Editing Economy of Botswana

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox economy
| country = Botswana
| year = 1 April – 31 March
| image = CBD1.jpg
| caption = Masa Square Central Business District
| currency = [[Botswana Pula|Pula]] (BWP, P)
| organs = [[African Union|AU]], [[African Continental Free Trade Agreement|AfCFTA]] (signed), [[Southern African Development Community|SADC]], [[Southern African Customs Union|SACU]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]
| group = {{plainlist|
*[[Developing country|Developing/Emerging]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>
*Upper-middle income economy<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>}}
| population = {{increase}} 2,630,296 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=BW |title=Population, total – Botswana |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref>
| gdp = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}} $22.12 billion (nominal, 2025 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOBW">https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BWA {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>}}
| gdp rank = {{plainlist|
*[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|122nd (nominal, 2024)]]
*[[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|124th (PPP, 2024)]]}}
| growth = {{plainlist|
3.6% (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/BWA | title=Botswana and the IMF }}</ref>}}
| per capita = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}} $8,000 (nominal, 2025 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOBW"/>
*{{increase}} $20,158 (PPP, 2025 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOBW"/>}}
| per capita rank = {{plainlist|
*[[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|87th (nominal, 2024)]]
*[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|83rd (PPP, 2024)]]}}
| sectors = {{plainlist|
*[[agriculture]]: 1.8%
*[[Industrial sector|industry]]: 27.5%
*[[Tertiary sector of the economy|services]]: 70.6%
*(2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Botswana|access-date=15 May 2019|year=2019}}</ref>}}
| inflation = 4% (2024 est.)<ref>https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/OEMDC/BWA {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
| poverty = {{plainlist|
*16.3% ({{As of|2016|alt=2016}})<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.afdb.org/en/countries/southern-africa/botswana/botswana-economic-outlook/|title=Botswana Economic Outlook|date=29 March 2019}}</ref>
*60.4% on less than $5.50/day (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.UMIC?locations=BW |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $5.50 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) – Botswana |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref>}}
| gini = 45.5 {{color|orange|medium}} (2016) <ref>{{Cite web |title=HDR23-24 Summary (Specifically IHDI) |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_I-HDI_Table.xlsx |website=UNDP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data |title=Specific country data |last=Nations |first=United |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref>
| hdi = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}} 0.708 {{color|limegreen|high}} (2022)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/BWA | title=Specific country data }}</ref>}}
| labor = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}} 1,107,235 (2019)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=BW |title=Labor force, total – Botswana |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref>
*55.7% employment rate (2013)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS?locations=BW |title=Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) – Botswana |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref>}}
| edbr = {{decrease}} [[Ease of doing business index#Ranking|87th (easy, 2020)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/botswana |title=Ease of Doing Business in Botswana |publisher=Doingbusiness.org |access-date=24 November 2017 }}</ref>
| unemployment = 23.4% ({{As of|2023|alt=2023}})<ref>{{cite web | url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.NE.ZS?locations=BW | title=World Bank Open Data }}</ref>
| industries = [[diamond]]s, [[copper]], [[nickel]], [[salt]], [[soda ash]], [[potash]], [[coal]], [[iron ore]], [[silver]]; [[beef]] processing; [[textiles]]
| exports = {{increase}} $8.9 billion (2022 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/>
| export-goods = [[diamond]]s, [[copper]], [[nickel]], [[soda ash]], [[beef]], [[textiles]]
| export-partners = {{plainlist|
*{{flag|India}} 21%
*{{flag|Belgium}} 19%
*{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} 19%
*{{flag|South Africa}} 9%
*{{flag|Israel}} 7%
*{{flag|Hong Kong}} 6%
*{{flag|Singapore}} 5%
*(2019)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/>}}
| imports = {{decrease}} $8.7 billion (2022 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/>
| import-goods = foodstuffs, [[machinery]], [[electrical]] goods, [[transport]] equipment, [[textiles]], [[fuel]] and [[petroleum]] products, [[wood]] and [[paper]] products, [[metal]] and [[metal]] products
| import-partners = {{plainlist|
*{{flag|South Africa}} 58%
*{{flag|Namibia}} 9%
*{{flag|Canada}} 7%
*(2019)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/>}}
| current account = {{increase}} $606.394 million (2022 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/>
| FDI = {{plainlist|
*{{decrease}} $5.319 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/>
*{{increase}} Abroad: $1.973 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/>}}
| gross external debt = {{decreasePositive}} $2.187 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/>
| debt = {{decreasePositive}} 19.62% of GDP (2022 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indexmundi.com/es/botsuana/deuda_publica.html|title=Deuda pública - Botsuana - Economía|website=www.indexmundi.com}}</ref>
| revenue = 5.305 billion (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/>
| expenses = 5.478 billion (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/>
| balance = −1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/>
| aid = $96.43 million ({{As of|2021|alt=2021}}) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Botswana/foreign_aid/ | title=Botswana Foreign aid - data, chart }}</ref>
| credit = {{plainlist|
*[[Standard & Poor's]]:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://countryeconomy.com/ratings/botswana|title=Rating: Botswana Credit Rating 2025 &#124; countryeconomy.com|website=countryeconomy.com}}</ref>
BBB+ (2021)}}
| reserves = {{decrease}} $4.279 billion (2022 est.)<ref name="CIAWFBC"/>
| cianame = botswana
| spelling = 
}}
The '''economy of Botswana''' is currently one of the world's fastest growing economies,<ref name="worldbank.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/botswana/overview|title = Overview}}</ref> averaging about 5% per annum over the past decade.<ref name="worldbank.org"/> Growth in private sector employment averaged about 10% per annum during the first 30 years of the country's independence. After a period of stagnation at the turn of the 21st century, [[Botswana]]'s economy registered strong levels of growth, with GDP growth exceeding 6–7% targets. Botswana has been praised by the [[African Development Bank]] for sustaining one of the world's longest economic booms.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gov.bw/en/News/ADB-commends-Botswana-for-good-economic-growth/| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180101135901/http://www.gov.bw/en/News/ADB-commends-Botswana-for-good-economic-growth/| archive-date = 1 January 2018| title = Republic of Botswana – Government portal}}</ref> Economic growth since the late 1960s has been on par with some of [[Economy of Asia|Asia]]'s largest economies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leith |first=J. Clark |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt80xfp |title=Why Botswana Prospered |date=2005 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-2820-8 |pages=ix-2|jstor=j.ctt80xfp }}</ref> The government has consistently maintained budget surpluses and has extensive [[foreign-exchange reserves]].<ref>{{cite web|title=BOTSWANA: Systematic Country Diagnostic|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/489431468012950282/pdf/95304-REPLACEMENT-SCD-P150575-PUBLIC-Botswana-Systematic-Country-Diagnostic-Report.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/489431468012950282/pdf/95304-REPLACEMENT-SCD-P150575-PUBLIC-Botswana-Systematic-Country-Diagnostic-Report.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|publisher=World Bank Group|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref>

Botswana's impressive economic record compared to some of its neighbors has been built on a foundation of [[List of diamond mines#Botswana|diamond mining]], prudent fiscal policies, and a cautious foreign policy.<ref name="Background 2002">{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite web|date=May 2002|title=Background Note: Botswana |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1830.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606143242/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1830.htm| archive-date=June 6, 2002 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}}}</ref> Botswana's economy is mostly dependent on diamond mining. Diamond mining contributes to 50% of the government revenue mainly through its 50:50 joint venture with [[De Beers]] in the [[Debswana|Debswana Diamond Company]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makoni|first=Patricia Lindelwa|date=4 May 2017|title=Exploring economic structure and drivers of economic growth in Botswana|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311238609|journal=Journal of Governance and Regulation|volume=4|pages=672–678|via=ResearchGate}}</ref> As of 2020, it is rated as the third least corrupt country in Africa in the [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] by international corruption watchdog [[Transparency International]]. It has the fourth highest [[List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita|gross national income per capita in purchasing power]] in Africa and above the world average.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD?year_high_desc=true |title=GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) |publisher=World Bank |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=12 January 2020}}</ref>

[[Trade unions in Botswana|Trade unions]] represent a minority of workers in the Botswana economy. In general they are loosely organised "in-house" unions, although the [[Botswana Federation of Trade Unions]] (BFTU) is consolidating its role as the sole [[national trade union centre]] in the country.<ref>{{cite book
 | year = 2005
 | title = Trade Unions of the World
 | editor = ICTUR
 | editor-link = International Centre for Trade Union Rights
 |display-editors=etal 
 | edition = 6th
 | publisher = John Harper Publishing 
 | location = London, UK
 | isbn = 0-9543811-5-7
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title =Policy position paper on globalization – 2007| journal =Botswana Federation of Trade Unions| page =25| url =http://www.fes.org.bw/Downloads/BFTU%20Globalization%202007.pdf| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070926013529/http://www.fes.org.bw/Downloads/BFTU%20Globalization%202007.pdf| url-status =dead| archive-date =2007-09-26}}</ref>

Although Botswana's economy is considered a model for countries in the region, its overreliance on [[Mining industry of Botswana|mining]] and its high rate of [[HIV/AIDS]] infection (one in every three adults is seropositive) and unemployment may threaten its future success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/botswana-warns-dangers-dash-african-minerals-2023-02-09/|title=Botswana warns of dangers in dash for African minerals|work=Reuters }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HIV {{!}} UNICEF Botswana |url=https://www.unicef.org/botswana/hiv |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Botswana has become the first high-burden country to be certified for achieving an important milestone on the path to eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV by the World Health Organization (WHO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana reaches key milestone in the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/botswana-award-feature |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Shepherd on donkey on the move.jpg|thumb|left|Man on donkey herding goats in a dry river bed]]
[[File:GDP per capita (current), % of world average, 1960-2012; Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique.png|thumb|300px
|GDP per capita (current), compared to neighbouring countries (world average = 100)]]
[[Agriculture]] still provides a livelihood for 70% of the rural population but supplies only about 50% of food needs and accounted for only 1.8% of GDP as of 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The agricultural sector in Botswana|url=http://www.economiesafricaines.com/en/countries/botswana/economic-sectors/the-agricultural-sector|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921195852/http://www.economiesafricaines.com/en/countries/botswana/economic-sectors/the-agricultural-sector|archive-date=September 21, 2018|website=Economies Africaines|language=en}}</ref><ref name="World Factbook 2000">{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Botswana|year=2000|url=http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/bc.html|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001119185100/http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/bc.html |archive-date=November 19, 2000 }} }}</ref> [[subsistence agriculture|Subsistence farming]] and cattle raising predominate.<ref name="World Factbook 2000" /> The sector is plagued by erratic rainfall and poor soils.<ref name="World Factbook 2000" /> Diamond mining and [[tourism]] are also important to the economy.<ref name="World Factbook 2000" /> Substantial [[mineral]] deposits were found in the 1970s and the mining sector grew from 25% of GDP in 1980 to 38% in 1998.<ref name="World Factbook 2000" />

Economic growth slowed in 2005–2008 and turned negative in 2009 as a result of the [[Great Recession]], contracting by 5.2%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelugarcenter.org/assets/htmldocuments/Botswana%20brief%202.12.19_1.pdf|title=www.thelugarcenter.org}}</ref> This was exacerbated by a major global downturn in the industrial sector, which shrank by 30%,<ref name="cia.gov">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Botswana|date=16 August 2022|year=2022}}</ref> Botswana's steep economic downturn contrasted with most other African nations which experienced continued growth through this period.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004530/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2003rank.html CIA.gov] see also [[:File:GDP Real Growth.svg]]</ref>

== Trade ==
[[File:Botswana rail network map.svg|thumb|left|Rail network map of Botswana]] 
[[File:Gaborone Main Mall road.jpg|thumb|left|A road in [[Gaborone]]]] 
Botswana is crossed by the trans-African automobile route - the [[Cairo-Cape Town Highway]] and the [[Trans-Kalahari Corridor]]. Botswana is part of the Southern African Customs Union ([[SACU]]) with South Africa, Lesotho, Eswatini, and Namibia. The [[World Bank]] reports that in 2001 (the most recent year for which World Bank data is available), the SACU had a weighted average [[common external tariff]] rate of 3.6%. According to the [[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]], "there are very few tariff or non-tariff barriers to trade with Botswana, apart from restrictions on licensing for some business operations, which are reserved for [Botswana] companies." Based on the revised trade factor methodology, Botswana's trade policy score is unchanged.<ref>{{unfit|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081216102841/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Botswana Botswana and WTO]}}</ref>

The main export of Botswana is diamonds.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-02-28 |title=Botswana - Market Overview |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/botswana-market-overview |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> As of 2024 it is the world's second largest diamond exporter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-14 |title=Highest Diamond Producing Countries 2024 |url=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/highest-diamond-producing-countries-2024/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=GeeksforGeeks |language=en-US}}</ref> Due to Botswana's heavy reliance on diamonds, strong global demand is vital to the health of the economy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ben-Zvi |first=Gidon |date=2023-12-21 |title=A New Dawn for the Botswana Diamond Industry |url=https://rapaport.com/analysis/a-new-dawn-for-the-botswana-diamond-industry/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Rapaport |language=en-US}}</ref> Diamond exports provide Botswana's economy with strong supplies of foreign exchange and have offered a basis for industrial development and stimulated improvements in Botswana's infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Infrastructure Development |url=https://www.diamondfacts.org/infrastructure-development/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Diamond Facts |language=en-US}}</ref> However, despite their preeminent role in Botswana's economy, there are concerns that diamond mines are not labour-intensive enough to provide sufficient employment for Botswana's workforce, and this mismatch has been cited as a factor in the country's structurally high unemployment rate.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Guest|first1=Peter|title=Inside the world's richest diamond mine|date=3 December 2015|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/03/africa/botswana-diamonds-jwaneng/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Outlook for 2018 robust|url=http://www.weekendpost.co.bw/wp-news-details.php?nid=4811|newspaper=The Weekend Post|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref>

==Mining==
{{main|Mining in Botswana}}
Two large mining companies, [[Debswana]] (formed by the government and South Africa's [[De Beers]] in equal partnership) and Bamangwato Concessions, Ltd. (BCL, also with substantial government equity participation) operate in the country.<ref name="Background 2002" /> BCL was placed in provisional liquidation in late 2016, following years of loss-making operations, and was placed into final liquidation by the High Court in June 2017.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rearabilwe Ramaphane |date=26 April 2017 |title=Liquidator certifies BCL dead! |newspaper=Weekend Post |url=http://www.weekendpost.co.bw/wp-news-details.php?nid=3402}}</ref>

=== Diamonds and other gems ===
[[File:Jwaneng Open Mine.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The [[Jwaneng diamond mine]] is the second biggest in the world today.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Groot |first=Robert |date=2022-09-30 |title=Top 10 Biggest Diamond Mines |url=https://www.royalcoster.com/blogs/craftmanship/top-10-biggest-diamond-mines |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Royal Coster Diamonds |language=en}}</ref>]]Since early 1980s, the country has been one of the world's largest producers of gem diamonds.<ref name="Background 2002" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-02-28 |title=Botswana - Mining & Minerals |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/botswana-mining-minerals |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Eight large diamond mines have opened since Botswana's independence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=minedocs.com/20/DTC_Botswana_Global_Publications_Journey_Botswanas_Diamonds.pdf |url=https://minedocs.com/20/DTC_Botswana_Global_Publications_Journey_Botswanas_Diamonds.pdf |website=Minedocs.com |page=2}}</ref> De Beers prospectors discovered diamonds in northern Botswana in the early 1970s.<ref name="Background 2002" /> The first mine began production at [[Orapa diamond mine|Orapa]] in 1972, followed by a smaller mine at [[Letlhakane diamond mine|Letlhakane]].<ref name="Background 2002" /> What has become the single-richest diamond mine in the world opened in [[Jwaneng diamond mine|Jwaneng]] in 1982.<ref name="Background 2002" /> The mine was discovered when termites looking for water brought grains of diamond to the surface.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746835808 |title=Botswana Business Law Handbook Strategic Information and Laws. |date=2012 |publisher=Intl Business Pubns USA |others=USA International Business Publications |isbn=978-1-4387-6945-5 |oclc=746835808}}</ref> Botswana produced a total of 24 million carats of diamonds from Debswana in 2022,<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 2023 |title=Botswana president insists on bigger share of diamonds from De Beers venture |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/botswana-president-insists-bigger-share-diamonds-de-beers-venture-2023-05-25/#:~:text=L)%20%2C%20opens%20new%20tab%2C,of%20the%20De%20Beers%20system. |access-date=5 May 2024 |work=Reuters}}</ref> and is the highest producer of diamonds by value in the world as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranked: The World's Top Diamond Mining Countries, by Carats |url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/cp/world-diamond-mining-by-country/ |website=Visual Capitalist|date=29 September 2023 }}</ref> The Orapa 2000 Expansion of the existing Orapa mine was opened in 2000.<ref name="Background 2002" /> According to Debswana, the Orapa 2000 Expansion project increase the Orapa's mine annual output from 6 million carats to 12 million carats and raised total production to 26 million carats.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our History|url=http://www.debswana.com/About-Us/Pages/Our-History.aspx|publisher=Debswana|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> In 2003, Debswana opened the [[Damtshaa diamond mine]] about 220 kilometers (140&nbsp;mi) west of the city of [[Francistown]]. The mine was placed into care and maintenance in December 2015 due to weak global demand but was scheduled to reopen in January 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=Damtshaa – Debswana's newest mine|url=http://www.debeersgroup.com/botswana/en/who-we-are/de-beers-in-botswana/debswana/damtshaa.html|publisher=De Beers Group|access-date=31 March 2018|archive-date=14 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714032932/http://www.debeersgroup.com/botswana/en/who-we-are/de-beers-in-botswana/debswana/damtshaa.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=De Beers to Resurrect Damtshaa Mine|date = 30 October 2017|url=http://www.diamonds.net/News/NewsItem.aspx?ArticleID=59486&ArticleTitle=De+Beers+to+Resurrect+Damtshaa+Mine|publisher=Rapaport News|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> In 2008, Australia's Kimberley Diamond Company opened a mine in [[Lerala]], Botswana's fifth mine and the first not operated by Debswana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abnnewswire.net/press/en/44155/DIAMONEX-LIMITED.html|title=Diamonex Limited Acquires Kimberlite Pipes in USA|publisher=ABN Newswire|access-date=20 January 2008}}</ref> However, Kimberley shut down the mine in May 2017, citing weak market conditions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Botswana Lerala Diamond Mine shuts down – newspaper|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFKBN18S4Z4-OZABS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605021400/http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFKBN18S4Z4-OZABS|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2017|publisher=Reuters Africa|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref>

Most of Botswana's electricity is imported from South Africa's [[Eskom]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-02-28 |title=Botswana - Energy |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/botswana-energy |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Debswana operates the nearby [[Morupule Colliery]] to supply coal to it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miningweekly.co.za/min/sector/coal/?show%3D75117 |title=Creamer Media's Mining Weekly Online, South African Mining News :: Coal |access-date=2016-05-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217023857/http://www.miningweekly.co.za/min/sector/coal/?show=75117 |archive-date=17 February 2006}}</ref> Botswana exported $3.12k worth of electricity from 2021 to 2022, all going to Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electricity in Botswana |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/electricity/reporter/bwa |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=The Observatory of Economic Complexity |language=en}}</ref> In early 2008, the entire southern African region was hit hard by massive shortages of power, since the region works to share its power resources through the [[Southern African Power Pool]], with most of its capacity coming from South Africa. Botswana has in turn put in place plans to become a net exporter of power to the regional pool, through governmental expansion of the Morupule power station, as well as encouraging private investment in the form of a 4 gigawatt power station by the Canadian greenfield company CIC Energy. In 2012, CIC Energy was acquired by India's [[Jindal Steel and Power]]. Jindal Africa currently aims to operate three surface mines in the coalfields of [[Mmamabula]], as well as a power plant. According to the company, "the mine’s development will meet the demands of 600MW power stations and export region coal markets, with the potential to employ more than 2,000 people."<ref>{{cite web|title=Botswana Overview|url=http://www.jindalafrica.com/countries/botswana/botswana-overview|publisher=Jindal Africa|access-date=31 March 2018|archive-date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521201948/https://www.jindalafrica.com/countries/botswana/botswana-overview|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Botswana|url=https://www.globalmethane.org/documents/toolsres_coal_overview_ch3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009103709/http://www.globalmethane.org/documents/toolsres_coal_overview_ch3.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-09 |url-status=live|publisher=Global Methane Initiative|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref>

Botswana also produces [[soda ash]] through Botash, a joint venture between the government and South Africa's Chlor-Alkali Holdings (CAH) Group. Botash has been operating in the [[Sua Pan]] in northeastern Botswana since April 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title=Company History |url=http://www.botash.bw/company-history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202065435/https://botash.bw/company-history/ |archive-date=2 December 2020 |access-date=31 March 2018 |publisher=Botash}}</ref>

==Tourism==
{{main|Tourism in Botswana}}[[Tourism]] is an increasingly important industry in Botswana, accounting for approximately 13.1% of GDP in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-09 |title=Botswana Tourism Industry Report 2021 - ResearchAndMarkets.com |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210209005667/en/Botswana-Tourism-Industry-Report-2021---ResearchAndMarkets.com |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref> However, {{as of|2024|February|pre=}}, it was reported to be less than 10%.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-02-28 |title=Botswana - Travel and Tourism |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/botswana-travel-and-tourism |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> One of the world's unique ecosystems, the [[Okavango Delta]], is located in Botswana.<ref name="Background 2002" /> The country offers game viewing and birding both in the Delta and in the [[Chobe National Park]]—home to one of the largest herds of free-ranging elephants in the world.<ref name="Background 2002" /> Botswana's [[Central Kalahari Game Reserve]] also offers game viewing and some of the remotest and most unspoiled wilderness in southern Africa.<ref name="Background 2002" />

A number of national parks and game reserves, with their abundant wildlife and wetlands, are major tourist attractions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana Wildlife National Parks & Reserves |url=https://www.botswanasafarisokavangodelta.com/parks-reserves |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=AfricanMecca Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref>

The main [[safari]] destinations for tourism are [[Moremi Game Reserve]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moremi Game Reserve: Botswana's wildlife haven for an unmatched safari experience |url=https://www.moremi.com/index.php |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Moremi.com |language=en}}</ref> in the Okavango Delta, and [[Chobe National Park]]. Botswana is also participating in community-based natural resource management projects by trying to involve villagers in tourism. One example is the village of [[Khwai]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khwai Community Area |url=https://africanbushcamps.com/destinations/botswana/khwai-community-area/ |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=African Bush Camps |language=en-US}}</ref> and its Khwai Development Trust.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khwai Development Trust |url=http://www.khwaitrust.co.bw/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Khwai Development Trust |language=en}}</ref>

Botswana was the setting for the 1980 movie ''[[The Gods Must Be Crazy]]'', although the movie was mostly filmed in South Africa.
The [[The Amazing Race 7|seventh season]] of ''[[The Amazing Race (American TV series)|The Amazing Race]]'' visited Botswana. Tourism has been stimulated by the [[The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency|series of detective novels]] by [[Alexander McCall Smith]] and the American dramatisation that followed them.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |date=1984-10-28 |title=FILM VIEW; IS 'THE GODS MUST BE CRAZY' ONLY A COMEDY? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/28/arts/film-view-is-the-gods-must-be-crazy-only-a-comedy.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Agriculture==
More than half of Botswana's population lives in rural areas and depends on subsistence crops and livestock farming.<ref name="Background 2002" /> Agriculture meets only a small portion of food needs and contributes just 1.8% of Botswana's GDP as of 2017, according to the CIA World Factbook.<ref name="cia.gov" /> 2024 estimates stated that it was still less than 2% of Botswana's GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-02-28 |title=Botswana - Agricultural Sectors |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/botswana-agricultural-sectors |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Cattle raising dominated Botswana's social and economic life before independence.<ref name="Background 2002" /> The [[Botswana Meat Commission]] (BMC) has a monopoly on beef production, however in late 2023, it ended.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mguni |first=Mbongeni |title=BMC monopoly nears end as Cabinet approves meat regulator |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/business/bmc-monopoly-nears-end-as-cabinet-approves-meat-regulator/news}}</ref> The national herd was about 2.5 million in the mid-1990s, though the 1995 government-ordered slaughter of the entire herd in Botswana's north-west [[Ngamiland]] District, to prevent the spread of "cattle lung disease" to other parts of the country, reduced the number by at least 200,000.<ref name=":0" />

Botswana produced, in 2018:

* 102 thousand tons of [[root]] and [[tubers]];
* 46 thousand tons of [[vegetables]];
* 17 thousand tons of [[sorghum]];
* 13 thousand tons of [[maize]];
* 8 thousand tons of [[cabbage]];
* 6 thousand tons of [[onion]];
* 5 thousand tons of [[tomato]];

In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.<ref name=":0">{{cite web| url = http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/| title = Botswana production in 2018, by FAO}}</ref>

==Manufacturing==
{{Main|Manufacturing in Botswana}}
Manufacturing industries in Botswana<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-botswana/business/industry_and_manufacturing/|title=Sectors}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Manufacturing {{!}} Go Botswana |url=https://www.gobotswana.com/sector/manufacturing |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521201949/https://www.gobotswana.com/sector/manufacturing |archive-date=21 May 2023 |access-date=6 October 2021}}</ref> include food processing, predominantly beef processing, diamond processing, textile and garment manufacturing, beverage making, jewellery making, metals and metal products, soap making, construction materials manufacturing, and [[glass production]].

Manufacturing has potential growth, however,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing Sector {{!}} HRDC |url=http://www.hrdc.org.bw/manufacturing-sector |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=www.hrdc.org.bw}}</ref> accounting for roughly 5% of the nation's [[gross domestic product]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.ZS?locations=BW |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref>  Over the years, there has been a notable decline in the role of the manufacturing sector in the national economy. The reason for this can be pinned to a number of factors, the main ones being lack of skills, failing to keep up with the latest technology, lack of competitiveness along with bad marketing techniques.<ref>{{Cite web |title=www.ceda.co.bw/sites/default/files/Publications/ASSESSMENT_OF_INVESTMENT_OPPORTUNITIES_WITH_THE_MANUFACTURING_SECTOR_IN_BOTSWANA-JUNE_2020.pdf |url=https://www.ceda.co.bw/sites/default/files/Publications/ASSESSMENT_OF_INVESTMENT_OPPORTUNITIES_WITH_THE_MANUFACTURING_SECTOR_IN_BOTSWANA-JUNE_2020.pdf |website=CEDA}}</ref>

==Science and technology==
{{main|Science and technology in Botswana}}

There is a growing science sector in Botswana. The number of publications by Botswanan scientists catalogued in international databases increased from 133 in 2009 to 210 in 2014. In 2018, Botswana produced 281 scientific and technical journal articles. The country has one of the highest levels of scientific productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000235406_eng| title = Southern Africa. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (PDF)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://knoema.com/atlas/Botswana/Number-of-scientific-journal-articles| title = Botswana – Number of scientific and technical journal articles}}</ref> The country also has a high-tech industry, being home to a number of information technology companies.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.localbotswana.com/category/Information_technology| title = Best Information Technology Companies in Botswana}}</ref> In 2022, Botswana's high-tech exports were worth about $38 million.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://knoema.com/atlas/Botswana/High-technology-exports| title = Botswana – High-technology exports in current prices}}</ref>

==Private sector development and foreign investment==
[[File:CBD flats in Gaborone.jpg|thumb|I-Towers, Gaborone Central Business District]]
Botswana seeks to diversify its economy away from [[mineral]]s,<ref name="Background 2002" /> the earnings from which have levelled off.<ref>{{Cite web |title=001331-08 Botswana 6 |url=https://www.oecd.org/countries/botswana/35176115.pdf |website=OECD}}</ref>

External investment in Botswana has grown fitfully. In the early 1990s, two American companies, Owens Corning and H.J. [[H. J. Heinz Company|Heinz]], made major investments in production facilities in Botswana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Articles and reports by Hans-Joachim (H.J.) Heinz, 1962-1971 |url=https://archivesspace.uncw.edu/repositories/5/archival_objects/63351 |website=UNCW archives}}</ref> In 1997, the St. Paul Group purchased Botswana Insurance, one of the country's leading short-term insurance providers. An American Business Council (ABC), with over 30 member companies, was inaugurated in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMERICAN BUSINESS COUNCIL OF BOTSWANA |url=https://www.abc.org.bw/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.abc.org.bw}}</ref> [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] operated a car assembly plant in Botswana from 1994 to 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.bw/economy/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106025801/http://www.gov.bw/economy/index.html|url-status=dead|title=The Government of Botswana – Economic Snapshot<!-- Bot generated title -->|archivedate=6 January 2009}}</ref>

[[File:Tourist Resort at Kasane.jpg|thumb|right|Tourist resort at [[Kasane]]]]
Botswana seeks to further diversify its economy away from minerals,<ref name="Background 2002" /> which account for a quarter of GDP,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Botswana (03/26/10)|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/botswana/147499.htm|access-date=2021-10-22|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> down from nearly half of GDP in the early 1990s.<ref name="Background 2002" /> Foreign investment and management are welcomed in Botswana<ref name="Background 2002" /> and, as a result, the financial and services sectors have increased at an exponential rate in the 2000s to replace mining as the leading industry.<ref name=":2" /> Botswana abolished [[foreign exchange controls]] in 1999, has a low corporate tax rate (15%), no prohibitions on foreign ownership of companies, and as of January 2024 it is roughly 4%<ref>{{Cite web |title=CONSUMER PRICE INDEX JANUARY 2024 |url=https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/Consumer%20Price%20Index%20January%202024.pdf |website=Statistics Botswana}}</ref>

The government considers private-sector participation as being critical to the success of the country's ''Tenth National Development Plan'' (2009–2016) and enhancing the [[Science and technology in Botswana|role of research and development]] as being the most effective way to nurture entrepreneurship and private-sector growth. The government is considering additional policies to enhance competitiveness, including a new Foreign Direct Investment Strategy, Competition Policy, Privatisation Master Plan and National Export Development Strategy.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002247/224725E.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002247/224725E.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Mapping Research and Innovation in the Republic of Botswana |editor-last=Lemarchand|editor-first=Guillermo A.|editor2-last=Schneegans|editor2-first=Susan |location=Paris |publisher=UNESCO |year=2013 |isbn=978-92-3-001219-9 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 |publisher=UNESCO |year=2015 |isbn=978-92-3-100129-1 |location=Paris |pages=546–547}}</ref>

Botswana is known to have vast coal deposits making it possibly one of the most coal-rich countries in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pecquet |first=Julian |title=Energy-starved Botswana seeks US support as it banks on coal |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/290227/energy-starved-botswana-seeks-us-support-as-it-banks-on-coal/#:~:text=Botswana%20sits%20atop%20the%20world's,recent%20spate%20of%20rolling%20blackouts. |work=TheAfricaReport.com}}</ref> Large coal mines, massive coal-fired power plants, as well as a coals to liquid plant (through the [[Fischer–Tropsch process]]) to produce synthetic automotive fuel have been planned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reuters |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/botswana-plans-25-bln-coal-to-liquids-plant-cut-fuel-imports-2022-05-16/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Challenges and opportunities for coal gasification in developing countries |url=https://usea.org/sites/default/files/102013_Challenges%20and%20opportunities%20for%20coal%20gasification%20in%20developing%20countries_ccc225.pdf |page=12}}</ref>

With its proven record of good economic governance, Botswana was ranked as Africa's third least corrupt country in the [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] in 2020, ahead of many European and Asian countries.<ref name="Background 2002" /><ref>{{cite web |title=CPI 2023 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi/2023 |access-date=28 January 2021 |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> The World Economic Forum rated Botswana as the third most economically competitive nation in Africa in 2002.<ref name="Background 2002" /> However, Botswana is not a member of the WEF anymore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/communities/africa/|title=Africa {{!}} World Economic Forum}}</ref> In 2001 Botswana was once again assigned "A" grade credit ratings by [[Moody's]] and [[Standard & Poor's]].<ref name="Background 2002" /> This ranks Botswana as by far the best credit risk in Africa and puts it on par with or above many countries in central Europe, East Asia, and Latin America.<ref name="Background 2002" /> However, as of 2024, Botswana has been ranked BBB+ in S&P's rating, while being ranked A3 in Moody's grade credit rating.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rating: Botswana Credit Rating 2024 {{!}} countryeconomy.com |url=https://countryeconomy.com/ratings/botswana |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=countryeconomy.com |language=en}}</ref>

U.S. investment in Botswana remains at relatively low levels but continues to grow. Major U.S. corporations, such as [[Coca-Cola]] and [[H.J. Heinz]], are present through direct investments, while others, such as [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]], are present via franchise.<ref name="Background 2002" /> The sovereign credit ratings by Moody's and Standard & Poor's clearly indicate that, despite continued challenges such as small market size, landlocked location, and cumbersome bureaucratic processes, Botswana remains one of the best investment opportunities in the developing world.<ref name="Background 2002" />

Due to its history and geography, Botswana has long and deep ties to the economy of South Africa.<ref name="Background 2002" /> The [[Southern African Customs Union|Southern Africa Customs Union]] (SACU), presently comprising [[Namibia]], Botswana,  [[Lesotho]], [[Eswatini]], and South Africa, dates from 1910.<ref name="Background 2002" /> Under this arrangement, South Africa has collected [[Tax|levies]] from customs, sales, and excise duties for all five members, sharing out proceeds based on each country's portion of imports.<ref name="Background 2002" /> The exact formula for sharing revenues and the decision-making authority over duties—held exclusively by the Government of South Africa—became increasingly controversial, and the members renegotiated the arrangement in 2001.<ref name="Background 2002" /> The new structure has now been formally ratified and a SACU Secretariat has been established in [[Windhoek]], Namibia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=sacu.int |url=https://www.sacu.int/category.php?cat=Secretariat |access-date=1 May 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301120409/https://sacu.int/category.php?cat=Secretariat |url-status=dead }}</ref> Following South Africa's accession to the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), Botswana also joined; many of the SACU duties are thus declining, making products from outside the area more competitive in Botswana.<ref name="Background 2002" /> Currently, the SACU countries and the U.S. are negotiating a free trade agreement. Botswana is currently also negotiating a free trade agreement with [[Mercosur]] and an Economic Partnership Agreement with the [[European Union]] as part of SADC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SICE: Trade Policy Developments: United States-Southern African Customs Union (SACU) |url=http://www.sice.oas.org/tpd/usa_sacu/USA_SACU_e.ASP#:~:text=In%20November%202006,%20the%20United,signed%20on%2016%20July%202008. |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.sice.oas.org}}</ref>

[[File:Okavango11.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view over [[Okavango Delta]]]]
Gaborone is host to the headquarters of the fourteen-nation [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC), a successor to the [[Southern African Development Coordination Conference]] (SADCC, established in 1980), which focused its efforts on freeing regional economic development from dependence on apartheid South Africa.<ref name="Background 2002" /> SADC embraced the newly democratic South Africa as a member in 1994 and has a broad mandate to encourage growth, development, and economic integration in Southern Africa.<ref name="Background 2002" /> SADC's Trade Protocol, which was launched on 1 September 2000, calls for the elimination of all tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade by 2012 among the 11 signatory countries.<ref name="Background 2002" /> If successful, it will give Botswana companies free access to the far larger regional market.<ref name="Background 2002" />

Botswana has successfully carried an Action Programme on the Elimination of [[Child labour in Botswana|Child Labour]], which was adopted in the period 2006–2007. [[Free the Children]] delisted Botswana as a nation harbouring child-labour facilities in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://datadrivendetroit.org/files/2012/05/Child_Labour_report_final.pdf|title=www.datadrivendetroit.org}}</ref>

==Financial sector==
Botswana has a growing financial sector, and the country's national stock market, the [[Botswana Stock Exchange]] (BSE), based in Gaborone, is given the responsibility to operate and regulate the equities and fixed interest securities market. Formally established in 1989, the BSE continues to be pivotal to Botswana's financial system, and in particular the capital market, as an avenue on which government, quasi-government and the private sector can raise debt and equity capital. Although the BSE has just under 40 companies listed, it plays host to the most pre-eminent companies doing business in Botswana. These companies represent a spectrum of industries and commerce, from Banking and financial services to Wholesaling and Retailing, Tourism and Information Technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana Stock Exchange |url=https://www.bse.co.bw/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Botswana's currency, the [[Botswana pula|pula]], is fully convertible and is valued against a basket of currencies heavily weighted toward the South African [[Rand (currency)|Rand]].<ref name="Background 2002" /> Profits and direct investment can be repatriated without restriction from Botswana.<ref name="Background 2002" /> The Botswana Government eliminated all exchange controls in 1999.<ref name="Background 2002" /> The Central Bank devalued the Pula by 7.5% in February 2004 in a bid to maintain export competitiveness against the real appreciation of the Pula.<ref name="Background 2002" /> There was a further 12% devaluation 1 year later in 2005 and the policy of a "[[Crawling peg]]" was adopted.<ref name="Background 2002" />

The recently established Non-Bank Financial Institutions Regulatory Authority (NBFIRA) is responsible for the oversight of all non-banking financial services entities in the country. As of 2020, about 82% of Botswana's population had access to formal or informal financial services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099113023113526062/pdf/P1790340f765cc07c0b967022a091caa813.pdf |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099113023113526062/pdf/P1790340f765cc07c0b967022a091caa813.pdf |page=6}}</ref> Mobile banking services have just started to be offered. In recent years the government and Central Bank have undertaken serious steps to modernize the country's payment system infrastructure. These efforts included the establishment of a code-line clearing system for the exchange of cheques and electronic funds as well as a Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) system, including SWIFT connection.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfw4a.org/botswana/botswana-financial-sector-profile.html |title=MFW4A |access-date=30 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727082102/http://www.mfw4a.org/botswana/botswana-financial-sector-profile.html |archive-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Gaborone]] is host to the headquarters of the 14-nation [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC).<ref name="Background 2002" /> A successor to the [[Southern African Development Coordination Conference]] (SADCC), which focused its efforts on freeing regional economic development from dependence on apartheid in South Africa, SADC embraced the newly democratic South Africa as a member in 1994 and has a broad mandate to encourage growth, development, and economic integration in Southern Africa.<ref name="Background 2002" /> SADC's Trade Protocol, which was launched on 1 September 2000, calls for the elimination of all tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade by 2012 among the 11 signatory countries.<ref name="Background 2002" /> If successful, it will give Botswana companies free access to the far larger regional market.<ref name="Background 2002" /> The Regional Centre for Southern Africa (RCSA), which implements the U.S. Agency for International Development's (USAID) Initiative for Southern Africa (ISA), is headquartered in [[Gaborone]] as well.<ref name="Background 2002" />

==See also==
* [[Botswana]]
* [[Education in Botswana]]
* [[List of Botswana companies]]
* [[Science and technology in Botswana]]
* [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite journal |last1=Beaulier |first1=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |year=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gulbrandsen |first=Ørnulf |title=The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-85745-298-6}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hillbom |first1=Ellen |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5 |title=Botswana – A Modern Economic History |last2=Bolt |first2=Jutta |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2018 |isbn=978-3-319-73144-5 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |year=2009 |title=Pre-Colonial Culture, Post-Colonial Economic Success? The Tswana and the African Economic Miracle |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite book |last=Leith |first=James Clark |url=https://archive.org/details/whybotswanaprosp0000leit/ |title=Why Botswana Prospered |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7735-2821-5 |url-access=registration}}

==External links==
* [http://www.trademap.org/open_access/Index.aspx?proceed=true&reporter=072 Botswana latest trade data on ITC Trade Map]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080921071451/http://mbendi.co.za/land/af/bo/p0005.htm MBendi Botswana overview]

{{SACU}}
{{Africa in topic|Economy of}}
{{Botswana topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Economy Of Botswana}}
[[Category:Economy of Botswana| ]]
[[Category:World Trade Organization member economies|Botswana]]
[[Category:African Union member economies|Botswana]]