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{{Short description|City and council area in Scotland}} {{about|the city in Scotland}} {{pp-pc}} {{Use British English|date=May 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Dundee | native_name = {{native name|gd|DΓΉn DΓ¨}} | settlement_type = [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]], [[Lieutenancy areas of Scotland|lieutenancy]] and [[Subdivisions of Scotland#Council areas|council area]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image |border=infobox |total_width=280 |image_style=border:1; |perrow=1/2/2 |image1 = DundeeSkyline2017.jpg |caption1 = Skyline of Dundee from Fife |image2 = V&A Dundee Near Completion Feb 2018 (Alex Liivet).jpg |caption2 = [[V&A Dundee]] |image3 = RRS Discovery, Dundee - geograph.org.uk - 3746481.jpg |caption3 = ''[[RRS Discovery]]'' |image4 = Taybridge from law 02SEP05.jpg |caption4 = [[Tay Bridge]] |image5 = McManus Galleries Dundee 2017.jpg |caption5 = [[McManus Galleries]] }} | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = Dundee City Flag.png | flag_alt = | flag_link = | image_shield = CoA of Dundee ext.svg | shield_alt = | shield_link = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_link = | etymology = {{lang|gd|DΓΉn DΓ¨}} ('Tay Fort') | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Dundee UK location map.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Dundee shown within [[Scotland]] | coordinates = {{coord|56.460556|-2.97|region:GB_type:adm2nd|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]] | subdivision_name = [[United Kingdom]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Countries of the United Kingdom|Country]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Scotland]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Subdivisions of Scotland|Council Area]] | subdivision_name2 = Dundee City | subdivision_type3 = [[Lieutenancy areas of Scotland|Lieutenancy Area]] | subdivision_name3 = Dundee | established_title = Founded | established_date = {{Circa}} 11th century AD | established_title1 = [[Scottish burgh|Burgh charter]] | established_date1 = 1191 | established_title2 = [[City status in the United Kingdom|City status]] | established_date2 = 26 January 1889 | established_title3 = Unitary authority | established_date3 = [[Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994|1 April 1996]] | named_for = | seat_type = Administrative{{nbsp}}HQ | seat = [[Dundee City Chambers]] | parts_type = | parts = <!-- Government --> | government_footnotes = <ref name="Council leadership">{{cite web |url=https://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/services/your-council |title=Your Council |website=Dundee City Council |access-date=22 December 2024 |archive-date=22 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222141853/https://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/services/your-council |url-status=live }}</ref> | government_type = [[Local government in Scotland|Council]] | governing_body = [[Dundee City Council]] | leader_title = [[Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom|Control]] | leader_name = {{UK council control|GSS=S12000042}} | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MPs]] | leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list |title=2 MPs |[[Stephen Gethins]] ([[Scottish National Party|SNP]]) |[[Chris Law]] ([[Scottish National Party|SNP]]) }} | leader_title4 = [[Member of the Scottish Parliament|MSPs]] | leader_name4 = {{Collapsible list |title=2 MSPs |[[Joe FitzPatrick]] ([[Scottish National Party|SNP]]) |[[Shona Robison]] ([[Scottish National Party|SNP]]) }} <!-- Area --> <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> | area_footnotes = <ref name="popstats">{{UK subdivision statistics citation}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = {{UK subdivision area|GSS=S12000042}} | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_rank = [[Subdivisions of Scotland#Council areas|{{Scottish council area rank|GSS=S12000042}}]] <!-- Population --> | population_footnotes = <ref name="popstats" /> | population_as_of = {{UK subdivision statistics year}} | population_total = {{UK subdivision population|GSS=S12000042}} | population_rank = [[Subdivisions of Scotland#Council areas|{{Scottish council population rank|GSS=S12000042}}]] | population_density_km2 = {{UK subdivision density|GSS=S12000042}} | population_demonym = Dundonian <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = | timezone1 = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = [[British Summer Time|BST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +1 <!-- Codes --> | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom|Postcode areas]] | postal_code = [[DD postcode area|DD]]1β5 | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom|Dialling codes]] | area_code = 01382 | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GB|GB-DND]] | blank1_name = [[GSS coding system|GSS code]] | blank1_info = S12000042 | website = {{URL|dundeecity.gov.uk}} }} '''Dundee''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=dundee.ogg|d|Κ|n|Λ|d|iΛ}}; {{langx|sco|Dundee}}; {{langx|gd|DΓΉn DΓ¨}} or {{lang|gd|DΓΉn DΓ¨agh}}, {{IPA|gd|tΜͺun tΚ²eΛ|pron}}) is the [[List of towns and cities in Scotland by population|fourth-largest]] city in [[Scotland]]. The {{Scottish settlement population citation|year}} mid-year population estimate for the locality was {{Scottish locality population|name|POP=Dundee}}. It lies within the eastern [[central Lowlands]] on the north bank of the [[Firth of Tay]], which feeds into the [[North Sea]]. Under the name of '''Dundee City''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/doc/7000000000030215 |title=Dundee City |publisher=[[Ordnance Survey]] |access-date=24 July 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727202028/http://data.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/doc/7000000000030215 |url-status=live }}</ref> it forms one of the 32 [[Council areas of Scotland|council areas]] used for [[local government in Scotland]]. Within the boundaries of the [[Shires of Scotland|historic county]] of [[Angus, Scotland|Angus]], the city developed into a [[burgh]] in the late 12th century and established itself as an important east coast trading port.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fdca.org.uk/Maritime_IainFlett.html |title=Dundee's Maritime History |access-date=10 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807135634/http://www.fdca.org.uk/Maritime_IainFlett.html |archive-date=7 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rapid expansion was brought on by the [[Industrial Revolution]], particularly in the 19th century when Dundee was the centre of the global [[jute]] industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/heritage/dundee-jute-and-empire/content-section-3.1 |title=Dundee: Jute and Empire |access-date=10 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075357/http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/heritage/dundee-jute-and-empire/content-section-3.1 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> This, along with its other major industries, gave Dundee its epithet as the city of "jute, jam and journalism". With the decline of traditional industry, the city has adopted a plan to regenerate and reinvent itself as a cultural centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nws.eurocities.eu/MediaShell/media/Dundee_Creative%20industries%20support%20for%20growth_13082015.pdf |title=Dundee: Creative Cities |access-date=10 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202723/http://nws.eurocities.eu/MediaShell/media/Dundee_Creative%20industries%20support%20for%20growth_13082015.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In pursuit of this, a Β£1 billion master plan to regenerate and to reconnect the Waterfront to the city centre started in 2001 and is expected to be completed within a 30-year period. The [[V&A Dundee]] β the first branch of the [[Victoria & Albert Museum|V&A]] to operate outside of London β is the main centrepiece of the waterfront project.<ref>{{cite news |last=Urquhart |first=Frank |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/arts/news/v-a-museum-at-dundee-could-see-2016-opening-1-3043218 |title=V&A Museum at Dundee could see 2016 opening |date=13 August 2013 |access-date=6 July 2014 |newspaper=The Scotsman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715003057/http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/arts/news/v-a-museum-at-dundee-could-see-2016-opening-1-3043218 |archive-date=15 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vandadundee.org/ |title=Victoria and Albert Dundee |access-date=1 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202012450/https://www.vandadundee.org/ |archive-date=2 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Today, Dundee is promoted as "One City, Many Discoveries" in honour of Dundee's history of scientific activities and of the [[RRS Discovery|RRS ''Discovery'']], [[Robert Falcon Scott]]'s Antarctic exploration vessel, which was built in Dundee and is now berthed at Discovery Point. Dundee is an international research and development hub in technology, medicine and life sciences, with technological industries having arrived since the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Science in the City {{!}} Welcome to Bio-Dundee |url=https://www.biodundee.co.uk/science-city |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=www.biodundee.co.uk |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091238/https://www.biodundee.co.uk/science-city |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-19 |title=Associate Feature: Driving growth, saving lives β the University of Dundee blueprint |url=https://www.holyrood.com/comment/view,associate-feature-driving-growth-saving-lives-the-university-of-dundee-blueprint |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Holyrood Website |language=en |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007090921/https://www.holyrood.com/comment/view,associate-feature-driving-growth-saving-lives-the-university-of-dundee-blueprint |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>"Dundee has an international research reputation in the field of biomedical lifesciences and attracts over Β£50 million per annum in research funding, 90% of which is directed to the biomedical area. All life science and clinical research departments are 5/5*, the highest rating available." - ''[https://www.biodundee.co.uk/business/university-dundee www.bio-dundee.com]''</ref> Dundee was named as a "City of the Future" by [[Cognizant]] in 2021, the only UK city to be featured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2021 |title=21 Places of the Future: Where is the future of work? |url=https://www.cognizant.com/en_us/insights/documents/21-places-of-the-future-where-is-the-future-of-work-codex5484.pdf |website=Cognizant}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=From Dundee to Outer Space: 21 places defining the future of work |url=https://www.intelligentcio.com/eu/2021/05/07/from-dundee-to-outer-space-21-places-defining-the-future-of-work/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Intelligent CIO Europe |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204013742/https://www.intelligentcio.com/eu/2021/05/07/from-dundee-to-outer-space-21-places-defining-the-future-of-work/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dundee in world's top places of the future {{!}} Digital Dundee |url=https://www.digitaldundee.com/success-story/dundee-worlds-top-places-future |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=www.digitaldundee.com |archive-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903012238/https://www.digitaldundee.com/success-story/dundee-worlds-top-places-future |url-status=live }}</ref> Dundee has also been a leading city in [[electric vehicle]]s, having one of the largest fleets of electric vehicles in the country. The city was named as the electric vehicle capital of Europe in 2018, and it has continuously been branded as the electric vehicle capital of Scotland and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-06 |title=Dundee has become the first city in Europe to introduce retractable EV chargers |url=https://www.dundeeculture.com/post/dundee-has-become-the-first-city-in-europe-to-introduce-retractable-ev-chargers#:~:text=Dundee%20was%20named%20the%20electric,making%20it%20more%20environmentally%20friendly. |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Dundee Culture |language=en |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618092253/https://www.dundeeculture.com/post/dundee-has-become-the-first-city-in-europe-to-introduce-retractable-ev-chargers#:~:text=Dundee%20was%20named%20the%20electric,making%20it%20more%20environmentally%20friendly. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Huband |first=Graham |date=2019-01-14 |title=Dundee Matters: City powers up as electric vehicle capital of Scotland |url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/dundee/806092/dundee-matters-city-powers-up-as-electric-vehicle-capital-of-scotland/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=The Courier |language=en-GB |archive-date=2 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202135144/https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/dundee/806092/dundee-matters-city-powers-up-as-electric-vehicle-capital-of-scotland/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2021 |title=Electric vehicles will change how cities look. Just ask the Scottish city of Dundee |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/dundee-scotland-electric-vehicle-infrastruture-1.6246018 |website=CBC News |access-date=29 September 2024 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222084229/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/dundee-scotland-electric-vehicle-infrastruture-1.6246018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, Dundee was recognised by the United Nations as the UK's first [[UNESCO]] City of Design for its diverse contributions to fields including medical research, comics and video games.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-30275768 |title=Dundee awarded UK's first Unesco City of Design status |work=BBC News |date=December 2014 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010065358/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-30275768 |archive-date=10 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecourier.co.uk/news/local/dundee/dundee-wins-city-of-design-status-from-unesco-1.712577 |title=Dundee wins City of Design status from UNESCO |work=The Courier |date=December 2014 |access-date=1 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203204944/http://www.thecourier.co.uk/news/local/dundee/dundee-wins-city-of-design-status-from-unesco-1.712577 |archive-date=3 December 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/heritage/unesco-hails-dundee-with-city-of-design-award-1-3621185 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141201193053/http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/heritage/unesco-hails-dundee-with-city-of-design-award-1-3621185 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2014 |title=Dundee the UK's first Unesco 'City of Design' |work=The Scotsman }}</ref> Since 2015, Dundee's international profile has risen. ''[[GQ]]'' magazine named Dundee the "Coolest Little City in Britain" in 2015 and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' ranked Dundee at number 5 on its "Worldwide Hot Destinations" list for 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-41761399 |title=Dundee named worldwide 'hot destination' by Wall Street Journal |work=BBC News |date=26 October 2017 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313110548/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-41761399 |archive-date=13 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Etymology== The name "Dundee" is made up of two parts: the common [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] place-name element ''dun'', meaning fort; and a second part that may derive from a Celtic element, cognate with the Gaelic ''dΓ¨'', meaning 'fire'.<ref>{{harvnb|Watson|1926|p=220}}; Dundee is also recorded as ''Dun-Tay'', e.g. {{harvnb|Pont|1583β1596 }}</ref> == History == {{main|History of Dundee|Timeline of Dundee history}} ===Early history=== While earlier evidence for human occupation is abundant,<ref>The earliest evidence for human occupation of the area dates from the [[Mesolithic]]: {{harvnb|Mathewson|1879}}; {{harvnb|RCAHMS Canmore database: Dundee, Stannergate }}</ref> Dundee's success and growth as a seaport town arguably came as a result of [[William the Lion]]'s charter, granting Dundee to his younger brother, [[David, Earl of Huntingdon|David]] (later [[Earl of Huntingdon]]), in the late 12th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Barrow|2003|p=266 }}</ref> The situation of the town and its promotion by Earl David as a trading centre led to a period of prosperity and growth.<ref>{{harvnb|Barrow|1990|pp=20β21}}; {{harvnb|Turnock|1982|p=23}}; {{harvnb|Mackie|1836|pp=23β24 }}</ref> The earldom was passed down to David's descendants, amongst whom was [[John Balliol]]. The town became a [[Royal Burgh]] on John's coronation as king in 1292.<ref name="Barrow 1990 24">{{harvnb|Barrow|1990|p=24 }}</ref> The town and its castle were occupied by English forces for several years during the [[First War of Scottish Independence|First War of Independence]] and recaptured by [[Robert the Bruce]] in early 1312.<ref>{{harvnb|Barrow|1965|pp=272, 374 }}</ref> The original burghal charters were lost during the occupation and subsequently renewed by Bruce in 1327.<ref>{{harvnb|Mackie|1836|pp=30β32, 207β208 }}</ref> [[File:Dundee1693 JohnSlezer2.jpg|thumb|left|Dundee in 1693 by [[John Slezer]]]] The burgh suffered considerably during the conflict known as the [[Rough Wooing]] of 1543 to 1550, and was occupied by the English forces of [[Andrew Dudley]] from 1547. In 1548, unable to defend the town against an advancing Scottish force, Dudley ordered that the town be burnt to the ground.<ref>{{harvnb|McKean|2009|pp=9β10}}; {{harvnb|Merriman|2000|pp=263, 292, 304, 360β361 }}</ref> In 1645, during the [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|Wars of the Three Kingdoms]], Dundee was again besieged, this time by the Royalist [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose|Marquess of Montrose]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lythe|1958|pp=27β28}}; {{harvnb|Reid|1990|pp=97β99}}; {{harvnb|Cowan|1995|pp=195β198}}; {{harvnb|Cullen|Whatley|Young|2009|pp=61β63 }}</ref> The town was finally destroyed by Parliamentarian forces led by [[George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle|George Monck]] in 1651.<ref>{{harvnb|Mackie|1836|pp=32β38}}; {{harvnb|Lythe|1958|pp=28β30}}; {{harvnb|Cullen|Whatley|Young|2009|pp=63β64 }}</ref> The town played a pivotal role in the establishment of the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] cause when [[John Graham of Claverhouse, 1st Viscount Dundee]] raised the [[House of Stuart|Stuart]] standard on the [[Law, Dundee|Dundee Law]] in 1689.<ref>{{harvnb|Lenman|1980|p=30}}; {{harvnb|Patrick|2009|pp=85β88 }}</ref> The town was held by the Jacobites in the 1715β16 rising, and on 6 January 1716 the Jacobite claimant to the throne, [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James VIII and III]] (the Old Pretender), made a public entry into the town. Many in Scotland, including many in Dundee, regarded him as the rightful king.<ref>J. Baynes, ''The Jacobite Rising of 1715'' (1970), p. 166</ref> A notable resident of Dundee was Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan of Camperdown, [[Barony of Lundie|Baron of Lundie]] (1 July 1731 to 4 August 1804). He was born in Dundee on 1 July 1731, the son of Alexander Duncan of Lundie, Provost of Dundee. Adam was educated in Dundee and later joined the Royal Navy on board the sloop Trial. He rose to be admiral and in October 1797 defeated the Dutch fleet off Camperdown (north of Haarlem). This was seen as one of the most significant actions in naval history.<ref>Laughton, John Knox (1888). "Duncan, Adam". In Stephen, Leslie. Dictionary of National Biography. 16. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 159β161</ref> ===18th and 19th centuries=== The economy of medieval Dundee centred on the export of raw wool, with the production of finished textiles being a reaction to recession in the 15th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Whatley|Swinfen|Smith|1993|pp=28β30 }}</ref> Two government Acts in the mid 18th century had a profound effect on Dundee's industrial success: the textile industry was revolutionised by the introduction of large four-storey mills, stimulated in part by the 1742 Bounty Act which provided a government-funded subsidy on [[Osnaburg]] linen produced for export.<ref>{{harvnb|McKean|Swan|Archibald|2009|p=274}}; {{harvnb|Whatley|1992|p=23}}; {{harvnb|Checkland|Checkland|1989|p=45}}; {{harvnb|Durie|1979|pp=27, 52, 146β147 }}</ref> Expansion of the [[whaling]] industry was triggered by the second Bounty Act, introduced in 1750 to increase Britain's maritime and naval skill base.<ref>{{harvnb|McKean|Swan|Archibald|2009|p=275 }}</ref> Dundee, and Scotland more generally, saw rapid population increase at end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, with the city's population increasing from 12,400 in 1751 to 30,500 in 1821.<ref name="Smout 1998 240β248">{{harvnb|Smout|1998|pp=240β248 }}</ref> The phasing out of the linen export bounty between 1825 and 1832 stimulated demand for cheaper textiles, particularly for cheaper, tough fabrics.<ref>{{harvnb|Durie|1979|p=169 }}</ref> The discovery that the dry fibres of [[jute]] could be lubricated with [[whale oil]] (of which Dundee had a surfeit, following the opening of its gasworks) to allow it to be processed in mechanised mills resulted in the Dundee mills rapidly converting from linen to jute, which sold at a quarter of the price of flax.<ref>{{harvnb|Turnock|1982|pp=60, 122}}; {{harvnb|Watson|1990|p=14}}; {{harvnb|Watson|2004|p=94 }}</ref> Interruption of [[Prussia]]n flax imports during the [[Crimean War]] and of cotton during the [[American Civil War]] resulted in a period of inflated prosperity for Dundee and the jute industry dominated Dundee throughout the latter half of the 19th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Lenman|Lythe|Gauldie|1969|pp=23β24}}; {{harvnb|Stewart|1998|p=1}}; {{harvnb|Checkland|Checkland|1989|p=48 }}</ref> Unprecedented immigration, notably of Irish workers, led to accelerated urban expansion, and at the height of the industry's success, Dundee supported 62 jute mills, employing some 50,000 workers.<ref>{{harvnb|Swift|Gilley|1989|pp=117β118}}; {{harvnb|Dundee Heritage Trust|1998|pp=1β3 }}</ref> Cox Brothers, who owned the massive [[Camperdown Works]] in [[Lochee]], were one of the largest jute manufacturers in Europe and employed more than 5,000 workers.<ref name="MS6">{{cite web |title=MS 6 Cox Brothers Ltd, Jute Spinners and Manufacturers, and Cox Family Papers |url=http://arccat.dundee.ac.uk/dserve.exe?&dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=2&dsqSearch=((text)=%27cox%20brothers%27) |work=Archive Services Online Catalogue |publisher=[[University of Dundee]] |access-date=5 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206030933/http://arccat.dundee.ac.uk/dserve.exe?&dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=2&dsqSearch=((text)=%27cox%20brothers%27) |archive-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The rise of the textile industries brought with it an expansion of supporting industries, notably of the whaling, maritime and shipbuilding industries,<ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|Kinnear|1990|pp=16β22 }}</ref> and extensive development of the waterfront area started in 1815 to cope with increased demand for port capacity.<ref>{{harvnb|McCarthy|2007|p=80}}; {{harvnb|Kenefick|2000|pp=38β50 }}</ref> At its height, 200 ships per year were built there, including [[Robert Falcon Scott]]'s Antarctic research vessel, the {{ship|RRS|Discovery}}. This ship is now on display at Discovery Point in the city.<ref>{{harvnb|Huntford|1986|p=47 }}</ref> A significant whaling industry was also based in Dundee, largely existing to supply the jute mills with [[whale oil]]. Whaling ceased in 1912 and shipbuilding ceased in 1981.<ref name="whaling">{{harvnb|Hunting the Whale: The Whale Ships }}</ref> [[File:SCO Dundee, Tay Rail Bridge.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The original [[Tay Rail Bridge|Tay Bridge]] (from the south) the day after the disaster. The collapsed section can be seen near the northern end.]] While the city's economy was dominated by the jute industry, it also became known for smaller industries. Most notable among these were [[Keiller's marmalade|James Keiller's and Sons]], established in 1795, which pioneered commercial [[marmalade]] production,<ref>{{harvnb|Mathew|1998|p=12 }}</ref> and the publishing firm [[DC Thomson]], which was founded in the city in 1905. Dundee was said to be built on the 'three Js': Jute, Jam and Journalism. The town was also the location of one of the worst rail disasters in British history, the [[Tay Bridge disaster]]. The first [[Tay Rail Bridge]] was opened in 1878. It collapsed some 18 months later during a storm, as a passenger train passed over it, resulting in the loss of 75 lives.<ref>{{harvnb|Lewis|2004|p=69 }}</ref> The [[1906 Dundee fire|most destructive fire in the city's history]] came in 1906, reportedly sending "rivers of burning whisky" through the street. ===20th and 21st centuries=== The jute industry fell into decline in the early 20th century, partly due to reduced demand for jute products and partly due to an inability to compete with the emerging industry in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref>{{harvnb|Roul|2009|p=103}}; {{harvnb|Stewart|1998|pp=16β17}}; {{harvnb|Stewart|2011|p=37 }}</ref> This gave rise to unemployment levels far in excess of the national average, peaking in the inter-war period,<ref>{{harvnb|Whatley|1990|p=45}}; {{harvnb|Devine|Lee|Peden|2005|p=166 }}</ref> but major recovery was seen in the post-war period, thanks to the arrival first of American light engineering companies like [[Timex Group|Timex]] and [[NCR Corporation|NCR]], and subsequent expansion into microelectronics.<ref>{{harvnb|Devine|Lee|Peden|2005|p=169}}; {{harvnb|Cortada|1993|p=237}}; {{harvnb|Knox|McKinlay|2011|p=266 }}</ref> Dundee was the first city in Scotland to gain official [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]], after [[Queen Victoria]] signed a patent announcing the transition of Dundee from a royal burgh into a city. Dundee would officially gain city status on 26 January 1889. The patent still exists and is kept in storage in the city archives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milne |first=Scott |date=26 January 2024 |title=Dundee celebrates 135 years as Scotland's oldest city β and here's why |url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/dundee/815091/dundee-is-scotlands-oldest-city/ |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=The Courier |language=en-GB |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806083059/https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/dundee/815091/dundee-is-scotlands-oldest-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A Β£1 billion master plan to regenerate Dundee Waterfront is expected to last for a 30-year period between 2001 and 2031.<ref name="Dundee Waterfront">{{harvnb|McKean|2011|p=100}}; {{harvnb|Dundee Waterfront Brochure}}; {{harvnb|Dundee Central Waterfront Masterplan 2001β2031 }}</ref> The aims of the project are to reconnect the city centre to the waterfront; to improve facilities for walking, cyclists and buses; to replace the existing inner ring road with a pair of east/west tree-lined boulevards; and to provide a new civic square and a regenerated railway station and arrival space at the western edge. A new [[V&A Dundee|Victoria and Albert Museum]] opened on 15 September 2018. A new [[Eden Project]] attraction is also set to open in Dundee by the 2030s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2024 |title=Eden Project Dundee given the green light as planning application is approved {{!}} Eden Project |url=https://www.edenproject.com/media-relations/eden-project-dundee-given-the-green-light-as-planning-application-is-approved |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=www.edenproject.com |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812201322/https://www.edenproject.com/media-relations/eden-project-dundee-given-the-green-light-as-planning-application-is-approved |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2024 |title=Β£130m Dundee Eden Project set for approval |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crggpy12er9o |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812201321/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crggpy12er9o |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Batchelor |first=Andrew |date=17 June 2024 |title=Eden Project has officially been given the green light |url=https://www.dundeeculture.com/post/eden-project-has-officially-been-given-the-green-light |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=Dundee Culture |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812201322/https://www.dundeeculture.com/post/eden-project-has-officially-been-given-the-green-light |url-status=live }}</ref> == Governance == {{main|Politics of Dundee}} [[File:City Chambers, Dundee, Scotland.jpg|thumb|[[Dundee City Chambers]], where the city council meets]] === Representation === Dundee City is one of 32 [[council areas of Scotland]], administered by [[Dundee City Council]].<ref name="localgovact" /> The council meets at [[Dundee City Chambers]] in City Square and has its mains offices at [[Dundee House]] on North Lindsay Street. The civic head and chair of the council is the [[Lord Provost of Dundee|Lord Provost]]. The council area is also divided into eighteen [[List of community council areas in Scotland#Dundee City|community council areas]], three of which ([[Broughty Ferry]], [[City Centre, Dundee|City Centre and Harbour]], and [[West End, Dundee|West End]]) had community councils operating as at August 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Community Councils and Community Groups |url=https://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/service-area/neighbourhood-services/communities-safety-and-protection/community-councils-and-community-groups |website=Dundee City Council |access-date=9 August 2024 }}</ref> For elections to the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] at [[Westminster Palace|Westminster]], the city area and portions of the [[Angus, Scotland|Angus]] council area are divided into two [[United Kingdom constituencies|constituencies]].<ref name="borders">{{harvnb|Fifth Periodical Review of Constituencies }}</ref> The constituencies of [[Arbroath and Broughty Ferry (UK Parliament constituency)|Arbroath and Broughty Ferry]] and [[Dundee West (UK Parliament constituency)|Dundee West]] are represented by [[Stephen Gethins]] ([[Scottish National Party]]){{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} and [[Chris Law]] (Scottish National Party), respectively, both of whom were elected and re-elected respectively at the [[2024 United Kingdom general election|2024 general election]]. For elections to the [[Scottish Parliament]] at [[Scottish Parliament Building|Holyrood]], the city area is divided across three constituencies. The [[Dundee City East (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Dundee City East constituency]] and the [[Dundee City West (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Dundee City West constituency]] are entirely within the city area. The [[Angus South (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Angus South (Holyrood) constituency]] includes north-eastern and north-western portions of the city area.<ref name="borders" /> All three constituencies are within the [[North East Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|North East Scotland electoral region]]: [[Shona Robison]] (SNP) is the [[Member of the Scottish Parliament]] (MSP) for the Dundee East constituency;<ref>{{harvnb|Shona Robison, MSP for Dundee East }}</ref> [[Joe Fitzpatrick]] (SNP) is the current MSP for the Dundee West constituency<ref>{{harvnb|Joe Fitzpatrick, MSP for Dundee West }}</ref> and [[Graeme Dey]] (SNP) is the current MSP for the Angus South constituency.<ref>{{harvnb|Graeme Dey, MSP for Angus South }}</ref> [[Sir Winston Churchill#Political career to the Second World War|Winston Churchill served as one of two MPs]] for Dundee from [[1908 Dundee by-election|1908]] to [[Dundee in the 1922 general election|1922]]. ===Administrative history=== [[File:City of Dundee Coat of Arms.png|thumb|left|190px|Coat of arms of the city of Dundee]] Dundee appears to have been made a [[burgh]] sometime between 1181 and 1195.<ref name=Milne>{{cite news |last1=Milne |first1=Scott |title=Dundee celebrates 135 years as Scotland's oldest city - and here's why |url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/dundee/815091/dundee-is-scotlands-oldest-city/ |access-date=6 August 2024 |work=The Courier |date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806083059/https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/dundee/815091/dundee-is-scotlands-oldest-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was then raised to [[royal burgh]] status on the coronation of [[John Balliol]] as King of Scotland in 1292.<ref name="Barrow 1990 24"/> The city has two mottos: {{langx|la|Dei Donum}} ('Gift of God') and {{lang|la|Prudentia et Candore}} ('With Thought and Purity') although usually only the latter is used for civic purposes.<ref>{{harvnb|Chronicle of The City's Office Bearers, Chambers, Regalia, Castles & Twin Cities}}. The apocryphal toponym {{lang|la|Dei Donum}} was applied by [[Hector Boece]] in the 16th century: {{harvnb|Ferguson|1998|pp=60β61 }}</ref> Dundee was declared a city in 1889, being the first Scottish place to have the title of city explicitly conferred on it rather than assuming it by customary usage.<ref name=Milne/> In 1894, Dundee was made a [[county of city|county of itself]], removing it from [[Angus, Scotland|Angus]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dundee Corporation Act 1894 (57 & 58 Vict. c.lxxiv) |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Vict/57-58/74/contents/enacted |website=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=5 February 2023 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205100545/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Vict/57-58/74/contents/enacted |url-status=live }}</ref> The city's boundaries were enlarged on numerous occasions, notably in 1913 when it absorbed the neighbouring burgh of [[Broughty Ferry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dundee Burgh Extension Act 1831 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Will4/1-2/46/contents/enacted |website=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=6 August 2024 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806080055/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Will4/1-2/46/contents/enacted |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dundee Boundaries Act 1913 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo5/3-4/80/contents/enacted |website=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=6 August 2024 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806080055/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo5/3-4/80/contents/enacted |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dundee Scottish County of City |url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10262847#tab02 |website=A Vision of Britain through Time |publisher=GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth |access-date=6 August 2024 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806080055/https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10262847#tab02 |url-status=live }}</ref> From 1975 to 1996, Dundee was governed by the City of Dundee District Council, one of three district-level authorities within the [[Tayside]] region. The district was created under the [[Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973]] and covered a larger area than the pre-1975 city, taking in the burgh of [[Monifieth]] and most of the [[List of local government areas in Scotland (1930β1975)#Sub-county authorities|landward district]] of Monifieth (covering a number of villages north of Dundee) from Angus, and the parish of [[Longforgan]] (which included [[Invergowrie]]) from [[Perthshire]].<ref>{{cite legislation UK |type=act |act=Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 |year=1973 |chapter=65 |access-date=6 August 2024 }}</ref> In 1996, the Dundee City council area was created under the [[Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994]].<ref name="localgovact">{{harvnb|Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 }}</ref> Monifieth and the villages north of Dundee itself were transferred back to Angus, and the Longforgan area (including Invergowrie) was transferred to [[Perth and Kinross]], largely reinstating the pre-1975 boundaries. Some controversy has ensued as a result of these boundary changes, with Dundee city councillors arguing for the return of Monifieth and Invergowrie.<ref>{{harvnb|Councils plot revolt over re-draw plan|2005 }}</ref> ===Independence referendum=== On 18 September 2014, Dundee was one of four council areas to vote "Yes" in the [[Scottish independence referendum]], with 57.3% voting "Yes" on a 78.8% turnout. With the highest Yes vote for any local authority in Scotland, some in the [[Yes Scotland]] campaign nicknamed Dundee the "Yes City", including former First Minister [[Alex Salmond]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Scotland Decides |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/scotland-decides/live |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609121516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/scotland-decides/live |archive-date=9 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Scottish Independence |work=The Scotsman |url=http://www.scotsman.com/scottish-independence/alex-salmond-dundee-is-scotlands-yes-city/ |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231234703/http://www.scotsman.com/scottish-independence/alex-salmond-dundee-is-scotlands-yes-city/ |archive-date=31 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Geography == [[File:The Dundee Law - geograph.org.uk - 63200 (lighter ground).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Dundee Law]]]] Dundee sits on the north bank of the [[Firth of Tay]] on the eastern, [[North Sea]] Coast of Scotland. The city lies {{convert| 36.1|mi|km|0}} [[Boxing the compass|NNE]] of [[Edinburgh]]<ref name="postcode">{{harvnb|UK Postcode to Postcode Calculator }}</ref> and {{convert|360.6|mi|km|0}} [[Boxing the compass|NNW]] of London.<ref name="postcode"/> The built-up area occupies a roughly rectangular shape {{convert|8.3|mi|km|0}} long by {{convert|2.5|mi|km|0}} wide, aligned in an east to west direction and occupies an area of {{convert|60|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=OSmap/><ref name=popdens>{{harvnb|Population density: Scotland: by unitary authority }}</ref> The town is bisected by a line of hills stretching from Balgay Hill (elevation of 143 m) in the west end of the city, through the [[Dundee Law]] (174 m) which occupies the centre of the built up area, to Gallow Hill (83 m), between [[Baxter Park]] and the Eastern Cemetery. North of this ridge lies a valley through which cuts the Dighty Water [[burn (topography)|burn]], the elevation falling to around 45 m. North of the Dighty valley lie the [[Sidlaw Hills]], the most prominent hill being [[Craigowl Hill]] (455 m).<ref name=OSmap>{{harvnb|Ordnance Survey Landranger Map|2007 }}</ref> [[File:Approaching Dundee from the south on the East Coast Railway Line - geograph.org.uk - 3426132.jpg|thumb|A cityscape from the Tay]] The western and eastern boundaries of the city are marked by two [[burn (topography)|burns]] that are tributaries of the [[River Tay]]. On the westernmost boundary of the city, the Lochee burn meets the Fowlis burn, forming the [[Invergowrie]] burn, which meets the Tay at Invergowrie basin.<ref name=OSmap/> The Dighty Water enters Dundee from the village of [[Strathmartine]] and marks the boundaries of a number of northern districts of the city, joining the Tay between [[Barnhill, Dundee|Barnhill]] and [[Monifieth]].<ref name=OSmap/> The Scouring burn in the west end of the city and Dens Burn in the east, both of which played important roles in the industrial development of the city, have now been [[culvert]]ed over. === Geology === The city lies within the Sidlaw-Ochil [[anticline]], and the predominant bedrock type is [[Old Red Sandstone]] of the Arbuthnott-Garvock group.<ref name=geo>{{harvnb|Bluck|2000|p=422}}; {{harvnb|GeoIndex Onshore }}</ref> [[Differential weathering]] of a series of [[igneous intrusion]]s has yielded a number of prominent hills in the landscape, most notably the [[Law, Dundee|Dundee Law]] (a late [[Silurian]]/early [[Devonian]] [[Mafic]] rock intrusion) and Balgay hill (a [[Felsic]] rock intrusion of similar age).<ref name=geo/> In the east of the city, in [[Craigiebank, Dundee|Craigie]] and [[Broughty Ferry]], the bedrock geology is of [[extrusive rock]]s, including mafic [[lava]] and [[tuff]].<ref name=geo/> The land surrounding Dundee, particularly that in the lower lying areas to the west and east of the city, bears high quality soil that is particularly suitable for arable farming. It is predominantly of a [[brown forest soil]] type with some [[Gley soil|gleying]], the lower parts being formed from raised beach sands and gravels derived from Old Red Sandstone and lavas.<ref>{{harvnb|Soil Survey of Scotland|1982 }}</ref> === Urban environment === [[File:Midsummer night^ - geograph.org.uk - 9752.jpg|View from The Law, overlooking Dundee City Centre and the Tay Road Bridge|thumb|left]] Very little of pre-[[Scottish Reformation|Reformation]] Dundee remains, the destruction suffered in the [[War of the Rough Wooing]] being almost total, with only scattered, roofless shells remaining.<ref>{{harvnb|Merriman|2000|pp=360β361 }}</ref> The area occupied by the medieval burgh of Dundee extends between East Port and West Port, which formerly held the gates to the walled city. The shoreline has been altered considerably since the early 19th century through development of the harbour area and land reclamation.<ref>{{harvnb|McCarthy|2007|p=80}}; The progress of waterfront development can be seen in the maps of {{harvnb|Wood|1821}}, {{harvnb|Edward|1846}} and {{harvnb|Bartholomew|1912 }}</ref> Several areas on the periphery of the burgh saw industrial development with the building of textile mills from the end of the 18th century. Their placement was dictated by the need for a water supply for the modern steam powered machinery, and areas around the Lochee Burn ([[Lochee]]), Scouring Burn ([[Blackness, Dundee|Blackness]]) and Dens Burn (Dens Road area) saw particular concentrations of mills.<ref>{{harvnb|Lenman|Lythe|Gauldie|1969|p=9}}; {{harvnb|Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland 1992|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Watson|1990|p=8 }}</ref> The post war period saw expansion of industry to estates along the Kingsway.<ref>{{harvnb|Walker|1968|p=296 }}</ref> Working-class housing spread rapidly and without control throughout the Victorian era, particularly in the Hawkhill, Blackness Road, Dens Road and Hilltown areas.<ref>{{harvnb|Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland 1992|p=26 }}</ref> Despite the comparative wealth of Victorian Dundee as a whole, living standards for the working classes were very poor. A general lack of town planning coupled with the influx of labour during the expansion of the jute industry resulted in insanitary, squalid and cramped housing for much of the population.<ref>{{harvnb|McKean|2011|pp=72β76 }}</ref> While gradual improvements and [[Slum clearance in the United Kingdom|slum clearance]] began in the late 19th century, the building of the groundbreaking [[Logie, Dundee|Logie]] housing estate marked the beginning of Dundee's expansion through the building of planned housing estates, under the vision of city architect [[James Thomson (architect)|James Thomson]], whose legacy also includes the housing estate of [[Craigiebank, Dundee|Craigiebank]] and the beginnings of an improved transport infrastructure by planning the Kingsway bypass.<ref>{{harvnb|Logie Conservation Area}}; {{harvnb|Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland 1992|pp=51β52}}; {{harvnb|McKean|2011|p=81 }}</ref> Modernisation of the city centre continued in the post-war period. The medieval Overgate was demolished in the early 1960s to make way for a shopping centre, followed by construction of the inner ring road and the Wellgate Shopping Centre.<ref>{{harvnb|McKean|1990|p=73}}; {{harvnb|McKean|2011|p=85 }}</ref> The [[Tay Road Bridge]], completed in 1966, had as its northern landfall the docklands of central Dundee, and the new associated road system resulted in the city centre being cut off from the river.<ref>{{harvnb|McKean|1990|p=73}}; {{harvnb|McKean|2011|p=93 }}</ref> An acute shortage of housing in the late 1940s was addressed by a series of large housing estates built in the northern environs, including the Fintry, Craigie, Charleston and Douglas areas in the 1950s and early 1960s.<ref>{{harvnb|Walker|1968|p=296}}; {{harvnb|Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland 1992|p=55 }}</ref> These were followed by increasingly cost-effective and sometimes poorly planned housing throughout the 1960s.<ref>{{harvnb|Walker|1968|p=296}}; {{harvnb|McKean|1990|p=73}}; {{harvnb|Scott|2002|pp=73β76, 103β106}}; {{harvnb|Glendinning|1997|pp=25, 56 }}</ref> Much of this, in particular the high-rise blocks of flats at Lochee, Kirkton, Trottick, Whitfield, Ardler and Menzieshill, and the prefabricated Skarne housing blocks at Whitfield, has been demolished since the 1990s or is scheduled for future demolition.<ref>{{harvnb|Tenants gone, soon multi too}}; {{harvnb|Last of Menzieshill multis to be brought down this week}}; {{harvnb|Four Dundee Hilltown multi-storey blocks to come down}}; {{harvnb|Fate of Whitfield's Skarne blocks to be decided }}</ref> {{Location map+|Scotland Dundee |caption={{left|Areas of Dundee and nearby settlements}} |float=right |width=450 |places = {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.488|-3.014}}|position=left|label='''[[Ardler|1]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = 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{{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.478333|-3.022222}}|position=top|label='''[[Dryburgh, Dundee|15]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.489131|-2.940241}}|position=top|label='''[[Fintry, Dundee|16]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.467545|-3.054946}}|position=left|label='''[[Gowrie Park|17]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.468195|-2.975431}}|position=bottom|label='''[[Hilltown, Dundee|18]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.487867|-2.987304}}|position=bottom|label='''[[Kirkton, Dundee|19]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.469734|-2.990000}}|position=left|label='''[[Dundee Law|20]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.473299|-3.011276}}|position=top|label='''[[Lochee|21]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.461687|-3.002853}}|position=top|label='''[[Logie, Dundee|22]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.466810|-3.035449}}|position=top|label='''[[Menzieshill|23]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.489200|-2.954600}}|position=left|label='''[[Mill of Mains|24]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.463190|-3.038596}}|position=bottom|label='''[[Ninewells|25]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.482879|-2.935215}}|position=right|label='''[[Pitkerro|26]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.493034|-3.015049}}|position=left|label='''[[St Marys, Dundee|27]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.470093|-2.962495}}|position=top|label='''[[Stobswell|28]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.456350|-2.996222}}|position=bottom|label='''[[West End, Dundee|29]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.488342|-2.925606}}|position=right|label='''[[Whitfield, Dundee|30]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.479936|-2.967615}}|position=left|label='''[[Woodside, Dundee|31]]'''|label_size=100|marksize=0}} <!-- Nearby settlements --> {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.460303|-3.061237}}|position=left|label='''[[Invergowrie]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.481|-2.820}}|position=left|label='''[[Monifieth]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.492695|-3.055644}}|position=left|label='''[[Birkhill, Angus|Birkhill]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.505623|-3.013761}}|position=left|label='''[[Bridgefoot, Angus|Bridgefoot]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.501263|-2.997399}}|position=right|label='''{{nowrap|[[Strathmartine]]}}'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.485243|-3.086291}}|position=left|label='''[[Liff, Angus|Liff]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.501913|-2.912940}}|position=top|label='''[[Burnside of Duntrune]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.507502|-2.885453}}|position=bottom|label='''[[Kellas, Angus|Kellas]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.505988|-2.844800}}|position=bottom|label='''[[Kingennie]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.514746|-2.877497}}|position=right|label='''[[Bucklerheads]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.411|-03.043}}|position=left|label='''[[Balmerino]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.424444| -2.979444}}|position=left|label='''[[Wormit]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}} {{Location map~|Scotland Dundee|coordinates = {{coord|56.44017|-2.94103}}|position=left|label='''[[Newport-on-Tay]]'''|label_size=|mark=Blue pog.svg}} }} Areas of Dundee: {{columns-list|colwidth=15em|style=width: 450px;| # [[Ardler]] # [[Balgay]] # [[Balgowan, Dundee|Balgowan]] # [[Ballumbie]] # [[Blackness, Dundee|Blackness]] # [[Broughty Ferry]] # [[Barnhill, Dundee|Barnhill]] # [[Camperdown, Dundee|Camperdown]] # [[Charleston, Dundee|Charleston]] # [[City Centre, Dundee|City Centre]] # [[Claverhouse]] # [[Craigiebank, Dundee|Craigiebank]] # [[Douglas, Dundee|Douglas]] # [[Downfield, Dundee|Downfield]] # [[Dryburgh, Dundee|Dryburgh]] # [[Fintry, Dundee|Fintry]] # [[Gowrie Park]] # [[Hilltown, Dundee|Hilltown]] # [[Kirkton, Dundee|Kirkton]] # [[Dundee Law]] # [[Lochee]] # [[Logie, Dundee|Logie]] # [[Menzieshill]] # [[Mill of Mains]] # [[Ninewells]] # [[Pitkerro]] # [[St Marys, Dundee|St Marys]] # [[Stobswell]] # [[West End, Dundee|West End]] # [[Whitfield, Dundee|Whitfield]] # [[Woodside, Dundee|Woodside]] }} === Climate === [[File:Fog in the Tay estuary - geograph.org.uk - 9750.jpg|[[Haar (fog)]] travelling up the [[River Tay]] by [[advection]]|thumb|right]] The climate, like the rest of lowland Scotland, is [[Oceanic climate|Oceanic]] ([[KΓΆppen climate classification|KΓΆppen-Geiger]] classification Cfb).<ref>{{harvnb|Peel|Finlayson|McMahon|2007 }}</ref> Mean temperature and rainfall are typical for the east coast of Scotland, and with the city's sheltered estuarine position, mean daily maxima are slightly higher than coastal areas to the North, particularly in spring and summer.<ref>{{harvnb|Regional mapped climate averages }}</ref> The summers are still chilly when compared with similar latitudes in continental Europe, something compensated for by the mild winters, similar to the rest of the British Isles. The nearest official [[Met Office]] weather station is Mylnefield, [[Invergowrie]] which is about {{convert|4|mi|km}} west of the City Centre. A record high of {{convert|29.3|C|F}} was recorded in July 2013.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} The warmest month was July 2006,<ref>{{harvnb|Jul 2006 Mean }}</ref> with an average temperature of {{convert|17.4|C|F}} (average high {{convert|22.5|C|F}}, average low {{convert|12.3|C|F}}). In an 'average' year the warmest day should reach<ref>{{harvnb|1971β2000 average warmest day }}</ref> {{convert|25.2|C|F}}, and in total just 1.86 days<ref name="climate-datas-weather.dynalias.org">{{cite web |url=http://climate-datas-weather.dynalias.org/listenormale-1991-2020-5-p183.php |title=Climate Data}} {{dead link|date=October 2021 }}</ref> should equal or exceed a temperature of {{convert|25.0|C|F}} per year, illustrating the rarity of such warmth. On average, 4.73 days should record a minimum temperature at or below -5 Β°C and there are 53.26 days of air frost on average. From 1991 to 2020, Mylnefield averaged 0.9 ice days, 50 days with precipitation of more than 5mm and 19.56 days with more than 10mm. The weather station is in plant hardiness zone 10a.<ref name="climate-datas-weather.dynalias.org"/> {{Weather box|location = Mylnefield, elevation 31m, 1991β2020, extremes 1960β2010 | collapsed = | metric first = y | single line = y | Jan record high C = 14.6 | Feb record high C = 15.2 | Mar record high C = 21.6 | Apr record high C = 22.9 | May record high C = 23.7 | Jun record high C = 27.8 | Jul record high C = 29.3 | Aug record high C = 28.7 | Sep record high C = 25.0 | Oct record high C = 22.8 | Nov record high C = 16.7 | Dec record high C = 14.5 | year record high C = 29.3 | Jan high C = 6.7 | Feb high C = 7.5 | Mar high C = 9.5 | Apr high C = 12.0 | May high C = 14.9 | Jun high C = 17.4 | Jul high C = 19.4 | Aug high C = 19.3 | Sep high C = 16.9 | Oct high C = 13.1 | Nov high C = 9.4 | Dec high C = 6.8 | year high C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.1 | Mar low C = 2.3 | Apr low C = 4.0 | May low C = 6.3 | Jun low C = 9.2 | Jul low C = 11.0 | Aug low C = 10.8 | Sep low C = 9.0 | Oct low C = 6.2 | Nov low C = 3.0 | Dec low C = 0.8 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -17.1 | Feb record low C = -11.2 | Mar record low C = -10.0 | Apr record low C = -4.4 | May record low C = -2.3 | Jun record low C = -0.7 | Jul record low C = 2.8 | Aug record low C = 1.7 | Sep record low C = -0.6 | Oct record low C = -3.4 | Nov record low C = -10.4 | Dec record low C = -12.7 | year record low C = -17.1 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 69.3 | Feb precipitation mm = 54.0 | Mar precipitation mm = 49.5 | Apr precipitation mm = 45.2 | May precipitation mm = 51.0 | Jun precipitation mm = 62.5 | Jul precipitation mm = 65.6 | Aug precipitation mm = 74.5 | Sep precipitation mm = 54.3 | Oct precipitation mm = 85.1 | Nov precipitation mm = 71.9 | Dec precipitation mm = 65.9 | year precipitation mm = |unit rain days = 1 mm |Jan rain days = 12.1 |Feb rain days = 9.7 |Mar rain days = 9.4 |Apr rain days = 8.6 |May rain days = 9.7 |Jun rain days = 10.8 |Jul rain days = 11.0 |Aug rain days = 10.6 |Sep rain days = 9.4 |Oct rain days = 11.6 |Nov rain days = 12.4 |Dec rain days = 11.9 |year rain days= | Jan sun = 53.5 | Feb sun = 83.6 | Mar sun = 121.1 | Apr sun = 159.9 | May sun = 200.8 | Jun sun = 163.3 | Jul sun = 172.7 | Aug sun = 165.0 | Sep sun = 130.1 | Oct sun = 96.6 | Nov sun = 70.0 | Dec sun = 44.0 | year sun = | source 1 = Met Office,(all data except extremes)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gfjc4jejv |title=UK climate averages - Nearest climate station: Mylnefield (1991-2020 period) |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=metoffice.gov.uk |publisher=Met Office |archive-date=17 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417145712/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gfjc4jejv |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gfjchqjr3 |title=Dundee climate information |publisher=Met Office |access-date=5 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222170027/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gfjchqjr3 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> | source 2 = KNMI/ Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/mapserver/climatology.php?indexcat=**&indexid=SU&periodidselect=1971-2000&seasonid=0&scalelogidselect=no&minx=-642500.000002&miny=-4174880.952380&maxx=224166.666666&maxy=-3524880.952379&MapSize=560%2C420&imagewidth=560&imageheight=420&mainmap.x=280&mainmap.y=207&CMD=QUERY_POINT&CMD=QUERY_POINT#bottom |title=Climate Normals and extremes |publisher=[[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute|KNMI]] |access-date=22 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513211729/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/mapserver/climatology.php?indexcat=**&indexid=SU&periodidselect=1971-2000&seasonid=0&scalelogidselect=no&minx=-642500.000002&miny=-4174880.952380&maxx=224166.666666&maxy=-3524880.952379&MapSize=560,420&imagewidth=560&imageheight=420&mainmap.x=280&mainmap.y=207&CMD=QUERY_POINT&CMD=QUERY_POINT#bottom |archive-date=13 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Meteoclimat<ref name="climate-datas-weather.dynalias.org"/> | date=August 2015}} == Demography == [[File:Dundee population pyramid 2020.svg|thumb|292x292px|Population pyramid of Dundee in 2020]] ===Population=== Dundee's recorded population reached a peak of 182,204 at the 1971 census. According to the 2011 census, the City of Dundee had a population of 147,268.<ref name="Dundee 2011 Population" /> A more recent population estimate of the City of Dundee has been recorded at 149,680 in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dundee City Council Area Profile |url=https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files/statistics/council-area-data-sheets/dundee-city-council-profile.html |access-date=9 October 2022 |website=www.nrscotland.gov.uk |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005231716/https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/council-area-data-sheets/dundee-city-council-profile.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The demographic make-up of the population is much in line with the rest of Scotland. The age group from 30 to 44 forms the largest portion of the population (20%).<ref name="Dundee Population" /> The median age of males and females living in Dundee was 37 and 40 years, respectively, compared to 37 and 39 years for those in the whole of Scotland.<ref name="Dundee Population" /> ===Residents=== The place of birth of the town's residents was 94.16% United Kingdom (including 87.85% from Scotland), 0.42% Ireland, 1.33% from other [[European Union]] (EU) countries, and 3.09% from elsewhere in the world. The economic activity of residents aged 16β74 was 35.92% in full-time employment, 10.42% in part-time employment, 4.25% self-employed, 5.18% unemployed, 7.82% students with jobs, 4.73% students without jobs, 15.15% retired, 4.54% looking after home or family, 7.92% permanently sick or disabled, and 4.00% economically inactive for other reasons. Compared with the average demography of Scotland, Dundee has both low proportions of people born outside the United Kingdom and for people over 75 years old. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" |+ '''City of Dundee compared according to the [[United Kingdom Census 2011#2011 Census for Scotland|2011 UK census]]'''<ref name="Dundee 2011 Population">{{Cite web |title=Scotland's Census |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/explore/snapshot |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514142653/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/explore/snapshot |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dundee Population">{{harvnb|Comparative Population: Dundee }}</ref><ref name="Dundee Employment">{{harvnb|Comparative Employment: Dundee }}</ref> |- ! !style="padding:2px;"|City of Dundee !style="padding:2px;"|Scotland !style="padding:2px;"|United Kingdom |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Total population | 147,268 || 5,295,403 || 63,182,000 |- ! style="text-align:left;"|[[British nationality law|Foreign born]] | 9% || 7% || 12.7% |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Over 75 years old | 8.3% || 7.7% || 7.9% |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Unemployed | 5.7% || 4.8% || 7.4% |} Natives of Dundee are called Dundonians and are often recognisable by their distinctive dialect of [[Scots language|Scots]] as well as their [[Accent (dialect)|accent]], which most noticeably substitutes the [[monophthong]] /Ι/ (pronounced "eh") in place of the [[diphthong]] /aj/ (pronounced "ai").<ref>{{harvnb|McCluskey|1991}}; {{harvnb|Dundee Scots }}</ref> Dundee, and Scotland more generally, saw rapid population increase at end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, with the city's population increasing from 12,400 in 1751 to 30,500 in 1821.<ref name="Smout 1998 240β248"/> Of particular significance was an influx of Irish workers in the early to mid-19th century, attracted by the prospect of employment in the textiles industries. In 1851, 18.9% of people living in Dundee were of Irish birth.<ref>{{harvnb|Swift|Gilley|1989|p=117}}; {{harvnb|Little Tipperary: The Irish in Lochee }}</ref> The city has also attracted immigrants from Italy, fleeing poverty and famine, in the 19th century Jews, fleeing from the Russia controlled portions of partitioned Poland and from German occupation in the 20th. Today, Dundee has a sizeable [[ethnic minority]] population, and has around 4,000 Asian residents which is the fourth-largest Asian community in Scotland. The city also has 1.0% of residents from a Black/African/Caribbean background.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2asbfigure4.pdf |title=Figure 4: Minority ethnic groups by council area, Scotland, 2011 |access-date=30 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022230302/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2asbfigure4.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Students=== Dundee has a higher proportion of university students β one in seven of the population β than any other town in Europe, except [[Heidelberg]] and [[TΓΌbingen]].<ref name="Dundee Student Population">{{cite web |title=History of Dundee |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/scotland/central-scotland/dundee/history |website=Lonely Planet |access-date=28 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205082656/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/scotland/central-scotland/dundee/history |archive-date=5 December 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The 14.2% come from all around the world to attend the local universities and colleges. Dundee is a major attraction for Northern Irish students who make up 5% of the total student population. The city's universities are believed to hold the highest percentage of Northern Irish students outside of Northern Ireland and have a big impact on the local economy and culture. However, this has declined in recent years due to the increase of tuition fees for students elsewhere in the UK. Dundee also has a lot of students from abroad, mostly from the Republic of Ireland and other [[EU countries]] but with an increasing number from countries from the Far East and [[Nigeria]].<ref name="population">{{harvnb|Population Matters }}</ref> === Ethnicity === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Ethnic Group ! colspan="2" |1981 estimations<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1985 |title=Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement |url=https://jstor.org/stable/community.28327806 |journal=Commission for Racial Equality |language=English |pages=Table 2.2 |last1=Equality |first1=Commission for Racial |access-date=11 May 2023 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513060235/https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.28327806 |url-status=live }}</ref> ! colspan="2" |1991<ref name=":412">As UK Census data post 2001 is unavailable through the ONS website, it has been [https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011census/2011censusdata/censusdata18011991 recommended] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602152933/https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011census/2011censusdata/censusdata18011991 |date=2 June 2022 }} to use archival census collection websites to obtain data. Data is taken from United Kingdom [http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm Casweb Data services] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215152146/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm |date=15 December 2021 }} of the United Kingdom [http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for Scotland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm |date=5 April 2022 }} (Table 6)</ref><ref name=":422">Office of Population Censuses and Surveys; General Register Office for Scotland; Registrar General for Northern Ireland (1997): 1991 Census aggregate data. UK Data Service (Edition: 1997). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5257/census/aggregate-1991-1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827072513/https://beta.ukdataservice.ac.uk/datacatalogue/studies/study?id=22001 |date=27 August 2022 }} This information is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence</ref> ! colspan="2" |2001<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Census Dissemination Unit |first=Mimas |date=5 May 2011 |title=InFuse |url=https://infuse2011gf.ukdataservice.ac.uk/ |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=infuse2011gf.ukdataservice.ac.uk |language=English |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717045206/https://infuse2011gf.ukdataservice.ac.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ! colspan="2" |2011<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Scotland's Census 2011 β Table KS201SC |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/standard-outputs.html |publisher=scotlandscensus.gov.uk |access-date=3 November 2015 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107044126/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/standard-outputs.html%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> ! colspan="2" |2022<ref name="2022census_Scot">{{cite web |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx |title=Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 May 2024 |website=Scotland's Census |publisher=[[National Records of Scotland]] |access-date=21 May 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521173147/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx |url-status=live }} [https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/search-by Alternative URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514142653/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/search-by |date=14 May 2021 }} 'Search data by location' > 'Local Authority (CA2019)' > 'Dundee City' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Ethnic Group'</ref> |- !Number !% !Number !% !Number !% !Number !% !Number !% |- | | | | | | | | | | | |- ![[White people|White]]: Total !172,162 !98.6% !162,630 !98% !140,330 !96.31% !138,460 !94% !133,621 !89.9% |- |White: [[Scottish people|Scottish]] |β |β | β | β |128,507 |88.22% |123,827 |84.08% |114,803 |77.21% |- |White: [[White British|Other British]] |β |β | β | β |7,822 |5.36% |7,783 |5.28% |9,119 |6.13% |- |White: [[Irish Briton|Irish]] |β |β |1,167 |0.7% |1,470 |1% |1,369 |0.93% |1,342 |0.90% |- |White: [[Irish Traveller|Gypsy/Traveller]]{{efn|name=auto|New category created for the 2011 census}} |β |β | β | β | β | β |98 | β |87 | β |- |White: [[Poles in the United Kingdom|Polish]]{{efn|name=auto}} |β |β | β | β | β | β |1,990 |1.35% |3,153 |2.12% |- |White: [[White Other (United Kingdom Census)|Other]] |β |β | β | β |2,531 |1.73% |3,393 |2.30% |5,117 |3.44% |- ![[Asian people|Asian]], [[Asian-Scots|Asian Scottish]] or [[British Asian|Asian British]]: Total !β !β !2,573 !1.55% !4,094 !2.81% !5,838 !3.96% !8,806 !5.92% |- |Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: [[British Indian|Indian]] |β |β |628 |0.37% |1,023 |0.70% |1,417 |0.96% |2,068 |1.39% |- |Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: [[British Pakistani|Pakistani]] |β |β |1,157 |0.69% |1,723 |1.18% |2,047 |1.39% |3,395 |2.28% |- |Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]] |β |β |119 | β |233 |0.16% |310 |0.21% |696 |0.47% |- |Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: [[British Chinese|Chinese]] |β |β |398 |0.24% |699 |0.48% |1,274 |0.87% |1,342 |0.90% |- |Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: [[British Asian|Asian Other]] |β |β |271 |0.16% |416 |0.29% |790 |0.54% |1,309 |0.88% |- ![[Black people|Black]], [[Black Scottish people|Black Scottish]] or [[Black British]]{{efn|Category restructured for the 2011 census}} !β !β !254 !0.15% !35 !β !β !β !β !β |- ![[Black people|African]]: Total !β !β !β !β !288 !0.19% !1,170 !0.79% !2,090 !1.41% |- |African: [[Black people|African]], [[Black Scottish people|African Scottish]] or [[Black British|African British]] |β |β | β | β |288 |0.19% |1,163 |0.79% |108 | β |- |African: [[Black British|Other African]] |β |β | β | β | β | β |7 | β |1,982 |1.33% |- ![[British African-Caribbean community|Caribbean]] or [[Black British|Black]]: Total !β !β !- !- !60 !- !269 !0.18% !187 !0.13% |- |[[British African-Caribbean community|Caribbean]] |β |β | β | β |60 | β |167 |0.11% |62 | β |- |[[Black British|Black]] |β |β | β | β | β | β |66 | β |18 | β |- |Caribbean or Black: [[Other Black|Other]] |β |β | β | β | β | β |36 | β |110 | β |- ![[British Mixed|Mixed or multiple ethnic groups]]: Total !β !β !β !β !395 !0.27% !685 !0.46% !1,970 !1.32% |- !Other: Total !β !β !416 !0.25% !461 !0.31% !846 !0.57% !2,023 !1.36% |- |Other: [[British Arabs|Arab]]{{efn|name=auto}} |β |β | β | β | β | β |693 |0.47% |1,244 |0.84% |- |Other: Any other ethnic group | | |416 |0.25% |461 |0.31% |153 |0.1% |779 |0.52% |- | | | | | | | | | | | |- !Non-White: Total !2,475 !1.4% !3,243 !2% !5,333 !3.6% !8,808 !6% !15,076 !10.1% |- | | | | | | | | | | | |- !Total: !174,637 !100% !165,873 !100% !145,663 !100% !147,268 !100% !148,697 !100% |} The proportion of people residing in Dundee born outside the UK was 12.9% in 2022, compared with 9.0% in 2011 and 4.9% in 2001. Below are the fifteen largest overseas-born groups in Dundee according to the 2022 census, alongside the two previous censuses.<ref name="CountryBirth_22">{{cite web |title=Table UV204 - Country of birth: Country by Country of Birth by Individuals |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/location/topics/list?topic=Ethnicity,%20Identity,%20Language%20and%20Religion&categoryId=4 |publisher=National Records of Scotland |access-date=24 May 2024 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514142653/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/location/topics/list?topic=Ethnicity,%20Identity,%20Language%20and%20Religion&categoryId=4 |url-status=live }} > 'Dundee City' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Country of birth: UV204'</ref> {| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" |- ! style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;"|Country of birth ! style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;"|2022 ! style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;"|2011 ! style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;"|2001 |- |border = "1"|{{flag|Poland}} |align="right"|2,616 |align="right"|1,807 |align="right"|127 |- |border = "1"|{{flag|India}} |align="right"|1,449 |align="right"|986 |align="right"|599 |- |border = "1"|{{flag|Pakistan}} |align="right"|1,364 |align="right"|862 |align="right"|701 |- |border = "1"|{{flag|Nigeria}} |align="right"|1,186 |align="right"|601 |align="right"|66 |- |border = "1"|{{flag|Germany}} |align="right"|775 |align="right"|899 |align="right"|696 |- |border = "1"|{{flag|United States}} |align="right"|602 |align="right"|314 |align="right"|209 |- |border = "1"|{{flag|China}} |align="right"|553 |align="right"|730 |align="right"|298 |- |border = "1"|{{flag|Ireland}} |align="right"|529 |align="right"|572 |align="right"|625 |- |border = "1"|{{flag|Italy}} |align="right"|474 |align="right"|199 |align="right"|197 |- |border = "1"|{{flag|Romania}} |align="right"|435 |align="right"|95 |align="right"|11 |- |border = "1"|{{flag|Bangladesh}} |align="right"|434 |align="right"|201 |align="right"|125 |- |border = "1"|{{flag|Spain}} |align="right"|362 |align="right"|166 |align="right"|114 |- |border = "1"|{{flag|Latvia}} |align="right"|355 |align="right"|211 |align="right"|0 |- |border = "1"|{{flag|Hong Kong}} |align="right"|309 |align="right"|246 |align="right"|201 |- |border = "1"|{{flag|Malaysia}} |align="right"|299 |align="right"|291 |align="right"|155 |- !border = "1"|Overall β all overseas-born !align="right"|19,194 !align="right"|13,253 !align="right"|7,198 |- |} ===Religion=== [[File:Dundee Parish Church, St Mary's.jpg|thumb|Dundee Parish Church, St Mary's is one of three of the Dundee's ''City Churches'' which are joined; only two function as places of worship: St. Mary's and St. Clement's (the Old Steeple) which can be seen in the background.]] The [[Church of Scotland]] [[Presbyterian polity|Presbytery]] of Dundee is responsible for overseeing the worship of 37 congregations in and around the Dundee area, although changing population patterns have led to some of the churches becoming linked charges.<ref>{{harvnb|Presbytery of Dundee }}</ref> Due to their city centre location, the City Churches, [[Dundee Parish Church (St Mary's)]] and the [[Steeple Church]], are the most prominent [[Church of Scotland]] buildings in Dundee. They are on the site of the medieval parish kirk of [[St Mary]], of which only the 15th-century west tower survives. The attached church was once the largest parish church in medieval Scotland.<ref>{{harvnb|McKean|2009|p=5 }}</ref> Dundee was unusual among Scottish medieval burghs in having two parish kirks; the second, dedicated to [[Pope Clement I|St Clement]], has disappeared, but its site was approximately that of the present City Square.<ref>{{harvnb|McKean|Walker|1985|p=52 }}</ref> Other presbyterian groups include the Free Church which meet at St. Peters (the historic church of [[Robert Murray McCheyne|Robert Murray M'Cheyne]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Peter's Free Church, Dundee |url=https://stpeters-dundee.org.uk/ |access-date=26 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628060251/https://stpeters-dundee.org.uk/ |archive-date=28 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the [[Middle Ages]] Dundee was also the site of houses of the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] (Blackfriars), and [[Franciscans]] (Greyfriars), and had a number of hospitals and chapels. These establishments were sacked during the [[Scottish Reformation]], in the mid-16th century, and were reduced to burial grounds, now Barrack Street (also referred to as the Dek-tarn street) and [[The Howff]] burial ground, respectively.<ref>{{harvnb|Mackie|1836|p=120}}; {{harvnb|Foggie|2003|p=35 }}</ref> {{bar box |title=Religion of Dundee residents, 2022 |caption= Source: 2022 census<ref name="Religion_22">{{cite web |title=Council Area 2019 by Religion by Individuals |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/location/topics/list?topic=Ethnic%20group,%20national%20identity,%20language%20and%20religion&categoryId=1 |publisher=[[National Records of Scotland]] |access-date=24 May 2024 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514142653/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/location/topics/list?topic=Ethnic%20group,%20national%20identity,%20language%20and%20religion&categoryId=1 |url-status=live }} Dundee City > Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion > Religion UV205</ref> |titlebar=#ccc |float=left |bars= {{bar percent|[[Irreligion in the United Kingdom|No religion]]|#ccf|54.6}} {{bar percent|[[Christians|Christian]]|#ccf|33.2}} {{bar percent|Religion not stated|#ccf|6.0}} {{bar percent|[[Islam in Scotland|Muslim]]|#ccf|4.2}} {{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Scotland|Hindu]]|#ccf|0.8}} {{bar percent|[[Buddhism in Scotland|Buddhist]]|#ccf|0.5}} {{bar percent|[[Modern paganism in the United Kingdom|Pagan]]|#ccf|0.5}} {{bar percent|Other religion|#ccf|0.2}} {{bar percent|[[Sikhism in Scotland|Sikh]]|#ccf|0.1}} {{bar percent|[[History of the Jews in Scotland|Jewish]]|#ccf|0.07}} }} [[St Paul's Cathedral, Dundee|St. Paul's Cathedral]] is the seat of the [[Scottish Episcopal]] [[Diocese of Brechin (Episcopalian)|Diocese of Brechin]]. It is charged with overseeing the worship of 9 congregations in the city, as well as a further 17 in Angus, the Carse of Gowrie and parts of Aberdeenshire. Since 2018 the diocese has been led by [[Andrew Swift (bishop)|Bishop Andrew Swift]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedioceseofbrechin.org/about/whos-who|title=Who's who - Officers | The Diocese of Brechin|website=www.thedioceseofbrechin.org}}</ref> [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Dundee|St. Andrew's Cathedral]] is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Diocese of Dunkeld]], led by Bishop [[Stephen Robson]]. The diocese is responsible for overseeing 15 congregations in Dundee and 37 in the surrounding area, including [[St Mary, Our Lady of Victories Church, Dundee|St Mary, Our Lady of Victories Church]] in the city.<ref>{{harvnb|The Diocese of Dunkeld }}</ref> There are [[Methodism|Methodist]],<ref>{{harvnb|Dundee Methodist Church }}</ref> [[Baptist]],<ref>{{harvnb|Trinity Baptist Church }}</ref> [[Congregationalist]],<ref>{{harvnb|Dundee Congregational Church }}</ref> [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]]<ref>{{harvnb|Assemblies of God Scotland }}</ref> and [[Salvation Army]]<ref>{{harvnb|Salvation Army Dundee}}; {{harvnb|Salvation Army Menzieshill }}</ref> churches in the city, and non-mainstream Christian groups are also well represented, including the [[Unitarianism|Unitarians]],<ref>{{harvnb|Williamson Unitarian Christian Church Dundee }}</ref> the [[Society of Friends]],<ref>{{harvnb|Dundee Quaker Meeting }}</ref> the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]],<ref>{{harvnb|Jehovah's Witnesses β Dundee }}</ref> [[Seventh-day Adventist]]s, [[Christadelphians]],<ref>{{harvnb|Dundee Christadelphian Ecclesia }}</ref> and [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]].<ref>{{harvnb|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints }}</ref> [[Muslim]]s are served by the [[Dundee Central Mosque]], built in 2000 to replace their former premises on the Hilltown.<ref>{{harvnb|Dundee Islamic Society Central Mosque }}</ref> There are three other mosques in the city including Jamia Masjid Tajdare Madina on Victoria Road, Jame Masjid Bilal on Dura Street and Al Maktoum Mosque on Wilkie's Lane. Alongside these there is an Islamic Society on the [[University of Dundee]] campus.<ref>{{harvnb|UK Mosque Searcher: Mosques in Dundee }}</ref> The [[Sikh]] community is served by the Guru Nanak [[Gurdwara]] on Victoria Road, which serves its community in Dundee.<ref>{{harvnb|Gurudwaras in Scotland }}</ref> A recorded Jewish community has existed in the city since the early 19th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Abrams|2009|pp=65β94 }}</ref> There is a small [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] [[Dundee Synagogue|synagogue]] at Dudhope Park<ref>{{harvnb|Dundee Hebrew Congregation }}</ref> which was built in the 1960s,<ref>{{harvnb|Scotland's Jewish Community }}</ref> with the Hebrew Burial Grounds located {{convert|3|mi|km|spell=in}} to the east.<ref>{{harvnb|International Jewish Cemetery Project β Scotland }}</ref> Dundee Buddhist Group is a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] Temple based in Reform Street.<ref>{{harvnb|Nilupul Foundation }}</ref> There is also a [[Hindu]] [[mandir]] in Taylor's Lane, situated in the [[West End, Dundee|West End]] of the city.<ref>{{harvnb|Hindu Council UK }}</ref> == Economy == {{see|Economy of Scotland}} [[File:Cox's Stack - geograph.org.uk - 2895123.jpg|right|thumb|Cox's Stack, a chimney from the former [[Camperdown Works]] jute mill. The chimney takes its name from jute baron James Cox who later became [[List of Lord Provosts of Dundee|Provost]] of the city.]] In 1911 40% of the city's population was employed in the jute industry. By 1951 this had dropped to 20%, and now is effectively zero.<ref>The Dundee Book, Billy Kay</ref> The period following World War II was notable for the transformation of the city's economy. While jute still employed one-fifth of the working population, new industries were attracted and encouraged. [[NCR Corporation]] selected Dundee as the base of operations for the UK in late 1945,<ref name="ncr">{{harvnb|NCR Cash Advance }}</ref> primarily because of the lack of damage the city had sustained in the war, good transport links and high productivity from long hours of sunshine. Production started in the year before the official opening of the plant on 11 June 1947. A fortnight after the tenth anniversary of the plant the 250,000th cash register was produced. By the 1960s, NCR had become the principal employer of the city producing [[cash register]]s, and later [[Automatic Teller Machine|ATMs]], at several of its Dundee plants. The firm developed magnetic-strip readers for cash registers and produced early computers.<ref>{{harvnb|First Dundee computer next year }}</ref> Astral, a Dundee-based firm that manufactured and sold [[refrigerators]] and [[Clothes dryer|spin dryers]] was merged into [[Morphy Richards]] and rapidly expanded to employ over 1,000 people. The development in Dundee of a [[Michelin]] [[tire|tyre]]-production facility helped to absorb the unemployment caused by the decline of the jute industry, particularly with the abolition of the jute control by the [[Board of Trade]] on 30 April 1969.<ref>{{harvnb|General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade 1969 }}</ref> Employment in Dundee changed dramatically during the 1980s with the loss of nearly 10,000 manufacturing jobs due to closure of the shipyards, cessation of carpet manufacturing and the disappearance of the jute trade. To combat growing unemployment and declining economic conditions, Dundee was declared an [[Enterprise Zone]] in January 1984. In 1983, the first [[ZX Spectrum]] [[home computers]] were produced in Dundee by [[Timex Group USA|Timex]]. In the same year the company broke production records, despite a [[sit-in]] by workers protesting against job cuts and plans to demolish one of the factory buildings to make way for a supermarket. Timex closed its Dundee plant in 1993 following an acrimonious six-month [[industrial dispute]].<ref>{{harvnb|Timex pulls the plug on Dundee plant}}; {{harvnb|Scott|2002|pp=163β165 }}</ref> The Michelin Tyre factory closed in June 2020, with the loss of 850 jobs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Michelin's Dundee factory closes gates for final time |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-53234736 |work=BBC News |date=30 June 2020 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002190324/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-53234736 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dundee is a regional employment and education centre, with around 325,000 people within 30 minutes' drive of the city centre and 860,000 people within one hour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/Dundee%20City%20Economic%20Profile%20September%202016_0.pdf |title=Dundee Economic Profile β Sep 2016 |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom |access-date=31 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101101814/https://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/Dundee%20City%20Economic%20Profile%20September%202016_0.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many people from [[Fife|North East Fife]], Angus and [[Perth and Kinross]] commute to the city.<ref name="Dundee Economic Profile">{{harvnb|Dundee Economic Profile }}</ref> As of 2015, there were 395 employers who employed 250 or more staff; over a five-year period (2011β2015) the number of registered enterprises in Dundee increased by 20.9% from 2,655 to 3,210.<ref name="Dundee Economic Profile" /> The largest employers in the city are [[NHS Tayside]], Dundee City Council, [[University of Dundee]], Tayside Contracts, [[Tesco]], [[D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd|D. C. Thomson & Co]] and [[BT Group plc|BT]].<ref name="Dundee Economic Profile" /> Several government agencies and public sector organisations are based in Dundee, such as the [[Care Inspectorate (Scotland)]], the [[Scottish Social Services Council]] and [[Social Security Scotland]]. [[File:Ninewells cropped.jpg|thumb|left|Ninewells Hospital, one of the largest employers in the Dundee area]] Other employers include limited and private companies such as [[NCR Corporation|NCR]], [[Michelin]], [[Alliance Trust]], [[Aviva]], [[Royal Bank of Scotland]], [[Asda]], [[Stagecoach Strathtay]], [[Tokheim]], [[Scottish Citylink]], Rochen Limited, C J Lang & Son ([[Spar (retailer)|SPAR Scotland]]), Joinery and Timber Creations, [[Xplore Dundee]], and [[W. L. Gore and Associates]]. Between 2009 and 2014 the hardest-hit sectors, in terms of jobs, were Information and Communication, Construction and Manufacturing which each lost around 500 full-time jobs. By contrast, the Professional, Scientific and Technical sector saw an upsurge in jobs in addition to the Business Administration and Support Service sector which increased by approximately 1,000 full-time and 300 part-time jobs in the same six-year period.<ref name="Dundee Economic Profile" /> Gross median weekly earnings of full-time employees in Dundee in 2015 was Β£523.50; men received Β£563.40 and women Β£451.80.<ref name="Dundee Economic Profile" /> Gross weekly pay for all employees in Dundee has increased from Β£325.00 in 2000 to Β£380.00 in 2015.<ref name="Dundee Economic Profile" /> The [[biomedical]] and [[biotechnology]] sectors, including start-up biomedical companies arising from university research, employ just under 1,000 people directly and nearly 2,000 indirectly. Information technology and [[video game development]] have been important industries in the city for more than 20 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-29122873 |title=How Dundee became a computer games centre |work=BBC News |date=9 September 2014 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928225927/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-29122873 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Abend im Dundee Harbour (26840853589).jpg|thumb|right|Evening in Dundee docks with the Apex Hotel in the background]][[Rockstar North]], developer of ''[[Lemmings (video game)|Lemmings]]'' and the ''[[Grand Theft Auto]]'' series was founded in Dundee as DMA Design by [[David Jones (video game developer)|David Jones]]; an undergraduate of the [[Abertay University]].<ref>{{harvnb|The Complete History of DMA Design }}</ref> Rockstar Games returned to Dundee in 2020 when they acquired Ruffian Games to form [[Rockstar Dundee]]. Other game development studios in Dundee include [[Denki]], [[Dynamo Games]], [[4J Studios]] and Outplay Entertainment, among others. Dundee is also a key retail destination for North East Scotland and has been ranked fourth in Retail Rankings in Scotland.<ref name="Discover Dundee Retail">{{harvnb|Discover Dundee Retail }}</ref> The city centre offers a wide variety of retailers, department stores and independent/specialist stores. The Murraygate and High Street forms the main pedestrian area and is home to a number of main anchors such as [[M&S|Marks and Spencer]], [[Monsoon Accessorize|Accessorise]].<ref name="Discover Dundee Retail" /> The main pedestrian area also connects the two large shopping centres; the {{convert|420000|sqft|m2|abbr=off|adj=mid}} Overgate Centre which is anchored by [[Primark]], [[H&M]], [[Next (clothing)|Next]], Argos, and [[The Perfume Shop]] and the {{convert|310000|sqft|m2|abbr=off|adj=mid}} Wellgate Centre by [[Home Bargains]], [[T. J. Hughes]], B&M, Superdrug, Iceland, Holland & Barrett, Poundland, Savers, The Works, Hydro Electric,<ref name="Discover Dundee Retail" /> Other retail areas in the city include Gallagher Retail Park, Kingsway East Retail Park and Kingsway West Retail Park.<ref name="Discover Dundee Retail" /> The new Myrekirk Retail Park opened in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scottishconstructionnow.com/articles/dundee-retail-park-launches-after-ps6m-expansion |title=Dundee retail park launches after Β£6m expansion |date=22 September 2022 |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602161359/https://www.scottishconstructionnow.com/articles/dundee-retail-park-launches-after-ps6m-expansion |url-status=live }}</ref> == Transport == ===Road=== Dundee is served by the [[A90 road]], which connects the city to the [[M90 motorway|M90]] and [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] in the west with [[Forfar]] and [[Aberdeen]] in the north. The part of the road that is in the city is a [[dual carriageway]] and forms the city's main bypass on its north side, known as the Kingsway. East of the A90's Forfar Road junction, the Kingsway East continues as the [[A972 road|A972]] and meets the [[A92 road|A92]] at the Scott Fyffe roundabout. Travelling east, the A92 connects the city to [[Arbroath]] and [[Montrose, Angus|Montrose]] and to the south with [[Fife]], via the [[Tay Road Bridge]]. The [[A930 road|A930]] links the city with coastal settlements to the east, including [[Monifieth]] and [[Carnoustie]]. Progressing westward from where the A92 meets the Tay Road Bridge at the Riverside Roundabout, the [[A85 road|A85]] follows the southern boundary of the city along Riverside Drive and towards the A90 at the Swallow Roundabout. The A85 multiplexes with the A90 and diverges again at Perth. Also meeting the A92 and A85 at the Riverside Roundabout is the [[A991 road|A991]] Inner Ring Road, which surrounds the perimeter of the city centre, returning to the A92 on the east side of the Tay Road Bridge. The [[A923 road|A923]] Dundee to [[Dunkeld]] road meets the A991 at the Dudhope Roundabout, and the [[A929 road|A929]] links the A991 to the A90 via Forfar Road. ===Bus=== Dundee has an extensive network of bus routes. The [[Seagate bus station]] is the city's main terminus for journeys out of town. [[Xplore Dundee]] operates most of the intra-city services, with other more rural services operated by [[Stagecoach Strathtay]] and Moffat & Williamson.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bustimes.org/localities/dundee-city-centre |title=Dundee City Centre β Bus Times |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802170630/https://bustimes.org/localities/dundee-city-centre |url-status=live }}</ref> The city's two railway stations are the main [[Dundee railway station|Dundee station]], near the waterfront, which has now finished re-construction as part of the waterfront re-development programme and the much smaller [[Broughty Ferry railway station|Broughty Ferry station]] at the eastern end of the city. [[File:Dundee Railway Station and Sleeperz Hotel.jpg|thumb|right|External view of the rebuilt entrance to [[Dundee railway station]] after its 2018 reopening]] There are also many inter-city bus services offered by [[Megabus (Europe)|Megabus]], [[Scottish Citylink|Citylink]] and [[National Express Coaches|National Express]]. ===Rail, air and sea=== Passenger services at Dundee are provided by [[ScotRail]], [[CrossCountry]], [[Caledonian Sleeper]] and [[London North Eastern Railway]]. There are other nearby stations at [[Invergowrie railway station|Invergowrie]], [[Balmossie railway station|Balmossie]] and [[Monifieth railway station|Monifieth]]. No freight trains have served the city since the [[Freightliner Group|Freightliner]] terminal in Dundee was closed in the 1980s. [[File:DND Airport Building.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dundee Airport]] in 2021]] [[Dundee Airport]] offers commercial flights to [[Heathrow Airport]], [[Kirkwall Airport]], and [[Sumburgh Airport|Sumburgh (Shetland)]] by [[Loganair]]. The airport is capable of serving small aircraft and is located {{convert|3|km}} west of the city centre, adjacent to the River Tay. The nearest major international airport is [[Edinburgh Airport]], {{convert|59.2|mi|km}} to the south. The cargo port of Dundee is one of the largest economic generators in the city and is operated by [[Forth Ports]]. Seafarers arriving at the port are offered welfare and pastoral assistance by seafarers charity [[Apostleship of the Sea]]. The seaport in recent years has saw a significant increase in cruises arriving at port. In 2023, [[Ambassador Cruise Line]] made Dundee a port call following the launch of their second ship ''[[MS Ambition|Ambition]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador Cruise Line launches Ambition cruise ship |url=https://www.travelwires.com/ambassador-cruise-line-launches-ambition-cruise-ship |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=TravelWires }}</ref> Cruises from Dundee depart to [[Norway]], [[Denmark]], France, Spain, Sweden, [[Belgium]] and [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cruises from Dundee - Ambassador Cruise Line |url=https://www.ambassadorcruiseline.com/no-fly-cruises/cruises-from-dundee/ |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=www.ambassadorcruiseline.com |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812200802/https://www.ambassadorcruiseline.com/no-fly-cruises/cruises-from-dundee/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Education == {{see also|List of schools in Dundee}} [[File:Dundee University.jpg|thumb|right|The University of Dundee]] Dundee is home to two universities and a student population of approximately 20,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dundee.ac.uk/registry/main/statistics/14-15_fst_dpt.xlsx |title=Academic Year:2014/5 (Starts 01-August) |access-date=28 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926225005/http://www.dundee.ac.uk/registry/main/statistics/14-15_fst_dpt.xlsx |archive-date=26 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abertay.ac.uk/discover/the-university/ |title=The University |date=11 January 2017 |website=abertay.ac.uk |access-date=28 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002143651/http://www.abertay.ac.uk/discover/the-university/ |archive-date=2 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[University of Dundee]] became an independent entity in 1967, after 70 years of being incorporated into the [[University of St Andrews]]. It was founded in 1881 by [[Mary Ann Baxter]] and her distant cousin John Boyd Baxter as University College, Dundee, and teaching began in 1883. It fully merged with the University of St Andrews in 1897 and was reorganised as Queen's College, Dundee in 1954.<ref name="Records of the University">{{cite web |title=Records of the University of Dundee and its Predecessors |url=http://www.dundee.ac.uk/archives/source-history.htm#Uni |work=Archival Sources for Local and Scottish History |publisher=[[University of Dundee]] |access-date=27 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808121954/http://www.dundee.ac.uk/archives/source-history.htm |archive-date=8 August 2011 }}</ref><ref name="A Dundee Celebration">{{cite book |last=Baxter |first=Kenneth |title=A Dundee Celebration |year=2007 |publisher=[[University of Dundee]] |location=Dundee |display-authors=etal }}</ref> Significant research in [[biomedical]] fields is carried out in the [[School of Life Sciences (University of Dundee)|School of Life Sciences]].<ref name="College of Life Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.lifesci.dundee.ac.uk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212043705/http://www.lifesci.dundee.ac.uk/ |url-status=dead |title=School of Life Sciences |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=22 October 2021 }}</ref> The university is also home to [[Dundee Law School]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scottishlegal.com/2016/05/24/law-at-dundee-takes-top-spot-in-guardian-university-guide-2017/ |location=Dundee |work=Scottish Legal News |title=Law |date=12 September 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005105715/http://www.scottishlegal.com/2016/05/24/law-at-dundee-takes-top-spot-in-guardian-university-guide-2017/ |archive-date=5 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> situated in the Scrymgeour Building on the main campus and the [[University of Dundee School of Medicine|School of Medicine]], based at the city's [[Ninewells Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/table/2011/may/17/university-guide-medicine |location=London |work=The Guardian |title=Medicine |date=17 May 2011 |access-date=11 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510215122/https://www.theguardian.com/education/table/2011/may/17/university-guide-medicine |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The university also incorporates the [[Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design]] and the teacher training college. [[Abertay University]] was founded as Dundee Institute of Technology in 1888. Previously, the buildings formed Bell Street Technical College, a further education college. It was granted university status in 1994 under the [[Further and Higher Education Act, 1992]]. The university is noted for its computing and creative technology courses, particularly in the fields of [[computer games]] technology and [[Computer security|cyber-security]].<ref name="money for computer games centre">{{harvnb|money for computer games centre }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2019 |title=Β£5.5m gaming and cyber-security centre opens |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-50808198 |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528131910/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-50808198 |url-status=live }}</ref> Notable alumni include [[David Jones (video game developer)|David Jones]], founder of DMA Design (now known as [[Rockstar North]]), Sir [[Brian Souter]], founder of [[Stagecoach Group|Stagecoach]], and Lord [[Iain McNicol]], former [[General Secretary of the Labour Party]]. [[Dundee College]] is the city's umbrella [[further education]] college, which was established in 1985 as an institution of higher education and vocational training. As of 2013, it merged with [[Angus College]] in [[Arbroath]], to become [[Dundee and Angus College]] (D&A college). The Al-Maktoum College of Higher Education was established in Dundee in Blackness Road in 2002. It is a research-led institution of higher education which are currently offering programmes accredited by [[Scottish Qualifications Authority|SQA]] in the study of [[Islam]] and [[Muslim]]s, Arabic language and Islamic Economics and Finance. It is an independent institution. It is named after its patron, [[Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum]].<ref>{{harvnb|Al-Maktoum Institute }}</ref> [[File:Moragn Academy Dundee.jpg|thumb|left|Morgan Academy Dundee]] Schools in Dundee have a pupil enrolment of over 20,300. There are 37 primary state schools and 8 secondary state schools in the city. There are 11 primary and 2 secondary Roman Catholic denominational schools which, as in the rest of Scotland, are open to children of all denominations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/parentzone/myschool/choosingaschool/denominationaleducation/index.asp |title=Denominational education β Choosing a school - |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210034630/http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/parentzone/myschool/choosingaschool/denominationaleducation/index.asp |archive-date=10 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The remainder are non-denominational.<ref>{{harvnb|Primary Schools}}; {{harvnb|Secondary Schools }}</ref> There is also one specialist school that caters for pupils with learning difficulties aged between five and 18 from Dundee and the surrounding area.<ref>{{harvnb|Kingspark School }}</ref> Dundee has one independent school, the [[High School of Dundee]], which was founded in the 13th century by the [[Abbot]] and [[monk]]s of [[Lindores Abbey]].<ref>{{harvnb|Strong|1909|p=19 }}</ref> The current building was designed by George Angus in a Greek Revival style and built in 1832β34.<ref>{{harvnb|Colvin|2008|p=xx }}</ref> Notable students in the early modern period included [[Thomas Thomson (chemist)|Thomas Thomson]], [[Hector Boece]],<ref>{{harvnb|Kerr|1913|p=13 }}</ref> and the brothers [[James, John and Robert Wedderburn]] who were the authors of ''[[The Gude and Godlie Ballatis]]'', used early in the [[Scottish Reformation]] as a vehicle to spread Protestant theology.<ref>{{harvnb|Dawson|2007|p=159 }}</ref> According to [[Blind Harry]]'s largely apocryphal work ''[[The Actes and Deidis of the Illustre and Vallyeant Campioun Schir William Wallace]]'', [[William Wallace]] was also educated in Dundee. == Culture == Dundee made a bid to be named the 2017 [[UK City of Culture]], and on 19 June 2013 was named as one of the four short-listed cities alongside [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], [[Leicester]] and [[Swansea Bay]].<ref>{{cite news |title=UK City of Culture 2017 shortlist of four announced |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22967259 |work=BBC News |access-date=20 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620015412/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22967259 |archive-date=20 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ultimately, Dundee's bid was unsuccessful, with Hull winning the contest.<ref name="TelegraphCultureBid">{{cite news |last1=Cramb |first1=Auslan |title=Dundee loses City of Culture bid, but presses ahead with events |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/scotland/10462917/Dundee-loses-City-of-Culture-bid-but-presses-ahead-with-events.html |access-date=27 September 2016 |work=The Telegraph |date=20 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010080319/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/scotland/10462917/Dundee-loses-City-of-Culture-bid-but-presses-ahead-with-events.html |archive-date=10 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dundee came in fifth place in a newspaper survey regarding numbers of cultural venues in the United Kingdom, ahead of other Scottish cities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/news/local/dundee/dundee-crowned-scotland-s-most-cultural-city-and-we-beat-hull-too-1.619566 |title=Dundee crowned Scotland's most cultural city (and we beat Hull too!) |work=eveningtelegraph.co.uk |date=10 October 2014 |access-date=11 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414225112/http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/news/local/dundee/dundee-crowned-scotland-s-most-cultural-city-and-we-beat-hull-too-1.619566 |archive-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dundee.stv.tv/articles/295051-dundee-is-the-fifth-most-cultural-city-in-the-uk-according-to-new-survey/ |title=Dundee is the fifth most cultural city in the UK according to new survey β STV Dundee β Dundee |author=Joe Birchenall |work=STV Dundee |access-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120224847/http://dundee.stv.tv/articles/295051-dundee-is-the-fifth-most-cultural-city-in-the-uk-according-to-new-survey/ |archive-date=20 January 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2021, Dundee made a joint bid with [[Perth and Kinross]], [[Angus, Scotland|Angus]] and [[Fife]] for the UK City of Culture again in 2025 under the title of 'Tay Cities'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rae |first=Steven |title=UK City of Culture 2025: Tay Cities unite in first joint title bid |url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/perth-kinross/2469964/uk-city-of-culture-2025-tay-cities-unite-in-first-joint-title-bid/ |access-date=21 August 2021 |website=The Courier |date=20 August 2021 |language=en-GB |archive-date=21 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821010236/https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/perth-kinross/2469964/uk-city-of-culture-2025-tay-cities-unite-in-first-joint-title-bid/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dundee also went to bid to become the [[European Capital of Culture]] in 2023 but due to [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|the United Kingdom voting to leave the European Union]] in June 2016, Dundee's bid, along with those of other British cities submitting bids, was discontinued by the [[European Commission]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-42095477 |title=Brexit blow to Dundee's 2023 culture bid |date=23 November 2017 |work=BBC News |access-date=24 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326214722/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-42095477 |archive-date=26 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/fp/dundee-formally-withdraws-capital-culture-bid-due-brexit/ |title=Dundee formally withdraws Capital of Culture bid due to Brexit imposed on Scotland by Westminster. |work=Evening Telegraph |access-date=24 March 2018 |issn=0307-1235 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045507/https://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/fp/dundee-formally-withdraws-capital-culture-bid-due-brexit/ |archive-date=25 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Museums and galleries=== [[File:McManus Galleries.jpg|thumb|left|The [[McManus Galleries]] in the city's Albert Square]] The city's main museum and art gallery, [[McManus Galleries]], is in Albert Square.<ref>{{harvnb|Day|Milne|2010|p=30 }}</ref> The exhibits include work by [[James McIntosh Patrick]], [[Alberto Morrocco]] and [[David McClure (artist)|David McClure]] amongst the collection of fine and decorative art, items from Dundee's history and natural history artefacts. [[Dundee Contemporary Arts]] (abbreviated DCA) opened in 1999 is an international art centre in the Nethergate close to Dundee Rep, which houses two contemporary art galleries, a two-screen arthouse cinema, a print studio, a visual research centre and a cafΓ© bar.<ref>{{harvnb|Jarron|2011|p=183 }}</ref> Britain's only full-time public [[observatory]], [[Mills Observatory]] at the summit of the city's [[Balgay]] Hill, was given to the city by linen manufacturer and keen amateur scientist John Mills in 1935.<ref>{{harvnb|Day|Milne|2010|p=47 }}</ref> [[Dundee Science Centre]] in the Greenmarket is a science centre based on the five senses with a series of interactive shows and exhibits.<ref>{{harvnb|Day|Milne|2010|p=20 }}</ref> [[Verdant Works]] is a museum dedicated to the once dominant jute industry in Dundee and is based in a former jute mill.<ref>Gale & Kaur (2002) p. 187; Dundee Heritage Trust (1998) pp. 1-3</ref> The [[University of Dundee]] also runs several public museums and galleries, including the D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum and the Tayside Medical History Museum. The university, through [[Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design]] also offers the Cooper Gallery for contemporary art, and its archives including: the abcD (artists' books collection Dundee); the REWIND Archive (video art collection); and the [[Richard Demarco]] Digital Archive. The [[V&A Dundee]] Museum of Design opened in September 2018 and is built south of Craig Harbour onto the [[River Tay]] in a building designed by [[Kengo Kuma]]. It was officially opened by the [[Prince William, Duke of Cambridge|Earl and Countess of Strathearn]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dingwall |first1=Blair |title=William and Kate will officially open V&A on royal visit to Dundee on Tuesday |url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/local/dundee/816641/william-and-kate-will-officially-open-va-on-royal-visit-to-dundee-on-tuesday/ |website=Dundee Courier |date=28 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010544/https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/local/dundee/816641/william-and-kate-will-officially-open-va-on-royal-visit-to-dundee-on-tuesday/ |archive-date=29 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the centrepiece of the city's waterfront redevelopment. The new museum may bring another 500,000 extra visitors to the city and create up to 900 jobs.<ref name="V&A Museum of Design, Dundee">{{harvnb|Dundee to get its own V&A museum }}</ref> [[File:"The Riders of the Sidhe" John Duncan 1911 McManus Galleries, Dundee.jpg|thumb|right|"The Riders of the Sidhe" John Duncan 1911 McManus Galleries, Dundee]] The city's archival records are mostly kept by two archives: Dundee City Archives, operated by [[Dundee City Council]] and the [[University of Dundee]]'s Archive Services. Dundee City Archives holds the official records of the city and of the former [[Tayside Regional Council]].<ref name="City Archives">{{cite web |title=Archives |url=http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/archive/ |publisher=[[Dundee City Council]] |access-date=17 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105064700/http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/archive/ |archive-date=5 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The archive also holds the records of various people, groups and organisations connected to the city. The university's Archive Services hold a wide range of material relating to the university and its predecessor institutions and to individuals associated with the university, such as [[D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson]]. Archive Services also holds the archives of several individuals, businesses and organisations based in Dundee and the surrounding area.<ref name="University of Dundee Archive Services">{{cite web |title=University of Dundee Archives Services |url=http://www.dundee.ac.uk/archives |publisher=University of Dundee |access-date=2 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614032353/http://www.dundee.ac.uk/archives/ |archive-date=14 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The records held include a substantial number of business archives relating to the jute and linen industry in Dundee; records of other businesses including the archives of the [[Alliance Trust]] and the department store G. L. Wilson; the records of the Brechin Diocese of the [[Scottish Episcopal Church]]; and the [[NHS Tayside]] Archive.<ref name="University of Dundee Archive Services2">{{cite web |title=University of Dundee Archives Services the Collections |url=http://www.dundee.ac.uk/archives/archman.htm |publisher=University of Dundee |access-date=2 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023152251/http://www.dundee.ac.uk/archives/archman.htm |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Archives, Records and Artefacts">{{cite web |title=Business Archives |date=27 January 2011 |url=http://www.archives-records-artefacts.blogspot.com/2011/01/business-archives.html |publisher=Archives, Records and Artefacts at the University of Dundee |access-date=5 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315133547/http://www.archives-records-artefacts.blogspot.com/2011/01/business-archives.html |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The same archive also holds the [[Michael Peto]] collection which includes thousands of the [[photojournalist]]'s photographs, negatives, slides, publications and papers.<ref name="University of Dundee Archive Services Peto">[http://www.dundee.ac.uk/archives//peto/ "Michael Peto Photographic Collection"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315060307/http://www.dundee.ac.uk/archives/peto/ |date=15 March 2016 }}, University of Dundee. Retrieved 26 May 2011.</ref> ===Literature=== Dundee has a strong literary heritage, with several authors having been born, lived or studied in the city. These include [[A. L. Kennedy]], [[Rosamunde Pilcher]], [[Kate Atkinson (writer)|Kate Atkinson]], [[Thomas Dick (scientist)|Thomas Dick]], [[Mary Shelley]], Mick McCluskey, [[John Burnside (writer)|John Burnside]] and [[Neil Forsyth]]. The [[Dundee International Book Prize]] is a biennial competition open to new authors, offering a prize of Β£10,000 and publication by Polygon Books. Past winners have included: Andrew Murray Scott, Claire-Marie Watson and Malcolm Archibald. [[William McGonagall]], regularly cited as the "world's worst poet",<ref name="World's Worst Poet">{{harvnb|McGonagall|1992 }}</ref> worked and wrote in the city, often giving performances of his work in pubs and bars. Many of his poems are about the city and events therein, such as his work ''The Tay Bridge Disaster''. Dundee's poetic heritage is represented by the 2013 poetry anthology ''Whaleback City'' edited by W. N. Herbert and Andy Jackson (Dundee University Press) containing poems by McGonagall, Don Paterson, Douglas Dunn, John Burnside and many others. City of Recovery Press was founded in Dundee, and has become a controversial figure in documenting the darker side of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofrecovery.com |title=cityofrecovery.com |access-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216222315/http://cityofrecovery.com/ |archive-date=16 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Cinema === The Dundee Mountain Film Festival (DMFF), held in the last weekend of November, presents the best presenters and films of the year in mountaineering, mountain culture and adventure sport, along with an art and trade exhibition.<ref name="Dundee festival">{{harvnb|Dundee Mountain Film Festival }}</ref> DMFF is also one of the members of International Alliance for Mountain Film (IAMF)<ref name="International Alliance">{{harvnb|International Alliance for Mountain Film }}</ref> among other important international [[mountain film]] festivals. [[Dundee Contemporary Arts]] hosts an annual horror film festival called ''Dundead'', which started in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zcint.co.uk/article/dca-unveil-dundead-ii-festival-lineup |title=DCA Unveil Dundead II Festival Line-Up |date=5 March 2012 |access-date=15 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718061619/http://zcint.co.uk/article/dca-unveil-dundead-ii-festival-lineup |archive-date=18 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> It also hosts the Discovery Film Festival, an international film festival targeted for young audiences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.discoveryfilmfestival.org.uk/about |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=Discovery Film Festival |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419011907/https://www.discoveryfilmfestival.org.uk/about |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city also has two [[Multiplex (movie theater)|Multiplex]] cinemas, [[Odeon Cinemas|Odeon]] and [[Cineworld]]. === Theatre, drama, dance === Dundee is home to a full-time [[repertory]] ensemble, which originated in 1939. One of its alumni, Hollywood actor [[Brian Cox (actor)|Brian Cox]], is a native of the city.<ref>{{harvnb|Cox may be ambassador for Dundee }}</ref> The [[Dundee Repertory Theatre]], built in 1982, is also the base for the [[Scottish Dance Theatre]] company. The Whitehall Theatre opened in 1969.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whitehalltheatre.com/about-us/ |title=About Us - the Whitehall Theatre |date=13 July 2021 |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602163822/https://whitehalltheatre.com/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Little Theatre at the foot of the Hilltown is home to and maintained by Dundee Dramatic Society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dundeeds.co.uk/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602163823/http://dundeeds.co.uk/|url-status=dead|title=Our Society β’ Dundee Dramatic Society|archivedate=2 June 2023|website=Dundee Dramatic Society}}</ref> === Music === Dundee's principal concert [[auditorium]], the [[Caird Hall]] (named after its benefactor, the jute baron [[James Key Caird]]) in the City Square regularly hosts the [[Royal Scottish National Orchestra]].<ref>{{harvnb|Day|Milne|2010|p=78 }}</ref> Various smaller venues host local and international musicians during Dundee's annual [[Jazz]], Guitar and [[Blues]] Festivals. Dundee has hosted the [[Royal National MΓ²d|National Mod]] a number of times β 1902, 1913, 1937, 1959 and 1974.<ref name=SMO>[http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/mod/ List of Mod's places] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115062253/http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/mod/ |date=15 January 2013 }} for each year on [[Sabhal MΓ²r Ostaig]] website</ref> Dundee also hosted [[BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend]] back in 2006 and was due to host for a second time in 2020 but it was cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Dundee hosted the event again on 26th-28 May 2023 at Camperdown Park in the north-west of the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Radio 1's Big Weekend 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/events/ed8wxj |website=BBC Events |access-date=12 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416112732/https://www.bbc.co.uk/events/ed8wxj |url-status=live }}</ref> Popular music groups such as the 1970s [[soul-funk]] outfit [[Average White Band]], the [[Associates (band)|Associates]], the band [[Spare Snare]], [[Danny Wilson (band)|Danny Wilson]], [[the Hazey Janes]], and the [[Indie rock]] bands [[The View (band)|the View]] and [[The Law (Scotland band)|the Law]] are from Dundee. Musician, songwriter and performer [[Michael Marra]] was born and raised in Dundee. [[Ricky Ross (musician)|Ricky Ross]] of [[Deacon Blue]] and singer-songwriter [[KT Tunstall]] are former pupils of the [[High School of Dundee]], although Tunstall is not a native of the city.<ref name="Almost Famous">{{harvnb|Almost Famous }}</ref> The Northern Irish indie rock band [[Snow Patrol]] was formed by students at the [[University of Dundee]].<ref name="Snow Patrol">{{harvnb|Snow Patrol }}</ref> [[Brian Molko]], lead singer of [[Placebo (band)|Placebo]], grew up in the city<ref name="NME Interview">{{harvnb|NME Interview with Placebo }}</ref> as did [[Ian Cussick]], singer of [[Lake (German band)|Lake]]. At the end of June, Dundee hosts an annual [[blues]] festival known as the ''Dundee Blues Bonanza''.<ref name="Dundee Blues Bonanza">{{harvnb|Dundee Blues Bonanza }}</ref> === Media === [[File:DC Thomson Dundee Meadowside south east face (post refurb).jpg|thumb|Dundee Headquarters of [[DC Thomson]] & Co.]] Dundee is home to DC Thomson & Co. Ltd, established in 1905, which produces over 200 million magazines, newspapers and comics every year; these include ''[[The Beano]]'', ''[[The Dandy]]'' and ''[[The Press and Journal]]''.<ref name="Discover Dundee Retail" /> Dundee is home to one of eleven [[BBC Scotland]] broadcasting centres, located within the Nethergate Centre.<ref name="Contact numbers for BBC Scotland">{{harvnb|Contact numbers for BBC Scotland }}</ref> [[STV North]]'s Tayside news and advertising operations are based in the Seabraes area of the city, from where an ''STV News Tayside'' opt-out bulletin is broadcast, (though not on Digital Satellite), within the nightly regional news programme, ''[[STV News at Six]]''. The city also had a community internet TV station called The Dundee Channel which was launched on 1 September 2009. Dundee formerly had three local radio stations that were based in the city. Radio Tay was launched on 17 October 1980.<ref name="Radio Tay's first day">{{harvnb|Radio Tay's first day }}</ref> The station split frequencies in January 1995, launching [[Tay FM]] for a younger audience and Tay AM playing classic hits (now called [[Greatest Hits Radio Tayside & Fife]]). Neither Tay FM or Greatest Hits Radio are based within the city of Dundee, with their only locally targeted show (Tay FM breakfast) being broadcast from a Bauer studio in Edinburgh. In 1999, Discovery 102 was launched, later to be renamed [[Wave 102]] following a claim by [[The Discovery Channel]] that the station could mistakenly be linked to its brand. The station was further rebranded to Wave FM and Pure Radio. The 102FM frequency now carries a relay of Aberdeen-based radio station [[Original 106 (Scotland)]] which features news, content and commercials tailored for Tayside. === Landmarks === [[File:St. Mary's Tower, Dundee - geograph.org.uk - 1204975.jpg|thumb|left|180px|St Mary's Tower, oldest building in Dundee, dating to late 15th century]] The city and its landscape are dominated by [[Law, Dundee|The Law]] and the [[Firth of Tay]]. The Law, a large hill to the north of the [[City Centre, Dundee|City Centre]] was the site of an [[Iron Age]] [[Hill Fort]], upon which the Law War Memorial, designed by Thomas Braddock, was erected in 1921 to commemorate the fallen of [[World War I]].<ref>{{harvnb|Law Hill War Memorial, Category B listing }}</ref> The waterfront, much altered by [[Land reclamation|reclamation]] in the 19th century, retains several of the docks that once were the hub of the jute and whaling industries, including the Camperdown and Victoria Docks.<ref>{{harvnb|Camperdown Dock, Category A listing}}<br />{{harvnb|Victoria Dock with Pedestrian and Vehicular Swing Bridges, Category A listing }}</ref> The Victoria Dock is the home of the frigate [[HMS Unicorn (1824)|HMS ''Unicorn'']] and the [[North Carr Lightship]], while [[Robert Falcon Scott|Captain Scott]]'s [[RRS Discovery|RRS ''Discovery'']] occupies Craig Pier, from where the ferries to [[Fife]] once sailed. The oldest building in the city is St Mary's Tower, which dates from the late 15th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Nethergate, City Churches, St Mary's Tower or the Steeple, Category A Listing}}<br />{{harvnb|McKean|Walker|1985|pp=52β54 }}</ref> This forms part of the City Churches, which consist of St Clement's Church, dating to 1787β8 and built by Samuel Bell, Old St Paul's and St David's Church, built in 1841β42 by [[William Burn]], and St Mary's Church, rebuilt in 1843β44, also by Burn, following a fire.<ref>{{harvnb|Nethergate, City Churches, St Clement's, or Steeple Church, Category A Listing}}<br />{{harvnb|Nethergate, City Churches, Old St Paul's and St David's, or South Church, Category A Listing}}<br />{{harvnb|Nethergate, City Churches, St Mary's East, or Dundee Parish Church, Category A Listing}}<br />{{harvnb|McKean|Walker|1985|pp=52β54 }}</ref> Other significant churches in the city include the Gothic Revival [[St Paul's Cathedral, Dundee|St Paul's Episcopal Cathedral]], built by [[George Gilbert Scott|Sir George Gilbert Scott]] in 1853 on the former site of Dundee Castle in the High Street,<ref>{{harvnb|150 Nethergate, St Andrew's Roman Catholic Cathedral, Including Presbytery and Former Sea Wall to South, Category A Listing}}<br />{{harvnb|McKean|Walker|1985|p=57 }}</ref> and the Catholic [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Dundee|St. Andrew's Cathedral]], built in 1835 by George Mathewson in Nethergate.<ref>{{harvnb|Castle Hill, St Paul's Episcopal Cathedral, including steps and boundary wall, Category A Listing}}<br />{{harvnb|McKean|Walker|1985|p=57 }}</ref> As a result of the destruction suffered during the [[Rough Wooing]], little of the mediaeval city (aside from St Mary's Tower) remains and the earliest surviving domestic structures date from the [[Scotland in the Early Modern Era|Early Modern Era]]. A notable example is the Wishart Arch (or East Port) in Cowgate. It is the last surviving portion of the city walls. Dating from prior to 1548, it owes its continued existence to its association with the Protestant [[martyr]] [[George Wishart]], who is said to have preached to plague victims from the East Port in 1544.<ref>{{harvnb|Historic Environment Scotland|SM164}}<br />{{harvnb|McKean|Walker|1985|pp=32β33 }}</ref> Another is the building complex on the High Street known as [[Gardyne's Land, Dundee|Gardyne's Land]], parts of which date from around 1560.<ref>{{harvnb|70β73 (Inclusive Nos) High Street, Including Gardyne's Land, Gray's Close and Clock with Model of the Town House}}; {{harvnb|McKean|Walker|1985|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Dragging a building into the 21st century}}; {{harvnb|Gardyne's Land wins multiple awards }}</ref> [[The Howff]] burial ground in the northern part of the City Centre also dates from this time; it was given to the city by Mary Queen of Scots in 1564, having previously served as the grounds of a [[Franciscan]] abbey.<ref>{{harvnb|Meadowside and Barrack Street, The Howff, Category A listing}}; {{harvnb|McKean|Walker|1985|pp=50β51 }}</ref> [[File:Claypotts castle 01.jpg|thumb|right|Claypotts Castle, dating from the late 16th century]] Several castles can be found in Dundee, mostly from the Early Modern Era. The earliest parts of [[Mains Castle]] in Caird Park were built by David Graham in 1562 on the site of a hunting lodge of 1460.<ref>{{harvnb|Caird Park Mains Castle, Category A listing}}; {{harvnb|McKean|Walker|1985|p=120 }}</ref> [[Dudhope Castle]], originally the seat of the Scrymgeour family, dates to the late 16th century and was built on the site of a keep of 1460.<ref>{{harvnb|Dudhope Castle, Category A listing}}; {{harvnb|McKean|Walker|1985|pp=74β75 }}</ref> [[Claypotts Castle]], a striking Z plan castle in West Ferry, was built by John Strachan and dates from 1569 to 1588.<ref>{{harvnb|Claypotts Castle, Category A listing}}; {{harvnb|McKean|Walker|1985|p=103 }}</ref> In 1495 [[Broughty Castle]] was built and remained in use as a major defensive structure until 1932, playing a role in the [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] and the [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|Wars of the Three Kingdoms]]. The castle stands on a shallow tip projecting into the Firth, alongside two beaches, one of sand, the other of pebbles. The ruins of [[Powrie Castle]], north of Fintry, date from the 16th-century castle north.{{clarify|date=November 2014}}<ref>{{harvnb|Powrie, Old Powrie Castle, Including Adjoining Boundary Wall }}</ref> North of the City Churches, at the end of Reform Street, lies the [[High School of Dundee]], built in 1829β34 by George Angus in a Greek Revival style.<ref>{{harvnb|Euclid Crescent High School, including Lodge, Gatepiers, Boundary wall and railings, Category A listing}}; {{harvnb|McKean|Walker|1985|p=47 }}</ref> Another school building of note is [[Morgan Academy]] on Forfar Road, built in 1863, designed by [[John Dick Peddie]] in a Dutch Gothic style.<ref>{{harvnb|Forfar Road, Morgan Academy, Main Block and Janitor's House with Terrace, Boundary Walls and Gatepiers, Category A listing}}; {{harvnb|McKean|Walker|1985|p=97 }}</ref> Dundee's industrial history as a centre for textile production is apparent throughout the city. Numerous former jute mills remain standing and while some lay derelict, many have been converted for other uses. Of particular note are the Tay Works, built by the Gilroy Brothers {{circa|1850}}β1865,<ref>{{harvnb|2 Lochee Road, Tay Works, Category A listing}}; {{harvnb|McKean|Walker|1985|p=85 }}</ref> [[Camperdown Works]] in Lochee, which built and owned by Cox Brothers, one of Europe's largest jute manufacturing companies, and begun in 1849,<ref>{{harvnb|Methven Street, Camperdown Works High Mill or Silver Mill, Category A listing}}; {{harvnb|McKean|Walker|1985|p=89 }}</ref><ref name="Cox Bros">{{cite web |title=MS 6 Cox Brothers Ltd, Jute Spinners and Manufacturers, and Cox Family Papers |url=http://arccat.dundee.ac.uk/dserve.exe?&dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=((text)=%271,000,001%27) |work=Archive Services Online Catalogue |publisher=[[University of Dundee]] |access-date=9 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193736/http://arccat.dundee.ac.uk/dserve.exe?&dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=((text)=%271,000,001%27) |archive-date=15 February 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Upper Dens Mill and Lower Dens Works, built by the Baxter Brothers in the mid-19th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Princes Street and Return Elevations to Dens Street, Constable Street and St Roques Lane, Lower Dens Works, Category listing}}; {{harvnb|2 Princes Street, Upper Dens Mill, Category listing}}; {{harvnb|McKean|Walker|1985|pp=30β32 }}</ref> [[File:James Duncan Mitchell, Lusitania 1915, Western Cemetery, Dundee.jpg|thumb|James Duncan Mitchell, died on the Lusitania in 1915, interred at Western Cemetery, Dundee]] A more recent landmark is the {{convert|140|ft|m|adj=mid}} Tower Building of the [[University of Dundee]] built between 1959 and 1961. At the time of its construction only the Old Steeple was taller in the city. The Tower was built to replace the original college buildings which stood on the site.<ref name=Tower>{{cite journal |title=From the Archives: Fifty years since the Tower's foundation stone was laid |journal=Contact |date=October 2009 |pages=24β25 |publisher=University of Dundee }}</ref><ref name="Tower News">{{cite news |title=Dundee University's Tower Building needing facelift to address safety concerns |url=http://www.thecourier.co.uk/news/local/dundee/dundee-university-s-tower-building-needing-facelift-to-address-safety-concerns-1.51518 |access-date=22 October 2013 |newspaper=The Courier |date=9 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031024458/http://www.thecourier.co.uk/news/local/dundee/dundee-university-s-tower-building-needing-facelift-to-address-safety-concerns-1.51518 |archive-date=31 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The building houses the university's main administration and includes galleries and the university's Archive, Records Management and Museum Services.<ref name="Tower Building">{{cite web |title=Tower Building |url=http://www.dundee.ac.uk/general/campusguide/virtualtour/tower/ |publisher=University of Dundee |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023063616/http://www.dundee.ac.uk/general/campusguide/virtualtour/tower/ |archive-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many 1960s landmark multi-storey housing buildings were demolished in the late 2000s. The former Tayside House block, nicknamed 'Faulty Towers' by many local people, was demolished in 2013 as part of the waterfront redevelopment program.<ref name="Muncher">{{cite news |title=Bye-bye Tayside House β 'Muncher' completes its work |url=http://www.thecourier.co.uk/news/local/dundee/bye-bye-tayside-house-muncher-completes-its-work-1.111722 |access-date=2 March 2016 |work=The Courier |publisher=D C Thomson & Co, Ltd. |date=12 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081304/http://www.thecourier.co.uk/news/local/dundee/bye-bye-tayside-house-muncher-completes-its-work-1.111722 |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> According to the architectural historian [[Charles McKean]] and his co-authors of Lost Dundee, the best views in the city were from Tayside House, because these were the only views from which the building itself could not be seen.<ref name="LostTayHouse">{{cite book |last1=McKean |first1=Charles |last2=Whatley |first2=Patricia |last3=with Baxter |first3=Kenneth |title=Lost Dundee. Dundee's Lost Architectural Heritage |date=2013 |publisher=Birlinn |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-1-78027-106-4 |page=248 |edition=2nd }}</ref> == Sport and recreation == === Football === [[File:Dundee football grounds from Dundee Law, December 2014.jpg|thumb|[[Dens Park]] and [[Tannadice Park]]]] Dundee has two professional [[association football|football]] clubs: [[Dundee F.C.|Dundee]], founded in 1893, and [[Dundee United F.C.|Dundee United]], founded in 1909 as Dundee Hibernian. Dundee FC and Dundee United currently play in the [[Scottish Premiership]]. Their grounds [[the ScotFoam Stadium]] and [[Tannadice Park]] are just 100 metres apart, closer together than any other football stadiums in the UK. The [[Dundee derby]] is one of the most highly anticipated fixtures in Scottish football. Dundee is one of four British cities to have produced two [[European Champion Clubs' Cup|European Cup]] semi-finalists. Dundee lost to [[A.C. Milan]] in [[European Cup 1962-63#Semi finals|1963]]<ref name="Dundee, European Cup History">{{harvnb|European Cup History, Season 1962β1963 }}</ref> and Dundee United lost to [[A.S. Roma]] in [[European Cup 1983-84#Semi-finals|1984]].<ref name="Dundee United, European Cup History">{{harvnb|European Cup History, Season 1983β1984 }}</ref> Dundee also reached the semi-finals of the forerunner to the UEFA Cup in [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1967-68#Semifinals|1968]] and Dundee United were runners-up in the UEFA Cup in [[UEFA Cup 1986-87#Final|1987]].<ref name="Dundee United, UEFA Cup History">{{harvnb|UEFA Cup History, Season 1986β1987 }}</ref> There are also seven junior football teams in the area: [[Dundee North End F.C.|Dundee North End]], [[East Craigie F.C.|East Craigie]], [[Lochee Harp F.C.|Lochee Harp]], [[Lochee United F.C.|Lochee United]], [[Dundee Violet F.C.|Dundee Violet]], [[Broughty Athletic F.C.|Broughty Athletic]] and [[Downfield F.C.|Downfield]].<ref name="Scottish Junior Football Clubs AβK">{{harvnb|Scottish Junior Football Clubs AβK }}</ref> === Ice hockey === [[Dundee Stars]], the main [[ice hockey]] team, play at the [[Dundee Ice Arena]]. The team joined the [[Elite Ice Hockey League|Elite League]] in the [[2010β11 EIHL season|2010/2011 season]].<ref name="Dundee Stars join Elite">{{harvnb|Dundee Stars join Elite }}</ref> They are one of three professional ice hockey teams in Scotland, and play against teams from England, Wales and Northern Ireland in the Elite League. In the 2013/2014 season, Dundee Stars won the Gardiner Conference trophy, their only one to date. The majority of the players are from Canada and the United States. Marc LeFebvre is the current head coach and general manager of the Dundee Stars.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} There also is an amateur ice hockey team, [[Dundee Rockets]], who play in the [[Scottish National League (ice hockey)|Scottish National League]]. === Rugby === The city is also home to six [[rugby union]] teams. [[Dundee HSFP|Dundee High School Former Pupils]] play in [[Scottish National League Division One]],<ref name="Dundee HSFP">{{harvnb|Dundee HSFP }}</ref> the second tier of Scottish club rugby. The remainder of the teams compete in the [[Caledonia Regional League]] β [[Harris Academy RFC|Harris Academy FP]] play in Caledonia Division One,<ref name="Harris Academy">{{harvnb|Harris Academy }}</ref> [[Morgan Academy FP RFC|Morgan Academy FP]] and [[Panmure RFC|Panmure]] in Caledonia Division Two Midlands,<ref name="Morgan Academy">{{harvnb|Morgan Academy }}</ref> Dundee University Medics and Stobswell in Caledonia Division Three Midlands.<ref name="Panmure and Stobswell">{{harvnb|Panmure and Stobswell }}</ref> === Athletics === [[Liz McColgan]] and [[Eilish McColgan]] both hail from Dundee and have been members of the Dundee Hawkhill Harriers athletics club. === Other sports === Local sports clubs include [[Dundee Handball Club]], Grove Menzieshill Hockey Club; Dundee Wanderers Hockey Club, Dundee Volleyball Club,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dundeevolleyballclub.com/ |title=Dundee Volleyball Club |access-date=9 January 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225154549/http://www.dundeevolleyballclub.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dundee Northern Lights [[Floorball]] Club, Dundee Hawkhill Harriers, Dundee City Aquatics, [[Dundee Hurricanes]], [[Dundee Roller Derby]] and Dundee & Angus Radio Controlled Car Klub (DARCCK). The [[Olympia Leisure Centre (2013)|Olympia Leisure Centre]], opened in 2013, has a swimming pool. There is a velodrome, [[Caird Park Velodrome]]. == Public services == [[File:Northern end of Backwater Reservoir - geograph.org.uk - 1105159.jpg|Backwater Reservoir|left|thumb]] Dundee and the surrounding area is supplied with water by [[Scottish Water]]. Dundee, along with parts of Perthshire and Angus is supplied from Lintrathen and [[Backwater Reservoir|Backwater]] reservoirs in [[River Isla, Perthshire|Glen Isla]].<ref>{{harvnb|Scrimgeour|1968|pp=278β283 }}</ref> Electricity distribution is by [[Scottish Hydro Electric]] plc, part of the [[Scottish and Southern Energy]] group. Waste management is handled by [[Dundee City Council]]. There is a kerbside recycling scheme that currently only serves 15,500 households in Dundee. Cans, glass and plastic bottles are collected on a weekly basis.<ref>{{harvnb|Kerbside Recycling Box Scheme }}</ref> [[Compostable]] material and non-recyclable material are collected on alternate weeks.<ref name="kerbside">{{harvnb|Brown Bin Garden Waste Collection }}</ref> Paper is collected for recycling on a four-weekly basis.<ref>{{harvnb|Blue Bin Paper Collections }}</ref> Recycling centres and points are at a number of locations in Dundee.<ref name="Recycling Centres in Dundee">{{harvnb|Recycling Centres}}; {{harvnb|Recycling Points }}</ref> Items accepted include steel and aluminium cans, cardboard, paper, electrical equipment, engine oil, fridges and freezers, garden waste, gas bottles, glass, liquid food and drinks cartons, plastic bottles, plastic carrier bags, rubble, scrap metal, shoes and handbags, spectacles, textiles, tin foil, wood and yellow pages. Recent figures taken in 2008, suggest the city council has a recycling rate of 36.1%.<ref name="Waste Aware Tayside">{{harvnb|Waste Aware Tayside }}</ref> Law enforcement is provided by Police Scotland. The headquarters of the Dundee Branch of Police Scotland is situated in West Bell Street.<ref name="Policing in Dundee">{{harvnb|Policing in Dundee }}</ref> There are also four police stations which serve the city: Maryfield, Lochee, Downfield and Longhaugh.<ref name="Policing in Dundee" /> [[Health care|Healthcare]] is supplied in the area by [[NHS Tayside]]. [[Ninewells Hospital]], is the only hospital with an accident and emergency department in the area. Dundee is also served by the East Central Region of the [[Scottish Ambulance Service]] which covers the city, Tayside and Kingdom of Fife.<ref name="Scottish Ambulance Service">{{harvnb|Scottish Ambulance Service }}</ref> There is one ambulance station for the city; on West School Road.<ref name="Ambulance Stations in Scotland">{{harvnb|Ambulance Stations in Scotland }}</ref> The [[Scottish Fire and Rescue Service]] operate three fire stations, covering the city and surrounding villages. The main station is at Blackness Road and there is a control room at Macalpine Road fire station. == Sister cities == {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Scotland}} Chronologically: * [[OrlΓ©ans]], France (1946)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |title=Twin towns - Complete France |website=www.completefrance.com |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705094933/http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |archive-date=5 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Zadar]], Croatia (1959)<ref name="Dundee's Sister Cities">{{cite web |url=https://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/supportservs/dundeetwins |title=Dundee's Twins |access-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725125917/http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/supportservs/dundeetwins/ |archive-date=25 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]], United States (1962)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotsman.com/heritage/twinned-towns-dundee-and-alexandria-virginia-1-4021290 |title=Twinned Towns: Dundee and Alexandria, Virginia - the Scotsman |website=www.scotsman.com |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228132413/http://www.scotsman.com/heritage/twinned-towns-dundee-and-alexandria-virginia-1-4021290 |archive-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[WΓΌrzburg]], Germany (1962)<ref name="Dundee's Sister Cities" /> * [[Nablus]], Palestine (1980)<ref name="Dundee's Sister Cities" /> * [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates (2004)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stv.tv/news/tayside/110625-scotlands-links-with-uae-celebrated-in-dundee/ |title=Scotland's links with UAE celebrated in Dundee |website=stv.tv |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325201716/https://stv.tv/news/tayside/110625-scotlands-links-with-uae-celebrated-in-dundee/ |archive-date=25 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[West Dundee, Illinois|West Dundee]], United States (2013)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailyherald.com/article/20130624/news/706249932/ |title=West Dundee partners with its Scottish namesake |website=www.dailyherald.com |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325201447/https://www.dailyherald.com/article/20130624/news/706249932/ |archive-date=25 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Freedom of the City== The following people and military units have received the [[Freedom of the City]] of Dundee. {{Incomplete list|date=November 2021}} ===Individuals=== * [[William Arrol]]: 1889. * [[Henry Morton Stanley]]: 1890. * [[William Harcourt (politician)|William Harcourt]]: 1898. * [[John Leng (politician)|Sir John Leng]]: 1902. * [[Whitelaw Reid]]: 1906. * [[H. H. Asquith]]: October 1912. * Emma Grace Marryat: 1918. * [[David Middleton Greig]]: 1920. * [[Agnes Husband]]: 1926. * [[Tom Johnston (British politician)|Thomas Johnston]]: 1947. * [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]]: 1954. * [[List of provosts of Dundee|Maurice McManus]]: 1981. * [[Nelson Mandela]]: 9 October 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/education/higher-education/1689274/crowds-chanted-on-historic-night-as-dundee-gave-nelson-mandela-the-city-keys/ |title=Crowds chanted on historic night as Dundee gave Nelson Mandela the city keys |last=Strachan |first=Graeme |date=31 October 2021 |website=The Courier |publisher= |access-date=3 November 2021 |quote= |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104003023/https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/education/higher-education/1689274/crowds-chanted-on-historic-night-as-dundee-gave-nelson-mandela-the-city-keys/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]: 2008. * [[Ramsay MacDonald]] * [[Stanley Baldwin]] * Rev. William Macmillan * [[Jim McLean|James McLean]] ===Military units=== * The [[Black Watch|Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment)]]: 1954.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nEefkpZE2cw |title=Queen Mother Accepts Freedom for Black Watch β 1954 |last=British Movietone |date=21 July 2015 |via=YouTube |access-date=4 November 2021 |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104003020/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nEefkpZE2cw |url-status=live }}</ref> == See also == * [[Brittle Bone Society]], a UK charity established in 1968 in Dundee * [[Dundee Museum of Transport]] * [[History of Dundee#Notable Dundonians and people associated with Dundee]] * [[Alexander Crawford Lamb|Alexander C. Lamb]] and references to the Lamb Collection, which is held in the City Museum and the Local History Centre of Dundee Central Library == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} === News === {{refbegin|40em}} * {{citation |ref={{harvid|Dundee Tory leader hits out at critic|2005}} |url=http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/output/2005/02/28/story6861222t0.shtm |title=Dundee Tory leader hits out at critic |work=[[Evening Telegraph (Dundee)|Evening Telegraph]] |date=28 February 2005 |access-date=3 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606133942/http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/output/2005/02/28/story6861222t0.shtm |archive-date=6 June 2011 }} * {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Almost Famous}} |last=Didcock |first=Barry |title=Almost Famous |newspaper=[[Sunday Herald]] |date=1 May 2005 |url=http://www.sundayherald.com/49411 |access-date=6 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427090846/http://www.sundayherald.com/49411 |archive-date=27 April 2006 }} * {{cite news |ref={{harvid|City promotes Emirates connection}} |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/tayside_and_central/8160624.stm |title=City promotes Emirates connection |work=BBC News |date=21 July 2009 |access-date=5 May 2011 }} * {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Dundee Stars join Elite}} |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/ice_hockey/8649518.stm |title=Dundee Stars join top UK league |work=BBC Sport |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=7 August 2011 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120124427/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/ice_hockey/8649518.stm |url-status=live }} * {{citation |ref={{harvid|Dragging a building into the 21st century}} |title=Dragging a building into the 21st Century |work=Scottish Planner |page=11 |date=July 2010}} * {{citation |ref={{harvid|Councils plot revolt over re-draw plan|2005}} |title=Councils plot revolt over re-draw plan |url=http://news.scotsman.com/politicalboundaryreview/Councils-plot-revolt-over-redraw.2603731.jp |access-date=3 May 2011 |date=19 February 2005 |work=The Scotsman |location=Edinburgh |first=Peter |last=Macmahon |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528131909/https://www.scotsman.com/news |url-status=live }} * {{citation |ref={{harvid|Dundee House}} |title=Time running out for 'least liked' building Tayside House |url=http://www.thecourier.co.uk/News/Dundee/article/16542/time-running-out-for-least-liked-building-tayside-house.html |access-date=18 August 2011 |date=17 August 2011 |work=The Courier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118012314/http://www.thecourier.co.uk/News/Dundee/article/16542/time-running-out-for-least-liked-building-tayside-house.html |archive-date=18 November 2011 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Fate of Whitfield's Skarne blocks to be decided}} |title=Fate of Whitfield's Skarne blocks to be decided |work=The Courier |date=4 May 2011 |url=http://www.thecourier.co.uk/News/Dundee/article/13586/fate-of-whitfield-s-skarne-blocks-to-be-decided.html |access-date=16 May 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite news |ref={{harvid|First Dundee computer next year}} |date=7 December 1966 |title=First Dundee computer next year |work=The Courier}} * {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Four Dundee Hilltown multi-storey blocks to come down}} |title=Four Dundee Hilltown multi-storey blocks to come down |work=The Courier |date=14 September 2010 |url=http://www.thecourier.co.uk/News/Dundee/article/5074/four-dundee-hilltown-multi-storey-blocks-to-come-down.html |access-date=16 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816132746/http://www.thecourier.co.uk/News/Dundee/article/5074/four-dundee-hilltown-multi-storey-blocks-to-come-down.html |archive-date=16 August 2011 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Gardyne's Land wins multiple awards}} |url=http://www.dundee.ac.uk/planning/events/gardynes.htm |title=Gardyne's Land wins multiple awards |publisher=University of Dundee |year=2009 |access-date=4 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226072532/http://www.dundee.ac.uk/planning/events/gardynes.htm |archive-date=26 February 2011 }} * {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Last of Menzieshill multis to be brought down this week}} |title=Last of Menzieshill multis to be brought down this week |work=The Courier |date=5 March 2011 |url=http://www.thecourier.co.uk/News/Dundee/article/11557/last-of-menzieshill-multis-to-be-brought-down-this-week.html |access-date=16 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309235616/http://www.thecourier.co.uk/News/Dundee/article/11557/last-of-menzieshill-multis-to-be-brought-down-this-week.html |archive-date=9 March 2011 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Tenants gone, soon multi too}} |title=Tenants gone, soon multi too |work=Evening Telegraph 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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528131913/https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Williamson Unitarian Christian Church Dundee}} |url=http://www.dundee-unitarians.org.uk |title=Williamson Unitarian Christian Church Dundee |publisher=dundee-unitarians.org.uk |access-date=30 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228073944/http://www.dundee-unitarians.org.uk/ |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead }} * {{citation |ref={{harvid|Aug 1995 Maximum}} |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=14&year=1995&indexid=TXx&stationid=1630 |title=Aug 1995 Maximum |access-date=22 March 2011 |archive-date=13 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513211916/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=14&year=1995&indexid=TXx&stationid=1630 |url-status=live }} * {{citation |ref={{harvid|Jul 2006 Mean}} 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|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711115325/http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=25239 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2012 |date=4 February 1965 |work=Historic Scotland |access-date=28 March 2012}} * {{citation |ref={{harvid|Caird Park Mains Castle, Category A listing}} |title=Caird Park Mains Castle, Category A listing |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=25066 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716050813/http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=25066 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2012 |date=12 July 1963 |access-date=28 March 2012 |work=Historic Scotland}} * {{citation |ref={{harvid|Camperdown Dock, Category A listing}} |title=Camperdown Dock, Category A listing |date=12 March 1993 |work=Historic Scotland |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=24923 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712105332/http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=24923 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 July 2012 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listing}} |title=Dudhope Castle, Category A listing |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=25195 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710212219/http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=25195 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2012 |date=12 July 1963 |access-date=28 March 2012 |work=Historic Scotland}} * {{Historic Environment Scotland|desc=Wishart Arch, gateway 50m E of 15 Cowgate, Dundee|num=SM164|mode=cs2 |access-date=31 March 2019}} * {{citation |ref={{harvid|Euclid Crescent High School, including Lodge, Gatepiers, Boundary wall and railings, Category A listing}} |title=Euclid Crescent High School, including Lodge, Gatepiers, Boundary wall and railings, Category A listing |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=25177 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709225346/http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=25177 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |date=12 July 1963 |access-date=28 March 2012 |work=Historic Scotland}} * 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Listing}} |title=Nethergate, City Churches, St Mary's East, or Dundee Parish Church, Category A Listing |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=25382 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719024505/http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=25382 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 July 2012 |date=12 July 1963 |access-date=27 March 2012 |work=Historic Scotland}} * {{citation |ref={{harvid|Nethergate, City Churches, St Mary's Tower or the Steeple, Category A Listing}} |title=Nethergate, City Churches, St Mary's Tower or the Steeple, Category A Listing |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=25370 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709033517/http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=25370 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |date=12 July 1963 |access-date=27 March 2012 |work=Historic Scotland}} * {{citation |ref={{harvid|Powrie, Old Powrie Castle, Including Adjoining Boundary Wall}} |title=Powrie, Old Powrie Castle, Including 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