Editing Economic history

{{Short description|none}}
{{About|the academic field|actual economic histories|Economic history of the world|the history of intellectual development of economic theory|History of economic thought}}
{{Economic history sidebar}}
[[File:Historic world GDP per capita.svg|thumb|right|400px|World GDP per capita, 1400–2003]]
{{Economics sidebar}}
'''Economic history''' is the study of history using methodological tools from [[economics]] or with a special attention to economic phenomena. Research is conducted using a combination of [[historical method]]s, [[statistical methods]] and the [[Applied economics|application of economic theory]] to historical situations and [[institution]]s. The field can encompass a wide variety of topics, including equality, finance, technology, labour, and business. It emphasizes historicizing the economy itself, analyzing it as a dynamic entity and attempting to provide insights into the way it is structured and conceived.

Using both [[quantitative data]] and [[Qualitative data|qualitative sources]], economic historians emphasize understanding the historical context in which major economic events take place. They often focus on the institutional dynamics of systems of [[Production (economics)|production]], [[Wage labour|labor]], and [[Capital (economics)|capital]], as well as the economy's impact on society, culture, and language. Scholars of the discipline may approach their analysis from the perspective of different [[schools of economic thought]], such as [[mainstream economics]], [[Austrian School|Austrian economics]], [[Marxian economics]], the [[Chicago school of economics]], and [[Keynesian economics]].

Economic history has several sub-disciplines. Historical methods are commonly applied in [[Template:History of finance|financial]] and [[business history]], which overlap with areas of [[social history]] such as [[Historical demography|demographic]] and [[Labor history (discipline)|labor history]]. In the sub-discipline of [[cliometrics]], economists use [[Quantitative research|quantitative]] ([[econometric]]) methods.<ref>See, for example, "Cliometrics" by Robert Whaples in S. Durlauf and L. Blume (eds.), ''[[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]]'', 2nd ed. (2008). [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000173&edition=current&q=Economic%20history&topicid=&result_number=7 Abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528220032/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000173&edition=current&q=Economic%20history&topicid=&result_number=7 |date=2012-05-28 }}</ref> In [[history of capitalism]], historians explain economic historical issues and processes from a historical point of view.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rockman |first1=Seth |title=What Makes the History of Capitalism Newsworthy? |journal=Journal of the Early Republic |date=2014 |volume=34 |issue=3|pages=439–466 |doi=10.1353/jer.2014.0043 |s2cid=143866857 }}</ref>

==Early history of the discipline==
[[File:Economic History Department, 1971 (3925741729).jpg|thumb|right|350px|Economic history department, London School of Economics (1971)]]
[[Arnold Toynbee (historian, born 1852)|Arnold Toynbee]] made the case for combining economics and history in his study of the [[Industrial Revolution]], saying, "I believe economics today is much too dissociated from history. Smith and Malthus had historical minds. However, Ricardo – who set the pattern of modern textbooks – had a mind that was entirely unhistorical." There were several advantages in combining economics and history according to Toynbee. To begin with, it improved economic understanding. "We see abstract propositions in a new light when studying them in relation to historical facts. Propositions become more vivid and truthful." Meanwhile, studying history with economics makes history easier to understand. Economics teaches us to look out for the right facts in reading history and makes matters such as introducing enclosures, machinery, or new currencies more intelligible. Economics also teaches careful deductive reasoning. "The habits of mind it instils are even more valuable than the knowledge of principles it gives. Without these habits, the mass of their materials can overwhelm students of historical facts."<ref>''Arnold Toynbee's The Industrial Revolution: A Translation into Modern English'', Kindle edition, 2020, pages1-2. {{ISBN|9780906321744}}. First published 1884.</ref>

In late-nineteenth-century Germany, scholars at a number of universities, led by [[Gustav von Schmoller]], developed the [[Historical school of economics|historical school of economic history]]. It argued that there were no universal truths in history, emphasizing the importance of historical context without quantitative analysis. This historical approach dominated German and French scholarship for most of the 20th century. The [[historical school of economics]] included other economists such as [[Max Weber]] and [[Joseph Schumpeter]] who reasoned that careful analysis of human actions, cultural norms, historical context, and mathematical support was key to historical analysis. The approach was spread to Great Britain by [[William Ashley (economic historian)|William Ashley]] ([[University of Oxford]]) and dominated [[Economic history of the United Kingdom|British economic history]] for much of the 20th century. Britain's first professor in the subject was [[George Unwin]] at the [[Victoria University of Manchester|University of Manchester]].<ref name=MaxBODNB>[[Maxine Berg|Berg, Maxine L.]] (2004) 'Knowles , Lilian Charlotte Anne (1870–1926)', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/45651, accessed 6 Feb 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115105830/https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-45651 |date=15 January 2023 }}</ref><ref name=MBerg>Berg, M. (1992). The first women economic historians. ''The Economic History Review'', 45(2), 308–329.</ref> Meanwhile, in France, economic history was heavily influenced by the [[Annales School]] from the early 20th century to the present. It exerts a worldwide influence through its journal {{Lang|fr|[[Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales]]}}.<ref>Robert Forster, "Achievements of the Annales school." ''Journal of Economic History'' 38.01 (1978): 58–76. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2119315 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005311/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2119315 |date=2018-10-31 }}</ref>

Treating economic history as a discrete academic discipline has been a contentious issue for many years. Academics at the [[London School of Economics]] (LSE) and the [[University of Cambridge]] had numerous [[London School of Economics#LSE vs. Cambridge|disputes]] over the separation of economics and economic history in the [[interwar era]]. Cambridge economists believed that pure economics involved a component of economic history and that the two were inseparably entangled. Those at the LSE believed that economic history warranted its own courses, research agenda and academic chair separated from mainstream economics. In the initial period of the subject's development, the LSE position of separating economic history from economics won out. Many universities in the UK developed independent programmes in economic history rooted in the LSE model. Indeed, the [[Economic History Society]] had its inauguration at [[London School of Economics|LSE]] in 1926 and the [[University of Cambridge]] eventually established its own economic history programme.

In the United States, the field of economic history was largely subsumed into other fields of economics following the cliometric revolution of the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-01-01|title=The economic history of economic history: the evolution of a field in economics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000095|journal=The Handbook of Historical Economics|language=en|pages=3–16|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00009-5|last1=Margo|first1=Robert A.|isbn=9780128158746|s2cid=236731927|access-date=2021-05-06|archive-date=2021-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507121815/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000095|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2021-01-01 |title=The two revolutions in economic history |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000083 |journal=The Handbook of Historical Economics |language=en |pages=17–40 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00008-3 |last1=Cioni |first1=Martina |last2=Federico |first2=Giovanni |last3=Vasta |first3=Michelangelo |hdl=10419/247122 |isbn=9780128158746 |s2cid=226605299 |access-date=2021-05-06 |archive-date=2021-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506143031/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000083 |url-status=live }}</ref> To many it became seen as a form of [[applied economics]] rather than a stand-alone discipline. [[Cliometrics]], also known as the New Economic History, refers to the systematic use of economic theory and [[econometrics|econometric]] techniques to the study of economic history. The term was originally coined by Jonathan R. T. Hughes and [[Stanley Reiter]] and refers to [[Clio]], who was the [[muse]] of history and heroic poetry in [[Greek mythology]]. One of the most famous cliometric economic historians is [[Douglass North]], who argued that it is the task of economic history to elucidate the historical dimensions of economies through time.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Structure and Performance: The Task of Economic History|last1=North|first1=Douglass C.|journal = Journal of Economic Literature|year = 1978|volume = 16|issue = 3|pages = 963–978|jstor = 2723471}}</ref> Cliometricians argue their approach is necessary because the application of theory is crucial in writing solid economic history, while historians generally oppose this view warning against the risk of generating anachronisms.

Early cliometrics was a type of [[counterfactual history]]. However, counterfactualism was not its distinctive feature; it combined neoclassical economics with quantitative methods in order to explain human choices based on constraints.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=North|first1=Douglass C.|date=1978|title=Structure and Performance: The Task of Economic History|journal=Journal of Economic Literature|volume=16|issue=3}}</ref> Some have argued that cliometrics had its heyday in the 1960s and 1970s and that it is now neglected by economists and historians.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Whaples|first=Robert|year=2010|title=Is Economic History a Neglected Field of Study?|journal=Historically Speaking|volume=11|issue=2|pages=17–20 & 20–27 (responses)|doi=10.1353/hsp.0.0109|s2cid=162209922}}</ref> In response to North and [[Robert Fogel]]'s [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics]] in 1993, [[Harvard University]] economist (and future Nobel winner) [[Claudia Goldin]] argued:<blockquote>Economic history is not a handmaiden of economics but a distinct field of scholarship. Economic history was a scholarly discipline long before it became cliometrics. Its practitioners were economists and historians studying the histories of economies... The new economic history, or cliometrics, formalized economic history in a manner similar to the injection of mathematical models and statistics into the rest of economics.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Goldin|first1=Claudia|author-link=Claudia Goldin|date=1995|title=Cliometrics and the Nobel|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=9|issue=2|pages=191–208|doi=10.1257/jep.9.2.191|s2cid=155075681|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:30703876|access-date=2020-04-24|archive-date=2020-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522162603/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/30703876|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>The relationship between economic history, economics and history has long been the subject of intense discussion, and the debates of recent years echo those of early contributors. There has long been a school of thought among economic historians that splits economic history—the study of how economic phenomena evolved in the past—from historical economics—testing the generality of economic theory using historical episodes. US economic historian [[Charles P. Kindleberger]] explained this position in his 1990 book ''Historical Economics: Art or Science?''.<ref>Charles P. Kindleberger (1990), [http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft287004zv;brand=ucpress ''Historical Economics: Art or Science?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406113634/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft287004zv;brand=ucpress |date=2020-04-06 }}, University of California Press, Berkeley</ref> Economic historian [[Robert Skidelsky]] ([[University of Cambridge]]) argued that [[economic theory]] often employs ahistorical models and methodologies that do not take into account historical context.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFgrJa5X56g |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/GFgrJa5X56g| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=Economic History – How & How NOT to Do Economics with Robert Skidelsky|website=Youtube|date=10 September 2019 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Yale University]] economist [[Irving Fisher]] already wrote in 1933 on the relationship between economics and economic history in his "[[Debt deflation|Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions]]":
<blockquote>
The study of dis-equilibrium may proceed in either of two ways. We may take as our unit for study an actual historical case of great dis-equilibrium, such as, say, the panic of 1873; or we may take as our unit for study any constituent tendency, such as, say, deflation, and discover its general laws, relations to, and combinations with, other tendencies. The former study revolves around events, or facts; the latter, around tendencies. The former is primarily economic history; the latter is primarily economic science. Both sorts of studies are proper and important. Each helps the other. The panic of 1873 can only be understood in light of the various tendencies involved—deflation and other; and deflation can only be understood in the light of various historical manifestations—1873 and other.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=Irving|date=1933|title=Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions|journal=Econometrica|volume=1|issue=4|pages=337–38|doi=10.2307/1907327|jstor=1907327}}</ref>
</blockquote>

== Scope and focus of economic history today ==
The past three decades have witnessed the widespread closure of separate economic history departments and programmes in the UK and the integration of the discipline into either history or economics departments.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Blum|first1=Matthias|title=Introduction, or Why We Started This Project|date=2018|work=An Economist's Guide to Economic History|pages=1–10|editor-last=Blum|editor-first=Matthias|series=Palgrave Studies in Economic History|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-96568-0_1|isbn=978-3-319-96568-0|last2=Colvin|first2=Christopher L.|editor2-last=Colvin|editor2-first=Christopher L.}}</ref> Only the London School of Economics ([[London School of Economics|LSE]]) retains a separate economic history department and stand-alone undergraduate and graduate programme in economic history. [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], [[University of Glasgow|Glasgow]], [[London School of Economics|LSE]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], [[Queen's University Belfast|Queen's]], and [[University of Warwick|Warwick]] together train the vast majority of economic historians coming through the British [[Universities in the United Kingdom|higher education system]] today, but do so as part of economics or history degrees. Meanwhile, there have never been specialist economic history graduate programs at universities anywhere in the US. However, economic history remains a special field component of leading economics PhD programs, including [[University of California, Berkeley]], [[Harvard University]], [[Northwestern University]], [[Princeton University]], the [[University of Chicago]] and [[Yale University]].

Despite the pessimistic view on the state of the discipline espoused by many of its practitioners, economic history remains an active field of social scientific inquiry. Indeed, it has seen something of a resurgence in interest since 2000, perhaps driven by research conducted at universities in continental Europe rather than the UK and the US.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://voxeu.org/article/network-analysis-economic-history|title=The past's long shadow: A network analysis of economic history|last=Galofré Vilà|first=Gregori|date=13 January 2020|website=VoxEU|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114010649/https://voxeu.org/article/network-analysis-economic-history|url-status=live}}</ref> The overall number of economic historians in the world is estimated at 10,400, with Japan and China as well as the U.K and the U.S. ranking highest in numbers. Some less developed countries, however, are not sufficiently integrated in the world economic history community, among others, Senegal, Brazil and Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baten|first1=Jörg|last2=Muschallik|first2=Julia|date=2012|title=On the Status and Future of Economic History|journal=Economic History of Developing Regions|volume=27|pages=93–113|doi=10.1080/20780389.2012.682390 |s2cid=155697900 }}</ref>

Part of the growth in economic history is driven by the continued interest in big policy-relevant questions on the history of economic growth and development. [[MIT]] [[economist]] [[Peter Temin]] noted that development economics is intricately connected with economic history, as it explores the growth of economies with different technologies, innovations, and institutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cliometrie.org/images/wp/AFC_WP_04_2018.pdf |last1=Diebolt |first1=Claude |last2=Haupert |first2=Michael |title=We are Ninjas: How Economic History has Infiltrated Economics |website=American Economic Association |access-date=2020-02-22 |archive-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222094632/http://www.cliometrie.org/images/wp/AFC_WP_04_2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Studying economic growth has been popular for years among economists and historians who have sought to understand why some economies have grown faster than others. Some of the early texts in the field include [[Walt Whitman Rostow]]'s ''[[Rostow's stages of growth|The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto]]'' (1971) which described how advanced economies grow after overcoming certain hurdles and advancing to the next stage in development. Another economic historian, [[Alexander Gerschenkron]], complicated this theory with works on how economies develop in non-Western countries, as discussed in ''Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays'' (1962). A more recent work is [[Daron Acemoglu]] and [[James A. Robinson (economist)|James A. Robinson]]'s ''[[Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty]]'' (2012) which pioneered a new field of [[persistence studies]], emphasizing the path-dependent stages of growth.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Cirone |first1=Alexandra |last2=Pepinsky |first2=Thomas B. |date=2022 |title=Historical Persistence |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=241–259 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-104325 |issn=1094-2939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Other notable books on the topic include [[Kenneth Pomeranz]]'s ''[[The Great Divergence|The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy]]'' (2000) and [[David S. Landes]]'s ''[[The Wealth and Poverty of Nations|The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some are So Rich and Some So Poor]]'' (1998).

Since the [[2008 financial crisis]], scholars have become more interested in a field which may be called ''new'' 'new economic history'. Scholars have tended to move away from narrowly quantitative studies toward institutional, [[Social history|social]], and [[cultural history]] affecting the evolution of economies.<ref>Douglass C. North (1965). "The State of Economic History", ''American Economic Review'', 55(1/2)  pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1816246 86–91] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115105823/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1816246 |date=2023-01-15 }}.

* _____ (1994)."Economic Performance through Time", ''American Economic Review'', 84(3), [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2118057 pp. 359–68] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115105823/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2118057 |date=2023-01-15 }}. Also published as Nobel [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1993/north-lecture.html Prize Lecture.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805051340/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1993/north-lecture.html |date=2011-08-05 }}</ref><ref group="a">For example:<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • [[Gregory Clark (economist)|Gregory Clark]] (2006),  ''A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World'',
[http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8461.html Description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018192608/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8461.html |date=2011-10-18 }}, [http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c8461.html contents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230050400/http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c8461.html |date=2011-12-30 }}, ch. 1 [http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8461.pdf link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230040353/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8461.pdf |date=2011-12-30 }},  and [https://books.google.com/books?id=i-PLg2PsNd4C&dq=+Long-run+equilibrium&pg=PT1 Google preview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115105823/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=i-PLg2PsNd4C&oi=fnd&pg=PT1&dq=+Long-run+equilibrium&ots=fF5GxnCIYm&sig=3ZpUcXAStipXCCAcIZvOwFh7aCM |date=2023-01-15 }}.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • E. Aerts and [[Herman Van der Wee|H. Van der Wee]], 2002. "Economic History", ''[[International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences]]'' pp. 4102–410. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767026401 Abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028220210/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767026401 |date=2011-10-28 }}.</ref> The focus of these studies is frequently on "persistence", as past events are linked to present outcomes.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-01-01|title=Why Africa is not that poor|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000356|journal=The Handbook of Historical Economics|language=en|pages=557–584|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00035-6|last1=Frankema|first1=Ewout|isbn=9780128158746|s2cid=236697047|access-date=2021-05-06|archive-date=2021-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506143033/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000356|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|date=2021-01-01|chapter=Persistence – myth and mystery|chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000150|journal=The Handbook of Historical Economics|language=en|pages=243–267|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00015-0|last1=Voth|first1=Hans-Joachim|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780128158746|s2cid=235911335|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/198736/1/CEPR-DP15417.pdf|title=Archived copy|access-date=2022-11-23|archive-date=2022-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222175602/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/198736/1/CEPR-DP15417.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Columbia University]] [[economist]] [[Charles Calomiris]] argued that this new field showed 'how historical (path-dependent) processes governed changes in institutions and markets.'<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Calomiris|first1=Charles W.|s2cid=154817653|date=2000|title=Financial History and the Long Reach of the Second 30 Years War|journal=Political Science}}</ref> However, this trend has been criticized, most forcefully by [[Francesco Boldizzoni]], as a form of economic imperialism "extending the neoclassical explanatory model to the realm of social relations."<ref>{{cite book|last=Boldizzoni|first=Francesco|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9476.html|title=The Poverty of Clio: Resurrecting Economic History|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2011|isbn=9780691144009|page=18|author-link=Francesco Boldizzoni|access-date=2012-05-05|archive-date=2012-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505135735/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9476.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Conversely, economists in other specializations have started to write a new kind of economic history which makes use of historical data to understand the present day.<ref group="a">For example: [[Carmen M. Reinhart]] and [[Kenneth S. Rogoff]] (2009),  ''This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly''. Princeton. [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8973.html Description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118213207/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8973.html |date=2013-01-18 }}, ch. 1 ("Varieties of Crises and their Dates", pp. [http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8973.pdf 3–20)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925065855/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8973.pdf |date=2012-09-25 }}, and chapter-preview [https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5fLB24ircC&pg=PR7GBS_ATB links.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115105829/https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5fLB24ircC&printsec=frontcover&source=find&pg=PR7gbs_atb |date=2023-01-15 }}</ref> A major development in this genre was the publication of Thomas Piketty's ''[[Capital in the Twenty-First Century]]'' (2013). The book described the rise in [[Wealth inequality|wealth]] and [[income inequality]] since the 18th century, arguing that large concentrations of wealth lead to social and economic instability. Piketty also advocated a system of global [[Wealth tax|progressive wealth taxes]] to correct rising inequality. The book was selected as a [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''New York Times'' best seller]] and received numerous awards. The book was well received by some of the world's major economists, including [[Paul Krugman]], [[Robert Solow]], and [[Ben Bernanke]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/upshot/now-that-ben-bernanke-is-blogging-heres-what-he-should-write-about.html|title=The New York Times|last1=Irwin|first1=Neil|website=Now That Ben Bernanke Is Blogging, Here's What He Should Write About|date=30 March 2015|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217234418/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/upshot/now-that-ben-bernanke-is-blogging-heres-what-he-should-write-about.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Books in response to Piketty's book include ''After Piketty: The Agenda for Economics and Inequality'', by Heather Boushey, J. Bradford DeLong, and Marshall Steinbaum (eds.) (2017), ''Pocket Piketty'' by Jesper Roine (2017), and ''Anti-Piketty: Capital for the 21st Century'', by Jean-Philippe Delsol, Nicolas Lecaussin, Emmanuel Martin (2017). One economist argued that Piketty's book was "Nobel-Prize worthy" and noted that it had changed the global discussion on how economic historians study inequality.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2014/05/22/thomas-piketty-data-make-it-open/|title=Thomas Piketty's Capital changed the global discussion about inequality because of its great data – now make it open.|last1=Atz|first1=Ulrich|website=LSE Impact Blog|date=22 May 2014|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217234422/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2014/05/22/thomas-piketty-data-make-it-open/|url-status=live}}</ref> It has also sparked new conversations in the disciplines of public policy.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/05/08/thomas-piketty-new-gilded-age/|title=Why We're in a New Gilded Age|last1=Krugman|first1=Paul|magazine=The New York Review of Books|date=8 May 2014|access-date=22 February 2020|archive-date=4 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404042325/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/may/08/thomas-piketty-new-gilded-age/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition to the mainstream in economic history, there is a parallel development in the field influenced by [[Karl Marx]] and [[Marxian economics]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heller |first1=Henry |title=A Marxist History of Capitalism |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Meek |first1=Ronald L. |title=Studies in the Labour Theory of Value |date=1956 |location=New York}}</ref> Marx used historical analysis to interpret the role of class and class as a central issue in history. He debated with the "classical" economists (a term he coined), including [[Adam Smith]] and [[David Ricardo]]. In turn, Marx's legacy in economic history has been to critique the findings of neoclassical economists.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brewer |first1=Anthony |title=The Marxist Tradition in the History of Economics |journal=  History of Political Economy|year=2002 |volume=34 |pages=361–377 |url=http://www3.amherst.edu/~pmachala/endnotelibs/Endnote%20Bibliography/MarxSeminar/Marx%20for%2007%20students/Marxcourse-general-archive.Data/PDF/Brewer,The%20Marxist%20Tradition%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Economics-0597073408/Brewer,The%20Marxist%20Tradition%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Economics.pdf |access-date=2020-01-06 |archive-date=2019-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710214123/http://www3.amherst.edu/~pmachala/endnotelibs/Endnote%20Bibliography/MarxSeminar/Marx%20for%2007%20students/Marxcourse-general-archive.Data/PDF/Brewer,The%20Marxist%20Tradition%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Economics-0597073408/Brewer,The%20Marxist%20Tradition%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Economics.pdf |url-status=live |doi=10.1215/00182702-34-Suppl_1-361|s2cid=88510540 }}</ref> Marxist analysis also confronts [[economic determinism]], the theory that economic relationships are the foundation of political and societal institutions. Marx abstracted the idea of a "capitalist mode of production" as a way of identifying the transition from [[feudalism]] to [[capitalism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=Jon S. |title=The Achievements of Economic History: The Marxist School |journal=The Journal of Economic History |date=1978 |volume=38 |issue=1|pages=29–57 |doi=10.1017/S002205070008815X |s2cid=153934134 }}</ref> This has influenced some scholars, such as [[Maurice Dobb]], to argue that feudalism declined because of peasants' struggles for freedom and the growing inefficiency of feudalism as a system of production.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dobb |first1=Maurice |title=Studies in the Development of Capitalism |date=1946 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref> In turn, in what was later coined the [[Brenner debate]], [[Paul Sweezy]], a Marxian economist, challenged Dobb's definition of feudalism and its focus only on [[western Europe]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sweezy |first1=Paul |title=The Transition From Feudalism To Capitalism |journal=Science & Society |date=1950 |volume=14 |issue=2}}</ref>

[[File:Thomas Piketty no Fronteiras do Pensamento São Paulo 2017 (37517067951).jpg|thumb|right|300px|Thomas Piketty, economist and author of ''[[Capital in the Twenty-First Century]]'']]

==History of capitalism==
{{main|History of capitalism}}

A new field, called "history of capitalism" by researchers engaged in it, has emerged in US history departments since about the year 2000. It includes many topics traditionally associated with the field of economic history, such as insurance, banking and regulation, the political dimension of business, and the impact of capitalism on the middle classes, the poor and women and minorities. The field has particularly focused on the contribution of slavery to the rise of the US economy in the nineteenth century. The field utilizes the existing research of [[business history]], but has sought to make it more relevant to the concerns of history departments in the United States, including by having limited or no discussion of individual business enterprises.<ref>See Jennifer Schuessler "In History Departments, It's Up With Capitalism" [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/education/in-history-departments-its-up-with-capitalism.html?_r=0 ''The New York Times'' April 6, 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130448/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/education/in-history-departments-its-up-with-capitalism.html?_r=0 |date=August 3, 2017 }}</ref><ref>[[Louis Galambos|Lou Galambos]], "Is This a Decisive Moment for the History of Business, Economic History, and the History Of Capitalism? ''[[Essays in Economic & Business History]]'' (2014) v. 32 pp. 1–18 [http://www.ebhsoc.org/journal/index.php/journal/article/download/271/253 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426190340/http://www.ebhsoc.org/journal/index.php/journal/article/download/271/253 |date=2018-04-26 }}</ref> Historians of capitalism have countered these critiques, citing the issues with economic history. As [[University of Chicago]] professor of history Jonathan Levy states, "modern economic history began with industrialization and urbanization, and, even then, environmental considerations were subsidiary, if not nonexistent."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levy |first1=Jonathan |title=Capital as Process and the History of Capitalism |journal=Business History Review |date=2017|volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=483–510 |doi=10.1017/S0007680517001064 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Scholars have critiqued the history of capitalism because it does not focus on systems of production, circulation, and distribution.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adelman |first1=Jeremy |last2=Levy |first2=Jonathan |title=The Fall and Rise of Economic History |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-FallRise-of-Economic/150247 |journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education |date=December 2014 |access-date=2019-12-19 |archive-date=2019-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219210345/https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-FallRise-of-Economic/150247 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some have criticized its lack of social scientific methods and its ideological biases.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hilt |first1=Eric |s2cid=41971400 |title=Economic History, Historical Analysis, and the "New History of Capitalism" |journal=The Journal of Economic History |year=2017 |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=511–536 |doi=10.1017/S002205071700016X |doi-access=free }}</ref> As a result, a new academic journal, ''[[Capitalism: A Journal of History and Economics]]'', was founded at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] under the direction of Marc Flandreau ([[University of Pennsylvania]]), Julia Ott ([[The New School|The New School, New York]]) and Francesca Trivellato ([[Institute for Advanced Study|Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton]]) to widen the scope of the field. The journal's goal is to bring together "historians and social scientists interested in the material and intellectual aspects of modern economic life."<ref>{{cite web |title=Capitalism and History |url=https://history.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2018/01/Capitalism-and-History-.pdf |website=Columbia University |access-date=2019-12-17 |archive-date=2020-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722023627/https://history.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2018/01/Capitalism-and-History-.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Academic journals and societies==
The first journal specializing in the field of economic history was ''[[The Economic History Review]]'', founded in 1927, as the main publication of the [[Economic History Society]]. The first journal featured a publication by Professor Sir [[William Ashley (economic historian)|William Ashley]], the first Professor of Economic History in the English-speaking world, who described the emerging field of economic history. The discipline existed alongside long-standing fields such as [[political history]], [[religious history]], and [[military history]] as one that focused on humans' interactions with 'visible happenings'. He continued, '[economic history] primarily and unless expressly extended, the history of actual human practice with respect to the material basis of life. The visible happenings with regard-to use the old formula-to "the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth" form our wide enough field'.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ashley |first1=William |title=The Place of Economic History in University Studies |journal=The Economic History Review |date=1927 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–11|doi=10.2307/2590667 |jstor=2590667 }}</ref>

Later, the [[Economic History Association]] established another academic journal, ''[[The Journal of Economic History]]'', in 1941 as a way of expanding the discipline in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heaton |first1=Herbert |title=The Early History of the Economic History Association |journal=The Journal of Economic History |date=1941 |volume=1}}</ref> The first president of the Economic History Association, [[Edwin F. Gay]], described the aim of economic history as to provide new perspectives in the economics and history disciplines: 'An adequate equipment with two skills, that of the historian and the economist, is not easily acquired, but experience shows that it is both necessary and possible'.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gay |first1=Edwin F. |title=The Tasks of Economic History |journal=The Journal of Economic History |date=1941 |volume=1|pages=9–16 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700052128 |s2cid=250121256 }}</ref> Other related academic journals have broadened the lens with which economic history is studied. These interdisciplinary journals include the ''[[Business History Review]]'', ''[[European Review of Economic History]]'', ''[[Enterprise and Society]]'', and ''[[Financial History Review]]''.

The ''International Economic History Association'', an association of close to 50 member organizations, recognizes some of the major academic organizations dedicated to study of economic history: the [[Business History Conference]], [[Economic History Association]], [[Economic History Society]], [[Eabh|European Association of Business Historians]], and the [[International Social History Association]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Members |url=http://www.ieha-wehc.org/members.html |website=International Economic History Association |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231135928/http://www.ieha-wehc.org/members.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Nobel Memorial Prize-winning economic historians ==
{{Quote box
|salign=center |width=33%
|align=right
|quote=Have a very healthy respect for the study of economic history, because that's the raw material out of which any of your conjectures or testings will come.

– [[Paul Samuelson]] (2009)<ref name="SamuelsonQ">{{cite magazine | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2009/06/an-interview-with-paul-samuelson-part-two/19627/ | title=An Interview With Paul Samuelson, Part Two | magazine=The Atlantic | date=June 18, 2009 | access-date=November 26, 2011 | author=Clarke, Conor | archive-date=June 3, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603102345/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2009/06/an-interview-with-paul-samuelson-part-two/19627/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}Several economists have won Nobel prizes for contributions to economic history or contributions to economics that are commonly applied in economic history. 
* [[Simon Kuznets]] won the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]] ("the Nobel Memorial Prize") in 1971 "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development".
* [[John Hicks]], whose early writing was on the field of economic history, won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1972 due to his contributions to [[general equilibrium theory]] and [[welfare theory]].
* [[W. Arthur Lewis|Arthur Lewis]] won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1979 for his contributions in the field of [[economic development]] through historical context.
* [[Milton Friedman]] won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1976 for "his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy".
* [[Robert Fogel]] and [[Douglass North]] won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1993 for "having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change".
* [[Claudia Goldin]], who won the Nobel in 2023 for 'having advanced our understanding of women's labor market outcomes', began her career researching the history of the US southern economy and was President of the Economic History Association in 1999/2000.

== Notable works of economic history ==
[[File:Zentralbibliothek Zürich Das Kapital Marx 1867.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Karl Marx]], ''[[Capital: A Critique of Political Economy]]'' (1867)]]

=== Foundational works ===
* [[Milton Friedman]] and [[Anna Schwartz]], ''[[A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960]]'' (1963)
* [[Friedrich Hayek]], ''[[The Road to Serfdom]]'' (1944)
* [[Karl Marx]], ''[[Capital: A Critique of Political Economy]]'' (1867)
* [[Karl Polanyi]], ''[[The Great Transformation (book)|The Great Transformation: Origins of Our Time]]'' (1944)
* [[David Ricardo]], ''[[On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation]]'' (1817)
* [[Adam Smith]], ''[[An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776)

=== General ===
* [[Robert C. Allen]], ''Global Economic History: A Very Short Introduction'' (2011)
* [[Gregory Clark (economist)|Gregory Clark]], ''A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World'' (2007)
* [[Ronald Findlay]] and [[Kevin O'Rourke (economist)|Kevin O’Rourke]], ''Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium'' (2007)
* [[Robert Heilbroner]], ''The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers'' (1953)
* [[Eric Roll]], ''A History of Economic Thought'' (1923)

=== Ancient economies ===
* [[Moses Finley]], ''[[The Ancient Economy]]'' (1973)
* [[Walter Scheidel]], ''The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century'' (2017)
* [[Peter Temin]], ''The Roman Market Economy'' (2012)

=== Economic growth and development ===
* [[Daron Acemoglu]] and [[James A. Robinson (economist)|James A. Robinson]], ''[[Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty]]'' (2012)
* [[Alexander Gerschenkron]], ''Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays'' (1962)
* [[Robert J. Gordon]], ''The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War'' (2016)
* [[David S. Landes]], ''[[The Wealth and Poverty of Nations|The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some are So Rich and Some So Poor]]'' (1998)
* [[Deirdre McCloskey]], ''Bourgeois Equality: How Ideas, Not Capital or Institutions, Enriched the World'' (2016)
* [[Joel Mokyr]], ''The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress'' (1990)
* [[Kenneth Pomeranz]], ''[[The Great Divergence|The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy]]'' (2000)
* [[Walt Whitman Rostow]], ''[[Rostow's stages of growth|The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto]]'' (1971)
* [[Jeffrey Sachs]], ''[[The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time]]'' (2005)
* [[Amartya Sen]], ''[[Development as Freedom]]'' (1999)
* [[William Easterly]], ''The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good]'' (2006)

=== History of money ===
* [[Christine Desan]], ''Making Money: Coin, Currency, and the Coming of Capitalism'' (2014)
* [[William N. Goetzmann]], ''Money Changes Everything: How Finance Made Civilization Possible'' (2016)
* [[David Graeber]], ''[[Debt: The First 5000 Years]]'' (2011)

=== Business history ===
* [[David Cannadine]], ''[[Mellon: An American Life]]'' (2006)
* [[Alfred D. Chandler Jr.]], ''[[The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business]]'' (1977)
* [[Ron Chernow]], ''[[The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance]]'' (1990)
* [[Ron Chernow]], ''Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr.'' (1998)
* [[William D. Cohan]], ''[[Money and Power: How Goldman Sachs Came to Rule the World]]''
* [[Naomi Lamoreaux]], ''The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895–1904'' (1985)
* [[David Nasaw]], ''Andrew Carnegie'' (2006)
* [[Jean Strouse]], ''Morgan: American Financier'' (1999)

=== Financial history ===
[[File:Capital in the Twenty-First Century (front cover).jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Thomas Piketty]], ''[[Capital in the Twenty-First Century]]'' (2013)]]
* [[Liaquat Ahamed]], ''[[Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World]]'' (2009)
* [[Mark Blyth]], ''[[Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea]]'' (2013)
* [[Charles W. Calomiris]] and [[Stephen H. Haber]], ''Fragile by Design: The Political Origins of Banking Crises and Scarce Credit'' (2014)
* [[Barry Eichengreen]], ''Exorbitant Privilege: The Rise and Fall of the Dollar and the Future of the International Monetary System'' (2010)
* [[Barry Eichengreen]], ''Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System'' (1996)
* [[Niall Ferguson]], ''[[The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World]]'' (2008)
* [[Harold James (historian)|Harold James]], ''[[International Monetary Cooperation Since Bretton Woods]]'' (1996)
* [[Carmen M. Reinhart]] and [[Kenneth S. Rogoff]], ''This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly'' (2009)
* [[Benn Steil]], ''[[The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order]]'' (2013)
* [[Adam Tooze]], ''[[The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy]]'' (2006)
* László Vértesy, ''Financial Perspectives of Economic History'' (2024) [https://real.mtak.hu/198128/ Volume I], [https://real.mtak.hu/198164/ Volume II]

=== Globalization and inequality ===
* [[Sven Beckert]], ''Empire of Cotton: A Global History'' (2014)
* [[William J. Bernstein]], ''[[A Splendid Exchange|A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World from Prehistory to Today]]'' (2008).
* [[Niall Ferguson]], ''The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700-2000'' (2001).
* [[Robert Fogel]] and [[Stanley L. Engerman]], ''[[Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery]]'' (1974).
* [[Claudia Goldin]], ''Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women'' (1990).
* [[Harold James (historian)|Harold James]], ''The End of Globalization: Lessons from the Great Depression'' (2009).
* [[Kevin O'Rourke (economist)|Kevin O'Rourke]] and [[Jeffrey G. Williamson]], ''Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-century Atlantic Economy'' (1999)
* [[Thomas Piketty]], ''[[Capital in the Twenty-First Century]]'' (2013).
* [[Thomas Piketty]], ''The Economics of Inequality'' (2015).
* [[Thomas Piketty]], ''[[Capital and Ideology]]'' (2020).
* [[Emmanuel Saez]] and [[Gabriel Zucman]], ''The Triumph of Injustice: How the Rich Dodge Taxes and How to Make Them Pay'' (2019).
* [[Gabriel Zucman]], ''[[The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens]]'' (2015).

== Notable economic historians ==
[[File:Macro history economists.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Notable economic historians: [[Irving Fisher]], [[Anna Schwartz]], [[Milton Friedman]], [[Stanley Fischer]], [[Carl Menger]], [[Edward C. Prescott]], [[Alfred Marshall]] and [[Franco Modigliani]]]]
{{colbegin|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Moses Abramovitz]]
* [[Jeremy Adelman]]
* [[Robert C. Allen|Robert Allen]]
* [[T. S. Ashton]]
* [[Correlli Barnett]]
* [[Jörg Baten]]
* [[Maxine Berg]]
* [[Jean-François Bergier]]
* [[Ben Bernanke]]
* [[Francesco Boldizzoni]]
* [[Leah Boustan]]
* [[Fernand Braudel]]
* [[Rondo Cameron]]
* [[Sydney Checkland]]
* [[Carlo M. Cipolla]]
* [[John Clapham (economic historian)|John Clapham]]
* [[Gregory Clark (economist)|Gregory Clark]]
* [[Thomas C. Cochran (historian)|Thomas C. Cochran]]
* [[Nicholas Crafts]]
* [[Louis Cullen]]
* [[Peter Davies (economic historian)]]
* [[Brad DeLong]]
* [[Melissa Dell]]
* [[Barry Eichengreen]]
* [[Friedrich Engels]]
* [[Stanley Engerman]]
* [https://nyuad.nyu.edu/en/academics/divisions/social-science/faculty/giovanni-federico.html Giovanni Federico]
* [[Charles Feinstein]]
* [[Niall Ferguson]]
* [[Ronald Findlay]]
* [[Moses Israel Finley]]
* [[Irving Fisher]]
* [[Brian Fitzpatrick (Australian author)|Brian Fitzpatrick]]
* [[Roderick Floud]]
* [[Robert Fogel]]
* [[Milton Friedman]]
* [[Celso Furtado]]
* [[Alexander Gerschenkron]]
* [[Claudia Goldin]]
* [[Jack Goldstone]]
* [[John Habakkuk]]
* [[Earl J. Hamilton]]
* [[Eli Heckscher]]
* [[Eric Hobsbawm]]
* [[Susan Howson (economist)|Susan Howson]]
* [[Leo Huberman]]
* [[Jane Humphries]]
* [[Harold James (historian)|Harold James]]
* [[Geoffrey Jones (academic)|Geoffrey Jones]]
* [[Ibn Khaldun]]
* [[Charles P. Kindleberger]]
* [[John Komlos]]
* [[Nikolai Kondratiev]]
* [[Simon Kuznets]]
* [[Kwasi Kwarteng]]
* [[Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie]]
* [[Naomi Lamoreaux]]
* [[David Landes]]
* [[Tim Leunig]]
* [[Friedrich List]]
* [[Roberto Sabatino Lopez|Robert Sabatino Lopez]]
* [[Angus Maddison]]
* [[Karl Marx]]
* [[Peter Mathias]]
* [[Ellen McArthur]]
* [[Deirdre McCloskey]]
* [[Jacob Metzer|Jacob (Kobi) Metzer]]
* [[Joel Mokyr]]
* [[Douglass North]]
* [[Nathan Nunn]]
* [[Avner Offer]]
* [[Cormac Ó Gráda]]
* [[Patrick K. O'Brien]]
* [[Thomas Piketty]]
* [[Henri Pirenne]]
* [[Karl Polanyi]]
* [[Erik S. Reinert]]
* [[Christina Romer]]
* [[Walt Whitman Rostow|W. W. Rostow]]
* [[Murray Rothbard]]
* [[Tirthankar Roy]]
* [[Joseph Schumpeter]]
* [[Anna Jacobson Schwartz]]
* [[Larry Schweikart]]
* [[Ram Sharan Sharma]]
* [[Robert Skidelsky, Baron Skidelsky|Robert Skidelsky]]
* [[Adam Smith]]
* [[Graeme Snooks]]
* [[Richard H. Steckel]]
* [[R. H. Tawney]]
* [[Peter Temin]]
* [[Adam Tooze]]
* [[Francesca Trivellato]]
* [[Eberhard Wächtler]]
* [[Jeffrey Williamson]]
* [[Tony Wrigley]]
* [[Jan Luiten van Zanden]]
*[[Harold Innis]]
*[[John Kenneth Galbraith]]
*[[Donald Creighton]]
*[[Naomi Klein]]
*[[Linda McQuaig]]
*[[Gino Luzzatto]]

{{colend}}

== See also ==
<!--Alphabetical:-->
* [[Critical juncture theory]]
* [[Democracy and economic growth]]
* [[Economic History Association]]
* [[Economic History Society]]
* [[History of economic thought]]
* [[History of capitalism]]
* [[History of industrialisation]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=a}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Commons category|Economic history}}
{{Wikisource portal|Economic history and conditions}}
* {{cite book |last=Bairoch |first=Paul |year=1995 |title=Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0226034631 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/economicsworldhi00bair_0 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Barker |first=T. C. |title=The Beginnings of the Economic History Society |journal=[[Economic History Review]] |volume=30 |issue=1 |year=1977 |pages=1–19 |jstor=2595495 |doi=10.2307/2595495}}
* {{cite journal |author-link=Jörg Baten |last1=Baten |first1=Jörg |first2=Julia |last2=Muschallik |title=The Global Status of Economic History |journal=Economic History of Developing Regions |volume=27 |year=2012 |issue=1 |pages=93–113 |doi=10.1080/20780389.2012.682390|s2cid=155697900 }}
*[https://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9783319965673 Blum, Matthias, Colvin, Christopher L. (Eds.). 2018. ''An Economist's Guide to Economic History''. Palgrave.]
*{{cite book |author-link=Rondo Cameron |last1=Cameron |first1=Rondo |first2=Larry |last2=Neal |year=2003 |edition=4th |title=A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195127056}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Carlo M. Cipolla |last=Cipolla |first=C. M. |title=Between History and Economics: An Introduction to Economic History |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell |year=1991 |isbn=0631166815}}
* {{cite journal |first1=Dora |last1=Costa |first2=Jean-Luc |last2=Demeulemeester |first3=Claude |last3=Diebolt |year=2007 |title=What is 'Cliometrica'? |journal=Cliometrica |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1007/s11698-006-0001-1|s2cid=154217979 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Crafts, N.F.R.|date=1987|title=Economic history|journal=[[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]]|volume=2|pages=1–11|doi=10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_371-1|isbn=978-1-349-95121-5|ref= pp.&nbsp;37–42|author-link=Nicholas Crafts}}
* Kadish, Alon. ''Historians, Economists, and Economic History'' (2012) pp.&nbsp;3–35 [https://www.amazon.com/Historians-Economists-Economic-Routledge-Revivals/dp/0415613973 excerpt]
* {{cite journal|last=Deng|first= Kent|title=A survey of recent research in Chinese economic history|journal=Journal of Economic Surveys|place=Cambridge|date=2014|volume= 28|issue= 4|pages= 600–616|doi= 10.1111/joes.12064|s2cid= 153614497|doi-access= free}}
* {{cite journal|first=Alexander J.|last=Field|date=2008|title=Economic history|journal=[[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]]|pages=1–4|doi=10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_371-2|isbn=978-1-349-95121-5|url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_E000016&q=history&topicid=&result_number=2}}
* {{cite journal|first=Lou|last=Galambos|author-link=Louis Galambos|title=Is This a Decisive Moment for the History of Business, Economic History, and the History Of Capitalism?|journal=[[Essays in Economic & Business History]]|date=2014| volume=32|ref= pp. 1–18|url=http://www.ebhsoc.org/journal/index.php/journal/article/download/271/253}}
* Gras, N. S. B. (1920). "[[doi:10.2307/1882362|The Present Condition of Economic History]]". ''The Quarterly Journal of Economics''. '''34''' (2): 209–224.
* {{cite journal |last=Gras |first=N. S. B. |title=The Rise and Development of Economic History |journal=[[Economic History Review]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |year=1927 |pages=12–34 |jstor=2590668 |doi=10.2307/2590668}}
* {{cite journal|first=Joyr|last=Mokyr|author-link=Joel Mokyr|date=2003|journal=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History|place=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume=5 vols|url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/History/?view=usa&ci=9780195105070|title=Economic Encyclopaedia|access-date=2010-04-05|archive-date=2011-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629155234/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/History/?view=usa&ci=9780195105070|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal|first=Peter|last=Temin|date=2014|journal=Economic History and Economic Development|title=New Economic History in Retrospect and Prospect|issue=w20107|publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research|url=http://www10.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2014/14297.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite journal |last=Roy |first=Tirthankar |date=Summer 2002 |title=Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link |journal=[[The Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |publisher=American Economic Association |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=109–30 |doi=10.1257/089533002760278749 |jstor=3216953|doi-access=free }}
*[[Kevin O'Rourke (economist)|O'Rourke, K.]] (2019). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/economic-history-and-contemporary-challenges-to-globalization/616A2B63EDFDE212193C324157498179 Economic History and Contemporary Challenges to Globalization]. The Journal of Economic History, 79(2), 356–382.
*[[Robert Solow|Solow, Robert M]]. "Economic History and Economics." The American Economic Review 75, no. 2 (1985): 328–31. www.jstor.org/stable/1805620.

{{Financial bubbles}}
{{Financial crises}}
{{Economic history}}
{{Economics}}
{{Historiography}}
{{Social sciences}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Economic history| ]]
[[Category:Economic history studies| ]]
[[Category:Schools of economic thought]]
[[Category:Academic disciplines]]
[[Category:Fields of history]]