Editing Eadweard Muybridge

{{short description|English photographer (1830–1904)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2012}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox artist
| name             = Eadweard Muybridge
| image            = Optic Projection fig 411.jpg
| caption          = Muybridge in 1899
| birth_name       = Edward James Muggeridge
| birth_date       = {{birth date |df=yes|1830|4|9}}
| birth_place      = [[Kingston upon Thames]], Surrey, England
| death_date       = {{death date and age |df=yes|1904|5|8|1830|4|9}}
| death_place      = Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, England
| resting_place    = [[Woking]], Surrey, England
| field            = Photography
| training         = 
| movement         = 
| works            = ''[[The Horse in Motion]]''
| patrons          = [[Leland Stanford]]
| awards           = 
}}
[[File:Muybridge race horse animated.gif|thumb|Galloping horse, animated using photos by Muybridge (1887)]]
'''Eadweard Muybridge''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɛ|d|w|ər|d|_|ˈ|m|aɪ|b|r|ɪ|dʒ}}; 9 April 1830&nbsp;– 8 May 1904, born '''Edward James Muggeridge''') was an English [[photographer]] known for his pioneering work in photographic studies of [[motion (physics)|motion]], and early work in motion-picture [[Movie projector|projection]].

He adopted the first name "Eadweard" as the original [[Anglo-Saxon name|Anglo-Saxon form]] of "Edward", and the surname "Muybridge", believing it to be similarly archaic.<ref>"If anything, the surname Muggeridge actually derives from a place in Devon, Mogridge, in turn taking its name from one Mogga who held a ridge there. Edward, on the other hand, was indeed spelt Eadweard in Old English." Adrian Room, ''Naming Names: Stories of Pseudonyms and Name Changes, with a Who's Who'', Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981, p. 125.</ref> A noted photographer in the 19th century American West, he photographed [[Yosemite]], [[San Francisco]], the newly acquired [[Alaska|Alaskan Territory]], subjects involved in the [[Modoc War]], and lighthouses on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]]. He also made his early "moving" picture studies in California.

Born in [[Kingston upon Thames]], [[Surrey]], England, at the age of 20 he emigrated to the [[United States]] as a bookseller, first to [[New York City]], then to San Francisco. In 1860, he planned a return trip to Europe, but suffered serious head injuries en route in a stagecoach crash in [[Texas]].<ref name="Shimamura"/><ref name="Manjila"/> He spent the next few years recuperating in Kingston upon Thames, where he took up professional photography, learned the [[Collodion process|wet-plate collodion]] process, and secured at least two British patents for his inventions.<ref name="Shimamura"/> He returned to San Francisco in 1867, a man with a markedly changed personality. In 1868, he exhibited large photographs of [[Yosemite Valley]], and began selling popular [[stereograph]]s of his work.

Muybridge is known for his pioneering [[chronophotography]] of [[animal locomotion]] between 1878 and 1886, which used multiple cameras to capture the different positions in a stride; and for his [[zoopraxiscope]], a device for projecting painted motion pictures from glass discs that predated the flexible perforated film strip used in [[cinematography]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| title= Eadweard Muybridge (British photographer)| url = https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/399928/Eadweard-Muybridge| encyclopedia= Britannica| access-date= 17 July 2009| quote= English photographer important for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion and in motion-picture projection.}}</ref> From 1883 to 1886, he entered a very productive period at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in [[Philadelphia]], producing over 100,000 images of animals and humans in motion, occasionally capturing what the human eye could not distinguish as separate moments in time.

In his later years, Muybridge gave many public lectures and demonstrations of his photography and early motion picture sequences, travelling frequently in England and Europe to publicise his work in cities such as London and Paris.<ref name="Pearlstein"/> He also edited and published compilations of his work (some of which are still in print today), which greatly influenced visual artists and the developing fields of scientific and industrial photography. He retired to his native England permanently in 1894. In 1904, the year of his death, the [[Kingston Museum]] opened in his hometown, and continues to house a substantial collection of his works in a dedicated gallery.

== Names ==
Edward James Muggeridge was born and raised in England. Muggeridge changed his name several times, starting with "Muggridge". From 1855 to 1865, he mainly used the surname "Muygridge".{{sfn|Solnit|2003|p=7|ps=}}

From 1865 onward, he used the surname "Muybridge".

In addition, he used the pseudonym ''[[Helios]]'' (Titan of the sun) for his early photography. He also used this as the name of his studio and gave it to his only son, as a middle name: Florado Helios Muybridge, born in 1874.<ref>"Exhibition notes", ''Muybridge Exhibition'', at [[Tate Britain]], January 2011.</ref>

While travelling in 1875 on a photography expedition in the Spanish-speaking nations of Central America, the photographer advertised his works under the name "Eduardo Santiago Muybridge" in [[Guatemala]].{{sfn|Solnit|2003|p=148|ps=}}

After an 1882 trip to England, he changed the spelling of his first name to "Eadweard", the [[Old English]] form of his name. The spelling was probably derived from the spelling of [[Edward the Martyr|King Edward's]] Christian name as shown on the plinth of the [[Kingston coronation stone]], which had been re-erected in 1850 in Muybridge's hometown, 100 yards from his childhood family home. He used "Eadweard Muybridge" for the rest of his career.{{sfn|Solnit|2003|p=7|ps=}}<ref>Paul Hill ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WQtUAAAAMAAJ&q=+seven+Saxon+kings+ Eadweard Muybridge]'' Phaidon, 2001</ref>

Others frequently misspelled his surname as "Maybridge", "Moybridge", or "Mybridge".<ref name=gowers/> His gravestone carries his name as "Eadweard Maybridge".<ref name=Adam20>{{cite book|editor-last=Adam|editor-first=Hans Christian|title=Eadweard Muybridge, the human and animal locomotion photographs|year=2010|publisher=Taschen|location=[[Cologne]]|isbn=978-3-8365-0941-1|page=20|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iIVePgAACAAJ}}</ref>

==1830–1850: early life and family==
[[File:Eadweard Muybridge, childhood home, Kingston.jpg|thumb|Muybridge's childhood home in Kingston upon Thames]]
Edward James Muggeridge was born in [[Kingston upon Thames]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Eadweard Muybridge|url=http://www.kingston.gov.uk/info/200246/museum_collections_and_exhibitions/539/eadweard_muybridge|website=Kingston Council|publisher=Kingston upon Thames Council|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403172917/http://www.kingston.gov.uk/info/200246/museum_collections_and_exhibitions/539/eadweard_muybridge|url-status=dead}}</ref> in the county of [[Surrey]] in England (now Greater London), on 9 April 1830 to John and Susanna Muggeridge; he had three brothers. His father was a grain and [[coal merchant]], with business spaces on the ground floor of their house adjacent to the [[River Thames]] at No. 30 High Street. The family lived in the rooms above.<ref>The building today bears a commemorative plaque marking it as Muybridge's childhood home.</ref> After his father died in 1843, his mother carried on the business.

His younger cousins [[Norman Selfe]] (1839–1911) and [[Maybanke Anderson]] (née Selfe; 1845–1927), also spent part of their childhood in Kingston upon Thames. They moved to Australia and Norman, following a family tradition. Selfe became a renowned engineer, while Maybanke made fame as a suffragette.<ref name="Anderson">{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Maybanke|title=Maybanke, a woman's voice: the collected work of Maybanke Selfe – Wolstenholme – Anderson, 1845–1927|publisher=Ruskin Rowe Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-9587095-3-8|editor=Roberts|editor-first=Jan|location=Avalon Beach, NSW|chapter=My Sprig of Rosemary|editor-last2=Kingston|editor-first2=Beverley|editor-link2=Beverley Kingston|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rflqAAAACAAJ}} pp.&nbsp;24–25</ref>

His paternal great-grandparents were Robert Muggeridge and Hannah Charman, who owned a farm. Their oldest son John Muggeridge (1756–1819) was Edward's grandfather; he was a stationer who taught Edward the business.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} Several uncles and cousins, including Henry Muggeridge (Sheriff of London), were corn merchants in the City of London. All were born in Banstead, Surrey. Edward's younger brother George, born in 1833, lived with their uncle Samuel in 1851, after the death of their father in 1843.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

==1850–1860: bookselling in America==
At the age of 20, Muybridge decided to seek his fortune. He turned down an offer of money from his grandmother, saying "No, thank you Grandma, I'm going to make a name for myself. If I fail, you will never hear of me again."<ref name="Solnit2010">{{cite journal |last1=Solnit |first1=Rebecca |title=Eadweard Muybridge: Feet off the ground |journal=The Guardian |date=3 September 2010 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/sep/04/eadweard-muybridge-exhibition-rebecca-solnit |access-date=17 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Muybridge immigrated to the United States, arriving in New York City in 1852.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eadweard J. Muybridge {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/4192-eadweard-j-muybridge |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref> Here, he was possibly a partner in the book business enterprise Muygridge & Bartlett together with a medical student, which existed for about a year.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hunter|first=Edwin G. (Edwin Gustavus)|url=https://archive.org/details/descendantsofdrj00hunt|title=The descendants of Dr. James Hunter, who came to Canada from Yorkshire, England, in the year 1822|date=1925|publisher=New York, F.H. Hitchcock|others=Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center}}</ref><!-- Although this fits perfectly in Muybridge's biography, this could be another Muybridge and the source is from a very late date. --> He spent his first years importing and selling books from the UK, and became familiar with early photography through his acquaintance with New York [[daguerreotypist]] Silas T. Selleck.<ref name="SMGC"/>

Muybridge arrived in [[New Orleans]] in January 1855,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newspapers.com/clip/43678472/muybridge-in-new-orleans/|title=Muybridge in New Orleans|newspaper=The Times-Picayune|date=19 January 1855|page=3|language=en|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> and was registered there as a book agent by April.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newspapers.com/clip/43680195/muybridge-book-agent-in-new-orleans/|title=Muybridge book agent in New Orleans|newspaper=The Times-Picayune|date=10 April 1855|page=4|language=en|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>

Muybridge probably arrived in California around the autumn of 1855,<ref name=75hearing>{{Cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18750205.2.26.2&srpos=70&e=-------en--20--61-byDA-txt-txIN-muybridge-------|title=Sacramento Daily Union 5 February 1875 – California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref> when it had [[An Act for the Admission of the State of California|not yet been a state for more than five years]]. He visited the new state capital, [[Sacramento]], as an agent selling illustrated Shakespeare books in April 1856,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18560417.2.8&srpos=1&e=-------en--20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-muygridge-------|title=Sacramento Daily Union 17 April 1856 – California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> and soon after settled at 113 Montgomery Street in San Francisco.<ref name="Compleat">{{cite web |title=The Compleat Muybridge Home |url=http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/muybCOMPLEAT.htm |website=www.stephenherbert.co.uk |access-date=16 March 2022 |archive-date=23 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823054257/http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/muybCOMPLEAT.htm |url-status=usurped }}</ref> From this address he sold books and art (mostly prints), in a city that was still the booming "capital of the [[Gold Rush]]" in the "[[American frontier|Wild West]]". There were already 40 bookstores and a dozen photography studios in town,{{sfn|Solnit|2003|p=29+30|ps=}} and he even shared his address with a photo gallery, right next to another bookstore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DAC18561011.2.27.3&srpos=49&e=-------en--20-DAC-41-byDA-txt-txIN-%22113+montgomery+street%22-------1|title=Daily Alta California 11 October 1856 – California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> He partnered with W.H. Oakes as an engraver and publisher of lithograph prints,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SRP18560904.2.8.2&srpos=2&e=-------en--20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-muygridge-------|title=San Joaquin Republican 4 September 1856 – California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18560908.2.8.2&srpos=3&e=-------en--20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-muygridge-------|title=Sacramento Daily Union 8 September 1856 – California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> and still functioned as a book agent for the London Printing and Publishing Company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MDH18571220.2.11.1&srpos=35&e=-------en--20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-muygridge-------|title=Marysville Daily Herald 20 December 1857 – California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>

In April 1858, Muybridge moved his store to 163 Clay Street, where his friend Silas Selleck now had a photo gallery.<ref name= Braun/> Muygridge was a member of the Mechanic's Institute of the City of San Francisco.<ref>{{Cite book|last=San Francisco (Calif.). Mechanics' Institute|url=https://archive.org/details/reportindustria00instgoog|title=Report of the industrial exhibition of the Mechanic's Institute of the City ...|others=Harvard University|language=en}}</ref> In 1859, he was elected as one of the directors for the San Francisco Mercantile Library Association.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DAC18590118.2.18&srpos=44&e=-------en--20--41-byDA-txt-txIN-muygridge-------|title=Daily Alta California 18 January 1859 – California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>

Muybridge sold original landscape photography by [[Carleton Watkins]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DAC18581213.2.7&srpos=43&e=-------en--20--41-byDA-txt-txIN-muygridge-------|title=Daily Alta California 13 December 1858 – California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> as well as photographic copies of paintings. It remains uncertain whether or not Muygridge personally made such copies,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hood|first1=Mary V. Jessup|last2=Haas|first2=Robert Bartlett|date=1963|title=Eadweard Muybridge's Yosemite Valley Photographs, 1867–1872|journal=California Historical Society Quarterly|volume=42|issue=1|pages=5–26|doi=10.2307/25155515|jstor=25155515|issn=0008-1175}}</ref> or familiarized himself with photographic techniques in any fashion before 1860, although Muybridge claimed in 1881 that he "came to California in 1855, and most of the time since and all of the time since 1860 (...) had been diligently, and at the same time studiously, been engaged in photography".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34191389/muybridgestorysfexaminerfeb1881/|title=MuybridgeStory_SFExaminer_Feb1881|date=6 February 1881|work=The San Francisco Examiner|access-date=4 April 2020|pages=3}}</ref><!-- Marta Braun and other experts credit the anonymous article to Muybridge himself.-->

Edward's brother George Muybridge came to San Francisco in 1858 but died of tuberculosis soon after. Their youngest brother Thomas S. Muygridge arrived in 1859, and it soon became clear that Edward planned to stop operating his bookstore business.<ref name= Braun/> On 15 May 1860, Edward published a special announcement in the ''Bulletin'' newspaper: "I have this day sold to my brother, Thomas S. Muygridge, my entire stock of Books, Engravings, etc. (...) I shall on 5th June leave for New York, London, Berlin, Paris, Rome, and Vienna, etc." Although he altered his plans, he eventually took a cross-country stagecoach on 2 July to catch a ship in New York.<ref name= Braun/>

==1860–1866: serious accident, recuperation, early patents, and short career as venture capitalist==
In July 1860, Muybridge suffered a head injury in a violent runaway [[stagecoach]] crash at the [[Texas]] border, which killed the driver and one passenger, and badly injured all other passengers. Muybridge was ejected from the vehicle and hit his head on a rock or another hard object.<ref name="Manjila"/>{{rp|1–2}} He woke up in a hospital bed at [[Fort Smith, Arkansas]], with no recollection of the nine days after he had taken supper at a wayside cabin {{convert|150|mi|km}} away, not long before the accident. He suffered from a bad headache, double vision, deafness, loss of taste and smell, and confusion. It was later claimed that his hair turned from black to grey in three days.<ref name=75hearing/> The problems persisted fully for three months and to a lesser extent for a year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDI18750206&e=------187-en--20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-muybridge----1875---1|title=Stockton Independent 6 February 1875 – California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>

[[Arthur P. Shimamura]], an [[experimental psychologist]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], has speculated that Muybridge suffered substantial injuries to the [[orbitofrontal cortex]] that probably also extended into the anterior temporal lobes, which may have led to some of the [[Frontal lobe disorder|emotional, eccentric behaviour]] reported by friends in later years, as well as freeing his creativity from conventional social inhibitions. Today, there is still little effective treatment for this kind of injury.<ref name="Shimamura">{{cite journal |last=Shimamura |first=Arthur P. |author-link=Arthur P. Shimamura |year=2002 |title=Muybridge in Motion: Travels in Art, Psychology, and Neurology |url=https://shimamurapubs.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/2002_shimamura-muybridge.pdf |journal=History of Photography |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=341–350 |doi=10.1080/03087298.2002.10443307 |s2cid=192943954 |access-date=5 January 2019 }}</ref>{{sfn|Solnit|2003|p=39|ps=}}<ref name="Manjila">{{cite journal |last1=Manjila |first1=Sunil |last2=Singh |first2=Gagandeep |last3=Alkhachroum |first3=Ayham M. |last4=Ramos-Estebanez |first4=Ciro |title=Understanding Edward Muybridge: historical review of behavioral alterations after a 19th-century head injury and their multifactorial influence on human life and culture |journal=Neurosurgical Focus |date=1 July 2015 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=E4 |doi=10.3171/2015.4.FOCUS15121 |pmid=26126403 |s2cid=207706545 |url=https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/39/1/article-pE4.xml |access-date=14 March 2022 |issn=1092-0684|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|2}}

Muybridge was treated at Fort Smith for three weeks before he went to a doctor in New York City. He fled the noise of the city and stayed in the countryside. He then went back to New York for six weeks and sued the stage company, which earned him a $2,500 compensation. Eventually, he felt well enough to travel to England, where he received medical care from [[Sir William Gull, 1st Baronet|Sir William Gull]] (who was also personal physician to [[Queen Victoria]]), and was prescribed abstinence of meat, alcohol, and coffee for over a year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18750206&e=------187-en--20--81-byDA-txt-txIN-muybridge-------1|title=Sacramento Daily Union 6 February 1875 – California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> Gull also recommended rest and outdoor activities, and considering a change in profession.<ref name="Manjila"/>{{rp|3}}

Muybridge stayed with his mother in [[Kennington]] and later with his aunt while in England.<ref name=Braun>{{Cite book|last=Braun|first=Marta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk26Wx9VEgsC&q=braun%20muybridge&pg=PA26|title=Eadweard Muybridge|date=2012|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-78023-000-9|language=en}}</ref> Muybridge later stated that he had become a photographer at the suggestion of Gull.<ref name="Shimamura"/><ref name="Manjila"/>{{rp|3}} However, while outdoors photography might have helped in getting some fresh air, dragging around heavy equipment and working with chemicals in a dark room did not comply with the prescriptions for rest that Gull preferred to offer.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Solnit|first=Rebecca|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIP8AgAAQBAJ&q=muybridge%20solnit&pg=PT52|title=River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West|date=2004|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-101-66266-3|language=en}}</ref>

On 28 September 1860, "E. Muggeridge, of New York" applied for British patent no. 2352 for "An improved method of, and apparatus for, plate printing" via London solicitor August Frederick Sheppard.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rj0DaagfZcMC&q=muggeridge%20sheppard%201860&pg=PA11-IA30|title=English Patents of Inventions, Specifications: 1860, 2300–2375|date=1861|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|language=en}}</ref>

On 1 August 1861, Muybridge received British patent no. 1914 for "Improvements in machinery or apparatus for washing clothes and other textile articles".<ref name=herbertpat>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/MuybridgePatents.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910070518/http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/MuybridgePatents.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 September 2011|title=Compleat Eadweard Muybridge – Patents |website=www.stephenherbert.co.uk|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> On 28 October the French version of this patent was registered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bases-brevets19e.inpi.fr/index.asp?page=rechercheRapide|title=Internet INPI|website=bases-brevets19e.inpi.fr|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=10 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210205809/http://bases-brevets19e.inpi.fr/index.asp?page=rechercheRapide|url-status=dead}}</ref> He wrote a letter to his uncle Henry, who had immigrated to [[Sydney]] (Australia), with details of the patents and he also mentioned having to visit Europe for business for several months. Muybridge's inventions (or rather: improved machinery) were demonstrated at the [[1862 International Exhibition]].<ref name=Braun/>

Muybridge's activities and whereabouts between 1862 and 1865 are not very well documented. He turned up in Paris in 1862 and again in 1864. In 1865 he was one of the directors for the Austin Consolidated Silver Mines Company (limited) and for The Ottoman Company (limited)/The Bank of Turkey (limited), under his new name "Muybridge". Both enterprises were very short-lived due to the [[Panic of 1866]], and Muybridge chaired the meetings in which the companies were dissolved during the spring of 1866.<ref name=Braun/>

Muybridge may have taken up photography sometime between 1861 and 1866.{{sfn|Solnit|2003|p=39|ps=}} He possibly learned the [[Collodion process|wet-plate collodion]] process in England, and was possibly influenced by some of well-known English photographers of those years, such as [[Julia Margaret Cameron]], [[Lewis Carroll]], and [[Roger Fenton]]. However, it remains unclear how much he had already learned before the accident and how much he may have learned after his return to the United States.{{sfn|Solnit|2003|p=40|ps=}}<ref>Eadweard Muybridge. ''Muybridge's Complete Human and Animal Locomotion: All 781 Plates from the 1887 Animal Locomotion'', Courier Dover Publications, 1979</ref><ref>Lance Day, Ian McNeil. ''Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology'', p. 884. Routledge, 2003.</ref>

==1867–1873: Helios, photographer of the American West ==
[[File:Eadweard Muybridge - Pi-Wi-Ack (Shower of Stars), Vernal Fall, 400 Feet, Valley of Yosemite - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Photo of [[Vernal Falls]] at [[Yosemite]] by Eadweard Muybridge, 1872]]
Muybridge returned to San Francisco on 13 February 1867<ref name=gowers>{{Cite book|last=Gowers|first=Rebecca|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5aIDwAAQBAJ&q=%22helios%20is%20prepared%20to%20accept%20commissions%22&pg=PT202|title=The Scoundrel Harry Larkyns and his Pitiless Killing by the Photographer Eadweard Muybridge|date=2019|publisher=Orion|isbn=978-1-4746-0644-8|language=en}}</ref> a changed man. Friends and associates later stated that he had changed from a smart and pleasant businessman into an eccentric artist.<ref name="Manjila"/>{{rp|3}} He was much more careless about his appearance, was easily agitated, could suddenly take objection to people and soon after act like nothing had happened, and he would regularly misstate previously-arranged business deals.<ref name="Manjila"/>{{rp|3}} His care about whether he judged something to be beautiful had become much stronger than his care for money; he easily refused payment if a customer seemed to be slightly critical of his work. Photographer Silas Selleck, who had known Muybridge from New York since circa 1852 and had been a close friend since 1855, claimed that he could hardly recognize Muybridge after his return.<ref name="75hearing" />

Muybridge converted a lightweight two-wheel, one-horse [[carriage]] into a portable darkroom to carry out his work,{{sfn|Solnit|2003|p=40|ps=}} and with a logo on the back dubbed it "Helios' Flying Studio". He had acquired highly proficient technical skills and an artist's eye, and became very successful in photography, focusing principally on landscape and architectural subjects. An 1868 advertisement stated a wide scope of subjects: "Helios is prepared to accept commissions to photograph Private Residences, Ranches, Mills, Views, Animals, Ships, etc., anywhere in the city, or any portion of the Pacific Coast. Architects', Surveyors' and Engineers' Drawings copied mathamatically ([[sic]]) correct. Photographic copies of Paintings and Works of Art."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_its_wonders_and_its_beauties/ads.html |title=Advertisements, Yosemite: Its Wonders and Its Beauties (1868) by John S. Hittell |website=www.yosemite.ca.us |access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref>

Muybridge constantly tinkered with his cameras and chemicals, trying to improve the sales appeal of his pictures. In 1869, he patented a "sky shade" to reduce the tendency of intense blue outdoors skies to bleach out the images of the blue-sensitive [[photographic emulsion]]s of the time.<ref name="Solnit2010"/> An article published in 2017 and an expanded book document that Muybridge heavily edited and modified his photos, inserting clouds or the moon, even adding [[volcano]]s to his pictures for artistic effects.<ref name="Wolfe">{{cite journal |last1=Wolfe |first1=Byron |title=Eadweard Muybridge's Secret Cloud Collection |url=https://placesjournal.org/article/eadweard-muybridges-secret-cloud-collection/ |journal=Places Journal |publisher=MIT Press |access-date=14 March 2022 |doi=10.22269/170912 |date=12 September 2017|issue=2017 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===San Francisco views===
[[File:Historic American Buildings Survey Photo by Muybridge, Gleason Collection San Francisco College for Women Ca. 1870 CONSTRUCTION FROM SOUTHEAST - U. S. Branch Mint, Mission and HABS CAL,38-SANFRA,5-1.tif|thumb|One of a series of Muybridge photos documenting the construction of the [[San Francisco Mint]]]]
Helios produced over 400 different [[stereograph]] cards, initially sold through Seleck's Cosmopolitan Gallery at 415 Montgomery Street, and later through other distributors, such as [[H. W. Bradley|Bradley]] & [[William Rulofson|Rulofson]]. Many of these cards showed views of San Francisco and its surroundings.<ref name=Braun/> Stereo cards were extremely popular at the time and thus could be sold in large quantities for a very low price, to tourists as a souvenir, or to proud citizens and collectors.

Early in his new career, Muybridge was hired by Robert B. Woodward (1824–1879) to take extensive photos of his [[Woodward's Gardens]], a combination amusement park, zoo, museum, and aquarium that had opened in San Francisco in 1866.<ref>{{cite web|author=Peter Hartlaub |url=http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Woodward-s-Gardens-comes-to-life-in-book-3990569.php |title=Woodward's Gardens Comes to Life in New Book |publisher=San Francisco Chronicle |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=23 February 2014}}</ref>

Muybridge took pictures of ruins after the 21 October [[1868 Hayward earthquake]].<ref name=Braun/>

During the construction of the [[San Francisco Mint]] in 1870–1872, Muybridge made a series of images of the building's progress, documenting changes over time in a fashion similar to [[time-lapse photography]].<ref name=Bullough>{{cite journal|last=Bullough|first=William A.|title=Eadweard Muybridge and the Old San Francisco Mint: Archival Photographs as Historical Documents|journal=California History|date=Spring–Summer 1989|volume=68|issue=1/2|pages=2–13|jstor=25158510|doi=10.2307/25158510}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org/object/2839|title=Eadweard Muybridge photographs of the Old U.S. Mint {{!}} CHS Digital Library|website=digitallibrary.californiahistoricalsociety.org|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> These images may have attracted the attention of [[Leland Stanford]], who would later hire Muybridge to develop an unprecedented series of photos spaced in time.<ref name="Brockmeier">{{cite web |last1=Brockmeier |first1=Erica K. |title=A new way of thinking about motion, movement, and the concept of time |url=https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/new-way-thinking-about-motion-movement-eadweard-muybridge |website=Penn Today |access-date=14 March 2022 |language=en |date=17 February 2020}}</ref>

===Yosemite===
[[File:Portrait of Eadweard Muybridge seated at base of tree (1872).jpg|thumb|upright|Albumen silver print photograph of Muybridge in 1872 at base of the Ulysses S. Grant tree "71 Feet in Circumference" in the [[Mariposa Grove]], Yosemite, by [[Carleton Watkins]]]]
From June to November 1867, Muybridge visited [[Yosemite National Park|Yosemite Valley]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compleat Eadweard Muybridge – Chronology 1830–1875 |url=http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/muychron01.htm#part4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707125459/http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/muychron01.htm#part4 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 July 2007 |access-date=5 April 2020 |website=www.stephenherbert.co.uk}}</ref> He took enormous safety risks to make his photographs, using a heavy [[view camera]] and stacks of [[glass plate]] negatives. A stereograph he published in 1872 shows him sitting casually on a projecting rock over the Yosemite Valley, with {{convert|2000|ft|m}} of empty space below him.<ref name="Shimamura"/><ref name="Manjila"/>{{rp|3}} He returned with numerous stereoscopic views and larger plates. He selected 20 pictures to be retouched and manipulated for a subscription series that he announced in February 1868.<ref>Daily Alta California 14 February 1868</ref> Twenty original photographs (possibly the same) were used to illustrate John S. Hittel's guide book ''Yosemite: Its Wonders and Its Beauties'' (1868).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_its_wonders_and_its_beauties/|title=Yosemite: Its Wonders and Its Beauties (1868) by John S. Hittell|website=www.yosemite.ca.us|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref>

Some of the pictures were taken of the same scenes shot by his contemporary [[Carleton Watkins]]. Muybridge's photographs showed the grandeur and expansiveness of the West; if human figures were portrayed, they were dwarfed by their surroundings, as in [[Chinese painting|Chinese landscape paintings]].<ref>James Kaiser (2007) [https://books.google.com/books?id=x-39DaTLGTIC&dq=muybridge++pseudonym+%E2%80%9CHelios&pg=PA104 ''Yosemite, The Complete Guide: Yosemite National Park''], p. 104</ref> In comparing the styles of the two photographers, Watkins has been called "a classicist, making serene, stately pictures of a still, eternal world of beauty", while Muybridge was "a romantic who sought out the uncanny, the unsettling, the uncertain".<ref name="Solnit2010"/> In the 21st century there have been claims that many landscape photos attributed to Muybridge were actually made by or under the close guidance of Watkins, but these claims are disputed.<ref name="Solnit2010"/> Regardless, Muybridge started to develop his own leading-edge innovations in photography, especially in the capturing of ever-faster motion.<ref name="Solnit2010"/>

===Government commissions===
====Alaska====
In 1868, Muybridge was commissioned by the US government to travel to the [[Alaska Purchase|newly acquired US territory of Alaska]] to photograph the [[Tlingit]] Native Americans, occasional Russian inhabitants, and dramatic landscapes.<ref name="Fleming">Paula Fleming and Judith Lusky, ''The North American Indians in Early Photographs'', Dorset Press, 1988, (source: Ralph W. Andrews, 1964 and David Mattison, 1985)</ref>{{rp|242}}<ref name="Alaska">{{cite web |title=Muybridge in Alaska: 1868 |url=https://www.muybridgethemovie.com/muybridge/alaska/ |website=Exposing Muybridge |access-date=15 March 2022 |language=en |date=1 November 2018}}</ref>

====Lighthouses of the West Coast====
In 1871, the [[United States Lighthouse Board]] hired Muybridge to photograph lighthouses of the American West Coast. From March to July, he travelled aboard the [[USLHT Shubrick (1865)|Lighthouse Tender ''Shubrick'']] to document these structures.<ref name=USCG>{{cite web|last=Bowdoin|first=Jeffrey|title=West Coast Lighthouses of the 19th Century|url=http://www.uscg.mil/history/weblighthouses/19thCenturyLights.asp|website=U.S. Coast Guard History Program|publisher=United States Coast Guard|access-date=10 May 2012}}</ref>

====Modoc War====
In 1873, Muybridge was commissioned by the US Army to photograph the "[[Modoc War]]" dispute with the Native American tribe in northern California and [[Oregon]].<ref name="Fleming"/>{{rp|46}} A number of these photographs were carefully staged and posed for maximum effect, despite the long exposures required by the slow [[photographic emulsion]]s of the time.<ref name="Mattei">{{cite web |last1=Mattei |first1=Shanti Escalante-De |title=New Documentary Looks to Position Photographer Eadweard Muybridge As Essential Figure |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/exposing-muybridge-documentary-review-1234610247/ |website=ARTnews.com |access-date=14 March 2022 |date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

<gallery caption="Commercial [[stereograph]] photos by Muybridge" mode="packed">
File:Cooking eggs at the Witches' Cauldron, by Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904.jpg|''Cooking eggs at the Witches' Cauldron'' (c. 1867–1871)
File:Bay Shore, San Quentin, by Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904.png|''Bay Shore, [[San Quentin]]'' (c. 1867–1874)
File:Alaska Ter. - Sitka from Japanese Island, by Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904.jpg|''Sitka from Japanese Island'' (1868)
File:Alaska Ter. - Fort Tongass. Group of Indians, by Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904.jpg|''[[Fort Tongass]], Group of Indians'' (1868)
File:South Farallon Island, Sea Lions in Main Top Bay, by Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904.png|''South [[Farallon Island]], Sea Lions in Main Top Bay'' (c. 1867–1872)
File:Mosquito Fall, by Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904.jpg|''Mosquito Fall'' (c. 1868–1873)
File:Paiute Chief's Lodge, by Muybridge, Eadweard, 1830-1904.jpg|''[[Paiute]] Chief's Lodge'' (c. 1870)
File:A Modoc Warrior on the War Path (15980282246).jpg|''A [[Modoc people|Modoc]] Warrior on the War Path'' (1873)
</gallery>

== 1872–1879: Stanford and horse gaits ==
{{Main|The Horse in Motion}}
[[File:The Horse in Motion high res.jpg|thumb|Muybridge's ''The Horse in Motion'', 1878]]
[[File:The Horse in Motion-anim.gif|thumb|Animated gif from frame 1 to 11 of ''The Horse in Motion. "Sallie Gardner", owned by Leland Stanford, running at a 1:40 pace over the Palo Alto track, 19 June 1878.'']]
In 1872, the former [[governor of California]], [[Leland Stanford]], a businessman and [[Horse racing|race-horse]] owner, hired Muybridge for a portfolio depicting his mansion and other possessions, including his racehorse Occident.

Stanford also wanted a proper picture of the horse at full speed, and was frustrated that the existing depictions and descriptions seemed incorrect. The human eye could not fully break down the action at the quick gaits of the [[trot]] and [[gallop]]. Up until this time, most artists painted horses at a trot with one foot always on the ground; and at a full gallop with the front legs extended forward and the hind legs extended to the rear, and all feet off the ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.your-guide-to-gifts-for-horse-lovers.com/muybridge.html |title=Eadweard Muybridge and His Influence on Horse Art |publisher=Your-guide-to-gifts-for-horse-lovers.com |access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref> There are stories that Stanford had made a $25,000 bet on his theories about horse locomotion, but no evidence has been found of such a wager. However, it has been estimated that Stanford spent a total of $50,000 over the next several years to fund his investigations.<ref name="Leslie"/>

In 1873, Muybridge managed to use a single camera to shoot a small and very fuzzy picture of the racehorse Occident running, at Union Park racetrack in [[Sacramento]].<ref name="Leslie"/> Because of the insensitivity of the [[photographic emulsion]]s used, early pictures were little more than blurry [[silhouette]]s.<ref name="SMGC"/> They both agreed that the image lacked quality, but Stanford was excited to finally have a reliable depiction of a running horse. No copy of this earliest image has yet resurfaced.

Muybridge promised to study better solutions, but his work on higher-speed photography would take several years to develop, and was also delayed by events in his personal life. With the aid of engineers and technicians from the [[Central Pacific Railroad]] (Stanford was one of the founding directors), Muybridge experimented with ever-faster mechanical shutters, and began developing state-of-the-art electrically-triggered mechanisms.<ref name="Solnit2010"/> He also experimented with more sensitive photographic emulsions to work with the shorter exposure times.<ref name="Solnit2010"/>

In June 1878, Muybridge created sequential series of photographs, now with a battery of 12 cameras along the race track at Stanford's [[Palo Alto Stock Farm]] (now the campus of [[Stanford University]]). The shutters were automatically triggered when the wheel of a cart or the breast or legs of a horse tripped wires connected to an electromagnetic circuit. For a session on 15 June 1878, the press and a selection of turf men were invited to witness the process. An accident with a snapping strap was captured on the negatives and shown to the attendees, convincing even the most sceptical witnesses.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3i3Z0vzYjigC&q=muybridge%20australia&pg=PA393|title=Pacific Rural Press|date=1878|publisher=Dewey & Company|language=en}}</ref> The news of this success was reported worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 October 1878|title=Photographing a Racehorse at Full Speed |page=6|work=Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848–1957)|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5916144|access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bCDE7em8p4C&q=muybridge&pg=PA23|title=La Nature: science progrès|date=1878|publisher=Dunod.|language=fr}}</ref>

In July 1877, Muybridge made a new picture of Occident at full speed, with improved techniques and a much clearer result. To enhance the still-fuzzy picture, he had it recreated by a retouch artist and published as a [[cabinet card]]. The news about this breakthrough in [[snapshot (photography)|instantaneous photography]] was spread enthusiastically, but several critics believed that the heavily-manipulated image could not be a truthful depiction of the horse. Muybridge allowed reporters to study the original negative, but as he and Stanford were planning a new project that would convince everyone, they saw no need to prove that this image was authentic.<ref name="Leslie"/> The original negative has not yet resurfaced.

''[[The Daily Alta California]]'' reported that Muybridge first exhibited [[magic lantern]] projected slides of the photographs at the [[San Francisco Art Association]] on 8 July 1878.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muybridge's Photographs |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18780709.2.15&srpos=16&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-muybridge-------1 |access-date=26 July 2018 |volume=XXX|issue=10315 |page=1|publisher=[[Daily Alta California]] |date=9 July 1878}}</ref> Newspapers were not yet able to reproduce detailed photographs, so the images were widely printed as [[woodcut]] engravings.<ref name="Leslie"/> ''[[Scientific American]]'' was among the publications at the time that carried reports and engravings of Muybridge's groundbreaking images.<ref name="Freeze"/> Six different series were soon published as cabinet cards, entitled ''[[The Horse in Motion]]''.<ref name="Freeze"/>

Many people were amazed at the previously unseen positions of the horse's legs in action, particularly the fact that a running horse had all four hooves in the air at regular intervals. This did not take place when the horse's legs were extended to the front and back, as imagined by illustrators of the time, but when its legs were collected beneath its body as it switched from "pulling" with the front legs to "pushing" with the back legs.<ref name="Leslie">{{cite journal| author = Mitchell Leslie |date=May–June 2001 |title = The Man Who Stopped Time |journal = Stanford Magazine |url = https://stanfordmag.org/contents/the-man-who-stopped-time/ |access-date =28 May 2019}}</ref>

In 1879, Muybridge continued with additional studies using 24 cameras, and published a very limited edition portfolio of the results.

Muybridge had images from his motion studies hand-copied in the form of silhouettes or line drawings onto a disc, to be viewed in the machine he had invented, which he called a "[[zoopraxiscope]]". Later, his more-detailed images were hand-coloured and marketed commercially. A device he developed was later regarded as an early movie projector, and the process was an intermediate stage toward motion pictures or cinematography.

== 1878: San Francisco panorama ==
In 1878, Muybridge made a notable 13-part 360° photographic panorama of San Francisco. He presented a copy to the wife of Leland Stanford. Today, it can be viewed on the Internet as a seamlessly-spliced panorama, or as a [[QuickTime VR|QuickTime Virtual Reality]] (QTVR) panorama.<ref name=SFPanorama>{{cite web|title=Archive – City Views of San Francisco|url=http://cprr.org/Museum/Archive/san_francisco_1of5.html#Panorama|website=Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum|publisher=CPRR.org|access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
{{wide image|File:Panorama of San Francisco from California St. Hill. (12527579255).jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|Panorama of San Francisco from California St. Hill (1877, 11-panel preliminary version)||center|}}

That same year, he applied for a patent on a camera sequence shutter to photograph moving objects, with a mechanical trigger. Later that year, he applied for a further patent, this time using an electrical trigger.<ref name="herbertpat"/> He also filed for British and French patents.<ref name="herbertpat"/>

== 1871–1881: personal life, marriage, killing, acquittal, paternity, and divorce ==
{{Main|People v. Muybridge}}
On 20 May 1871, 41-year-old Muybridge married 21-year-old divorcee Flora Shallcross Stone (née Downs).<ref name=muychron>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/muychron01.htm#part4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707125459/http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/muychron01.htm#part4|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 July 2007|title=COMPLEAT EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE – CHRONOLOGY 1830–1875|website=www.stephenherbert.co.uk|access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref> The differences in their tastes and temperaments were understood to have been due to their age difference. Muybridge did not care for many of the amusements that she sought, so she went to the theatre and other attractions without him, and he seemed to be fine with that.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18750208.2.3&srpos=79&e=-------en--20--61-byDA-txt-txIN-muybridge-------|title=Sacramento Daily Union 8 February 1875 — California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref> Muybridge was more of the type that would stay up all night to read classics.<ref name=75hearing/> Muybridge was also used to leaving home by himself for days, weeks or even months, visiting faraway places for personal projects or assignments. This did not change after his marriage.

On 14 April 1874 Flora gave birth to a son, Florado Helios Muybridge.<ref name=muychron/>

At some stage, Flora became romantically involved with one of their friends, Harry Larkyns. Muybridge intervened several times and believed the affair was over when he sent Flora to stay with a relative and Larkyns found a job at a mine near [[Calistoga, California]]. In mid-October 1874, Muybridge learned how serious the relationship between his wife and Larkyns really was. Flora's maternity nurse revealed many details and she had in her possession some love letters that the couple had still been writing to each other. At her place, Muybridge also came across a picture of Florado with "Harry" written on the back in Flora's handwriting, suggesting that she believed the child to be fathered by Larkyns.

On 17 October, Muybridge went to Calistoga to track down Larkyns. Upon finding him, Muybridge said, "I have a message for you from my wife",<ref name="Afsar">{{cite web |last1=Afsar |first1=Ambarin |title=Eadweard Muybridge |url=http://www.betterphotography.in/perspectives/great-masters/eadweard-muybridge/25646/ |website=Better Photography |access-date=11 March 2022 |date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813152415/http://www.betterphotography.in/perspectives/great-masters/eadweard-muybridge/25646/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Bennett">{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Hayden |title=A Review of Florado Helios Muybridge's Tombstone |url=https://believermag.com/logger/a-review-of-florado-helios-muybridges-tombstone/ |website=Believer Magazine |access-date=11 March 2022 |date=27 April 2018}}</ref> and shot him [[point-blank]]. Larkyns died that night, and Muybridge was arrested without protest and put in the [[Napa, California|Napa]] jail.<ref name="Haas1976">{{cite book |last=Haas |first=Robert Bartlett |year=1976 |title=Muybridge: Man in Motion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivSaYmrI0TEC |location=Oakland, CA |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-52002-464-9 }}</ref>

A ''Sacramento Daily Union'' reporter visited Muybridge in jail for an hour and related how he was coping with the situation. Muybridge was in moderately good spirits and very hopeful. He felt he was treated very kindly by the officers and was a little proud of the influence he had on other inmates, which had earned him everyone's respect. He had protested the abuse of a "Chinaman" from a tough inmate, by claiming "No man of any country whose misfortunes shall bring him here shall be abused in my presence" and had strongly but politely voiced threats against the offender. He had addressed an outburst of profanity in a similar fashion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18750206.2.44&srpos=81&e=------187-en--20--81-byDA-txt-txIN-muybridge-------1|title=Sacramento Daily Union 6 February 1875 — California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>

Flora filed for divorce on 17 December 1874 on the grounds of extreme cruelty, but this first petition was dismissed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18750111&e=------187-en--20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-muybridge----1875---1|title=Sacramento Daily Union 11 January 1875 — California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> It was reported that she fully sympathized with the prosecution of her husband.<ref name=mercury>{{Cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SJMN18750205.2.4&srpos=21&e=------187-en--20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-muybridge----1875---1|title=San Jose Mercury-news 5 February 1875 — California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>

Muybridge was tried for murder in February 1875. His attorney, W. W. Pendegast (a friend of Stanford), pleaded insanity in his behalf due to a severe head injury suffered in the 1860 stagecoach accident. At least four long-time acquaintances testified under oath that the accident had dramatically changed Muybridge's personality, from genial and pleasant to unstable and erratic.<ref name="Shimamura"/><ref name="Manjila"/> During the trial, Muybridge undercut his own insanity case by indicating that his actions were deliberate and premeditated, but he also showed impassive indifference and uncontrolled explosions of emotion.<ref name="Shimamura"/><ref name="Manjila"/> In the end he was acquitted on the grounds of [[justifiable homicide]], with the jury explanation that if their verdict was not in accordance with the law, it was in accordance with the law of human nature. In other words: they believed they could not punish a person for doing something that they themselves would do in similar circumstances.<ref name="jury">{{Cite news|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84031492/1875-02-18/ed-1/seq-2/|title=Chicago daily tribune. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1872–1963, February 18, 1875, Image 2|newspaper=Chicago Daily Tribune|date=18 February 1875|access-date=8 April 2020|issn=2572-9985}}</ref><ref name="Manjila"/>

The episode interrupted his photography studies, but not his relationship with Stanford, who had arranged for his criminal defence.<ref name="Shimamura"/> By 1877, Muybridge had resumed his photographic work for Stanford.

Shortly after his acquittal in February 1875, Muybridge left the United States on a previously planned 9-month photography trip to Central America, now acting as a "working exile".<ref name="Leslie"/> His photographs from this period are less known, because relatively few copies were produced.<ref name="Wolfe"/> It is believed that during this period, he further developed his ability to take pictures more rapidly, due to the requirement that these processes be performed aboard a constantly-rolling ship.<ref name="Wolfe"/>

Flora's second petition for divorce received a favourable ruling, and an order for [[alimony]] was entered in April 1875.{{sfn|Brookman|2010|p=69|ps=}} Flora died suddenly in July 1875 while Muybridge was in Central America.<ref name="Shimamura"/>{{sfn|Brookman|2010|p=69|ps=}} She had placed their son, Florado Helios Muybridge (later nicknamed "Floddie" by friends), with a French couple. In 1876, Muybridge had the boy moved from a Catholic orphanage to a Protestant one and paid for his care.{{sfn|Brookman|2010|p=69|ps=}} Otherwise he had little to do with him.

Photographs of Florado Muybridge as an adult show him to have strongly resembled Muybridge. Put to work on a ranch as a boy, he worked all his life as a [[ranch hand]] and gardener. In 1944, Florado was hit by a car in [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]] and killed.{{sfn|Solnit|2003|p=148|ps=}}<ref name="Bennett"/>

Today, the court case and transcripts are important to historians and [[forensic]] [[neurologists]], because of the sworn testimony from multiple witnesses regarding Muybridge's state of mind and past behaviour.<ref name="Shimamura"/><ref name="Manjila"/>

In 1982, American composer [[Philip Glass]] would create an opera, ''[[The Photographer (opera)|The Photographer]]'', with a [[libretto]] based in part on court transcripts from the case.

== 1882–1893: motion studies in Philadelphia==
[[File:Eadweard Muybridge, Plate 175. Crossing brook on stepping-stones with a fishing pole and can, 1887, NGA 166671.jpg|thumb|Plate 175. Crossing brook on stepping-stones with a fishing pole and can, 1887]]
[[File:Muybridge Buffalo galloping.gif|thumb|left|[[American bison]] [[canter]]ing{{emdash}}animated using 1887 photos by Eadweard Muybridge]]
Muybridge often travelled to American cities as well as back to England and Europe to publicise his work.<ref name="Compleat"/> The opening of the [[Transcontinental Railroad]] in 1869 and the development of [[steamship]]s made travel much faster and less arduous than it was in 1860. On 13 March 1882 he lectured at the [[Royal Institution]] in London in front of a sell-out audience, which included members of the [[British Royal Family|Royal Family]], notably the future [[King Edward VII]].<ref name=BCLG>Brian Clegg [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780309101127/page/n172 <!-- pg=159 quote=King Edward - eadweard muybridge. --> ''The Man Who Stopped Time: The Illuminating Story of Eadweard Muybridge : Pioneer Photographer, Father of the Motion Picture, Murderer''], Joseph Henry Press, 2007</ref> He displayed his photographs on screen and showed moving pictures projected by his zoopraxiscope.<ref name=BCLG/> He also lectured at the [[Royal Academy of Arts]] and the [[Royal Society]].<ref name="SMGC"/>

Muybridge and Stanford had a major falling-out concerning his research on equine locomotion. Stanford had asked his friend and horseman Dr JBD Stillman to write a book analysing ''The Horse in Motion'', which was published in 1882.<ref name="Freeze">[http://americanhistory.si.edu/muybridge/htm/htm_sec1/sec1p2.htm "Capturing the Moment", p. 2], ''Freeze Frame: Eadward Muybridge's Photography of Motion'', 7 October 2000 – 15 March 2001, National Museum of American History, accessed 9 April 2012</ref> Stillman used Muybridge's photos as the basis for his 100 illustrations, and the photographer's research for the analysis, but he gave Muybridge no prominent credit. The historian Phillip Prodger later suggested that Stanford considered Muybridge as just one of his employees, and not deserving of special recognition.<ref name="Sanford">{{cite web | title=Cantor exhibit showcases motion-study photography | author= John Sanford| url= http://news.stanford.edu/news/2003/february12/muybridge-212.html| website=Stanford Report| date= 12 February 2003 |access-date=3 February 2010}}</ref> Stanford was quite proud of his role in creating the book, and commissioned a portrait of himself by [[Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier]], in which a copy of the volume was visible under his arm.<ref name="Legacy">{{cite web |title=Legacy |url=https://www.muybridgethemovie.com/muybridge/legacy/ |website=Exposing Muybridge |date=4 December 2013 |publisher=Inside Out Media |access-date=15 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

However, as a result of Muybridge not being credited in the book, the [[Royal Society of Arts]] withdrew an offer to fund his stop-motion studies in photography, and refused to publish a paper he had submitted, accusing him of [[plagiarism]].<ref name="Shimamura"/> Muybridge filed a lawsuit against Stanford to gain credit, but it was delayed two years and then dismissed out of court.<ref name="Leslie"/> Stillman's book did not sell as expected. Muybridge, looking elsewhere for funding, was more successful.<ref name="Shimamura"/> The Royal Society of Arts eventually invited Muybridge back to show his work.<ref name="Leslie"/>

In 1883, Muybridge gave a lecture at the [[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]] (PAFA), arranged by artist [[Thomas Eakins]] and [[University of Pennsylvania]] trustee [[Fairman Rogers]].<ref name="Brockmeier"/> At that time, Eakins was a faculty member at PAFA, and had recently been appointed its director. A group of Philadelphians, including Penn Provost [[William Pepper]] and the publisher [[J.B. Lippincott]] recruited him to work at Penn under their sponsorship.<ref name="Brockmeier"/> Between 1883 and 1886, Muybridge made more than 100,000 images, working obsessively in a dedicated studio at the northeast corner of 36th and Pine streets in Philadelphia.<ref name="Brockmeier"/> He was now able to afford multiple larger high-quality lenses, giving him the ability to make simultaneous pictures from multiple viewpoints, with a clarity and tonal range not achieved earlier.<ref name="SMGC"/>

In 1884, Eakins briefly worked alongside Muybridge, to learn more about the application of photography to the study of human and animal motion. Eakins later favoured the use of [[multiple exposure]]s superimposed on a single photographic negative to study motion more precisely, while Muybridge continued to use multiple cameras to produce separate images which could also be projected by his zoopraxiscope.{{sfn|Brookman|2010|p=93|ps=}}<ref name="Pearlstein">{{cite web |last1=Pearlstein |first1=Philip |title=Moving Targets |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/moving-targets-358/ |website=ARTnews.com |access-date=15 March 2022 |date=1 December 2010}}</ref>

The vast majority of Muybridge's work at this time was done at a special sunlit outdoor studio, due to the still-bulky cameras and relatively slow [[photographic emulsion]] speeds then available. Most of the photographs were taken during the summers, and winters were spent developing and organizing the images.<ref name="Brockmeier"/> He used banks of 12 custom-made cameras to photograph professors, athletes, students, disabled patients from the [[Blockley Almshouse]] (located next to Penn at the time), and local residents, all in motion.<ref name="Brockmeier"/><ref name="Pearlstein"/> He photographed at least 9 sequences showing the movements of neurological patients.<ref name="Manjila"/>{{rp|5–7}} He also borrowed animals from the [[Philadelphia Zoo]], to study their movements in detail.<ref name="Brockmeier"/><ref name="Pearlstein"/>

The human models, usually either entirely [[nude]] or very lightly clothed, were photographed against a measured grid background in a variety of action sequences, including walking up or down stairs, hammering on an anvil, carrying buckets of water, or throwing water over one another.<ref name="Brockmeier"/> Muybridge produced sequences showing farm, industrial, construction, and household work, military manoeuvres, and everyday activities. He also photographed athletic activities such as [[baseball]], [[cricket]], [[boxing]], [[wrestling]], [[discus throwing]], and a [[ballet]] dancer performing. Showing a single-minded dedication to scientific accuracy and artistic composition, Muybridge himself posed nude for some of the photographic sequences, such as one showing him swinging a [[miner's pick]].<ref name="Shimamura"/><ref name="Leslie"/><ref name="Solnit2010"/> Toward the end of this period, Muybridge spent much of his time selecting and editing his photos in preparation for publication.

[[File:Animal locomotion. Plate 294 (Boston Public Library) a.gif|thumb|left|150px|Lawn tennis, serving, 1887]]
[[File:Muybridge horse jumping animated.gif|right|thumb|Horse and rider jumping, 1887]]
In 1887, the photos were published as a massive [[collotype]] portfolio in 11 volumes, with 781 plates comprising 20,000 of the photographs, in a groundbreaking collection titled ''[[Animal Locomotion: An Electro-photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements|Animal Locomotion: an Electro-photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements]]''.<ref name="UPennArchive">[http://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/upt/upt50/upt50m993/upt50m993.html Selected Items from the Eadweard Muybridge Collection (University of Pennsylvania Archives and Records Center)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216072501/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/upt/upt50/upt50m993/upt50m993.html |date=16 December 2008 }} "The Eadweard Muybridge Collection at the University of Pennsylvania Archives contains 702 of the 784 plates in his Animal Locomotion study"</ref><ref name="Brockmeier"/><ref name="Manjila"/>{{rp|4}} Muybridge's work contributed substantially to developments in the science of [[biomechanics]] and the mechanics of athletics.<ref name="Legacy"/> Some of his books are still published today, and are used as references by artists, animators, and students of animal and human movement.<ref name="Muybridge2011">{{cite web|title=Eadweard Muybridge|url=http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eadweard-Muybridge.pdf|publisher=Saylor.org|page=4|access-date=18 August 2013}}</ref>

<gallery caption="''Boys playing Leapfrog'' (1883–86, printed 1887)" mode="packed">
File:Boys playing Leapfrog.jpg|Original collotype
File:Eadweard Muybridge Boys playing Leapfrog (1883–86, printed 1887) animated A.gif|Side view
File:Eadweard Muybridge Boys playing Leapfrog (1883–86, printed 1887) animated F.gif|Front view
</gallery>
<gallery caption="''Nude woman brings a cup of tea; another takes the cup and drinks'' (1884–86, printed 1887)" mode="packed">
File:Nude woman brings a cup of tea; another takes the cup and drinks (rbm-QP301M8-1887-451).jpg|Original collotype
File:Animated - Nude woman brings a cup of tea; another takes the cup and drinks - view 1.gif|Front view
File:Animated - Nude woman brings a cup of tea; another takes the cup and drinks - view 2.gif|Alternative view
</gallery>

In 1888, the University of Pennsylvania donated an album of Muybridge's photographs, which featured students and Philadelphia Zoo animals, to the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Abdul Hamid II, who had a keen interest in photography. This gift may have helped to secure permissions for the excavations that scholars from the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology later pursued in the Ottoman region of Mesopotamia (now Iraq), notably at the site of Nippur. The Ottoman sultan reciprocated, five years later, by sending as a gift to the United States a collection of photograph albums featuring Ottoman scenes: the Library of Congress now preserves these albums as the Abdul Hamid II Collection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About this Collection {{!}} Abdul Hamid II Collection {{!}} Digital Collections {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/abdul-hamid-ii/about-this-collection/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref>

Recent scholarship has noted that in his later work, Muybridge was influenced by, and in turn, influenced the French photographer [[Étienne-Jules Marey]]. In 1881, Muybridge first visited Marey's studio in France and viewed stop-motion studies before returning to the US to further his own work in the same area.{{sfn|Brookman|2010|p=91|ps=}} Marey was a pioneer in producing multiple-exposure, sequential images using a rotary shutter in his so-called "Marey wheel" camera.

While Marey's scientific achievements in the realms of [[cardiology]] and [[aerodynamics]] (as well as pioneering work in photography and [[chronophotography]]) are indisputable, Muybridge's efforts were to some degree more artistic rather than scientific. As Muybridge explained, in some of his published sequences he had substituted images where original exposures had failed, in order to illustrate a representative movement (rather than producing a strictly scientific recording of a particular sequence).<ref name=Adam14>{{cite book|editor-last=Adam|editor-first=Hans Christian|title=Eadweard Muybridge, the human and animal locomotion photographs|year=2010|publisher=Taschen|location=Köln|isbn=978-3-8365-0941-1|page=14|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iIVePgAACAAJ}}</ref>

Today, similar setups of carefully timed multiple cameras are used in modern special effects photography, but they have the opposite goal of capturing changing camera angles, with little or no movement of the subject. This is often dubbed "[[bullet time]]" photography.

After his work at the University of Pennsylvania, Muybridge travelled widely and gave numerous lectures and demonstrations of his still photography and primitive motion picture sequences. At the Chicago [[World's Columbian Exposition]] of 1893, Muybridge presented a series of lectures on the "Science of Animal Locomotion" in the Zoopraxographical Hall, built specially for that purpose in the "Midway Plaisance" arm of the exposition. He used his zoopraxiscope to show his [[film|moving pictures]] to a paying public. The Hall was the first commercial movie theatre.<ref name="BC">{{cite book| last = Clegg| first = Brian| title = The Man Who Stopped Time| publisher = [[Joseph Henry Press]]| year = 2007| isbn = 978-0-309-10112-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780309101127| url-access = registration}}</ref><ref name="Manjila"/>{{rp|4}} He also sold a series of souvenir [[phenakistoscope]] discs to demonstrate simple animations, using painted colour images derived from his photographs.

<gallery caption="[[Phenakistoscope]] discs published by Muybridge (1893)" mode="packed">
File:Phenakistoscope 3g07692u.jpg|''Athletes, Boxing''
File:Phenakistoscope 3g07692a.gif|Spinning disc
<!-- File:Phenakistoscope 3g07692d.gif|Animation detail -->
File:Phenakistoscope 3g07692b.gif|Mirrored animation detail
File:Phenakistoscope 3g07690u.jpg|''A Couple [[Waltz]]ing''
File:Phenakistoscope 3g07690a.gif|Spinning disc
File:Phenakistoscope 3g07690d.gif|Animation detail
<!-- File:Phenakistoscope 3g07690b.gif|Mirrored animation detail -->
File:Man and woman dancing a waltz (1887).gif|Animation of original Muybridge sequence (1887)
</gallery>

== 1894–1904: retirement and death ==
[[File:Eadweard Muybridge, Park House, Kingston. Plaque.jpg|thumb|Plaque installed by the [[British Film Institute]] at Park House, 2 Liverpool Road, [[Kingston upon Thames]], south-west London where Muybridge lived for the last 10 years of his life]]
Muybridge returned to his native England in 1894 and continued to lecture extensively throughout Great Britain. He returned to the US once more, in 1896–1897, to settle financial affairs and to dispose of property related to his work at the University of Pennsylvania. He retained control of his negatives, which he used to publish two popular books of his work, ''Animals in Motion'' (1899) and ''The Human Figure in Motion'' (1901), both of which remain in print over a century later.{{sfn|Brookman|2010|p=100|ps=}}

Muybridge died on 8 May 1904 in Kingston upon Thames of [[prostate cancer]] at the home of his cousin Catherine Smith.{{sfn|Brookman|2010|p=101|ps=}} It is claimed that at that time, he was excavating a scale model of the American [[Great Lakes]] in the back garden.<ref name="SMGC">{{cite web |title=Eadweard Muybridge |url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/ap28178/muybridge-eadweard |website=Science Museum Group Collection |access-date=18 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Moody">{{cite news |last1=Moody |first1=Graham |title=Did Muybridge build the American Great Lakes in his Kingston back garden? |url=https://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/leisure/exhibitions/8674860.did-muybridge-build-the-american-great-lakes-in-his-kingston-back-garden/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=Your Local Guardian |date=18 November 2010 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Leslie"/>  His body was cremated and his ashes interred in a grave at [[Woking]] in Surrey. On the gravestone his name is misspelled as "Eadweard Maybridge".<ref name="Adam20" /><ref name="Leslie"/>

In 2004, a [[British Film Institute]] commemorative plaque was installed on the outside wall of the former Smith house, at Park View, 2 Liverpool Road.<ref name="Herbert2004">{{cite book |last1=Braun |first1=Marta |last2=Herbert |first2=Stephen |last3=Hill |first3=Paul |last4=McCormack |first4=Anne |year=2004 |editor-last=Herbert |editor-first=Stephen |title=Eadweard Muybridge: The Kingston Museum Bequest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0Eu2DdBbHkC |publisher=The Projection Box |isbn=978-1-903000-07-6 }}</ref> Many of his papers and collected artefacts were donated to Kingston Library, and are currently under the ownership of [[Kingston Museum]] in his place of birth.

== Influence on others ==
<!-- Please sort into approximate chronological order -->
According to an exhibition at [[Tate Britain]], "His influence has forever changed our understanding and interpretation of the world, and can be found in many diverse fields, from [[Marcel Duchamp]]'s painting ''[[Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2|Nude Descending a Staircase]]'' and countless works by Francis Bacon, to the blockbuster film ''The Matrix'' and Philip Glass's opera ''The Photographer''".<ref>[http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/eadweard-muybridge Eadweard Muybridge]. Tate. Retrieved on 16 August 2013.</ref>

In 2010, the American painter [[Philip Pearlstein]] published an article in ''ARTnews'' suggesting the strong influences Muybridge's work and public lectures had on 20th-century artists, including [[Degas]], [[Rodin]], [[Seurat]], Duchamp, and Eakins, either directly or through the contemporaneous work of his fellow photographic pioneer, Marey.<ref name="Pearlstein"/> He concluded: "I believe that both Muybridge and Eakins—as a photographer—should be recognized as among the most influential artists on the ideas of 20th-century art, along with [[Cézanne]], whose lessons in fractured vision provided the technical basis for putting those ideas together".<ref name="Pearlstein"/>

* [[Étienne-Jules Marey]] – in 1882 recorded the first series of live-action photos with a single camera by a method of [[chronophotography]]; influenced and was influenced by Muybridge's work.
* [[Thomas Eakins]] – American artist and teacher who worked directly with Muybridge in 1884, and then continued his own independent motion studies, incorporating the findings into his artwork.
* [[W.K. Dickson|William Dickson]] – credited as inventor of the [[motion picture camera]] in 1890.
* [[Thomas Edison]] – developed and owned patents for motion picture cameras in 1891.
* [[Marcel Duchamp]] – artist, painted ''[[Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2]]'' (1912), inspired by Marey's multiple-exposure photography and other chronophotographic works.
* [[Harold Eugene Edgerton]] – {{circa|1930}}, pioneered [[stroboscope|stroboscopic]] and [[high speed photography]] and film, producing an [[Academy Award|Oscar]]-winning short movie and many striking photographic sequences.
* [[Francis Bacon (artist)|Francis Bacon]] – painted multiple overlapping images inspired by Muybridge photographs (1909–1992).
* Peer Bode – created ''Video Locomotion (man performing forward hand leap)'' (1978), which adapts Muybridge's motion studies to electronic video at the [[Experimental Television Center]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Video Locomotion (man performing forward hand leap) {{!}} Video Data Bank |url=https://www.vdb.org/titles/video-locomotion-man-performing-forward-hand-leap |access-date=15 August 2023 |website=www.vdb.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chris Hill |url=http://archive.org/details/ETC1131 |title=Interview with Peer Bode |date=1995}}</ref>
* [[Sol LeWitt]] – a modern American artist inspired by Muybridge's serial investigations, LeWitt explicitly paid homage to the photographer in ''Muybridge I'' and ''II'' (1964).
* [[Diller Scofidio + Renfro]] – ''EJM 1:Man Walking at Ordinary Speed'' and ''EJM2:Interia'' (1998), a two-part multimedia dance work with Charleroi/Danses and the Ballet Opera of Lyon, was inspired by motion photography experiments of two photographer-scientists: Eadweard Muybridge and Étienne-Jules Marey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dsrny.com/projects/ejm |title=EJM |publisher=dsrny.com |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627205358/http://www.dsrny.com/projects/ejm |archive-date=27 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[John Gaeta]] – used the principles of Muybridge photography to create the [[bullet time]] slow-motion technique of the 1999 movie ''[[The Matrix]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/exhibitions/eadweardmuybridge/default.shtm |title=Muybridge at Tate Britain |publisher=Tate.org.uk |access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref>
* [[Steven Pippin]] – so-called [[Young British Artist]] who in 1999 converted a row of [[laundromat]] washing machines into sequential cameras in the style of Muybridge.
* [[Wayne McGregor]] – in 2011 UK choreographer collaborated with composer [[Mark-Anthony Turnage]] and artist [[Mark Wallinger]] on a piece entitled ''Undance'', inspired by Muybridge's "action verbs".<ref>{{cite news|last=Thomas|first=Rebecca|title=McGregor, Turnage and Wallinger unite for dance debut|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-15857307|access-date=10 May 2012|newspaper=BBC News|date=25 November 2011}}</ref>

== Exhibitions and collections ==
<!-- Please sort into approximate chronological order -->
[[File:Muybridge's Apparatus for Photographing Objects in Motion.jpg|thumb|Patent model of one of Muybridge's machines for photographing objects in motion, 1879]]
Muybridge bequeathed a selection of his equipment to [[Kingston Museum]] in Greater London. This includes his original [[Biunial lantern|biunial slide lantern]],<ref>A form of lantern which can project two images at once, used to produce fade and dissolve effects</ref> a [[zoopraxiscope]] projector, over 2,000 glass magic lantern slides and 67 zoopraxiscope discs. The [[University of Pennsylvania]] Archives in [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, hold a large collection of Muybridge's photographs, equipment, and correspondence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/faids/upt/upt50/muybridgee.html |title=Eadweard Muybridge, 1830–1904, Collection, 1870–1981 |publisher=Archives.us.edu |access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref> Among these artefacts are 740 of the 781 original glass plate negatives used for publication of his masterwork edition.<ref name="Brockmeier"/>

The [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]] also holds a large collection of Muybridge material, including hundreds of [[collotype]] prints, gelatin internegatives, glass plate positives, [[phenakistoscope]] cards, and camera equipment, totalling just under 800 objects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://philamuseum.org/collections/results.html?searchTxt=&bSuggest=1&searchNameID=19682|title=Collection Search Results|website=Philadelphia Museum of Art|access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref> The [[Stanford University Libraries]] and the [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]] also maintain a large collection of Muybridge's photographs, glass plate negatives, and some equipment including a functioning zoopraxiscope.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/muybridge/browse/eadweard-muybridge-photograph-collection |title=Eadweard Muybridge Photograph Collection |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref><ref>Phillip Prodger, "Time Stands Still: Muybridge and the Instantaneous Photography Movement" (Oxford University Press and Stanford University, 2003). {{ISBN|0195149645}}</ref>

In 1991, the [[Addison Gallery of American Art]] at [[Phillips Academy]] in [[Andover, Massachusetts]], hosted a major exhibition of Muybridge's work, plus the works of many other artists who had been influenced by him. The show later travelled to other venues and a book-length exhibition catalogue was also published.<ref name=Addison1991>{{cite book |last1=Sheldon |first1=James L. |title=Motion and Document – Sequence and Time: Eadweard Muybridge and Contemporary American Photography |year=1991 |publisher=Addison Gallery of American Art |location=Andover, MA |first2=Jock  |last2=Reynolds |isbn=9781879886315}}</ref> The Addison Gallery has significant holdings of Muybridge's photographic work.<ref name=AddisonCollection>{{cite web |title=About the Collection |url=http://www.andover.edu/Museums/Addison/Collection/Pages/AboutCollection.aspx |website=Addison Gallery of American Art (website) |publisher=Philips Academy, Andover |access-date=13 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807011529/http://www.andover.edu/Museums/Addison/Collection/Pages/AboutCollection.aspx |archive-date=7 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1993, the [[Canadian Centre for Architecture]] presented the exhibition ''Eadweard Muybridge and the Photographic Panorama of San Francisco, 1850–1880''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canadian Centre for Architecture (CCA)|title=Eadweard Muybridge and the Photographic Panorama of San Francisco, 1850–1880|url=https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/events/2787/eadweard-muybridge-and-the-photographic-panorama-of-san-francisco-1850-1880|access-date=20 August 2020|website=www.cca.qc.ca|language=en}}</ref>

In 2000–2001, the [[Smithsonian Institution]] [[National Museum of American History]] presented the exhibition ''Freeze Frame: Eadweard Muybridge's Photography of Motion'', plus an online virtual exhibit.<ref name=FreezeFrame>{{cite web|title=Freeze Frame: Eadweard Muybridge's Photography of Motion – online exhibit|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/muybridge/index.htm|website=Virtual National Museum of American History (website)|publisher=[[National Museum of American History]]|access-date=13 June 2011}}</ref>

From 10 April to 18 July 2010, the [[Corcoran Gallery of Art]] in Washington, DC, mounted a major retrospective of Muybridge's work entitled ''Helios: Eadweard Muybridge in a Time of Change''. The exhibit received favourable reviews from major publications including ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Man Who Stopped Time to Set It in Motion Again|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/27/arts/design/27muybridge.html|author=Karen Rosenberg|date=26 April 2010|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> The exhibition travelled in autumn 2010 to [[Tate Britain]], [[Millbank]], London,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/exhibitions/eadweardmuybridge/default.shtm |title=Eadweard Muybridge at Tate Britain, 8 September 2010&nbsp;– 16 January 2011 |publisher=Tate.org.uk |access-date=9 April 2012}} "This exhibition brings together the full range of his art for the first time, and explores the ways in which Muybridge created and honed his remarkable images, which continue to resonate with artists today. Highlights include a seventeen foot panorama of San Francisco and recreations of the zoopraxiscope in action."</ref> and also appeared at the [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]] (SFMOMA).

An exhibition of important items bequeathed by Muybridge to his birthplace of Kingston upon Thames, entitled ''Muybridge Revolutions'', opened at the Kingston Museum on 18 September 2010 (exactly a century since the first Muybridge exhibition at the Museum) and ran until 12 February 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.muybridgeinkingston.com/museum.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709061058/http://www.muybridgeinkingston.com/museum.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=9 July 2010 |title=Kingston Museum – Muybridge Revolutions |publisher=Muybridgeinkingston.com |access-date=9 April 2012 }} "This important collection includes Muybridge's original Zoöpraxiscope machine and 68 of only 71 glass Zoöpraxiscope discs known to exist worldwide. In addition, the archive holds many personalised lantern slides, hundreds of collotype prints, rare early albums, Muybridge's own scrapbook in which he charts his entire career, a copy of his epic San Francisco Panorama; and many other items that make the Kingston Muybridge bequest a collection of major international significance."</ref> The full collection is held by the Museum and Archives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kingston.gov.uk/browse/leisure/museum/museum_exhibitions/muybridge.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518231002/http://www.kingston.gov.uk/browse/leisure/museum/museum_exhibitions/muybridge.htm|url-status=dead|title=The Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames Muybridge Collection|archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref>

== Legacy and representation in other media ==
{{in popular culture|section|date=April 2020}}
<!-- Please sort into approximate chronological order -->
[[File:Letterman Digital Arts Center, Eadweard Muybridge statue.jpg|thumb|Eadweard Muybridge statue at the [[Letterman Digital Arts Center]] in the [[Presidio (San Francisco)|Presidio of San Francisco]]]]
Muybridge's influence extended to many artists and beyond, including efficiency expert [[Frank Gilbreth]], entrepreneur [[Walt Disney]], Nobel-Prize chemist [[Ahmed Zewail]], and the [[International Society of Biomechanics]].<ref name="Legacy"/>

* The main campus site of [[Kingston University]] has a building named after Muybridge.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eadweard Muybridge and main buildings |url=http://www.kingston.ac.uk/virtual-tour/penrhyn-road/muybridge-main/| access-date=28 January 2016}}</ref>
* Many of Muybridge's photographic sequences have been published since the 1950s as artists' reference books. [[Animated cartoon|Cartoon animators]] often use his photos as a reference when drawing their characters in motion.<ref name="Muybridge2011" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Books for figure drawing models and artists (reference books)|url=http://www.artmodeltips.com/books-videos/reference|website=Artmodeltips.com, A website for life models and figurative artists|publisher=Artmodeltips.com|access-date=18 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227175549/http://www.artmodeltips.com/books-videos/reference/|archive-date=27 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Muybridge2007">{{cite book|author=Eadweard Muybridge|title=Muybridge's Human Figure in Motion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bENXFIFmaPAC|access-date=18 August 2013|year=2007|publisher=Dover Publications, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-486-99771-1}}</ref>
* In the 1964 television series hosted by [[Ronald Reagan]], ''[[Death Valley Days]]'', [[Hedley Mattingly]] was cast as Muybridge in the episode "The $25,000 Wager". In the story line, Muybridge invents the zoopraxiscope for his patron, former Governor Leland Stanford (Harry Holcombe), a race-horse owner. Muybridge's assignment is to determine by the use of multiple cameras whether all four hooves of a horse are briefly off the ground while trotting. [[Diane Brewster]] was cast as Muybridge's wife, the former Flora Stone, who was twenty-one years his junior (half his age).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0556756/?ref_=ttep_ep26|title=The $25,000 Wager on ''Death Valley Days''|publisher=Internet Movie Data Base|access-date=14 September 2018}}</ref>
* [[Jim Morrison]] makes a reference to Muybridge in his poetry book ''The Lords'' (1969), suggesting that "Muybridge derived his animal subjects from the Philadelphia Zoological Garden, male performers from the University".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://glamour-and-discourse.blogspot.com.au/p/jim-morrison-lords.html |title=The Lords, 11th paperback edition (October 15, 1971) |publisher=Touchstone |access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>
* The filmmaker [[Thom Andersen]] made a 1974 documentary titled ''[[Eadweard Muybridge, Zoopraxographer]]'', describing his life and work.
* The composer [[Philip Glass]]'s opera ''[[The Photographer (opera)|The Photographer]]'' (1982) is based on Muybridge's murder trial, with a [[libretto]] including text from the court transcript.
* Muybridge is a central figure in [[John Edgar Wideman]]'s 1987 novel ''[[Reuben (novel)|Reuben]]''.
* Muybridge's work figures prominently in [[Laird Barron]]'s tale of [[Lovecraftian horror]], "Hand of Glory".
* Since 1991, the company Optical Toys has published Muybridge sequences in the form of movie [[flipbook]]s.
* In 1993, the music video for [[U2]]'s "[[Lemon (U2 song)|Lemon]]", directed by Mark Neale, was filmed in black and white with a grid-like background as a tribute to Eadweard Muybridge.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lemon (Mark Neale Video) – U2 (04:37) |url=https://www.u2songs.com/videos/lemon_studio_version |website=U2songs |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
* The play ''Studies in Motion: The Hauntings of Eadweard Muybridge'' (2006) was a co-production between Vancouver's [[Electric Company Theatre]] and the [[University of British Columbia]] Theatre. While blending fiction with fact, it conveys Muybridge's obsession with cataloguing animal motion. The production started touring in 2010. In 2015, it would be adapted into a feature film.
* The Canadian poet [[Rob Winger]] wrote ''Muybridge's Horse: A Poem in Three Phases'' (2007). The long poem won the [[CBC Literary Award for Poetry]] and was nominated for the [[Governor General's Award]] for Literature, the [[Trillium Book Award]] for Poetry, and the [[Ottawa Book Award]]. It expressed his life and obsessions in a "poetic-photographic" style.
* A 17-minute documentary about Muybridge, directed by Juho Gartz, was made in 2007 and was awarded "Best Documentary" in the [[Helsinki International Film Festival|Helsinki film Festival]] "Kettupäivät" the following year.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.elonet.fi/fi/elokuva/1424628 | title=Eadweard Muybridge| year=2007}}</ref>
* To accompany the 2010 Tate exhibition, the BBC commissioned a TV programme, "The Weird World of Eadweard Muybridge", as part of [[Imagine (TV series)|''Imagine'']], the arts series presented by [[Alan Yentob]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/episode/dqsy/imagine--episode-3-the-weird-world-of-eadweard-muybridgeRadio |title=Times. Imagine: Episode 3, The Weird World of Eadweard Muybrige |publisher=Radiotimes.com |access-date=23 February 2014}}</ref>
* A short animated film titled ''[[Muybridge's Strings]]'' by [[Kōji Yamamura]] was released in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muybridge's Strings |url=https://www.nfb.ca/film/muybridges_strings/ |website=nfb.ca |publisher=National Film Board of Canada |language=en}}</ref>
* On 9 April 2012, the 182nd anniversary of his birth, a [[Google Doodle]] honoured Muybridge with an animation based on the photographs of the horse in motion.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/apr/09/google-doodle-eadweard-muybridge?newsfeed=true Eadweard J Muybridge celebrated in a Google doodle] ''The Guardian'', 9 April 2012</ref>
* Writer [[Josh Epstein]] and director [[Kyle Rideout]] made the 2015 feature film ''[[Eadweard (film)|Eadweard]]'', starring [[Michael Eklund]] and [[Sara Canning]]. The film tells the story of Muybridge's motion experiments, social reactions to the morality of photographing nude figures in motion, work with sanitarium patients, and (fictional) death in a duel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2782868/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_wr#writers |title=Eadweard (2015) |publisher=imdb.com |access-date=30 November 2015}}</ref>
* Muybridge appears as a character in [[Brian Catling]]'s 2012 novel, ''The Vorrh'', where events from his life are blended into the fantasy narrative.
* Czech theatre company [[Laterna Magika]] introduced an original play based on Muybridge's life in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Human Locomotion Theatre in Prague: The Story of Eadweard Muybridge|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jesse-seaver/prague-theatre-human-loco_b_4760130.html|website = The Huffington Post|access-date = 31 January 2016|date = 11 February 2014}}</ref> The play follows his life and combines dancing and speech with multimedia created from Muybridge's works.
* Five frames depicting Annie G, a horse photographed by Muybridge, were encoded in bacteria's [[DNA]] using [[CRISPR]] genetic technology in 2017, 90% of which proved recoverable.<ref name="Annie G in DNA">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40585299 |title=Gif and image written into the DNA of bacteria |last=Rincon |first=Paul |date=12 July 2017 |newspaper=BBC News}}</ref>
* In her book ''[[River of Shadows]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/288108/river-of-shadows-by-rebecca-solnit/|title=River of Shadows by Rebecca Solnit: 9780142004104 &#124; PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books|website=PenguinRandomhouse.com}}</ref> [[Rebecca Solnit]] tells Muybridge's story in an exploration of what it was about 19th-century California that enabled it to become a centre of cultural and technological innovation.
* ''Exposing Muybridge'' (2021) is a documentary film biography that specifically highlights Muybridge's use of image manipulation and "[[Truth claim (photography)|photographic truth]]" throughout his career.<ref name="Mattei"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Film |url=https://www.muybridgethemovie.com/thefilm/ |website=Exposing Muybridge |publisher=Inside Out Media |access-date=14 March 2022 |language=en |date=2021}}</ref>
* ''[[The First Film]]'' (2015) references Muybridge in discussion of early cinema leading to the work of Louis Le Prince.
* Muybridge and his ''Animal Locomotion'' collection are mentioned in the 2022 film ''[[Nope (film)|Nope]]''. Emerald "Em" Haywood claims that the jockey riding the horse in those photographs was one of her ancestors.
* Larkyn's and Muybridge's story is shorty presented in the first episode of the ZDF's documentary "Time: A Journey Through Thousands of Years"

==See also==
* [[History of film]]
* [[Photography in the United States of America]]
* [[Cinema of the United States]]

== References ==
{{lacking ISBN|date=April 2015}}
{{Reflist|refs=
{{cite book|title=Muybridge's Complete Human and Animal Locomotion, Vol. I: All 781 Plates from the 1887 "Animal Locomotion"|date=1979 |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1113456.Muybridge_s_Complete_Human_and_Animal_Locomotion_Vol_I|publisher=Goodreads|isbn=978-0-486-23792-3 |access-date=28 December 2015}}
}}

== Sources ==
[[File:Descriptive Zoopraxography.jpg|thumb|Title page of the first edition of ''Descriptive Zoopraxography'']]
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brookman |first1=Philip |last2=Braun |first2=Marta |last3=Keller |first3=Corey |last4=Solnit |first4=Rebecca |author-link4=Rebecca Solnit |year=2010 |editor-last=Brookman |editor-first=Philip |title=Helios: Eadweard Muybridge in a Time of Change |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwBMAQAAIAAJ |location=Göttingen, Germany |publisher=[[Steidl]] |isbn=978-3-86521-926-8 |ref={{harvid|Brookman|2010}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Hendricks |first=Gordon |author-link=Gordon Hendricks |year=2001 |title=Eadweard Muybridge: The Father of the Motion Picture |url=https://archive.org/details/eadweardmuybridg0000hend |url-access=registration |location=Mineola, NY |publisher=Dover |isbn=978-0-48641-535-2 }}
* {{cite book |year=1972 |editor-last=Mozley |editor-first=Anita Ventura |title=Eadweard Muybridge: The Stanford Years 1872–1882 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vyJPwAACAAJ |others=Contributions by Robert Bartlett Haas |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Stanford Univ., Department of Art }}
* {{cite book |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |author-link=Rebecca Solnit |year=2003 |title=River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIP8AgAAQBAJ |location=New York |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-670-03176-4 }}
{{refend}}
* ''Muybridge's Complete Human and Animal Locomotion, Vol. I: All 781 Plates from the 1887 "Animal Locomotion"'' (1979) [[Dover Publications]] {{ISBN|978-0486237923}}
* {{cite book | title =Descriptive Zoopraxography, or the Science of Animal Locomotion Made Popular | publisher =Library of Alexandria | date = 1893| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=KDQK6FAK3XsC&q=zoopraxography+Eadweard+Muybridge | isbn =978-1465542977 }}

== External links ==
{{commons and category|Eadweard Muybridge}}
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=no|onlinebooksby=yes}}
{{colbegin|colwidth=26em}}
<!-- Please respect alphabetical order -->
* {{IMDb name|1155956}}
* {{cite news |url=https://archives.sfweekly.com/exhibitionist/2012/04/27/fire-department-museum-finds-three-muybridge-photos-in-its-own-archive |title=Fire Department Museum Finds Three Muybridge Photos – in Its Own Archive |newspaper=SF Weekly |access-date=7 November 2018 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005064429/https://archives.sfweekly.com/exhibitionist/2012/04/27/fire-department-museum-finds-three-muybridge-photos-in-its-own-archive |url-status=dead }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121120182748/http://museum.stanford.edu/news_room/archived_exhibitions_2003_time_stands_still.html ''Time Stands Still''], exhibit on Eadweard Muybridge and contemporaries, February–May 2003, Cantor Center, Stanford University
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/boston_public_library/collections/72157623334568494/ Eadweard Muybridge's Animal Locomotion], via Boston Public Library's Flickr collections
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/kingstonmuseum/albums/72157653994481281 Eadweard Muybridge Flickr album by Kingston Heritage Service] 
* {{Victorian Cinema|muybridge.htm}}
* [http://www.muybridge.org/ The Eadweard Muybridge Online Archive], access to most of Muybridge's motion studies, at printable resolutions, along with a growing number of animations.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060813130928/http://www.tesseractfilm.com/ ''Tesseract''], 20-Min experimental film expressing Eadweard Muybridge's obsession with time and its images at the turn of the century.
* [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf2779p2bj?query=Edward%20Muybridge Eadweard Muybridge, ''Valley of the Yosemite, Sierra Nevada Mountains, and Mariposa Grove of Mammoth Trees''], 1872, finding aid and online photo collection, [[Bancroft Library]], University of California, Berkeley
* [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf329008p8/?query=muybridge, Eadweard Muybridge, ''Stereographic Views of San Francisco Bay Area Locations''], c. 1865–c. 1879, finding aid and online photo collection, [[Bancroft Library]], University of California, Berkeley
* [http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/202248 ''Era of exploration : the rise of landscape photography in the American West, 1860–1885''], fully digitized text from The Metropolitan Museum of Art libraries
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081216072337/http://thehive.modbee.com/?q=node%2F1620 Muybridge, ''1872, Yosemite American Indian Life''], The Hive
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130518231002/http://www.kingston.gov.uk/browse/leisure/museum/museum_exhibitions/muybridge.htm "The Muybridge Collection"], [[Kingston Museum]], Kingston upon Thames, Surrey
* [http://www.lib.usf.edu/ Muybridge's 11-volume ''Animal Locomotion Studies'' and similar publications by E.-J. Marey], The University of South Florida Tampa Library's Special Collections Department
* [http://www.freezingtime.net/ ''Freezing Time''], Film Website, the life of Muybridge, directed by [[Andy Serkis]] and written by [[Keith Stern]]
* {{cite web |publisher= [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] |url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/photography/photographerframe.php?photographerid=ph043 |title= Eadweard Muybridge |website=Photography |access-date=11 November 2007}}
* [http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu/browse/azBrowse/Modoc+War Eadweard Muybridge stereoscopic photographs of the Modoc War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121004130/http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu./browse/azBrowse/Modoc+War |date=21 November 2008 }}, via Calisphere, California Digital Library, University of California, Berkeley
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100708002238/http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/search/controller/collection/rbm-m36.html ''Human and Animal Locomotion''], via SC Digital Library, [[University of Southern California]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110625173728/http://www.andover.edu/Museums/Addison/Education/Prek12/Pages/CurriculumPackets.aspx Teacher's Guide: Eadweard Muybridge, Harold Edgerton, and Beyond: A Study of Motion and Time], 2-part introduction to the work of Muybridge and Edgerton, for high school level, Addison Gallery of American Art
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.dod.dimoc.25029|name=It Started With Muybridge (1965)}}
* [http://early-american-cinema.com/articles/muybridge.html David Levy, "Muybridge and the Movies"], ''Early American Cinema''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060103000220/http://rhizome.org/object.rhiz?36949 Carola Unterberger-Probst, Animation of the first moving pictures in film history], at Rhizome
* Burns, Paul. [http://www.precinemahistory.net/1870.htm ''The History of the Discovery of Cinematography: An Illustrated Chronology''], Pre-cinema history
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071106220801/http://stephenherbert.co.uk/muy%20links.htm The Compleat Eadweard Muybridge]}}, extensive illustrated bibliography and links
* [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf6t1nb6w7/?query=Eadweard%2520lone Lone Mountain College Collection of Stereographs by Eadweard Muybridge, 1867–1880] at [[The Bancroft Library]]
* [http://cdm.bostonathenaeum.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16057coll10 Boston Athenæum: Central America Illustrated by Muybridge. Digital Collection.]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=39025| name=Eadweard Muybridge}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Eadweard Muybridge}}
* [http://cantorcollection.stanford.edu/ Collections search for the Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University including the Cantor's Muybridge holdings]
* [https://www.muybridgethemovie.com/muybridge/timeline/ Brief chronology of Muybridge's life and works, from ''Muybridge Exposed''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315155159/https://www.muybridgethemovie.com/muybridge/timeline/ |date=15 March 2022 }}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071106220440/http://stephenherbert.co.uk/muychron06.htm More-detailed chronology of Muybridge's life and works]}}
<!-- Please respect alphabetical order -->
{{colend|colwidth=26em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muybridge, Eadweard}}
[[Category:19th-century American photographers]]
[[Category:British cinema pioneers]]
[[Category:Pioneers of photography]]
[[Category:Stop motion animators]]
[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:Equine artists]]
[[Category:English booksellers]]
[[Category:English cinematographers]]
[[Category:19th-century British inventors]]
[[Category:English expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Artists from San Francisco]]
[[Category:People of the California Gold Rush]]
[[Category:Photographers from San Francisco]]
[[Category:British people acquitted of murder]]
[[Category:People from Kingston upon Thames]]
[[Category:People with traumatic brain injuries]]
[[Category:History of mental health in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:19th-century English scientists]]
[[Category:19th-century English writers]]<!--photography books-->
[[Category:19th-century English photographers]]
[[Category:Deaths from prostate cancer in England]]
[[Category:Justifiable homicide]]
[[Category:Photographers from Surrey]]
[[Category:19th-century English businesspeople]]