinay]]
| term_start    = 23 February 1955
| term_end      = 1 February 1956
| president     = [[René Coty]]
| predecessor   = [[Pierre Mendès France]]
| successor     = [[Guy Mollet]]
| birth_name    = Edgar Jean Faure
| birth_date    = 18 August 1908
| birth_place   = [[Béziers]], France
| spouse        = [[Lucie Faure|Lucie Meyer]]
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1988|03|30|1908|08|18|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[7th arrondissement of Paris]], France
| party         = [[Radical Party (France)|Radical Party]] (1929–1956; 1958–1965; 1977–1988)
| otherparty    = [[Union for the New Republic]] (1965–1967)<br>[[Union of Democrats for the Republic]] (1967–1977)<br>[[Rally for the Republic]] (1977)
}}
'''Edgar Jean Faure''' ({{IPA|fr|ɛdɡaʁ ʒɑ̃ fɔʁ|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Edgar Faure.wav}}; 18 August 1908 – 30 March 1988) was a French [[politician]], [[lawyer]], [[Essay|essayist]], [[historian]] and [[Memoir|memoirist]] who served as [[Prime Minister of France]] in 1952 and again between 1955 and 1956.<ref name=time/><ref name=brit>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edgar-Jean-Faure Edgar Faure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601062710/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edgar-Jean-Faure |date=1 June 2021 }}. Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Prior to his election to the [[National Assembly (French Fourth Republic)|National Assembly]] for [[Jura (department)|Jura]] under the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] in [[November 1946 French legislative election|1946]], he was a member of the [[French Committee of National Liberation]] (CFLN) in [[Algiers]] (1943–1944). A [[Radical Party (France)|Radical]], Faure was married to writer [[Lucie Faure|Lucie Meyer]]. In 1978, he was elected to the [[Académie Française]].

==Life==
Faure was born in [[Béziers]], [[Hérault]], to a French Army doctor. He was nearsighted yet a brilliant student since his youth, earning a [[baccalauréat]] at 15, as well as a law degree at 19 in Paris.<ref name=time/><ref name=brit/> At 21 years of age he became a member of the [[bar association]], the youngest lawyer in France to do so at the time. While living in Paris, he became active in [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] politics; he joined the [[Radical Party (France)|Radical Party]] in 1929.

[[File:Faure1939 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Faure in 1939]]
During the [[Nazi Germany|German]] occupation of [[World War II]], he joined the [[French Resistance]] in the [[Maquis (World War II)|Maquis]]. In 1942, he fled to [[Charles de Gaulle]]'s headquarters in [[Algiers]], where he was made head of the Provisional Government of the Republic's [[Legislature|legislative department]]. At the end of the war, he served as French counsel for the prosecution at the [[Nuremberg Trials]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHGdCgAAQBAJ&q=Edgar+Faure+French+counsel+for+the+prosecutor+at+the+Nuremberg+Trials.&pg=PT78|title=The Nuremberg Trials: The Nazis brought to justice|last=Macdonald|first=Alexander|date=2015-09-08|publisher=Arcturus Publishing|isbn=9781784281267|access-date=17 October 2020|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813151001/https://books.google.com/books?id=xHGdCgAAQBAJ&q=Edgar+Faure+French+counsel+for+the+prosecutor+at+the+Nuremberg+Trials.&pg=PT78|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1946, he was elected to the [[French Parliament]] as a Radical.<ref name=brit/> While the popularity of his party declined to less than 10% of the total vote, none of the other parties was able to gain a clear majority. Therefore, early on, his party often played a disproportionately important role in the formation of governments. He thus led the cabinet in 1952 and from 1955 to 1956. Faure was a leader of the more conservative wing of the party, opposing the party's [[Left-wing|left]], under [[Pierre Mendès France]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

Faure's views changed during the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]]; after initial opposition to the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] (he voted against presidential election by universal suffrage in the [[1962 French presidential election referendum|1962 referendum]]), he eventually became a [[Gaullism|Gaullist]]. The [[Gaullist Party]], the [[Union for the New Republic]], sent him on an unofficial mission to the [[China|People's Republic of China]] in 1963. In government he served in successive ministries: Agriculture (1966–1968), National Education (1968–1969, where he was responsible for pushing through reform of the universities) and Social Affairs (1972–1973). He declined to be a candidate at the [[1974 French presidential election|1974 presidential election]], in which he supported [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] against the Gaullist candidate, [[Jacques Chaban-Delmas]].

He had the reputation of a careerist and the nickname of "weathercock". He replied with humour, "it is not the weathercock which turns; it is the wind!"

He was a member of the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] for the [[Jura (department)|Jura]] department from 1946 to 1958, as well as for the [[Doubs]] department from 1967 to 1980. He presided over the National Assembly from 1973 to 1978. He sought another term as President of the Assembly President in 1978 but was defeated by Chaban-Delmas. Faure was a Senator from 1959 to 1967 for Jura and again, in 1980, for Doubs. In 1978, he became a member of the [[Académie Française]].

On the regional, departmental and local levels, Edgar Faure was Mayor of [[Port-Lesney]], Jura from 1947 to 1971 and again from 1983 to 1988, as well as Mayor of [[Pontarlier]] between 1971 and 1977; he served as President of the General Council of the Jura department from 1949 to 1967, then member of the General Council of the Doubs from 1967 to 1979, President of the Regional Council of [[Franche-Comté]] (1974–1981, 1982–1988). He played a key role during the creation and first years of the [[Assembly of European Regions]] (AER), becoming his first president in 1985 and staying in that position until 1988.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

==Personal life==
[[File:Lucie and Edgar Faure 1955.jpg|thumb|[[Lucie Faure|Lucie]] and Edgar Faure in 1955]]
In 1931, Faure married writer [[Lucie Faure|Lucie Meyer]], a daughter of a silk merchant. They spent their one-month-long honeymoon in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="time">{{Cite magazine |date=1955-03-07 |title=Foreign News: FRANCE'S NEW PREMIER |language=en-US |magazine=Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,861288,00.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |issn=0040-781X}}</ref>

In his 1997 book, The Zubial, author [[Alexandre Jardin]] recounts how Faure would spend time with his father, [[Pascal Jardin]].

==Political career==
'''Governmental functions'''
*President of the Council (Prime Minister): January–February 1952 / February–December 1955
*Secretary of State for Finance: 1949–1950
*Minister of the Budget: 1950–1951
*Minister of Justice: 1951–1952
*Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs: 1953–1955
*Minister of Foreign Affairs: January–February 1955
*Minister of Finance, Economic Affairs and Planning: May–June 1958
*Minister of Agriculture: 1966–1968
*Minister of National Education: 1968–1969
*Minister of State, Minister of Social Affairs: 1972–1973

'''Electoral mandates'''
*President of the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly of France]]: 1973–1978
*Member of the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly of France]] for [[Doubs]]: Elected in 1967, 1968, but remains a cabinet member / 1973–1980
*Member of the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly of France]] for [[Jura (department)|Jura]]: 1946–1958
*Senator for [[Jura (departement)|Jura]]: 1959–1966 (became a cabinet member in 1966)
*Senator for [[Doubs]]: 1980–1988 (died in 1988)
*President of the [[Regional Council (France)|Regional Council]] of [[Franche-Comté]]: 1974–1981 / 1982–1988 (died in 1988)
*Mayor of [[Port-Lesney]]: 1947–1970 / 1983–1988 (died in 1988)
*Mayor of [[Pontarlier]]: 1971–1977
*President of the [[Departmental council (France)|General Council]] of [[Jura (department)|Jura]]: 1949–1967
*General councillor of [[Jura (departement)|Jura]]: 1967–1979

== Global policy ==
He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a [[world constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961 |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.6 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref> As a result, for the first time in human history, a [[World Constituent Assembly]] convened to draft and adopt a [[Constitution for the Federation of Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preparing earth constitution {{!}} Global Strategies & Solutions {{!}} The Encyclopedia of World Problems |url=http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |url-status= |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Encyclopedia of World Problems {{!}} Union of International Associations (UIA)}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
He published the following books:
*''Le serpent et la tortue'' (les problèmes de la Chine populaire), Juillard, 1957
*''La disgrâce de Turgot'', Gallimard, 1961
*''La capitation de Dioclétien'', Sirey 1961
*''Prévoir le présent'', Gallimard, 1966
*''L'éducation nationale et la participation'', Plon, 1968
*''Philosophie d'une réforme'', Plon, 1969
*''L'âme du combat'', Fayard, 1969
*''Ce que je crois'', Grasset, 1971
*''Pour un nouveau contrat social'', Seuil, 1973
*''Au-delà du dialogue avec Philippe Sollers'', Balland, 1977
*''La banqueroute de Law'', Gallimard, 1977
*''La philosophie de Karl Popper et la société politique d'ouverture'', Firmin Didot, 1981
*''Pascal: le procès des provinciales'', Firmin Didot, 1930
*''Le pétrole dans la paix et dans la guerre'', Nouvelle revue critique 1938
*''Mémoires I, "Avoir toujours raison, c'est un grand tort"'', Plon, 1982
*''Mémoires II, "Si tel doit être mon destin ce soir"'', Plon, 1984
*''Discours prononcé pour la réception de Senghor à l'Académie française'', le 29 mars 1984

==Governments==
===First ministry (20 January – 8 March 1952)===
*Edgar Faure – President of the Council and Minister of Finance
*[[Georges Bidault]] – Vice President of the Council and Minister of National Defense
*[[Henri Queuille]] – Vice President of the Council
*[[Robert Schuman]] – Minister of Foreign Affairs
*[[Pierre Pflimlin]] – Minister for the Council of Europe
*[[Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury]] – Minister of Armaments
*[[Charles Brune (politician)|Charles Brune]] – Minister of the Interior
*[[Robert Buron]] – Minister of Economic Affairs and Information
*[[Pierre Courant]] – Minister of Budget
*[[Jean-Marie Louvel]] – Minister of Industry and Energy
*[[Paul Bacon (politician)|Paul Bacon]] – Minister of Labour and Social Security
*[[Léon Martinaud-Deplat]] – Minister of Justice
*[[André Morice]] – Minister of Merchant Marine
*[[Pierre-Olivier Lapie]] – Minister of National Education
*[[Emmanuel Temple]] – Minister of Veterans and War Victims
*[[Camille Laurens (politician)|Camille Laurens]] – Minister of Agriculture
*[[Louis Jacquinot]] – Minister of Overseas France
*[[Antoine Pinay]] – Minister of Public Works, Transport, and Tourism
*[[Paul Ribeyre]] – Minister of Public Health and Population
*[[Eugène Claudius-Petit]] – Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning
*[[Roger Duchet]] – Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones
*[[Édouard Bonnefous]] – Minister of Commerce
*[[Jean Letourneau]] – Minister of Partner States
*[[Joseph Laniel]] – Minister of State
*[[François Mitterrand]] – Minister of State

===Second ministry (23 February 1955 – 1 February 1956)===
*Edgar Faure – President of the Council
*[[Antoine Pinay]] – Minister of Foreign Affairs
*[[Marie Pierre Koenig|Pierre Koenig]] – Minister of National Defense and Armed Forces
*[[Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury]] – Minister of the Interior
*[[Pierre Pflimlin]] – Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs
*[[André Morice]] – Minister of Commerce and Industry
*[[Paul Bacon (politician)|Paul Bacon]] – Minister of Labour and Social Security
*[[Robert Schuman]] – Minister of Justice
*[[Paul Antier]] – Minister of Merchant Marine
*[[Jean Berthoin]] – Minister of National Education
*[[Raymond Triboulet]] – Minister of Veterans and War Victims
*[[Jean Sourbet]] – Minister of Agriculture
*[[Pierre-Henri Teitgen]] – Minister of Overseas France
*[[Édouard Corniglion-Molinier]] – Minister of Public Works, Transport, and Tourism
*[[Bernard Lafay]] – Minister of Public Health and Population
*[[Roger Duchet]] – Minister of Reconstruction and Housing
*[[Édouard Bonnefous]] – Minister of Posts
*[[Pierre July]] – Minister of Moroccan and Tunisian Affairs

'''Changes'''
*6 October 1955 – [[Pierre Billotte]] succeeds Koenig as Minister of National Defense and Armed Forces. [[Vincent Badie]] succeeds Triboulet as Minister of Veterans and War Victims.
*20 October 1955 – Pierre July leaves the Cabinet and the office of Minister of Moroccan and Tunisian Affairs is abolished.
*1 December 1955 – Edgar Faure succeeds Bourgès-Maunoury as interim Minister of the Interior.

==References==
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{{succession box|title=[[List of Budget Ministers of France|Minister of the Budget]]|before=[[Charles Spinasse]]|after=[[Pierre Courant]]|years=1950–1951}}
{{succession box|title=[[Minister of Justice (France)|Minister of Justice]]|before=[[René Mayer]]|after=[[Léon Martinaud-Deplat]]|years=1951–1952}}
{{succession box|title=[[Prime Minister of France]]|before=[[René Pleven]]|after=[[Antoine Pinay]]|years=1952}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Finance Ministers of France|Minister of Finance]]|before=[[René Mayer]]|after=[[Antoine Pinay]]|years=1952}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Finance Ministers of France|Minister of Finance]]|before=[[Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury]]|after=[[Robert Buron]]|years=1953–1955}}
{{succession box|title=Minister of Planning|before=—|after=[[Robert Buron]]|years=1954–1955}}
{{succession box|title=[[Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|before=[[Pierre Mendès France]]|after=[[Antoine Pinay]]|years=1955}}
{{succession box|title=[[Prime Minister of France]]|before=[[Pierre Mendès France]]|after=[[Guy Mollet]]|years=1955–1956}}
{{succession box|title=''Ad interim'' [[Minister of the Interior (France)|Minister of the Interior]]|before=[[Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury]]|after=[[Jean Gilbert-Jules]]|years=1955–1956}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Finance Ministers of France|Minister of Finance, Economic Affairs and Planning]]|before=[[Pierre Pflimlin]]|after=[[Antoine Pinay]]|years=1958}}
{{succession box|title=[[Ministry of Agriculture (France)|Minister of Agriculture]]|before=[[Edgard Pisani]]|after=[[Robert Boulin]]|years=1966–1968}}
{{succession box|title=[[Ministry of National Education (France)|Minister of National Education]]|before=[[François-Xavier Ortoli]]|after=[[Olivier Guichard]]|years=1968–1969}}
{{succession box|title=[[Minister of State]], [[Minister of Labour, Employment and Economic Inclusion (France)|Minister of Social Affairs]]|before=—|after=—|years=1972–1973}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of presidents of the National Assembly of France|President of the National Assembly]]|before=[[Achille Peretti (politician)|Achille Peretti]]|after=[[Jacques Chaban-Delmas]]|years=1973–1978}}
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{{Presidents of the National Assembly of France}}
{{Heads of government of France}}{{Minister of Justice (France)}}{{Foreign Ministers of France}}
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Faure, Edgar}}
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