Editing Duncan II of Scotland

{{Short description|King of Alba in 1094}}
{{redirect|Duncan II|text=See also [[Duncan II, Earl of Fife]]}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Duncan II
| image        = Duncan II of Scotland (Holyrood).jpg
| caption      = Duncan II as portrayed in a series of portraits at [[Holyrood Palace]] ordered by [[Charles II of Scotland|Charles II]]
| succession   = [[King of Alba]]
| reign        = May 1094–12 November 1094
| predecessor  = [[Donald III]]
| successor    = Donald III
| birth_date   = c. 1060
| death_date   = {{death date|1094|11|12|df=y}}
| spouse       = [[Ethelreda (daughter of Gospatric)|Ethelreda of Northumbria]]
| issue        = [[William fitz Duncan]]
| house        = [[House of Dunkeld|Dunkeld]]
| father       = [[Malcolm III]]
| mother       = [[Ingibiorg Finnsdottir]]
| place of burial = [[Dunfermline Abbey]]
}}

'''Donnchad mac Máel Coluim''' ([[Scottish Gaelic|Modern Gaelic]]: ''Donnchadh mac Mhaoil Chaluim'';<ref group=lower-alpha>''Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim'' is the Mediaeval Gaelic form.</ref> anglicised as '''Duncan II'''; c. 1060 – 12 November 1094) was [[List of Scottish monarchs|King of Alba]]. He was son of [[Malcolm III of Scotland|Malcolm III]] (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) and his first wife [[Ingibiorg Finnsdottir]], widow of [[Thorfinn the Mighty|Thorfinn Sigurdsson]], [[earl of Orkney]].

== Early life ==
The identity of Duncan's mother is given by the [[Orkneyinga saga]], which records the marriage of Malcolm and Ingibiorg, and then mentions "their son was Duncan, King of Scots, father of William". Duncan II got his name from that of his grandfather, [[Duncan I of Scotland]]. However, Ingibiorg is never mentioned by primary sources written by Scottish and English chroniclers. She might have been a [[Concubinage|concubine]] or had a marriage not recognized by the Church. [[William of Malmesbury]] calls Duncan an illegitimate son of Malcolm III. This account influenced a number of Medieval commentators, who also dismissed Duncan as an illegitimate son. However, this claim is propaganda reflecting the need of Malcolm's descendants by [[Saint Margaret of Scotland|Margaret]] to undermine the claims of Duncan's descendants, the [[MacWilliam pretenders|Meic Uilleim]].<ref>{{harvnb|Duncan|2002|pp=54–55}}; {{harvnb|Broun|1999|p=196}}; {{harvnb|Anderson|1990|pp=117–119}}.</ref>

Duncan was given into the keeping of [[William the Conqueror]] in 1072 as a hostage. The [[Annals of Ulster]] note that the "French went into Scotland and brought away the son of the king of Scotland as hostage" (by French, the text is referring to the [[Normans]]). The context of this event was the initial conflict between Malcolm III and William. [[Edgar Ætheling]], the last remaining male member of the English royal family, had fled to Scotland in 1068, seeking protection from the invading Normans.<ref name=stenton606>Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 606.</ref> Edgar sought Malcolm's assistance in his struggle against William.<ref name=horspool10 >Horspool, The English Rebel, p. 10.</ref> The relationship was reinforced when Malcolm married Ætheling's sister, Margaret, in 1071.<ref name="stenton606"/> The [[Norman conquest of England]] also involved William securing control over the areas of [[Northumbria]]. Malcolm probably perceived this move as a threat to his own areas of [[Cumbria]] and [[Lothian]]. In 1070, possibly claiming he was redressing the wrongs against his brother-in-law, Malcolm responded with a "savage raid" of Northern England.<ref name=poole265>Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216; 2nd ed. (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 265.</ref>

The formal link between the royal house of Scotland and [[Wessex]] and Malcolm's forays in northern England were an obvious threat to William who counter-attacked with a full-scale invasion of southern Scotland in 1072. Malcolm met William in [[Abernethy, Perth and Kinross|Abernethy]]. In the resulting [[Treaty of Abernethy]], Malcolm submitted to William for Malcolm's lands in England (Cambria and Northumbria) but not for Scotland. Though the facts are not clear, one of the conditions of the agreement may have been that Edgar Ætheling leave the Scottish court. The offering of Duncan, Malcolm's eldest son, as hostage was probably another term of the treaty.{{sfn|Barrow|1981|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZTk5S-kLcoC&pg=PA32 30]}}<ref name=huscroft61>Huscroft, ''Ruling England, 1042–1217'', p. 61.</ref>

Duncan was raised in the Anglo-Norman court of William I, becoming familiar with the culture, education, and institutions of his hosts. He was trained as a Norman [[knight]] and participated in William's campaigns.<ref name=Potter-2009-126-127>{{harvnb|Potter|2009|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=h_zW8TBBVQkC&pg=PA126 126–127]}}.</ref> In 1087, William died, and his eldest surviving son [[Robert Curthose]] succeeded him as [[Duke of Normandy]]. According to [[Florence of Worcester]], Robert released Duncan from custody and had him officially knighted. Duncan was allowed to leave the [[Duchy of Normandy]]. He chose to join the court of [[William II of England]], younger brother to Robert.<ref name=Barrow-1981-31>{{harvnb|Barrow|1981|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZTk5S-kLcoC&pg=PA32 31]}}.</ref> His father, who by then had many sons, appears to have made no effort to obtain Duncan's return. Edward, the eldest paternal half-brother of Duncan, had been designated as heir in his absence. Duncan notably chose to stay with his adoptive culture, partly due to the influence of 15 years of Norman life and partly in pursuit of personal wealth and glory, though he may always have had in mind that one day he would become Scotland's king, like his father and grandfather.<ref name=Potter-2009-126-127/>

In 1092, hostilities between Malcolm III and William II were ongoing. William managed to capture [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]], a major settlement of Cumbria. In 1093, William started the construction of [[Carlisle Castle]]. Malcolm reacted by leading his last raid into [[Northumberland]].<ref name=Barrow-1981-31/> While marching north again, Malcolm was ambushed by [[Robert de Mowbray]], [[Earl of Northumbria]], whose lands he had devastated, near [[Alnwick]] on 13 November 1093. There he was killed by Arkil Morel, steward of [[Bamburgh Castle]], at the [[Battle of Alnwick (1093)|Battle of Alnwick]].<ref group=lower-alpha>The [[Annals of Innisfallen]] say he "was slain with his son in an unguarded moment in battle".</ref> Edward was mortally wounded in the same fight. Malcolm's queen Margaret died days after receiving the news of their deaths from her son Edgar.<ref>{{harvnb|Oram|2004|pp=37–38}}.; {{harvnb|Anderson|1990|pp=114–115}}.</ref> The resulting power vacuum allowed [[Donald III of Scotland]] (Domnall Bán mac Donnchada), younger brother of Malcolm, to seize the throne. The new monarch represented the interests of "a resentful native aristocracy", driving out the Anglo-Saxons and Normans who had come to the court of Malcolm and Margaret.<ref name=Barrow-1981-31/> The event allowed Duncan to lay claim to the throne, attempting to depose his uncle. He had the support of William II, in exchange for an oath of fealty to his patron.

== Marriage ==
Duncan married [[Ethelreda (daughter of Gospatric)|Ethelreda of Northumbria]], daughter of [[Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria]]. The marriage is recorded in the ''Cronicon Cumbriæ''. They had a single known son, [[William fitz Duncan]].

== Reign and death ==
Donald III had been unable to gain the support of certain landowners and church officials of the [[Scottish Lowlands]], who had ties to the regime of his predecessor. Duncan took advantage, negotiating alliances with these disgruntled supporters of his father's and gaining essential military and financial support for his cause. While William II himself had no intention to join in the campaign, he lent part of the Norman army to the new "warrior-prince". Duncan was able to recruit further [[Conscription#Medieval levies|levies]] from local barons and towns of England. He bought support with promises of land and privilege, estates and titles.<ref name=Potter-2009-127-128>{{harvnb|Potter|2009|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=h_zW8TBBVQkC&pg=PA126 127–128]}}.</ref>

By 1094, Duncan was leading a sizeable army, consisting of mercenary knights and infantry. Many of these soldiers probably came from [[Northumbria]], reflecting the familial association of Duncan to [[Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria|Gospatrick]]. In the early summer, Duncan led his army in an invasion of [[Scotland]]. Donald mobilized his own supporters and troops in response. The early phase of the war took place in June, resulting in victory for Duncan. Donald was forced to retreat towards the [[Scottish Highlands]]. Duncan was crowned king at [[Scone, Scotland|Scone]], but his support and authority probably did not extend north of the [[River Forth]]. His continued power was reliant on the presence of his [[Anglo-Normans|Anglo-Norman allies]].<ref name=Potter-2009-127-128/>

The continued presence of a foreign occupation army was naturally resented by much of the local population. Duncan himself had spent most of his life abroad, making him an outsider. Months into his reign, landowners and [[prelate]]s rose against the Normans. The occupation army fared poorly against a series of ongoing raids. Duncan was only able to maintain the throne by negotiating with the rebels. He agreed to their terms, sending most of his foreign supporters back to William.<ref name=Potter-2009-127-128/>

Sending away his support troops soon backfired. The Lowlands rebels seem to have ceased their activities, but Donald had spent the intervening months rebuilding his army and political support. In November 1094, Donald led his army to the Lowlands and confronted his nephew. On 12 November, Duncan was ambushed and killed in battle, having reigned for less than seven months.<ref name=Potter-2009-127-128/> Primary sources are unclear about the exact manner of his death. The [[Annals of Inisfallen]] report that "Donnchadh [Duncan] son of Mael Coluim [Malcolm], [[List of Scottish monarchs|king of Alba]], was slain by Domnall [Donald], son of Donnchadh [Duncan]. That same Domnall, moreover, afterwards took the kingship of Alba." The [[Annals of Ulster]] report that "Donnchad son of Mael Coluim, king of Scotland, was treacherously killed by his own brothers Domnall and Edmond". As Duncan had no brothers by those names, the text probably points to his uncle Donald and half-brother [[Edmund of Scotland|Edmund]], though later texts identify a noble by the name of [[Máel Petair of Mearns]] (Malpeder) as the actual murderer.<ref name="Inisfallen">[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100004/ Annals of Inisfallen, AI1094.4. Online translation, published by the Corpus of Electronic Texts].</ref>{{sfn|Hudson|1996|p=92}}

[[William of Malmesbury]] later reported that Duncan was "murdered by the wickedness of his uncle Donald". [[Florence of Worcester]] reported that Duncan was killed, but never states who killed him. In ''Chronicle of the Picts and Scots'' (1867), there is a 13th century entry recording that Duncan was killed by Máel Petair (Malpeder), through the treachery of Donald. [[John of Fordun]] (14th century) finally recorded the better known account of the event, that Duncan was "slain at Monthechin by the Earl of Mernys ... through the wiles of his uncle Donald".

There are two contradictory accounts about the burial place of Duncan II. One reports him buried at [[Dunfermline Abbey]], the other at the isle of [[Iona]].

== Interpretation ==
[[William Forbes Skene]] viewed the conflict between Donald III and Duncan II as being essentially a conflict between "the Celtic and the Saxon laws of succession". In other words, it was a conflict between [[tanistry]] and [[hereditary monarchy]], Donald being the legitimate heir under the former, Duncan and his brothers under the latter. Donald probably derived his support from the [[Gaels]] of Scotland, who formed the majority of the population. His supporters would have had reason to feel threatened by the large number of [[Anglo-Saxons]] who had arrived in Scotland under the reign of Malcolm III. The descendants of Malcolm were Anglo-Saxons "in all respects, except that of birth". Their claim to power would be alarming at best to the Gaels.{{sfn|Skene|MacBain|1902|pp=82–83}}

Skene considered that two foreign rulers played their own part in the conflict. [[Magnus III of Norway]] and his fleet were campaigning at the [[Irish Sea]], attempting to establish his authority over the [[Kingdom of the Isles]]. The lack of conflict between Donald III and Magnus III might point to an alliance between them – Magnus offering recognition of Donald's rights to the throne, while Donald would withdraw all Scottish claims to the area. Duncan himself was obviously supported by [[William II of England]], who lent him "a numerous army of English and Normans".{{sfn|Skene|MacBain|1902|pp=82–83}}

The brief reign of Duncan II, culminating with his death at the hands of his own subjects, attests to his unpopularity. He was a usurper in the eyes of the Gaels. His half-brother [[Edgar, King of Scotland]], only managed to gain the throne due to the intervention of William II, his claims again opposed by most of the Gaels. The effects of Edgar's victory were significant, as Anglo-Saxon laws, institutions, and forms of government were adopted in the [[Kingdom of Scotland]]. All were "in imitation of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms", before [[David I of Scotland|David I]] (reigned 1124–1153) introduced [[Anglo-Normans|Anglo-Norman]] institutions to the country.{{sfn|Skene|MacBain|1902|pp=83–84}}

''The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707'' includes a history of the Kingship by [[Benjamin Hudson]]. Hudson feels that Duncan II doomed his own reign by the "fatal move" of sending away his foreign troops, thus divesting himself of his own supporters. He feels that the male-line descendants of [[Malcolm III of Scotland|Malcolm III]] and [[Saint Margaret of Scotland|Saint Margaret]] managed to hold onto the throne until the 13th century precisely because none of them made the same mistake. He points out that Edgar succeeded in holding the throne for a decade because he continued to depend on aid from his political patrons, William II and [[Henry I of England]], who had resources far surpassing those of [[Donald III of Scotland|Donald III]] and his supporters.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|2007|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VBUZumo2TqEC&pg=PA39 38–39]}}.</ref>

== Legacy ==

Duncan's son by Ethelreda, [[William fitz Duncan]], was a prominent figure during the reigns of Duncan's half-brothers [[Alexander I of Scotland|Alexander]] and [[David I of Scotland|David]]. William seems to have served as an acknowledged heir to them for part of their reigns.<ref>{{harvnb|Oram|2004|pp=60, 71, 73–74}}.; {{harvnb|Duncan|2002|pp=59–60}}.</ref> His descendants the [[Meic Uilleim]] led various revolts against later Scottish kings. The last remaining Meic Uilleim, an infant daughter of [[Gilleasbaig of Menstrie|Gille Escoib]] or one of his sons, was put to death in 1229 or 1230: "''[T]he same Mac-William's daughter, who had not long left her mother's womb, innocent as she was, was put to death, in the [[Forfar|burgh of Forfar]], in view of the market place, after a proclamation by the public crier. Her head was struck against the column of the market cross, and her brains dashed out''".<ref>{{harvnb|McDonald|2003|page=46}} quoting the [[Lanercost Chronicle]].</ref>

The sole surviving charter of Duncan II granted [[Tyninghame House|Tynninghame]] and its surrounding area to the monks of [[Durham, England|Durham]]. Among the witnesses of the charter was someone called "Uuiget". The name is probably a rendering of the [[Old English]] "Wulfgeat", which was also rendered as "Uviet" in the [[Domesday Book]]. The name seems to have been popular in the [[Midlands (England)|Midlands]] and [[Southern England]]. There was at least one notable landowner of that name in the 11th century [[Yorkshire]].<ref name=Barrow-2003-37-39>{{harvnb|Barrow|2003|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Cqb9nsvIZGYC&pg=PA38 37–39]}}.</ref>

[[G. W. S. Barrow]] argues that this "Uuiget" is actually Uviet the White, lord of Treverlen (modern [[Duddingston]]). Uviet is known for also signing charters of Kings [[Edgar, King of Scotland|Edgar]] (reigned 1097–1107), [[Alexander I of Scotland|Alexander I]] (reigned 1107–1124), and [[David I of Scotland|David I]] (reigned 1124–1153). He was closely associated with the royal household for decades, his own descendants forming the landowning dynasties variously known as Uviet(h)s, Eviot(h)s, and Ovioths, with certain lines enduring to the 17th century. Barrows theorises that Uviet the White originally entered Scotland as a companion of Duncan II and that the two shared a similar background, as ambitious knights in the court of William II. His continued support for Duncan's half-brothers points to them inheriting whatever circle of supporters Duncan had formed.<ref name=Barrow-2003-37-39/>

== Reputation ==
The history of [[George Buchanan]] considers Duncan to have been summoned to Scotland by its people, as Donald had alienated "''all good men who had a veneration for the memory of Malcolm and Margaret''" and those nobles refusing to swear allegiance to him. Buchanan assesses Duncan as a distinguished and experienced military man, but "''being a military man and not so skilful in the arts of peace''", he angered his people with his arrogant and imperious manner. {{sfn|Buchanan|1582|loc=[http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/scothist/7eng.html Seventh Book, chapter 19–20: Donaldus VIII, surnamed Banus, the 87th King - Duncan the 88th King]}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Citation |last=Anderson |first=Alan Orr |author-link=Alan Orr Anderson |year=1990 |title=Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500–1286 |volume=1 |edition=Reprinted with corrections |publisher=Paul Watkins |location=Stamford |isbn=1-871615-03-8}}
* {{Citation |last=Barrow |first=G.W.S. |author-link=G.W.S. Barrow |title=Kingship and Unity, Scotland 1000–1306 |location=[[Toronto]] and [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |year=1981 |isbn=0-8020-6448-5}}
* {{Citation |last=Barrow |first=G.W.S. |chapter=Companions of the Atheling |title=Anglo-Norman Studies XXV: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2002 |publisher=Boydell Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-85115-941-9}}
* {{Citation |last=Broun |first=Dauvit |author-link=Dauvit Broun |title=The Irish Identity of the Kingdom of the Scots in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries |publisher=Boydell |location=Woodbridge |year=1999 |isbn=0-85115-375-5}}
* {{Citation  |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Ian |year=2007 |title=The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union (until 1707) |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9780748616152}}
* {{Citation |last=Buchanan |first=George |author-link=George Buchanan |title=Rerum Scoticarum Historia |edition=English translation |year=1582}}
* {{Citation |last=Duncan |first=A.A.M. |title=The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |year=2002 |isbn=0-7486-1626-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Horspool |first=David |title=The English Rebel |year=2009 |publisher=Penguin |location=London |isbn=978-0-670-91619-1}}
* {{Citation |last=Hudson |first=Benjamin T. |author-link=Benjamin Hudson |title=The Prophecy of Berchán: Irish and Scottish Highkings in the early Middle Ages |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1996 |isbn=0-313-29567-0}}
* {{Cite book |last= Huscroft |first=Richard |year=2004 |title=Ruling England 1052–1216 |publisher=Longman |isbn= 0-582-84882-2 |location=London}}
* {{Citation |last=McDonald |first=R. Andrew |title=Outlaws of Medieval Scotland: Challenges to the Canmore Kings, 1058–1266 |publisher=Tuckwell Press |location=East Linton |year=2003 |isbn=1-86232-236-8}}
* {{Citation |last=Oram |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Oram |title=David I: The King Who Made Scotland |publisher=Tempus |location=Stroud |year=2004 |isbn=0-7524-2825-X}}
* {{Citation |last=Potter |first=Philip J. |title=Gothic Kings of Britain: The Lives of 31 Medieval Rulers, 1016–1399 |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |publisher=McFarland |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7864-4038-2}}
* {{Citation |last=Skene |first=William Forbes |author-link=William Forbes Skene |last2=MacBain |first2=Alexander |year=1902 |title=The Highlanders of Scotland |location=Stirling, Scotland |publisher=E. Mackay |url=https://archive.org/details/highlandersofsco00skenuoft}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stenton |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Stenton |title=Anglo-Saxon England Third Edition |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |year=1971|isbn=0-19-821716-1}}
* {{Citation |last=Barrow |first=G.W.S. |author-link=G.W.S. Barrow |title=The Kingdom of the Scots |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |year=2003 |isbn=0-7486-1803-1 |ref=none}}
* {{ODNBweb |last=Duncan |first=A.A.M. |title=Duncan II (b. before 1072, d. 1094) |year=2004 |id=8210 |ref=none}}
* [https://www.royal.uk/duncan-ii-r1094 Duncan II] at the official website of the [[British monarchy]].

{{s-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Dunkeld]]|c.|1060|12 November|1094|name=Duncan II of Scotland}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Donald III of Scotland|Donald III]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Scottish monarchs|King of Alba]]|years=1094}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Donald III of Scotland|Donald III]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Pictish and Scottish Monarchs}}
{{English, Scottish and British monarchs}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Duncan 02 Of Scotland}}

[[Category:11th-century births]]
[[Category:1094 deaths]]
[[Category:11th-century murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:House of Dunkeld]]
[[Category:Scottish people of Norwegian descent]]
[[Category:11th-century Scottish monarchs]]
[[Category:Burials at Dunfermline Abbey]]