Editing East China Sea

{{Short description|Marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean}}
{{Other uses|East Sea (Chinese literature)}}
{{See also|Sea of Japan|Sea of Japan naming dispute}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = East China Sea.PNG
| piccap = The East China Sea, showing surrounding regions, islands, and seas
| p = Dōng Hǎi <br />Dōng Zhōngguó Hǎi
| s = 东海 <br />东中国海
| t = 東海 <br />東中國海
| poj = tong-hái <br />tong tiong-kok hái
| wuu = ton<sup>平</sup> he<sup>上</sup> <br />ton<sup>平</sup> tson<sup>平</sup> koh<sup>入</sup> he<sup>上</sup>
| j = dung<sup>1</sup> hoi<sup>2</sup> <br />dung<sup>1</sup> zung<sup>1</sup> gwok<sup>3</sup> hoi<sup>2</sup>
| h = dung<sup>24</sup> hoi<sup>31</sup> <br />dung<sup>24</sup> dung<sup>24</sup> gued<sup>2</sup> hoi<sup>31</sup>
| buc = dĕ̤ng-hāi <br />dĕ̤ng dṳ̆ng-guók hāi
| bpmf = ㄉㄨㄥ ㄏㄞˇ <br /> ㄉㄨㄥ ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄏㄞˇ
| romaji = Higashi [[Shina (word)|Shina]] Kai
| kanji = 東シナ海 {{lang|en|(since 2004)}}<br /> 東支那海 {{lang|en|(1913–2004)}}
| kana = ひがしシナかい
| hangul = 동중국해
| hanja = 東中國海
| rr = Dong Jungguk Hae
| mr = Tong Jungguk Hae
}}

The '''East China Sea''' is a [[marginal sea]] of the [[Western Pacific Ocean]], located directly offshore from [[East China]]. China names the body of water along its eastern coast as "East Sea" ({{transliteration|zh|Dōng Hǎi}}, {{zh|s=东海|t=東海}}) due to direction, the name of "East China Sea" is otherwise designated as a formal name by [[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO) and used internationally.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas |id=Special Publication No. 23 |edition=3rd |year=1953 |publisher=[[International Hydrographic Organization]] |location=[[Monaco]] |page=33 |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}</ref>

It covers an area of roughly {{convert|1249000|km²|sp=us}}.{{cn|date=October 2023|reason=Needs suppoer -- previously changed and reverted}} The sea's northern extension between [[Korean Peninsula]] and [[mainland China]] is the [[Yellow Sea]], separated by an [[imaginary line]] between the southwestern tip of [[South Korea]]'s [[Jeju Island]] and the eastern tip of [[Qidong, Jiangsu|Qidong]] at the [[Yangtze River]] [[estuary]]. 

The East China Sea is bounded in the east and southeast by the middle portion of the [[first island chain]] off the eastern [[Eurasia]]n continental mainland, including the Japanese island of [[Kyushu]] and the [[Ryukyu Islands]], and in the south by the [[island of Taiwan]]. It connects with the [[Sea of Japan]] in the northeast through the [[Korea Strait]], the [[South China Sea]] in the southwest via the [[Taiwan Strait]], and the [[Philippine Sea]] in the southeast via gaps between the various Ryukyu Islands (e.g. Tokara Strait and [[Miyako Strait]]).

Most of the East China Sea is shallow, with almost three-fourths of it being less than {{convert|200|m|ft}} deep, its average depth being {{convert|350|m|ft}}, while the maximum depth, reached in the [[Okinawa Trough]], is {{convert|2716|m|ft}}.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |last=LaFond |first=Eugene C. |title=East China Sea sea, Pacific Ocean |date=19 March 2024 |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/East-China-Sea}}</ref>

The Korean peninsula, China, Japan, and [[Taiwan]] lie within or border the East China Sea.

==Geography==
The East China Sea is an arm of the Pacific Ocean and covers an area of roughly {{convert|770000|km2|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.cn/test/2005-06/15/content_18252.htm |title=中华人民共和国版图 |access-date=8 October 2022 |language=zh-cn}}</ref> It is bounded on the east by [[Kyūshū]] and the [[Ryukyu Islands]] of Japan, on the south by the [[South China Sea]], and on the west by the Asian continent. It connects with the [[Sea of Japan]] through the [[Korea Strait]]; it opens in the north to the [[Yellow Sea]].

Countries with borders on the sea (clockwise from north) include: South Korea, Japan, Taiwan and China.

===Extent===
The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] defines the limits of the "Eastern China Sea (Tung Hai)" as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas |id=Special Publication No. 23 |edition=3rd |year=1953 |publisher=[[International Hydrographic Organization]] |location=[[Monaco]] |page=33 |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}</ref>

::''On the South.''
:::The Northern limit of the [[South China Sea]] [From [[Fuki Kaku]] the North point of [[Formosa]] to [[Kiushan Tao]] (Turnabout Island) on to the South point of [[Pingtan Island|Haitan Tao]] (25°25' N) and thence Westward on the parallel of 25°24' North to the coast of [[Fujian|Fukien]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>, thence from [[Cape San Diego|Santyo]] the Northeastern point of Formosa to the West point of [[Yonaguni|Yonakuni Island]] and thence to [[Hateruma|Haderuma Sima]] (24°03′ N, 123°47′ E).
::''On the East.''
:::From Haderuma Sima a line including the [[Miyako Islands|Miyako Retto]] to the East point of [[Miyako-jima|Miyako Sima]] and thence to Okinan Kaku, the Southern extremity of [[Okinawa Island|Okinawa Sima]] through this island to Ada-Ko Sima (Sidmouth Island) on to the East point of [[Kikai Island|Kikai Sima]] (28°20' N) through [[Tanegashima|Tanegra Sima]] (30°30' N) to the North point thereof and on to Hi-Saki (31°17' N) in [[Kyusyu]].
::''On the North.''
:::From Nomo Saki (32°35' N) in Kyusyu to the South point of [[Fukue Island|Hukae Sima]] ([[Goto Retto]]) and on through this island to Ose Saki (Cape Goto) and to Hunan Kan, the South point of [[Jeju Island|Saisyu To]] (Quelpart), through this island to its Western extreme and thence along the parallel of 33°17' North to the mainland.
::''On the West.''
:::The mainland of China.

===Rivers===
The [[Yangtze River]] (Chang Jiang) is the largest river flowing into the East China Sea.

===Islands and reefs===
{{main|List of islands in the East China Sea}}
[[File:Dayu Bay - Damen Shan - P1210677.JPG|thumb|East China Sea coast in [[Cangnan County]], Zhejiang]]
*[[Tong Island]]

There is a cluster of submerged [[reef]]s in the northern East China Sea.  These include:

*[[Socotra Rock]], also called Suyan Rock or Ieodo, a subject of an EEZ dispute between the People's Republic of China and South Korea.
*Hupijiao Rock ({{lang|zh-hant|虎皮礁}})
*Yajiao Rock ({{lang|zh-hant|鴨礁}})

==Nomenclature==
The sea is called the East Sea in Chinese ({{lang|zh|東海}}; ''Dōng Hǎi''), and is one of the [[Four Seas]] of [[Chinese literature]]. There are three other seas, one for each of the four cardinal directions.<ref>{{cite book|first=Chun-shu|last=Chang|title=The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Nation, State, and Imperialism in Early China, ca. 1600 B.C. &ndash; A.D. 8|url=https://archive.org/details/risechineseempir08chan|url-access=limited|year=2007|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-11533-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risechineseempir08chan/page/n302 263]–264}}</ref>

Until [[World War II]], the sea was referred to as {{nihongo2|東支那海}} (''Higashi Shina Kai''; "East [[Shina (word)|Shina]] Sea") in Japanese. In 2004, official documents of the [[Japanese Foreign Ministry]] and other departments switched to the name {{nihongo2|東シナ海}} (pronounced the same), which has become the standard usage in Japan.

Common usage in Indonesia refers to the sea as ''Laut Cina Timur'' (East China Sea). This name was used officially by the [[Government of Indonesia|Indonesian government]] until 2014, when Indonesia switched usage from the word '''Cina''' to '''[[Names of China#Zhongguo|Tiongkok]]''' instead; since then, the name ''Laut Tiongkok Timur'' become standard usage in Indonesia. Despite this, many Indonesian media outlets and publications continue to use the former sea name.

==History==

===Whaling===
[[United States|American]] [[whaler|whaleship]]s cruised for [[North Pacific right whale|right whales]] in the sea between 1849 and 1892.<ref>''Ocmulgee'', of Holmes Hole, 10 Feb – 27 March 1849, Old Dartmouth Historical Society (ODHS); ''Covington'', of Warren, 26 Feb – 21 March 1854, Nicholson Whaling Collection (NWC); ''Florida'', of Fairhaven, 15 Mar – 7 April 1860, in ''Old Whaling Family'' (Williams, 1964); ''John and Winthrop'', of San Francisco, 22 Feb – 31 March 1890, ODHS; ''Cape Horn Pigeon'', of New Bedford, 18 Feb – 14 April 1892, Kendall Whaling Museum (KWM).</ref>

===EEZ disputes===
{{main|East China Sea EEZ disputes}}
There are disputes between China (PRC), Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea over the extent of their respective [[exclusive economic zone]]s (EEZ).<ref>{{cite book | last=Manicom | first=J. | title=Bridging Troubled Waters: China, Japan, and Maritime Order in the East China Sea | publisher=Georgetown University Press | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-62616-035-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjwkAwAAQBAJ | access-date=2022-07-27}}</ref>{{pageno|date=July 2022}}

The dispute between the PRC and Japan concerns the different application of the 1982 [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] (UNCLOS), which both nations have ratified.<ref>{{cite book|last=Koo|first=Min Gyo|title=Island Disputes and Maritime Regime Building in East Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/islanddisputesma00koom_125|url-access= limited| year= 2009| publisher= Springer |isbn= 9781441962232|pages=[https://archive.org/details/islanddisputesma00koom_125/page/n201 182]–183}}</ref> China and Japan both claim 200 nautical miles EEZ rights, but the East China Sea width is only 360 nautical miles.<ref name="GlobalSec">{{Cite web |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/senkaku.htm |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |title= Senkaku/Diaoyutai Islands}}</ref> China proposed the application of UNCLOS, considering the natural prolongation of its continental shelf, advocating that the EEZ extends as far as the [[Okinawa Trough]].<ref name=wangyuanyuan12>{{cite web |last=Wang |first=Yuanyuan |title=China to submit outer limits of continental shelf in East China Sea to UN |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-09/16/c_131853714.htm |publisher=Xinhua |year=2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105191846/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-09/16/c_131853714.htm |archive-date=5 November 2012 }}</ref><ref name=guo6/> Its [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] has stated that "the natural prolongation of the continental shelf of China in the East China Sea extends to the Okinawa Trough and beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea of China is measured,"<ref name= wangyuanyuan12/> which is applicable to the relevant UNCLOS provisions that support China's right to the natural shelf.<ref name= wangyuanyuan12/><ref name= guo6>{{cite book| last= Guo |first= Rongxing |title= Territorial disputes and resource management: A global handbook| year= 2006 |publisher= Nova Science Pub Inc. |location= New York| isbn= 9781600214455|pages=104}}</ref> In 2012, China presented a submission under the UNCLOS concerning the outer limits of the continental shelf to the UN.<ref>{{cite web |last=Yu |first=Runze |title= China reports to UN outer limits of continental shelf in E. China Sea |url=http://english.sina.com/china/2012/1214/538008.html |publisher= SINA English |year=2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131114020901/http://english.sina.com/china/2012/1214/538008.html |archive-date=14 November 2013 }}</ref> However, Japan claims about 40,000 square kilometers part of this territory as its own EEZ because it is within 200 nautical miles (370&nbsp;km) from its coast, and thus proposed the Median line division of the EEZ.<ref name="GlobalSec" /><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2006/03.pdf |title=Diplomatic Bluebook 2006 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan |page=43 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130318181526/http://www.mofa.go.jp//policy/other/bluebook/2006/03.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2013 }}</ref>

[[File:View of South China Sea.jpg|thumb|right|East China Sea from [[Yehliu|Yeliou]], Taiwan]] In 1995, the People's Republic of China (PRC) discovered an undersea [[natural gas]] field in the East China Sea, namely the [[Chunxiao gas field]],<ref>{{cite book| last= Kim| first=Sun Pyo|title=Maritime delimitation and interim arrangements in North East Asia |url= https://archive.org/details/maritimedelimita00kims|url-access=limited|year=2004|publisher=M. Nijhoff|location=The Hague |isbn= 9789004136694| pages=[https://archive.org/details/maritimedelimita00kims/page/n305 285]}}</ref> which lies within the Chinese [[EEZ]] while Japan believes it is connected to other possible reserves beyond the median line.<ref>{{cite book | last=Bush | first=Richard C. | title= The perils of proximity: China-Japan security relations | url=https://archive.org/details/perilsproximityc00bush | url-access=limited | year=2010 | publisher=Brookings Institution Press | location=Washington, D.C.| isbn=9780815704744 | page=[https://archive.org/details/perilsproximityc00bush/page/n87 76]}}</ref> Japan has objected to PRC development of natural gas resources in the East China Sea near the area where the two countries [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] (EEZ) claims overlap. The specific development in dispute is the PRC's drilling in the [[Chunxiao gas field]], which is located in undisputed areas on China's side, three or four miles (6&nbsp;km) west of the median line proposed by Japan. Japan maintains that although the Chunxiao gas field rigs are on the PRC side of a median line that Tokyo regards as the two sides' sea boundary, they may tap into a field that stretches underground into the disputed area.<ref name="fackl08">{{cite news | last=Fackler | first=Martin | title=China and Japan in Deal Over Contested Gas Fields| url= https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/19/world/asia/19sea.html |newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 June 2008}}</ref> Japan therefore seeks a share in the natural gas resources. The gas fields in the [[Xihu Sag]] area in the East China Sea ([[Canxue]], [[Baoyunting]], [[Chunxiao]], [[Duanqiao gas field|Duanqiao]], [[Wuyunting]], and [[Tianwaitian]]) are estimated to hold proven reserves of 364 BCF of [[natural gas]].<ref>{{cite web | title=EIA Country Analysis Briefs, East China Sea | website= eia.gov | url= http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cabs/East_China_Sea/Full.html | publisher=Energy Information Administration | date=March 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920022613/http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cabs/East_China_Sea/Full.html | archive-date=20 September 2012 }}</ref> Commercial operations began 2006. In June 2008, both sides agreed to jointly develop the Chunxiao gas fields,<ref name= "fackl08" /> but they have never been able to agree on how to execute the plan.<ref>{{cite web| first1= Marianne |last1= Lavelle |first2= Jeff |last2= Smith |title=Why Are China and Japan Sparring Over Eight Tiny, Uninhabited Islands? |url= http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2012/10/121026-east-china-sea-dispute/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121028073947/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2012/10/121026-east-china-sea-dispute/ |url-status= dead |archive-date= 28 October 2012 | website= nationalgeographic.com |publisher= [[National Geographic Society]] | date=26 October 2012}}</ref>

Rounds of disputes about island ownership in the East China Sea have triggered both official and civilian protests between China and Japan.<ref name="protest">{{Cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/chinese-japanese-stage-protests-over-east-china-sea-islands-105099884/128195.html |publisher= Voice of America |website= Voice of America| title=Chinese, Japanese Stage Protests Over East China Sea Islands |access-date=21 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415190551/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Chinese-Japanese-Stage-Protests-Over-East-China-Sea-Islands-105099884.html |archive-date=15 April 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The dispute between PRC and South Korea concerns [[Socotra Rock]], a submerged [[reef]] on which South Korea has constructed the [[Ieodo Ocean Research Station]]. While neither country claims the rock as territory, the PRC has objected to Korean activities there as a breach of its EEZ rights.

===Navy of the People's Republic of China (PRC)===
[[File:East China Sea 2017 02 25 (33105952485).jpg|thumb|left|East China Sea near Shanghai]]
In their sphere of naval operations along their littoral (in the East and South China Seas), China today possesses more naval vessels than those of the US Navy.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mizokami |first=Kyle |title=China Now Has More Warships Than the U.S. |language=en|publisher=[[Popular Mechanics]] |date=20 May 2019 |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/navy-ships/a27532437/china-now-has-more-warships-than-the-us/ |access-date=26 June 2019 }}</ref> US Presidents [[Barack Obama]] and [[Donald Trump]] have given priority to US naval operations, under the [[US Indo-Pacific Command]], to expand its sphere of influence in the Pacific Ocean, to counter China's growing strength, and to be ready for any unforeseen challenges in the future.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ryan |first1=Browne |title=US rebrands Pacific command amid tensions with China |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/30/politics/us-rebrands-pacific-command/index.html |access-date= 30 May 2018 |publisher=CNN |date=30 May 2018}}</ref> 

The role of the Chinese Navy in the East China Sea is important, especially in territorial disputes such as the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands issue. China has expanded its naval involvement in the area by sending out naval ships and carrying out maritime patrols to uphold its ownership of contested lands. This increased naval presence demonstrates China's strategic priority to safeguard maritime routes, defend territorial claims, and show strength in the East China Sea. The Chinese Navy's activities in the area impact the naval strategies of neighboring countries and shape maritime cooperation initiatives, contributing to wider regional security dynamics. Moreover, the involvement of the Chinese Navy highlights the intricate relationship among maritime security, territorial conflicts, and competition among major powers in the Asia-Pacific area.

=== Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force (MSDF) ===
The Maritime Self-Defense Force of Japan (MSDF) is highly important in the East China Sea, particularly in relation to the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands conflict. Japan has improved its abilities at sea by increasing naval patrols and surveillance in order to protect its territorial rights and monitor activities in the region. The MSDF being there highlights Japan's dedication to safeguarding its territorial waters, ensuring maritime security, and upholding international law when dealing with maritime disagreements. Additionally, Japan also plays a wider role in regional security cooperation by engaging in joint naval drills with allies and partners in the Indo-Pacific region. The actions of the MSDF in the East China Sea help promote stability, build confidence, and deter security threats, showcasing Japan's active stance on maritime security and defense in the Asia-Pacific region.

=== Republic of China Navy ===
Taiwan's involvement in the East China Sea is influenced by its territorial disputes and strategic concerns, especially in relation to the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands conflict. Although Taiwan claims ownership of the islands, its maritime actions in the area are not as extensive as those of China and Japan. Taiwan keeps a Coast Guard presence for patrolling its waters and dealing with maritime incidents. Still, Taiwan's involvement in the East China Sea is impacted by its larger security concerns and its relations with China across the strait. The tensions over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands impact Taiwan's security outlook and regional stability, leading to a need for close monitoring of maritime activities and continued diplomatic communication with relevant parties. Even though Taiwan's involvement in the East China Sea conflict is limited, its position demonstrates its dedication to defending its territorial rights and promoting maritime safety in the Asia-Pacific area.

== Military activities ==
Taiwan, Japan, China, and South Korea all conduct military exercises in the East China Sea.

==East China Sea in astronomy==
Possibly, East China Sea (''Donghai'' in [[Chinese language|Chinese]]) is represented with the star '''[[Eta Serpentis]]''' in asterism ''Left Wall'', [[Heavenly Market enclosure]] (see [[Chinese constellation]]).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0606/ap060623.html |trans-title=Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy |script-title=zh:天文教育資訊網 |publisher=Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy |website= aeea.nmns.edu.tw |date=23 June 2006 |access-date=19 October 2012 |language=zh }}<!-- URL does not display Chinese characters; could not Google translate to verify --></ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Oceans|China|Taiwan|Japan|South Korea}}
* [[Geography of China]]
** [[Xihu Trough]]
* [[Ryukyu Islands]]
** [[Ryukyu Kingdom]]
** [[Okinawa Trough]]
* [[Senkaku Islands]] (Diaoyutai Islands in Taiwanese, Diaoyu Islands in Chinese)
* [[Philippine Sea]]
* [[Sea of Japan]]
* [[South China Sea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Suk Kyoon |title=China and Japan Maritime Disputes in the East China Sea: A Note on Recent Developments |journal=Ocean Development & International Law |date=July 2012 |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=296–308 |doi=10.1080/00908320.2012.698931 |s2cid=153379773 |issn=0090-8320}}
* {{cite journal |last1=McDevitt |first1=Michael |s2cid=154013282 |title=The East China Sea: The Place Where Sino–U.S. Conflict Could Occur |journal=American Foreign Policy Interests |date=1 March 2014 |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=100–110 |doi=10.1080/10803920.2014.905357 |issn=1080-3920}}
*{{cite book |last1=Manicom |first1=James |title=Bridging Troubled Waters: China, Japan, and Maritime Order in the East China Sea |date=2014 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=9781626160361 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/29266 |access-date=13 August 2019 |language=en}}
* Medcalf, Rory. (2020) ''Indo-Pacific Empire: China, America and the contest for the world's pivotal region'' (2020) [https://www.amazon.com/Indo-Pacific-Empire-Contemporary-American-Canadian-dp-1526150786/dp/1526150786/ excerpt]
* {{cite journal |last1=Nakano |first1=Ryoko |title=The Sino–Japanese territorial dispute and threat perception in power transition |journal=The Pacific Review |date=14 March 2016 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=165–186 |doi=10.1080/09512748.2015.1013493 |s2cid=153459475 |issn=0951-2748}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=Alexander |title=Sino-Japanese Cooperation in the East China Sea: A Lasting Arrangement |journal=Cornell International Law Journal |date=October 2009 |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=441–474 |url=https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1752&context=cilj |access-date=13 August 2019 |issn=0010-8812}}
* the United States. Congress. (2014). [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo50612   Maritime Sovereignty in the East and South China Seas: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces of the Committee on Armed Services Meeting Jointly with the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on Foreign Affairs (Serial No. 113-137), House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session, Hearing held January 14, 2014]
* {{cite journal |last1=Valencia |first1=Mark J. |title=The East China Sea Disputes: History, Status, and Ways Forward |journal=Asian Perspective |date=2014 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=183–218 |doi=10.1353/apr.2014.0008 |s2cid=153772075 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/76472116.pdf |access-date=13 August 2019 |language=en |issn=2288-2871}}
* {{cite book |last1=Zou |first1=Keyuan |title=Law of the Sea in East Asia: Issues and Prospects |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134267644 |url=https://content.taylorfrancis.com/books/download?dac=C2004-0-05665-2&isbn=9781134267651&format=googlePreviewPdf |access-date=13 August 2019 |language=en}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* ''Rising Powers Quarterly'' Volume 3, Issue 2, Aug. 2018, [https://risingpowersproject.com/issue/the-indo-pacific-regional-dynamics-in-the-21st-centurys-new-geopolitical-center-of-gravity/  special issue on "The "Indo-Pacific" - Regional Dynamics in the 21st Century's New Geopolitical Center of Gravity"]
* [[Kosuke Takahashi]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20040805043929/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/FG27Dh03.html Gas and oil rivalry in the East China Sea] ''Asia Times Online''. 27 July 2004.
* [http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=4489650 Oil and gas in troubled waters] ''The Economist''. 6 October 2005.
* J Sean Curtin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060109013855/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/GJ19Dh01.html Stakes rise in Japan, China gas dispute] ''Asia Times Online''. 19 October 2005.
* [http://www.suyanrock.com Chinese Suyan Rock community] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410182703/http://www.suyanrock.com/ |date=10 April 2021 }}
* [http://organizations.lawschool.cornell.edu/ilj/issues/42.3/CIN305.pdf Alexander M. Peterson's 2009 Note in the Cornell International Law Journal detailing the dispute, clarifying the legal impact of the 2008 Sino-Japanese arrangement to cooperate in the East China Sea, and proposing increased Sino-Japanese cooperation.]
* [https://ippreview.com/index.php/Blog/single/id/539.html China, Japan and the Energy Quest in the East China Sea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002005136/https://ippreview.com/index.php/Blog/single/id/539.html |date=2 October 2022 }} by Amrita Jash, ''IPP Review (Singapore).'' 29 August 2017.

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{{China Seas}}
{{List of seas}}

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:East China Sea| ]]
[[Category:Seas of Asia]]
[[Category:Seas of China]]
[[Category:Seas of South Korea]]
[[Category:Seas of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Seas of Japan]]
[[Category:China–Japan border]]
[[Category:Marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Temperate Northern Pacific]]
[[Category:China Seas]]