Editing Dyaus

{{Short description|Vedic god}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| devanagari = द्यौस्
| symbol   = [[Zebu|Bull]]
| affiliation = [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]], [[Pancha Bhoota|Pancha Bhuta]]
| abode = [[Dyuloka]], Sky ({{IAST|ākāśa}}, {{lang|sa|आकाश}})
| member_of = [[Thirty-three gods]]
| other_names = [[Akasha]]
| deity_of = [[Sky god|Personification of the Sky]]
| consort = [[Prithvi]]
| offspring = [[Indra]], [[Surya]], [[Ushas]], and the [[Rigvedic deities|other gods]]
| texts = [[Rigveda]]
| Greek_equivalent = [[Uranus (mythology)|Ouranos]] (Functional equivalent)<br>[[Zeus]] (mainly etymological)<ref>Zeus's main Hindu equivalent is Indra. {{Cite web |date=2023-10-23 |title=Indra {{!}} Hindu God of War, Rain & Thunder {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indra |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
| Roman_equivalent = [[Caelus]] (Functional equivalent) <br> [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] (mainly etymological)
| Norse_equivalent  = [[Odin]] (as the Father of the gods)
| Indo-european_equivalent = [[Dyēus]]
| image = File:A group of birds in cloudy sky (India, 2016).jpg
| caption= The sky over [[India]]
}}{{Hinduism small}}

'''Dyaus''' ([[Vedic Sanskrit]]: द्यौस्, {{IAST3|Dyáus}}) or '''Dyauspitr''' ([[Vedic Sanskrit]]: द्यौष्पितृ, {{IAST3|Dyáuṣpitṛ́}}) is the [[Rigvedic deities|Rigvedic]] sky deity. His consort is [[Prithvi|Prthvi]], the earth goddess, and together they are the archetypal parents in the [[Rigveda]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shri |first=Satya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMf1DQAAQBAJ&dq=dyaus+rigveda&pg=PT253 |title=Demystifying Brahminism and Re-Inventing Hinduism: Volume 1 - Demystifying Brahminism |date=23 January 2017 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-946515-54-4 |language=en}}</ref>

== Nomenclature ==
{{IAST|Dyauṣ}} stems from [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]] [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/dyā́wš|''*dyā́wš'']], from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE) daylight-sky god {{PIE|''[[*Dyēus]]''}}, and is [[cognate]] with the Greek Διας – [[Zeus|''Zeus Patēr'']], Illyrian ''[[Deipaturos|Dei-pátrous]]'', and Latin [[Jupiter (mythology)|''Jupiter'']] (from Old Latin [[Dies piter]] ''Djous patēr''), stemming from the PIE ''Dyḗus ph₂tḗr'' ("Daylight-sky Father").''{{Sfn|West|2007|p=171}}''

The noun {{IAST|dyaús}} (when used without the {{IAST|pitṛ́}} 'father') refers to the daylight sky, and occurs frequently in the [[Rigveda]], as an entity. The sky in Vedic writing was described as rising in three tiers, {{IAST|avamá}}, {{IAST|madhyamá}}, and {{IAST|uttamá}} or {{IAST|tṛtī́ya}}.<ref>[[Rigveda|Ṛg·veda]], 5.60.6.</ref>

== Literature ==
Dyáuṣ Pitṛ́ appears in hymns with [[Prithvi|Prithvi Mata]] 'Mother Earth' in the ancient Vedic scriptures of [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Leeming|first1=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjO6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT17|title=The Goddess: Myths of the Great Mother|last2=Fee|first2=Christopher|date=2016|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-78023-538-7|language=en}}</ref>

In the Ṛg·veda, ''Dyáuṣ Pitṛ́'' appears in verses 1.89.4, 1.90.7, 1.164.33, 1.191.6, 4.1.10. and 4.17.4<ref>Sanskrit: [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेदः Ṛg·veda], Wikisource; translation: Ralph T. H. Griffith [[wikisource:The Rig Veda|Rigveda]], Wikisource</ref> He is also referred to under different theonyms: Dyavaprithvi, for example, is a [[dvandva compound]] combining 'heaven' and 'earth' as Dyauṣ and [[Prithvi]].

Dyauṣ's most defining trait is his paternal role.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Macdonell|first=Arthur Anthony|title=Vedic Mythology|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1897|pages=21–22}}</ref> His daughter, [[Ushas|Uṣas]], personifies dawn.<ref>{{cite book|first=Roshen|last=Dalal|author-link=Roshen Dalal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2014|isbn = 9788184752779}} Entry: "Dyaus"</ref> The gods, especially Sūrya, are stated to be the children of Dyauṣ and Prithvi.<ref name=":1" /> Dyauṣ's other sons include Agni, [[Parjanya]], the [[Ādityas]], the [[Maruts]], and the Angirases.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The [[Ashvins]] are called "''divó nápāt''", meaning offspring/progeny/grandsons of Dyauṣ.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=West|first=M. L.|title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-928-075-9|pages=187}}</ref> Dyauṣ is often visualized as a roaring animal, often a bull, who fertilizes the earth.<ref name=":0" /> Dyauṣ is also known for the rape of his own daughter, which, according to Jamison and Brereton (2014), is vaguely but vividly mentioned in the Rigveda.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Jamison|first1=Stephanie|first2=Joel P. |last2=Brereton|title=The Rigveda –– The Earliest Religious Poetry of India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|pages=50–51}}</ref>

Dyauṣ is also stated to be like a black stallion studded with pearls in a simile with the night sky.<ref name=":0" />{{Sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=1492}}

[[Indra]]'s separation of Dyauṣ and Prithvi is celebrated in the Rigveda as an important creation myth.<ref name=":1" />

==See also==
*[[Dyēus]]
*[[Dis Pater]]
*[[Rigvedic deities]]
*[[Uranus (mythology)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Oberlies |title=Die Religion des Rgveda |location=Vienna |publisher= Institut für Indologie der Universität Wien |date=1998}}
{{refend}}

{{Rigveda}}

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[[Category:Rigvedic deities]]
[[Category:Sky and weather gods]]
[[Category:European deities]]