Editing Earle Page

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Australia in 1939}}
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name                = Sir Earle Page
| honorific-suffix    = {{Post-nominals|country=AUS|size=100%|GCMG|CH|FRCS}}
| image               = Earle Page - Falk Studios (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Official portrait {{ca.}} 1939
| order               = 11th
| office              = Prime Minister of Australia
| monarch             = [[George VI]]
| governor-general    = [[Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie|Lord Gowrie]]
| term_start          = 7 April 1939
| term_end            = 26 April 1939
| predecessor         = [[Joseph Lyons]]
| successor           = [[Robert Menzies]]
| order1              = 2nd
| office1             = National Party of Australia#List of leaders{{!}}Leader of the Country Party
| deputy1             = {{List collapsed|title=''See list''|[[Henry Gregory (politician)|Henry Gregory]]|[[William Fleming (Australian politician)|William Fleming]]|[[William Gibson (Australian politician)|William Gibson]]|[[Thomas Paterson]]|[[Harold Thorby]]}}
| term_start1         = 5 April 1921
| term_end1           = 13 September 1939
| predecessor1        = [[William McWilliams]]
| successor1          = [[Archie Cameron]]
| office2             = [[Minister for Health (Australia)|Minister for Health]]
| primeminister2      = Robert Menzies
| term_start2         = 19 December 1949
| term_end2           = 11 January 1956
| predecessor2        = [[Nick McKenna]]
| successor2          = [[Donald Alastair Cameron|Donald Cameron]]
| primeminister3      = Joseph Lyons
| term_start3         = 29 November 1937
| term_end3           = 7 November 1938
| predecessor3        = [[Billy Hughes]]
| successor3          = [[Harry Foll]]
| office4             = [[Department of Commerce (Australia)|Minister for Commerce]]
| primeminister4      = {{Plainlist|
* Robert Menzies
* [[Arthur Fadden]]
}}
| term_start4         = 28 October 1940
| term_end4           = 7 October 1941
| predecessor4        = Archie Cameron
| successor4          = [[William Scully (Australian politician)|William Scully]]
| primeminister5      = Joseph Lyons
| term_start5         = 9 November 1932
| term_end5           = 26 April 1939
| predecessor5        = [[Frederick Stewart (Australian politician)|Frederick Stewart]]
| successor5          = [[George McLeay]]
| office6             = [[Treasurer of Australia]]
| primeminister6      = [[Stanley Bruce]]
| term_start6         = 9 February 1923
| term_end6           = 21 October 1929
| predecessor6        = Stanley Bruce
| successor6          = [[Ted Theodore]]
| office7             = [[List of longest-serving members of the Parliament of Australia|Father of the House]]
| term_start7         = 28 October 1952
| term_end7           = 9 December 1961
| predecessor7        = [[Billy Hughes]]
| successor7          = [[Eddie Ward]]
| office8             = [[Parliament of Australia|Member of Parliament]] <br /> for [[Division of Cowper|Cowper]] 
| term_start8         = [[1919 Australian federal election|13 December 1919]]
| term_end8           = [[1961 Australian federal election|9 December 1961]]
| predecessor8        = [[John Thomson (Australian politician)|John Thomson]]
| successor8          = [[Frank McGuren]]
| order9              = 1st
| office9             = University of New England (Australia)#Administration{{!}}Chancellor of the University of New England
| deputy9             = Phillip Wright
| term_start9         = 8 February 1955 
| term_end9           = 1960 
| predecessor9        = ''Position established''
| successor9          = [[Phillip Wright]]
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1880|8|8|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Grafton, New South Wales|Grafton]], [[Colony of New South Wales]] 
| birth_name          = Earle Christmas Grafton Page
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|1961|12|20|1880|8|8|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Royal Prince Alfred Hospital|Camperdown]], [[New South Wales]], Australia
| resting_place       = [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney|St Andrew's Cathedral]], [[Sydney]]
| party               = [[National Party of Australia|Country]]
| residence           = [[Grafton, New South Wales|Grafton]], New South Wales, Australia
| education           = {{Plainlist|
* Grafton Public School
* [[Sydney Boys High School]]
}}
| alma_mater          = [[University of Sydney]]
| relatives           = {{hlist|[[Harold Page|Harold]] (brother)|[[Rodger Page|Rodger]] (brother)|[[Robert Page (soldier)|Robert]] (nephew)|[[Geoff Page|Geoff]] (grandson)|[[Don Page (politician)|Don]] (grandson)}}
| occupation          = {{Hlist|Doctor|Surgeon|Politician}}
| spouse              = {{plainlist|
* {{Marriage|[[Ethel Page|Ethel Blunt]]|1906|1958|reason=died}}
* {{Marriage|Jean Thomas|1959}}
}}
| children            = 5
| signature           = Earle Page signature 1960.svg
| allegiance          = Australia
| branch              = [[Australian Army]]
| serviceyears        = 1916–17
| rank                = [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| unit                = [[Royal Australian Army Medical Corps]]
| battles             = [[World War I]]
}}
{{Earle Page sidebar}}

'''Sir Earle Christmas Grafton Page''' (8 August 1880{{spaced ndash}}20 December 1961) was an Australian politician and surgeon who served as the 11th [[prime minister of Australia]] from 7 to 26 April 1939, in a [[Acting (law)|caretaker]] capacity following the death of [[Joseph Lyons]]. He was the leader of the [[National Party of Australia|Country Party]] from 1921 to 1939, and was the most influential figure in its later years.

Page was born in [[Grafton, New South Wales]]. He entered the [[University of Sydney]] at the age of 15, and completed a degree in medicine at the age of 21. After completing his [[medical residency]] at Sydney's [[Royal Prince Alfred Hospital]], he moved back to Grafton and opened a private hospital. He soon became involved in local politics, and in 1915 purchased a part-share in ''[[The Daily Examiner]]'', a local newspaper. He also briefly was a military surgeon during World War I. Page gained prominence as an advocate of various development schemes for the [[Northern Rivers]] region, especially those involving hydroelectricity. He also helped found a movement for [[New England New State Movement|New England statehood]].

[[1919 Australian federal election|In 1919]], Page was elected to [[Federal Parliament]] representing the [[Division of Cowper]]. He joined the new Country Party the following year as its inaugural [[Whip (politics)|whip]], and then replaced [[William McWilliams]] as party leader in 1921. Page opposed the economic policies of Prime Minister [[Billy Hughes]], and when the Country Party gained the [[balance of power (parliament)|balance of power]] at the [[1922 Australian federal election|1922 election]], he demanded Hughes' resignation as the price for a coalition with the [[Nationalist Party (Australia)|Nationalist Party]]. He was subsequently made [[Treasurer of Australia]] under the new prime minister, [[Stanley Bruce]], serving in that role from 1923 to 1929. He had a significant degree of influence on domestic policy, with Bruce concentrating on international issues.

Page returned to cabinet after the [[1934 Australian federal election|1934 election]], when the Country Party entered a new coalition with [[Joseph Lyons]]' [[United Australia Party]] (UAP). He was appointed [[Department of Commerce (Australia)|Minister for Commerce]], and concentrated on agricultural issues. When Lyons died in office in April 1939, Page was commissioned as his successor in a caretaker capacity while the UAP [[1939 United Australia Party leadership election|elected]] a new leader, [[Robert Menzies]]. Page subsequently denounced Menzies and refused to serve in his cabinet, withdrawing the Country Party from the coalition, but this proved unpopular and he resigned the party leadership after a few months. The coalition was eventually reconstituted, and Page served again as Minister for Commerce under Menzies and [[Arthur Fadden]] until the government's defeat in October 1941.

Page's last major role was as [[Minister for Health (Australia)|Minister for Health]] (1949–1956) in the post-war [[Menzies Government (1949–66)|Menzies Government]]. He retired from cabinet at the age of 76, and died a short time after losing his seat at the [[1961 Australian federal election|1961 election]]. Page served in parliament for almost 42 years, the [[List of longest-serving members of the Parliament of Australia|third longest-serving Australian parliamentarian]] of all time; only Menzies lasted longer as the leader of a major Australian political party. He secured his party's independence by refusing overtures to merge with the Nationalists and the UAP, and the policies that he favoured – decentralisation, agrarianism, and government support of primary industry – have remained the basis of its platform up to the present day. The coalitions that he established and maintained with Bruce and Lyons have served as a model for [[Coalition (Australia)|all subsequent coalition governments]].

==Early life==
===Birth and family background===
Earle Christmas Grafton Page was born in [[Grafton, New South Wales]], on 8 August 1880. His first middle name, which he disliked, was given to him to carry on the surname of a childless relative, while his second middle name was in honour of his birthplace. Page was the fifth of eleven children born to Charles Page and Mary Johanna Haddon (Annie) Cox.<ref name=before>[http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/page/before-office.aspx#section1 Australia's PMs > Earle Page > Before office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718002920/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/page/before-office.aspx#section1 |date=18 July 2010 }}, National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 29 January 2017.</ref> His older brother [[Rodger Page|Rodger]] was chaplain to the royal family of [[Tonga]] and his younger brother [[Harold Page|Harold]] was the deputy administrator of the [[Territory of New Guinea]] and a Japanese prisoner of war. Page's parents had both lived in Grafton since they were children. His mother was born in [[Tasmania]] to an English father and a Scottish mother. His father, born in London, was a successful businessman and a member of the [[Clarence Valley Council|Grafton City Council]], serving a single term as mayor in 1908. The family business was a hardware manufacturing firm, which had its origins in a [[Coachbuilder|coachbuilding]] firm established in 1858 by Page's maternal grandfather, Edwin Cox.<ref name=book>{{cite book|first=Frank|last=Moorhouse|author-link=Frank Moorhouse|title=Earle Page|publisher=Black Inc.|year=2001|page=19|isbn=1863952748}}</ref> His other grandfather, James Page, arrived in Grafton in 1855, serving as the town's first schoolmaster and first [[town clerk]].<ref>Moorhouse (2001), p. 17.</ref>

===Education===
Page began his schooling at Grafton Public School, where he excelled academically. His family could not afford to send him to boarding school, as a result of financial difficulties caused by the [[Australian banking crisis of 1893|banking crisis of 1893]]. Page consequently had to rely on scholarships to advance his education.<ref>Moorhouse (2001), p. 26.</ref> He won a bursary to attend [[Sydney Boys High School]] in 1895, where he passed the university entrance exams, and the following year – aged 15 – began studying a [[liberal arts]] course at the [[University of Sydney]]. He was equal top in mathematics in his first year, and was also awarded the lucrative Struth Exhibition for "general proficiency in the arts", which allowed him to switch to medicine and covered his first four years of medical school.<ref>Moorhouse (2001), p. 29.</ref> His role model was [[Grafton Elliot Smith|Grafton Smith]], who had followed a similar path from Grafton Public School to university.<ref>Moorhouse (2001), p. 28.</ref> At [[Sydney Medical School]], Page's lecturers included [[William Aitcheson Haswell|William Haswell]] (biology), [[James Peter Hill|James Hill]] (biology), [[Charles James Martin (physiologist)|Charles Martin]] (physiology), [[Thomas Peter Anderson Stuart|Anderson Stuart]] (physiology), and [[James Thomas Wilson|James Wilson]] (anatomy).<ref>Moorhouse (2001), pp. 35–36.</ref> He graduated at the top of his class in 1901, with the degrees of [[Bachelor of Medicine]] (M.B.) and [[Master of Surgery]] (Ch.M.).<ref>Moorhouse (2001), p. 40.</ref>

==Medical career==
Page's first professional posting came before he had even been registered as a medical practitioner. Due to a shortage of doctors, he was acting superintendent of the [[Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children]] for one month.<ref>Moorhouse (2001), pp. 39–40.</ref> In 1902, he took up a position as a [[Residency (medicine)|resident]] at the [[Royal Prince Alfred Hospital]], serving in a variety of roles including as house surgeon under [[Robert Scot Skirving]]. During that time he contracted a near-fatal infection from a postmortem examination.<ref>Moorhouse (2001), pp. 42–43.</ref> He also met his future wife, nurse [[Ethel Page|Ethel Blunt]].<ref name="ethel [http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/page/spouse.aspx">Earle Page > Ethel Page] {{Cite web |url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/page/spouse.aspx |title=Ethel Page - Earle Page - Australia's PMS - Australia's Prime Ministers |access-date=29 January 2018 |archive-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313153029/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/page/spouse.aspx |url-status=bot: unknown }}, National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 29 January 2017.</ref> Page returned to his home town in 1903, taking over a practice in [[South Grafton, New South Wales|South Grafton]]. He and two partners subsequently established a new private hospital, Clarence House Hospital, which opened in 1904 and served both Grafton and the surrounding region.<ref>Moorhouse (2001), p. 43.</ref>

Page was a keen adopter of new technologies. In 1904, he bought what he claimed was "the first [[Rover Company|Rover]] car in Australia", which was powered by kerosene.<ref>Moorhouse (2001), p. 51.</ref> He upgraded to an [[Itala (company)|Itala]] in 1908, and had the chassis enlarged so it could be used as an ambulance. He also had an x-ray machine installed in his hospital, one of the first in Australia outside a major city.<ref>Moorhouse (2001), p. 53.</ref> Page developed a reputation for surgical innovation, taking a number of patients from Sydney and even some from interstate. One operation that brought him particular fame was [[Pneumonectomy|the removal]] of a patient's diseased lung, a procedure that had only been invented a few years previously.<ref>{{cite conference|first=Carl|last=Bridge|author-link=Carl Bridge|year=1993|url=https://www.page.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/EARLE-PAGE-LECTURE.pdf|title=Earle Page: the politician and the man|conference=Earle Page College Thirtieth Anniversary Series|page=3|access-date=29 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129195700/https://www.page.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/EARLE-PAGE-LECTURE.pdf|archive-date=29 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Page became an inaugural [[Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons]] (FRACS) in 1927, and in 1942 was made an honorary [[Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons|Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England]] (FRCS).<ref name=obit>{{cite journal|title=Obituary: Sir EARLE PAGE, P.C., G.C.M.G., C.H., Hon.D.Sc. M.B., Ch.M., Hon.F.R.C.S., F.R.A.C.S|journal=[[British Medical Journal]]|page=1787|year=1961|volume=2|issue=5269|pmc=1970945|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5269.1787}}</ref>

In February 1916, Page enlisted in the [[Australian Army Medical Corps]]. He was chief medical officer aboard the troopship {{Abbr|HMAT|His Majesty's Australian Transport}} ''Ballarat'', and was then stationed at an army hospital in [[Cairo]] for several months. He was transferred to a hospital in England in July 1916, and concluded his service as a surgical specialist at a [[casualty clearing station]] in France. Page returned to Australia in March 1917 and was discharged from the military in July 1917.<ref name=obit/> Although his active involvement in medicine declined as his political career progressed, he was frequently called upon to treat his fellow MPs or parliamentary staff. This was particularly true after the federal government moved to Canberra, as the new capital had only a handful of qualified surgeons. In 1928, for instance, he performed an emergency appendectomy on [[Parker Moloney]].<ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/237788309 "EARLE PAGE SAVES LIFE OF LABOR MEMBER"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129195518/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/237788309 |date=29 January 2018 }}, ''[[Labor Daily]]'', 18 September 1928.</ref>

==Early political involvement==
[[File:Earle Page 1920.jpg|thumb|upright|Page in about 1920]]
Page's medical career brought him considerable wealth, and he began investing in land. He bought several large farming properties in [[South-East Queensland]], including in [[Nerang, Queensland|Nerang]], [[Kandanga, Queensland|Kandanga]], and the [[Numinbah Valley]]; Pages Pinnacle in the Numinbah State Forest is named after him.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pages Pinnacle|url=http://www.goldcoaststories.com.au/pages-pinnacle/|website=Gold Coast Stories|date=28 December 2017|publisher=City of Gold Coast|access-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127203256/http://www.goldcoaststories.com.au/pages-pinnacle/|archive-date=27 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> His entry into public life came about as a result of his passion for [[hydroelectricity]], which he first observed in New Zealand while attending a medical convention in 1910. He believed that it could be applied to the [[Northern Rivers]] region, which was still mostly unelectrified outside of the major towns. Page was elected to the [[South Grafton, New South Wales|South Grafton Municipal Council]] in 1913, believing his position as an [[alderman]] would be useful in his lobbying efforts. However, his overtures to the state government were rebuffed. In 1915, Page was one of the founders of the [[New England New State Movement|Northern New South Wales Separation League]], which advocated the creation of a new state in the [[New England (New South Wales)|New England]] region. He toured a number of towns to raise awareness of the new movement, but interest waned as a result of the ongoing war. Later that year, he was part of a syndicate that bought ''[[The Daily Examiner]]'', the local newspaper in Grafton.<ref name=adb>{{cite AuDB |first=Carl|last= Bridge|author-link=Carl Bridge|title=Page, Sir Earle Christmas (1880–1961)
|volume=11|year=1988|id2=page-sir-earle-christmas-7941}}</ref>

Page visited a number of hydroelectric sites in North America in 1917, on his way back from military service in France. He was elected mayor of South Grafton in 1918, serving until 1920, and also became the inaugural president of the North Coast Development League. He developed more concrete plans for a hydroelectric project on the [[Clarence River (New South Wales)|Clarence River]], and put forward various other development schemes relating to roads, railways, and ports, all of which served to raise his profile in the local district. Page was elected to the [[Australian House of Representatives]] at the [[1919 Australian federal election|1919 federal election]], defeating the sitting [[Nationalist Party of Australia|Nationalist]] MP, [[John Thomson (Australian politician)|John Thomson]] in the [[Division of Cowper]]. He stood as an independent with the endorsement of the Farmers' and Settlers' Association, and after the election joined the new [[National Party of Australia|Country Party]], along with 10 other MPs from rural seats. Page continued to advocate for hydroelectricity throughout his political career, and many such projects were built in New South Wales. However, the specific scheme he favoured for the Clarence River was never put in place, only the smaller [[Nymboida Power Station]]. Decentralisation also remained a pet project, with Page frequently arguing for New South Wales and Queensland to be divided into smaller states to aid regional development. The movement for New England statehood waned in the 1920s, but re-emerged in the 1950s; a legally binding referendum on the subject was finally held in 1967, after Page's death, but was narrowly defeated in controversial circumstances.<ref name=adb/>

==Bruce–Page government==
[[File:Earle Page first cabinet document in Canberra.jpg|thumb|upright|Page in 1924 as acting prime minister signing the first cabinet document prepared in Canberra]]

===Government formation===
Page was elected leader of the Country Party in 1921, replacing [[William McWilliams]]. At the [[1922 Australian federal election|1922 federal election]] the party campaigned on a platform which included the establishment of a national [[sinking fund]], national insurance scheme covering "sickness, unemployment, poverty and age", and conversion of the [[Commonwealth Bank of Australia]] into a full [[central bank]].{{sfn|Hawkins|2009|p=57}} The party emerged from the election with the [[Balance of power (parliament)|balance of power]] in the House; the [[Nationalist Party of Australia|Nationalist]] government of [[Billy Hughes]] lost its majority and could not govern without Country Party support. It soon became apparent that the price for that support would be a full coalition with the Nationalists. However, the Country Party had been formed partly due to discontent with Hughes' rural policy, and Page's animosity toward Hughes was such that he would not even consider supporting him. Indeed, he would not even begin talks with the Nationalists as long as Hughes remained leader.  Bowing to the inevitable, Hughes resigned.<ref name=naamc>{{cite web|title=Earle Page, Member for Cowper 1919|work=Australia's Prime Ministers|publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]]|url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/page/before-office.aspx#section3|access-date=19 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718002920/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/page/before-office.aspx#section3|archive-date=18 July 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Page then began negotiations with Hughes' successor as leader of the Nationalists, [[Stanley Bruce]]. His terms were stiff; he wanted his Country Party to have five seats in an 11-man cabinet, including the post of [[Treasurer of Australia|Treasurer]] and the second rank in the ministry for himself. These demands were unprecedented for a prospective junior coalition partner in a Westminster system, and especially so for such a new party. Nonetheless, Bruce agreed rather than force another election.<ref name=naamc/> For all intents and purposes, Page was the first [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia]] (a title that did not officially exist until 1968). Since then, the leader of the [[National Party of Australia|Country/National Party]] has been the second-ranking member in nearly every [[Coalition (Australia)|non-Labor government]]. Page was [[Acting Prime Minister of Australia|acting prime minister]] on several occasions, and in January 1924 chaired the first meeting of [[Cabinet of Australia|Federal Cabinet]] ever held in [[Canberra]], at [[Government House, Canberra|Yarralumla]]. Parliament did not move to Canberra until 1927.<ref>[http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/timeline/results.aspx?type=pm&pm=Stanley%20Melbourne%20Bruce National Archives of Australia, Australia's Prime Ministers: Timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330133320/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/timeline/results.aspx?type=pm&pm=Stanley%20Melbourne%20Bruce |date=30 March 2019 }}. Retrieved 14 December 2015</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16124454 |title=Cabinet meeting today |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=30 January 1924 |page=13 |access-date=14 December 2015 |via=Trove}}</ref>

===Treasurer===
[[File:Earle Page 1929 02.jpg|left|thumb|Page in 1929]]
As Treasurer, Page formed a close working relationship with Bruce.{{sfn|Hawkins|2009|pp=58–59}} Due to favourable economic conditions the government was able to abolish [[land tax]], cut income tax, and establishment the national sinking fund that Page had campaigned on. The government also established an investment fund for the [[CSIRO|Council for Scientific and Industrial Research]] and sponsored the first national housing program.{{sfn|Hawkins|2009|p=59}} The final years of Page's treasurership were marked by the beginnings of an economic downturn. The budget went into [[Government budget deficit|deficit]] in 1927 and his 1929 budget speech referred to a "temporary financial depression".{{sfn|Hawkins|2009|p=60}} He was a strong believer in orthodox finance and conservative policies, as well as a "high [[protectionist]]" supporting tariff barriers to protect Australian rural industries.<ref name=adb/><ref name=naadpm>{{cite web|title=Earle Page, Deputy Prime Minister 1923–29|work=Australia's Prime Ministers|publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]]|url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/page/before-office.aspx#section4|access-date=19 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718002920/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/page/before-office.aspx#section4|archive-date=18 July 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Page introduced a series of reforms to the Commonwealth Bank to enhance its central banking functions. In 1924, he announced that the government would place the Commonwealth Bank under an independent board, comprising a governor, the [[Department of the Treasury (Australia)|Treasury]] secretary, and representatives of industry. The same bill placed banknotes under the direct control of the bank, whereas previously it had been under a nominally independent Note Issue Board.{{sfn|Hawkins|2009|p=61}} Later reforms saw the establishment of a Rural Credits Department within the bank, the profits of which were partly hypothecated to agricultural research.{{sfn|Hawkins|2009|p=62}} In March 1925, cabinet decided to return Australia to the [[gold standard]], which it had left during World War I. It delayed its announcement until the United Kingdom had decided it would do the same, which "disguised what was arguably Australia’s first explicit macroeconomic policy decision".{{sfn|Hawkins|2009|p=61}}

In 1924, Bruce and Page established the [[Loan Council]] to coordinate public-sector borrowings between the state and federal governments. It was given constitutional force with [[1928 Australian referendum (State Debts)|an amendment]] passed in 1928. The government abolished the previous system of per-capita grants to states that had been implemented in 1911 and began introducing [[tied grant]]s, initially for road building.{{sfn|Hawkins|2009|p=62}} It also established a [[royal commission]] into the proposed [[National Insurance (Australia)|National Insurance]] scheme, chaired by Senator [[John Millen (Australian politician)|John Millen]]. Page was one of the chief supporters of the ''National Insurance Bill 1928'', which would have provided "sickness, old age, disability and maternity benefits", as well as payments to orphans and a limited form of [[child endowment]]. It was to be paid for by compulsory contributions from workers and co-contributions from employers. The government took the policy to the [[1928 Australian federal election]] but failed to pass the bill by the time of its defeat in 1929.{{sfn|Hawkins|2009|p=63}}

As Treasurer, Page continued his professional medical practice. On 22 October 1924, he had to tell his best friend, Thomas Shorten Cole (1870–1957), the news that his wife Mary Ann Crane had just died on the operating table from complications of intestinal or stomach cancer, reputed by their daughter Dorothy May Cole to be "the worst day of his life".{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Due to a shortage of surgeons in Canberra, in 1928 Page performed an appendectomy on fellow MP [[Parker Moloney]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/237788309|title=Earle Page saves life of Labor member|newspaper=Labor Daily|date=18 September 1928}}</ref>

==Out of office, 1929–1934==
In his memoirs, Page recalled that the defeat of the government at the [[1929 Australian federal election|1929 election]] came as a relief, following the intense stress of the government's final term.{{sfn|Wilks|2020|p=177}} He and the Country Party sat on the [[crossbench]], with [[John Greig Latham|John Latham]] replacing Bruce as Nationalist leader and [[Leader of the Opposition (Australia)|leader of the opposition]].{{sfn|Wilks|2020|p=179}} Page regarded time out of office as a period which "sharpened our wits and enabled us to prepare public opinion for the policies we hoped to implement when the next opportunity came".{{sfn|Wilks|2020|p=184}}

In 1931, a group of dissident Labor MPs led by former Scullin government minister [[Joseph Lyons]] merged with the Nationalists to form the [[United Australia Party]] (UAP), with Lyons replacing Latham as opposition leader. Page and Lyons produced a joint policy statement in October 1931 and Page expected that the Country Party would form a new coalition government. However, at the [[1931 Australian federal election|1931 election]] the UAP won majority government in its own right.{{sfn|Wilks|2020|p=180}} Lyons offered the Country Party three cabinet positions, on the basis that he would choose the ministers and portfolios. Page rejected this and also insisted that the [[Department of Trade and Customs|trade and customs]] portfolio be assigned to the Country Party. Negotiations eventually collapsed and Lyons formed [[First Lyons ministry|a UAP-only ministry]].<ref name=before/>

Page's oldest son Earle Jr. was killed by a lightning strike in January 1933; shortly after his wife Ethel suffered a stroke. Page considered retiring from politics but was persuaded to instead take a leave of absence, with his deputy [[Thomas Paterson]] serving as acting leader of the Country Party for nine months.{{sfn|Wilks|2020|p=205}}

==Lyons government, 1934–1939==
The UAP lost its majority at the [[1934 Australian federal election|1934 election]], after which Lyons governed in minority for two months. He eventually negotiated a new coalition agreement with Page, which provided four ministerial positions and assurances around tariff policies. Page was appointed [[Department of Commerce (Australia)|Minister for Commerce]], a significant portfolio covering agriculture and trade policy, and again became the ''de facto'' deputy prime minister.{{sfn|Wilks|2020|p=181}}

One of Page's first initiatives in the commerce portfolio was the creation of the Australian Agricultural Council (AAC) in December 1934, which aimed to coordinate state and federal agricultural policy on a similar basis to the [[Loan Council]].{{sfn|Wilks|2020|p=207}} In his 1934 election policy he had envisioned the AAC as a "board of directors for Australian agriculture" that would "eliminate needless waste of public and private capital".{{sfn|Wilks|2020|p=206}} The council "quickly became central to agricultural policy", covering a wide variety of topics including debt relief for farmers, agricultural marketing (reforms to which were rejected in a [[1937 Australian referendum (Marketing)|1937 referendum]]), soil erosion, pest control, and problems in the wheat and dairy industries. Page found some of his attempts to guide policy were stymied by state agricultural ministers, with the AAC remaining a voluntary body reliant on passage of state legislation.{{sfn|Wilks|2020|pp=208-209}}

Page was made a Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (GCMG) in the New Year's Day Honours of 1938.<ref name="GCMG">{{cite web|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1073808|title=It's an Honour – GCMG|publisher=Itsanhonour.gov.au|date=1 January 1938|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222204634/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1073808|archive-date=22 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> While nine Australian prime ministers were knighted (and Bruce was elevated to the peerage), Page is the only one who was knighted before becoming prime minister.

==Prime Minister and aftermath==
{{Further|Page Ministry}}
[[File:Earle Page.jpg|thumb|upright|Page c. 1940]]
When Lyons died suddenly in 1939, the [[Governor-General of Australia]] [[Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie|Lord Gowrie]] appointed Page as caretaker prime minister pending the UAP choosing a new leader. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected former deputy leader [[Robert Menzies]] as its new leader, and hence prime minister.<ref name=naasio>{{cite web|title=Earle Page, In office|work=Australia's Prime Ministers|publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]]|url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/page/in-office.aspx|access-date=19 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718003048/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/page/in-office.aspx|archive-date=18 July 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Page had been close to Lyons, but disliked Menzies, whom he charged publicly with having been disloyal to Lyons. Page contacted Stanley Bruce (now in London as Australian High Commissioner to the UK) and offered to resign his seat if Bruce would return to Australia to seek re-election to the parliament in a by-election for Page's old seat, and then seek election as UAP leader.  Bruce said that he would only re-enter the parliament as an independent.<ref>Black Inc, ''Earle Page, Prime Minister of Australia''</ref>

When Menzies was elected UAP leader, Page refused to serve under him, and made an extraordinary personal attack on him in the House, accusing him not only of ministerial incompetence but of physical cowardice (for failing to enlist during World War I). His party soon rebelled, though, and Page was deposed as Country Party leader in favour of [[Archie Cameron]].<ref name=naasio />

==World War II==
In March 1940, Archie Cameron led the Country Party back into coalition with the UAP. However, he resigned as party leader on 16 October, following the [[1940 Australian federal election|1940 federal election]]. Page attempted to regain the party's leadership, but was deadlocked with [[John McEwen]] over multiple ballots. As a compromise, the party elected [[Arthur Fadden]] as acting leader; he was confirmed in the position a few months later. Page replaced Cameron as [[Department of Commerce (Australia)|Minister for Commerce]] in the reconstituted ministry.{{sfn|Wilks|2017|p=256}}

[[File:Earle Page, 1940-1941 (Fred Leist).png|thumb|upright|left|[[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] portrait of Page by [[Fred Leist]], 1940–41]]
Fadden replaced Menzies as prime minister in August 1941. A few weeks later, cabinet decided to send Page to London as [[resident minister]], with the intention that he would be granted access to the [[British War Cabinet]]. While he was en route to England, the Fadden government lost a confidence motion and was replaced by an ALP minority government. The new prime minister [[John Curtin]] nonetheless allowed Page to take up the position, declining his offer to return to Australia.{{sfn|Wilks|2017|p=260}} The [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] in December changed the dynamic of Anglo-Australian relations, as the [[War in the Pacific]] became the primary concern of the Australian government. Page assisted in the creation of the [[Pacific War Council]] early the following year. He later recalled [[Winston Churchill]]'s frustration in war cabinet meetings with Curtin's decision to withdraw troops from the Middle East and North Africa and return them to Australia. He credited himself with helping negate the tensions between the two men, but in February 1942 mistakenly advised Churchill that the Australian government was amenable to diverting the [[7th Division (Australia)|7th Division]] to Burma rather than return it directly to Australia. He was heavily rebuked by Curtin and external affairs minister [[H. V. Evatt]] for his error.{{sfn|Wilks|2017|p=261}}

Page wrote to Curtin in April 1942 that since January he had been through "the worst period of acute mental distress of my whole life".{{sfn|Wilks|2017|p=261}} His tenure was not regarded as a success, and he was said to have suffered from a lack of experience in diplomacy.{{sfn|Wilks|2017|p=262}} Field Marshal [[Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke|Alan Brooke]], the [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Imperial General Staff]], recalled that in war cabinet meetings he had "the mentality of a greengrocer".{{sfn|Wilks|2017|p=263}} Page left London in June 1942 following a severe bout of pneumonia.{{sfn|Wilks|2017|p=261}} He had been made a [[Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour]] (CH) before his departure.<ref name="CH">{{cite web|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1065988|title=It's an Honour – CH|publisher=Itsanhonour.gov.au|date=26 June 1942|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223074136/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1065988|archive-date=23 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He returned to Australia in August, travelling via the United States,{{sfn|Wilks|2017|p=264}} and quickly turned his attention to planning for post-war reconstruction.{{sfn|Wilks|2017|p=265}}

Page spent the remaining years of the Curtin and [[Chifley government]]s on the opposition backbench.<ref name=naainop>{{cite web|title=Earle Page, In Opposition 1941–49|work=Australia's Prime Ministers|publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]]|url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/page/after-office.aspx#section3|access-date=19 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718002452/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/page/after-office.aspx#section3|archive-date=18 July 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> He served on the [[Advisory War Council]] and was a delegate to the constitutional convention in Canberra in late 1942, which included members of all major political parties. However, he was frustrated by the government's failure to offer him any formal role in developing post-war policy, which he believed was due to him given his past work.{{sfn|Wilks|2017|p=271, 274}} Page's brother [[Harold Page|Harold]] and nephew [[Robert Page (soldier)|Robert]] were killed by the Japanese during the war.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/page-harold-hillis-7942|title= Page, Harold Hillis (1888–1942)|first=A. J. |last=Sweeting|year=1988|volume=11|work=[[Australian Dictionary of Biography]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/page-robert-charles-11328|title=Page, Robert Charles (1920–1945)|first=Shirley|last=Lithgow|work=[[Australian Dictionary of Biography]]|year=2000|volume=15}}</ref>

==Return to the ministry==
[[File:Earle Page 1950.jpg|thumb|upright|Page c. 1950]]
Page was reappointed [[Minister for Health (Australia)|Minister for Health]] after the Coalition won the [[1949 Australian federal election|1949 federal election]], at the age of 69.{{sfn|Wilks|2017|p=304}} He was the chief architect of the ''[[National Health Act 1953]]'', which established a national public health scheme based on government subsidies of voluntary private insurance and free medical services for pensioners. He played a key role in securing the support of the medical profession, which had strongly opposed the [[Chifley government]]'s attempt to introduce universal health care.{{sfn|Wilks|2017|p=309}} Unlike in previous governments, Page had little influence beyond his own policy area and was frustrated by the lack of interest in his ideas for national development.{{sfn|Wilks|2017|p=304}} In 1951 when Senator Gordon Brown of the ALP suffered a stroke while speaking in the Senate, Page, a trained surgeon rushed in from the House to treat him before medical professionals could take Brown to hospital for treatment.<ref>{{cite Au Senate |title=BROWN, Gordon (1885–1967) Senator for Queensland, 1932–65 |Sen id=brown-gordon |access-date=2022-11-30}}</ref>

Upon the death of Billy Hughes in October 1952, Page became the [[Father of the Australian House of Representatives|Father of the House of Representatives]] and [[Father of the Australian Parliament|Father of the Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sir Earle Now Father of House – The Manning River Times and Advocate for the Northern Coast Districts of New South Wales (Taree, NSW : 1898 – 1954) – 3 Nov 1952|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/172836174?browse=ndp%3Abrowse%2Ftitle%2FM%2Ftitle%2F877%2F1952%2F11%2F03%2Fpage%2F20518470%2Farticle%2F172836174|newspaper=Manning River Times and Advocate for the Northern Coast Districts of New South Wales| date=3 November 1952 |access-date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116174057/http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/172836174?browse=ndp%3Abrowse%2Ftitle%2FM%2Ftitle%2F877%2F1952%2F11%2F03%2Fpage%2F20518470%2Farticle%2F172836174|archive-date=16 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1954, he became the first chancellor of the [[University of New England (Australia)|University of New England]], which had become fully autonomous from the [[University of Sydney]].{{sfn|Wilks|2017|p=316}} He retired from cabinet at the age of 76, moving to the backbench in January 1956 after the [[1955 Australian federal election|December 1955 election]].<ref name=naasmh>{{cite web|title=Earle Page, Minister for Health 1949–56|work=Australia's Prime Ministers|publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]]|url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/page/after-office.aspx#section4|access-date=19 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718002452/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/page/after-office.aspx#section4|archive-date=18 July 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Upon Arthur Fadden's retirement in 1958, Page became the only former prime minister returned at that year's election.

==Electoral history==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:95%"
|+ Electoral results of Page's seat: Cowper
! rowspan=2|Electorate 
! rowspan=2|Election
! colspan=4|Votes 
! rowspan=2|Vote change{{efn|Based on first-preference vote only.}}
! rowspan=2|Total time
|-
! colspan=2|[[First-preference votes|First-preference]] (%)
! colspan=2|[[Two-party-preferred vote|Two-party preference]] (%)
|-
|rowspan=17 align=center|[[Division of Cowper|Cowper]]<br>([[New South Wales]]) 
|align=center|[[1919 Australian federal election|1919]]<ref>{{cite report |date=31 March 1920 |title=State of New South Wales statistical returns, 1919 |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2769288361/view?partId=nla.obj-2772276375#page/n0/mode/1up |publisher=[[Government of Australia]] |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
|align=center|11,372 
|align=center|52.4
|align=center|15,543
|align=center|71.6 
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|-
|align=center|[[1922 Australian federal election|1922]]<ref>{{cite report |date=13 June 1923 |title=State of New South Wales statistical returns, 1922 |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2723234133/view?partId=nla.obj-2726113534 |publisher=[[Government of Australia]] |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
|align=center|13,157 
|align=center|67.3
|align=center colspan=2 {{N/A}}
|align=center|{{increase}} 14.1%
|align=center|{{ayd|13 December 1919|16 December 1922}}
|-
|align=center|[[1925 Australian federal election|1925]]<ref>{{cite report |date=25 June 1926 |title=State of New South Wales statistical returns, 1925 |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2772475229/view?partId=nla.obj-2783644302#page/n0/mode/1up |publisher=[[Government of Australia]] |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
|align=center|24,571 
|align=center|70.0
|align=center colspan=2 {{N/A}}
|align=center|{{increase}} 5.1%
|align=center|{{ayd|13 December 1919|14 November 1925}}
|-
|align=center|[[1928 Australian federal election|1928]]<ref>{{cite report |date=28 February 1929 |title=State of New South Wales statistical returns, 1928 |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2656711217/view?partId=nla.obj-2659903130 |publisher=[[Government of Australia]] |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
|align=center|27,556
|align=center|76.8
|align=center colspan=2 {{N/A}}
|align=center|{{increase}} 4.4%
|align=center|{{ayd|13 December 1919|17 November 1928}}
|-
|align=center|[[1929 Australian federal election|1929]]<ref>{{cite report |date=10 April 1930 |title=State of New South Wales statistical returns, 1929 |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2656720225/view?partId=nla.obj-2658862284 |publisher=[[Government of Australia]] |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
|align=center colspan=5 {{N/A|''unopposed''}}
|align=center|{{ayd|13 December 1919|12 October 1929}}
|-
|align=center|[[1931 Australian federal election|1931]]<ref>{{cite report |date=17 May 1932 |title=State of New South Wales statistical returns, 1931 |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2579212115/view?partId=nla.obj-2585286849#page/n0/mode/1up |publisher=[[Government of Australia]] |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
|align=center|29,266
|align=center|72.3
|align=center|30,476
|align=center|75.3
|align=center|{{decrease}} 2.6%{{efn|From the [[1928 Australian federal election|1928]] result.}}
|align=center|{{ayd|13 December 1919|19 December 1931}}
|-
|align=center|[[1934 Australian federal election|1934]]<ref>{{cite report |date=9 April 1935 |title=State of New South Wales statistical returns, 1934 |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2720953274/view?partId=nla.obj-2724429525#page/n16/mode/1up |publisher=[[Government of Australia]] |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
|align=center|30,924 
|align=center|64.2
|align=center|33,935
|align=center|70.4 
|align=center|{{decrease}} 8.0%
|align=center|{{ayd|13 December 1919|15 September 1934}}
|-
|align=center|[[1937 Australian federal election|1937]]<ref>{{cite report |date=22 June 1938 |title=State of New South Wales statistical returns, 1937 |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2720247652/view?partId=nla.obj-2722808280#page/n15/mode/1up |publisher=[[Government of Australia]] |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
|align=center|32,000 
|align=center|63.2
|align=center colspan=2 {{N/A}}
|align=center|{{decrease}} 0.5%
|align=center|{{ayd|13 December 1919|23 October 1937}}
|-
|align=center|[[1940 Australian federal election|1940]]<ref>{{cite report |date=3 April 1941 |title=State of New South Wales statistical returns, 1940 |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1940339666/view?partId=nla.obj-1948330485#page/n17/mode/1up |publisher=[[Government of Australia]] |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
|align=center|27,773 
|align=center|53.7
|align=center|33,590 
|align=center|64.9
|align=center|{{decrease}} 9.3%
|align=center|{{ayd|13 December 1919|21 September 1940}}
|-
|align=center|[[1943 Australian federal election|1943]]<ref>{{cite report |date=23 March 1944 |title=State of New South Wales statistical returns, 1943 |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2656716381/view?partId=nla.obj-2659402935#page/n12/mode/1up |publisher=[[Government of Australia]] |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
|align=center|24,017 
|align=center|45.5
|align=center|27,737
|align=center|52.7
|align=center|{{decrease}} 7.7%
|align=center|{{ayd|13 December 1919|21 August 1943}}
|-
|align=center|[[1946 Australian federal election|1946]]<ref>{{cite report |date=7 September 1948 |title=State of New South Wales statistical returns, 1946 |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2771776545/view?partId=nla.obj-2777055920#page/n12/mode/1up |publisher=[[Government of Australia]] |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
|align=center|31,785 
|align=center|57.2 
|align=center|33,071 
|align=center|59.5
|align=center|{{increase}} 11.4%
|align=center|{{ayd|13 December 1919|28 September 1946}}
|-
|align=center|[[1949 Australian federal election|1949]]<ref>{{cite report |date=21 February 1951 |title=State of New South Wales statistical returns, 1949|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2141195771/view?partId=nla.obj-2150781352#page/n19/mode/1up |publisher=[[Government of Australia]] |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
|align=center|22,791 
|align=center|61.7
|align=center colspan=2 {{N/A}}
|align=center|{{increase}} 4.6%
|align=center|{{ayd|13 December 1919|10 December 1949}}
|-
|align=center|[[1951 Australian federal election|1951]]<ref>{{cite report |date=19 February 1953 |title=State of New South Wales statistical returns, 1951|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2141196073/view?partId=nla.obj-2150718709#page/n20/mode/1up |publisher=[[Government of Australia]] |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
|align=center|22,632 
|align=center|61.0
|align=center|23,001 
|align=center|62.0
|align=center|{{decrease}} 0.7%
|align=center|{{ayd|13 December 1919|28 April 1951}}
|-
|align=center|[[1954 Australian federal election|1954]]<ref>{{cite report |date=9 April 1954 |title=State of New South Wales statistical returns, 1954|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2579213533/view?partId=nla.obj-2583543480#page/n13/mode/1up |publisher=[[Government of Australia]] |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
|align=center|21,767 
|align=center|58.8
|align=center|21,805 
|align=center|58.9 
|align=center|{{decrease}} 2.0%
|align=center|{{ayd|13 December 1919|29 May 1954}}
|-
|align=center|[[1955 Australian federal election|1955]] 
|align=center colspan=5 {{N/A|''unopposed''}}
|align=center|{{ayd|13 December 1919|10 December 1955}}
|-
|align=center|[[1958 Australian federal election|1958]]<ref>{{cite report |date=22 October 1959 |title=State of New South Wales statistical returns, 1958|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2341789427/view?partId=nla.obj-2342438088#page/n18/mode/1up |publisher=[[Government of Australia]] |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
|align=center|21,152 
|align=center|54.8
|align=center|23,566
|align=center|61.1
|align=center|{{decrease}} 4.5%{{efn|From the [[1954 Australian federal election|1954]] result.}}
|align=center|{{ayd|13 December 1919|22 November 1958}}
|-
|align=center|[[1961 Australian federal election|1961]]<ref>{{cite report |date=30 August 1962 |title=State of New South Wales statistical returns, 1961|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2771808409/view?partId=nla.obj-2783032402#page/n17/mode/1up |publisher=[[Government of Australia]] |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
|align=center|15,259 
|align=center|39.9 
|align=center|18,442
|align=center|48.2 
|align=center|{{decrease}} 14.6%
|align=center|{{ayd|13 December 1919|9 December 1961}}
|}

==Later life and death==
Page sought a 17th term in parliament at the [[1961 Australian federal election|1961 election]], having joined Billy Hughes two years earlier as only the second person to serve over 40 years in federal parliament. Two weeks before the election, he experienced stomach pains while visiting the home of [[Ian Robinson (Australian politician)|Ian Robinson]] near [[Coraki, New South Wales]]. His health then dramatically declined and he was admitted to the [[Royal Prince Alfred Hospital]] in Sydney. He was diagnosed with bowel cancer and underwent immediate surgery.<ref>{{cite book |last=Davey |first=Paul |date=2010 |title=Ninety Not Out: The Nationals 1920-2010 |publisher=UNSW Press |page=2 |isbn=978-1742231662 }}</ref> He had been gravely ill even before being admitted to hospital and was too sick to campaign nearly as actively as he had campaigned in the previous four decades. He fought the election anyway, though he scarcely appeared on the hustings.<ref name=adb/>

Page died in hospital on 20 December 1961, aged 81. He was granted a [[state funeral]] at [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney]].{{sfn|Davey|2010|p=3}} At his request, his ashes were scattered over the Clarence River near his home.<ref>{{cite web|title=Earle Page|work=Australia's Prime Ministers|publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]]|url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/page/after-office.aspx#section5|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311150530/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/page/after-office.aspx#section5|archive-date=11 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the same date Page died, the election result in Cowper was declared and recorded his defeat by Labor challenger [[Frank McGuren]], as part of a nationwide swing against the Coalition.{{sfn|Davey|2010|p=3}} The seat had been reported as a Labor gain on election night 11 days earlier; Page died without knowing he had been defeated.<ref name=adb/>

Page had represented Cowper for just four days short of 42 years, making him the longest-serving Australian federal parliamentarian who represented the same seat throughout his career. Only [[Billy Hughes]] and [[Philip Ruddock]] have served in Parliament longer than Page.<ref name="Ruddock aph">{{cite Au Parliament |mpid=0J4 |name=Hon Philip Ruddock MP |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref> He was the last former prime minister to lose his seat until [[Tony Abbott]] lost his seat of [[Division of Warringah|Warringah]] in [[2019 Australian federal election|2019]], though [[John Howard]] would lose his seat of [[Division of Bennelong|Bennelong]] as a sitting prime minister in [[2007 Australian federal election|2007]].

Page's defeat/death saw the Australian Federal Parliament having no former prime ministers among its members for the first time since the period between Sir Joseph Cook's resignation from Parliament in 1921 to become Australia's High Commissioner to the United Kingdom and Page forcing Billy Hughes' resignation as prime minister in 1923.

== Personal life ==
[[File:Ethel and Earle Page 01.jpg|thumb|right|Page and his first wife [[Ethel Page|Ethel]]]]
Page married [[Ethel Page|Ethel Blunt]] on 18 September 1906. They had met at [[Royal Prince Alfred Hospital]] while he was undertaking his medical residency; she was a senior nurse there. Page soon began courting her, and convinced her to become the matron of his new hospital in Grafton. She gave up nursing after their marriage, but was active in politics and community organisations. The couple had five children: Mary (b. 1909), Earle Jr. (b. 1910), Donald (b. 1912), Iven (b. 1914), and Douglas (b. 1916). Their grandchildren include [[Don Page (politician)|Don Page]], who was active in New South Wales state politics, and [[Geoff Page]], a poet.<ref name=ethel>[http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/page/spouse.aspx Australia's PMs > Earle Page > Ethel Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313153029/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/page/spouse.aspx |date=13 March 2018 }}, National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 29 January 2017.</ref>

Page was predeceased by his first wife and his oldest son. Earle Jr., a qualified veterinarian, was killed by a lightning strike in January 1933, aged 22.<ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/192160725 STRUCK BY LIGHTNING] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130013732/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/192160725 |date=30 January 2018 }}, ''[[The Daily Examiner]]'', 16 January 1933.</ref> Ethel died in May 1958, aged 82, after a long illness.<ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/136298073 Death Of Lady Page After Long Illness] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072318/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/136298073 |date=23 January 2018 }}, ''[[The Canberra Times]]'', 27 May 1958.</ref> {{Anchor|Jean Page}}On 20 July 1959 at [[St Paul's Cathedral, London]], Page married for a second time, wedding his long-serving secretary Jean Thomas (32 years his junior). [[Stanley Bruce]] was his best man.<ref name=adb/> The second Lady Page lived for almost 50 years after her husband's death, dying on 20 June 2011; her ashes were interred at [[Northern Suburbs Crematorium, Sydney|Northern Suburbs Crematorium]].<ref>''The Sydney Morning Herald'', 9 July 2011 {{Page needed|date=November 2014}}</ref>

==Honours==
[[File:Earle Page bust.jpg|thumb|upright|Bust of Earle Page, [[Prime Ministers Avenue]] in the [[Ballarat Botanical Gardens]]]]
;Decorations
* In 1929, Page was made a member of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom]] (PC).<ref name=obit/><ref name=adb/>
* In 1938, Page was made a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] (GCMG).<ref name="GCMG"/>
* In 1942, Page was made a member of the [[Order of the Companions of Honour]] (CH).<ref name="CH"/>
* In 1942, Page was made an honorary [[Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England]] (FRCS).<ref name=obit/>
* In 1952, Page was awarded the degree of [[Doctor of Science]] ''[[honoris causa]]'' by the [[University of Sydney]].<ref name=obit/>
* In 1955, Page was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science ''honoris causa'' by the [[University of New England (Australia)|University of New England]] (the first honorary degree awarded by the institution).<ref name=obit/><ref name=adb/>

;Namesakes
* [[Division of Page]] – division of the federal House of Representatives; established in 1984, includes the city of Grafton<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of the electoral division of Page (NSW) |url=https://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/nsw/page.htm |website=Australian Electoral Commission |access-date=7 August 2020 |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name="DailyEx20170214">{{cite news |last1=North |first1=Bill |title=Historic home goes under the hammer |url=https://www.dailyexaminer.com.au/news/historic-home-goes-under-the-hammer/3143416/ |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |access-date=7 August 2020 |language=en |date=14 February 2017}}</ref>
* [[Page, Australian Capital Territory]] – suburb of Canberra<ref name="DailyEx20170214"/>
* The Sir Earle Page Library and Education Centre, in the city of Grafton<ref name="DailyEx20170214"/>
* [[Earle Page College]] – residential college of the University of New England; opened in 1963<ref name="DailyEx20170214"/><ref>{{cite web |title=EPC Past and Present |url=https://www.une.edu.au/campus-life/une-accommodation/colleges/earle-page/heritage |website=www.une.edu.au |publisher=University of New England |access-date=7 August 2020 |language=en-AU}}</ref>
* Page Chest Pavilion – building at [[Royal Prince Alfred Hospital]]; opened in 1957, demolished in 2010<ref name="DailyEx20170214"/>
* [[Page Research Centre]] – think tank associated with the National Party of Australia; established in 2003<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Earle Page |url=https://www.page.org.au/about/sir-earle-page/ |website=Page Research Centre |access-date=7 August 2020 |language=en-AU}}</ref>

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* [[Colin Hughes|Hughes, Colin A]] (1976), ''Mr Prime Minister. Australian Prime Ministers 1901–1972'', Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Victoria, Ch.12. {{ISBN|0-19-550471-2}}
*{{cite journal|url=https://static.treasury.gov.au/uploads/sites/1/2017/06/05_Earle_Page.pdf|title=Earle Page: an active treasurer|journal=Economic Roundup|publisher=[[Department of the Treasury (Australia)|Department of the Treasury]]|first=John|last=Hawkins|year=2009|issue=4|pages=55–68}}
*{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=Wilks|year=2020|title='Now is the Psychological Moment': Earle Page and the Imagining of Australia|url=https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n6924/pdf/book.pdf|publisher=ANU Press|isbn=9781760463687}}
**{{cite thesis|type=PhD thesis|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/142195/1/Wilks%20Thesis%202018.pdf|title='Now is the Psychological Moment': Earle Page and the Imagining of Australia|first=Stephen|last=Wilks|year=2017|publisher=Australian National University}}
* In their autobiographies [[Ann Moyal]] and [[Ulrich Ellis]] wrote of their experience of working with Page.
** Moyal, Ann. ''Breakfast with Beaverbrook: memoirs of an independent woman'' (Hale & Iremonger, 1995) 
** Ulrich Ellis ''A Pen in Politics'' (Gininderra Press, 2007).
* Both had helped Page with his autobiography ''Truant Surgeon: The Inside Story of Forty Years of Australian Political Life'' (Angus & Robertson, 1963).

==External links==
{{Commons category|Earle Page}}
*{{cite web|title=Earle Page|work=Australia's Prime Ministers|publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]]|url=https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/earle-page|access-date=17 February 2022}}
*{{cite web|title=Earle Page|publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]]|url=http://www.nma.gov.au/education/school_resources/websites_and_interactives/primeministers/earle_page|access-date=19 March 2010|archive-date=13 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113030029/http://www.nma.gov.au/education/school_resources/websites_and_interactives/primeministers/earle_page/|url-status=dead}}
*{{Australian Dictionary of Biography|last=Bridge|first=Carl|year=1988|id2=page-sir-earle-christmas-grafton-7941|title=Page, Sir Earle Christmas Grafton (1880–1961)|access-date=19 March 2010}}
&nbsp;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par | au}}
{{s-bef | before=[[John Thomson (Australian politician)|John Thomson]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Division of Cowper|Member for Cowper]]|years=1919–1961}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Frank McGuren]]}}
{{s-bef |rows=2| before=[[Billy Hughes]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Father of the Australian House of Representatives|Father of the House of Representatives]] | years=1952–1961}}
{{s-aft |rows=2| after=[[Eddie Ward]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Father of the Australian Parliament|Father of the Parliament]] | years=1952–1961}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-new | party}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[National Party of Australia|Leader of the Country Party]] | years=1922–1939}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Archie Cameron]]}}
{{s-new | title}}
{{s-ttl | title=Federal President of the [[Australian Country Party (1920)|Country Party]] | years=1926–1961}}
{{s-aft | after=[[William Moss (Australian politician)|William Moss]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Joseph Lyons]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Prime Minister of Australia]] | years=1939}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Robert Menzies]]}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Stanley Bruce]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Treasurer of Australia]] | years=1923–1929}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Ted Theodore|E G Theodore]]}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Frederick Stewart (Australian politician)|Frederick Stewart]]}}
{{s-ttl | title= [[Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Australia)|Minister for Commerce]] | years=1934–1939}}
{{s-aft | after= [[George McLeay]]}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Billy Hughes]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Minister for Health and Ageing (Australia)|Minister for Health]] | years=1937–1938}}
{{s-aft | after= [[Harry Foll]]}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Archie Cameron]]}}
{{s-ttl | title= Minister for Commerce |years=1940–1941}}
{{s-aft | after= [[William Scully (Australian politician)|William Scully]]}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Nick McKenna]]}}
{{s-ttl | title= Minister for Health |years=1949–1956}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Donald Alastair Cameron|Donald Cameron]]}}
{{s-aca}}
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of the [[University of New England (Australia)|University of New England]]|years=1954–1960}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Phillip Wright (pastoralist)|Phillip Wright]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Prime Ministers of Australia}}
{{Leaders of the National Party of Australia}}
{{National Party of Australia}}
{{Treasurers of Australia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Page, Earle}}
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Australian people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Australian Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Australian Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour]]
[[Category:Australian surgeons]]
[[Category:Australian people of English descent]]
[[Category:Chancellors of the University of New England (Australia)]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in New South Wales]]
[[Category:Leaders of the National Party of Australia]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Cowper]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of Australia]]
[[Category:National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia]]
[[Category:People educated at Sydney Boys High School]]
[[Category:People from Grafton, New South Wales]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Australia]]
[[Category:20th-century prime ministers of Australia]]
[[Category:Sydney Medical School alumni]]
[[Category:Treasurers of Australia]]
[[Category:Australian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Australian military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons]]
[[Category:Australian fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons]]
[[Category:Australian military doctors]]
[[Category:Australian monarchists]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian memoirists]]
[[Category:Ministers for health of Australia]]
[[Category:Burials at Northern Suburbs Memorial Gardens]]
[[Category:Royal Australian Army Medical Corps officers]]
[[Category:Military personnel from New South Wales]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1919–1922]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1922–1925]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1925–1928]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1928–1929]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1929–1931]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1931–1934]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1934–1937]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1937–1940]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1940–1943]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1943–1946]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1946–1949]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1949–1951]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1951–1954]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1954–1955]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1955–1958]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 1958–1961]]