Editing Dunfermline Abbey

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox church
|name=Dunfermline Abbey
|image=Dunfermline Abbey Geograph.jpg
|caption=Dunfermline Abbey from [[Pittencrieff Park]]
|architect=[[William Burn]]
|client=
|engineer=
|founded date=1128
|completed date=1250
|date_demolished=
|cost=
|structural_system=
|style=[[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]<ref name="HS">{{cite web|url=https://www.historicenvironment.scot/visit-a-place/places/dunfermline-abbey-and-palace|title=Dunfermline Palace and Abbey - Overview|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref>
| pushpin map            = Scotland
| pushpin label position = 
| pushpin map alt        = 
| pushpin mapsize        = 
| relief                 = 
| map caption            = Location in Scotland
| coordinates            = {{coord|56.0699|-3.4636|format=dms|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline,title}}
| osgraw                 = <!--  TEXT -->
| osgridref              = <!-- {{gbmappingsmall| TEXT}} -->
| location               = [[Dunfermline]], [[Fife]]
| country                = [[Scotland]]
| denomination           = [[Church of Scotland]]
| previous denomination  = [[Roman Catholic]]
| status                 = Active
| functional status      = [[Parish Church]]
| website                = {{URL| http://www.dunfermlineabbey.co.uk/wwp/}}
| minister               = MaryAnn R. Rennie
}}

'''Dunfermline Abbey''' is a [[Church of Scotland]] parish church in [[Dunfermline]], [[Fife]], [[Scotland]]. The church occupies the site of the ancient chancel and transepts of a large [[medieval]] [[Benedictine]] abbey, which was confiscated and sacked in 1560 during the [[Scottish Reformation]] and permitted to fall into disrepair. Part of the old abbey church continued in use at that time and some parts of the abbey infrastructure still remain.

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:The nave of Dunfermline Abbey, Scotland.jpg|thumb|Nave from the reign of [[David I of Scotland|King David I]]]]
The Benedictine Abbey of the [[Holy Trinity]] and [[Saint Margaret of Scotland|St Margaret]], was founded in 1128 by [[David I of Scotland|King David I of Scotland]], but the monastic establishment was based on an earlier priory dating back to the reign of his father [[Malcolm III of Scotland|King Máel Coluim mac Donnchada]], i. e. "Malcolm III" or "Malcolm Canmore" (regnat 1058–93), and his queen, St Margaret.<ref name="HS"/> At its head  was the [[Abbot of Dunfermline]], the first of which was [[Geoffrey of Canterbury]], former [[Prior (ecclesiastical)|Prior]] of [[Christ Church, Canterbury]], the Kent monastery that probably supplied Dunfermline's first monks. At the peak of its power it controlled four burghs, three courts of [[regality]], and a large portfolio of lands from [[Moray]] in the north south to [[Berwickshire]].<ref>Lamont-Brown ''Fife in History and Legend'' pp.178-80.</ref>

In the decades after its foundation the abbey was the recipient of considerable endowments, as seen from the dedication of 26 altars donated by individual benefactors and [[guild]]s where private masses for those benefactors would have been said. The abbey was an important destination for pilgrims because it hosted the reliquary shrine and cult of Saint Margaret from whom the abbey later claimed foundation and for which an earlier foundation charter was fabricated.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
The foundations of the earliest church, namely the Church of the Holy Trinity, are under the superb [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] nave built in the 12th century.

During the winter of 1303 the court of [[Edward I of England]] was held in the abbey, and on his departure the following year most of the buildings were burned.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
[[File:Scotia_Depicta_-_Dunfermline_Abbey_and_Mill_-Plate-.jpg|thumb|Engraving of Dunfermline Abbey and Mill by [[James Fittler]] in Scotia Depicta]]

===Later history===
[[File:Ruined Refectory of Dunfermline Abbey, Fife.jpg|thumb|Ruined Refectory]]
[[File:Dunfermline Parish Church, Fife.jpg|thumb|upright|Dunfermline Parish Church]]
During the [[Scottish Reformation]], the stolen abbey church experienced a first [[Protestant]] 'cleansing' by September 1559, and was sacked in March 1560. By September 1563 the [[Choir (architecture)|choir]] and feretory chapel were roofless, and it was said that the nave was also in a sorry state, with the walls so extensively damaged that it was a danger to enter.<ref name=McRoberts>McRoberts, David "Material destruction caused by the Scottish Reformation", ''Innes Review'', 10 (1959), pp.146-50.</ref> Some parts of the abbey infrastructure still remain, principally the vast refectory and rooms over the gatehouse which was part of the former city wall. The nave was also spared and it was repaired in 1570 by [[Robert Drummond of Carnock]]. In 1672 parts of the east end collapsed, while in 1716 part of the central tower is said to have fallen, presumably destabilising much that still stood around its base, and the east gable tumbled in 1726. The final collapse of the central tower took place in 1753.<ref name=McRoberts/><ref>Annals of Dunfermline, pp. 342–4.</ref>

The nave served as the parish church till the 19th century, and now forms the vestibule of a new church. This edifice, in the Perpendicular style, opened for public worship in 1821, occupies the site of the ancient chancel and transepts, though differing in style and proportions from the original structure. Also of the monastery there still remains the south wall of the refectory, with a fine window. Next to the abbey is the ruin of [[Dunfermline Palace]], also part of the original abbey complex and connected to it via the gatehouse.

Dunfermline Abbey, one of [[Scotland]]'s most important cultural sites has, after [[Iona]], received more of Scotland's royal dead than any other place in the kingdom. One of the most notable non-royal names to be associated with the abbey is the [[Northern Renaissance]] poet, [[Robert Henryson]]. The tomb of Saint Margaret and Malcolm Canmore, within the [[ruin]]ed walls of the Lady chapel, was restored and enclosed by command of Queen [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

===Today===
[[File:Dunfermline abbey side view.JPG|thumb|upright|Dunfermline Abbey side view]]
The current building on the site of the choir of the old abbey church is a parish church of the [[Church of Scotland]], still with the name Dunfermline Abbey. The minister ({{As of|2012|alt=since 2012}}) is the Reverend MaryAnn R. Rennie.

==Architecture==
[[File:West door of Dunfermline Abbey, Fife.jpg|thumb|West Door of the abbey]]
The old building was a fine example of simple and massive [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], as the nave testifies, and has a beautiful doorway in its west front. [[Alexander I of Scotland|Alexander I]] had the two towers built which flanked the great western entrance.<ref>[https://dunfermlineabbey.com/wwp/?page_id=16696 "History", Dunfermline Abbey]</ref>

Another rich Romanesque doorway was exposed in the south wall in 1903, when masons were cutting a site for the [[memorial]] to the soldiers who had fallen in the [[Second Boer War]]. A new site was found for this monument in order that the ancient and beautiful entrance might be preserved. The venerable structure is maintained publicly, and private munificence has provided several stained-glass windows. The architecture of the [[Afghan Church]] in [[Mumbai]] in India (dedicated to St John the Baptist) references the door and the right side of the church of Dunfermline Abbey.

==Notable ceremonies and burials==
* [[Saint Margaret of Scotland]] was buried here in 1093; on 19 June 1250 following her [[canonization]] her remains were disinterred and placed in a reliquary at the high altar. Her husband [[Malcolm III of Scotland|Malcolm III's]] remains were also disinterred, and buried next to Margaret.
* [[Duncan II of Scotland]] 1094
*[[Edgar of Scotland]] was buried here in 1107
* Both [[Alexander I of Scotland]] 1124, and his queen [[Sybilla de Normandy]] 1122, were buried here
* [[David I of Scotland]] was buried here (1153) along with his queen [[Maud, Countess of Huntingdon]] (1130)
* [[Malcolm IV of Scotland]] was buried here in 1165
*[[Gille Brigte, Earl of Angus]] (buried here)
*[[Adam, Earl of Angus]] (buried here)
*[[Gille Críst, Earl of Angus]] (buried here)
*[[Donnchadh, Earl of Angus]] (buried here)
* [[Alexander III of Scotland]] (1286), was buried here, with his first wife [[Margaret of England]] (1275) and their sons David of Scotland (1281) and [[Alexander, Prince of Scotland|Alexander of Scotland]] (1284)
* [[Elizabeth de Burgh]], wife of [[Robert I of Scotland]], was buried here in 1327

[[File:King Robert sculpture on the tower of Dunfermline Abbey..jpg|thumb|Tower sculpture]]
*[[Robert I of Scotland|Robert the Bruce]] was buried, in 1329, in the choir, now the site of the present parish church. Bruce's heart rests in [[Melrose, Scotland|Melrose]], but his bones lie in Dunfermline Abbey, where (after the discovery of the skeleton in 1818) they were reinterred with fitting pomp below the pulpit of the New church. In 1891, the pulpit was moved back and a [[monumental brass]] inserted in the floor to indicate the royal vault.
* Matilda of Scotland, daughter of [[Robert I of Scotland]], was buried here in 1353
* [[Anabella Drummond]], wife of [[Robert III of Scotland|Robert III]] and mother of [[James I of Scotland|James I]] was buried here in 1401
* [[Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany]] was buried here in 1420
*[[James Bruce (bishop)|Bishop James Bruce]], buried in 1447
* [[George Durie]] (d,1577) memorial in north aisle
* [[Robert Pitcairn (commendator)]] (d.1584) memorial in north aisle
* Birthplace, in 1600, of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], the last British monarch born in Scotland.
* [[William Schaw]], [[Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland]], was buried here in 1602: his tomb can still be seen.
*[[David Lindsay, 1st Lord Balcarres]], son of [[John Lindsay of Balcarres, Lord Menmuir]] and father of [[Alexander Lindsay, 1st Earl of Balcarres]], was married here in 1611

==Other burials==
*[[Charles Bruce, 5th Earl of Elgin]]
*[[Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell]]

==See also==
* [[Abbot of Dunfermline]]
* [[Abbeys and priories in Scotland]]
* [[List of Church of Scotland parishes]]
* [[List of places in Fife]]
* [[Robert Henryson]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Dunfermline|volume=8}}
*{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Abbey of Dunfermline|first=David Oswald Hunter|last=Blair|volume=5}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.dunfermlineabbey.co.uk Dunfermline Abbey] (Church of Scotland congregation)
* [http://digital.nls.uk/74582292 Engraving of Dunfermline Abbey] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of [http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/ Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland], 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]
* [http://digital.nls.uk/slezer/engraving.cfm?sl=46 Engraving of Dunfermline Abbey in 1693] by [[John Slezer]] at National Library of Scotland

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1150]]
[[Category:Listed monasteries in Scotland]]
[[Category:Listed churches in Scotland]]
[[Category:Benedictine monasteries in Scotland]]
[[Category:Christian monasteries established in the 1120s]]
[[Category:1128 establishments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Protestant churches converted from Roman Catholicism]]
[[Category:Romanesque architecture in Scotland]]
[[Category:Church of Scotland churches in Scotland]]
[[Category:Scheduled monuments in Fife]]
[[Category:Historic Environment Scotland properties]]
[[Category:Museums in Dunfermline]]
[[Category:Religious museums in Scotland]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Fife]]
[[Category:Ruined abbeys and monasteries]]
[[Category:Ruins in Fife]]
[[Category:Burial sites of the House of Bruce]]
[[Category:Former Christian monasteries in Scotland]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Dunfermline]]