Editing Duke of Newcastle

{{short description|Dukedom in the Peerage of Great Britain}}

{{about|the peerage title|the British prime minister|Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2018}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox nobility title
| name              = Dukedom of Newcastle upon Tyne
| image             = [[File:Coronet of a British Duke.svg|150px|center]] [[File:Arms of Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle.svg|180px]]
| caption           = '''''Arms of Pelham-Holles {{Small|(third creation)}}:'''  Quarterly: 1st and 4th azure, three pelicans vulning themselves argent; 2nd and 3rd ermine, two piles in point sable''
| creation_date     = {{Ubl
  |1665 {{Small|(first creation)}}
  |1694 {{Small|(second creation)}}
  |1715 {{Small|(third creation)}}
}}
| monarch           = {{Ubl
  |[[Charles II of England|Charles II]] {{Small|(first creation)}}
  |[[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] {{Small|(second creation)}}
  |[[George I of Great Britain|George I]] {{Small|(third creation)}}
}}
| peerage           = {{Ubl
  |[[Peerage of England]] {{Small|(first creation)}}
  |[[Peerage of Great Britain]] {{Small|(second and third creation)}}
}}
| remainder_to      = the 1st Duke's [[Line of hereditary succession|heirs male]] [[heirs of the body|of the body]] lawfully begotten{{Break}}[[Remainder (law)#Special remainder in peerages|Special remainder]] for the third creation
| extinction_date   = {{Ubl
  |1691 {{Small|(first creation)}}
  |1711 {{Small|(second creation)}}
  |1768  {{Small|(third creation)}}
}}
}}
{{Infobox nobility title
| name              = Dukedom of Newcastle-under-Lyne
| image             = [[File:Coronet of a British Duke.svg|150px|center]] [[File:Arms of Pelham-Clinton, Duke of Newcastle.svg|180px]] 
| caption           = '''''Arms of Pelham-Clinton:'''  Quarterly: 1st and 4th argent, six cross crosslets, three, two and one, sable, on a chief azure two mullets pierced gules, Clinton; 2nd and 3rd, quarterly, 1st and 4th azure, three pelicans vulning themselves argent; and 2nd and 3rd gules, two pieces of belts with buckles erect in pale, the buckles upwards argent.''
| creation_date     = 1756
| monarch           = [[George II of Great Britain|George II]]
| peerage           = [[Peerage of Great Britain]]
| first_holder      = [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle|Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne]]
| last_holder       = [[Edward Pelham-Clinton, 10th Duke of Newcastle|Edward Pelham-Clinton, 10th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne]]
| remainder_to      = [[Remainder (law)#Special remainder in peerages|Special remainder]]
| extinction_date   = 1988
| family_seat       = [[Clumber Park]]
}}

'''Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne''' was a title that was created three times, once in the [[Peerage of England]] and twice in the [[Peerage of Great Britain]]. The first grant of the title was made in 1665 to [[William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle|William Cavendish, 1st Marquess of Newcastle upon Tyne]].<ref>
{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Newcastle, Dukes of|volume=19|pages=470–471}}</ref> He was a prominent [[Cavalier|Royalist]] commander during the [[English Civil War|Civil War]].

The related title of '''Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne'''{{sic}}<ref>Despite the name of the town being [[Newcastle-under-Lyme]] with an "m", the dukedom was created as Lyne with an "n". There is no known satisfactory explanation for the discrepancy, which may have been an error. If it was an error, however, that error has perpetuated itself in numerous sources, including peerage catalogues.</ref> was created once in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was conferred in 1756 on [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle|Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne]] (of the third creation), to provide a slightly more remote [[Remainder (law)#Special remainder in peerages|special remainder]]. The title became extinct in 1988, a year that saw the deaths of the distantly related ninth and tenth Dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyne.

== Creations ==

=== First creation (1665) ===
[[File:Arms of Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle.svg|thumb|Arms of Cavendish, Sable three bucks' heads cabossed argent, a crescent for different.<ref>{{cite book |last= Burke |first= Bernard |author-link=Bernard Burke  |title= The general armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising a registry of armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time |date=1884|publisher=Harrison & sons|location=London |pages=178|url=https://archive.org/details/generalarmoryofe00burk/page/178/mode/2up?view=theater&q=Cavendish}}</ref>]]
[[William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle]], was a son of [[Charles Cavendish (1553–1617)|Charles Cavendish]], himself the third son of [[William Cavendish (courtier)|Sir William Cavendish]] and his wife [[Bess of Hardwick]]. One of Charles Cavendish's elder brothers became the [[William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire|1st Earl of Devonshire]] (see [[Duke of Devonshire]] for further history about this branch of the family).

The first duke, William Cavendish, was the son of Charles Cavendish and his second wife Catherine Ogle, 8th Baroness Ogle, daughter of Cuthbert Ogle, 7th [[Baron Ogle]]. William Cavendish became '''Viscount Mansfield''' in 1620, and in 1621, he was created '''Earl of Newcastle upon Tyne''' and '''Baron Cavendish of Bolsover'''. He succeeded his mother as ninth Baron Ogle in 1629, and he became '''Marquess of Newcastle upon Tyne''' in 1643. He was elevated to the dukedom of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1665. He also was granted the title of '''Earl of Ogle''' as a [[subsidiary title]] for the [[wikt:dukedom|dukedom]], to be used as a [[courtesy title]] by his [[heir apparent]]. Upon his death in 1676, he was succeeded by his son, the second Duke, who was a politician. However, the second Duke's only son and heir apparent (Henry Cavendish, Earl of Ogle) predeceased him. Therefore, upon the second Duke's death in 1691, all of these many titles became extinct, except the barony of Ogle, which fell into [[abeyance]] between the second duke's four daughters (one of whom was [[Elizabeth Monck, Duchess of Albemarle|Lady Elizabeth Cavendish]]).

=== Second creation (1694) ===
[[File:Arms of Holles.svg|thumb|Arms of Holles, Ermine, two piles in point sable.<ref>{{cite book |last= Burke |first= Bernard |author-link=Bernard Burke  |title= The general armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising a registry of armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time |date=1884|publisher=Harrison & sons|location=London |pages=500|url=https://archive.org/details/generalarmoryofe00burk/page/500/mode/2up?view=theater&q=holles}}</ref>]]
The second Duke's third daughter, Lady Margaret Cavendish (1661-1717), married [[John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne|John Holles, 4th Earl of Clare]], who was incidentally her first cousin, her mother's sister's son. In 1694, the dukedom was revived when he was created '''Marquess of Clare''' and '''Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne'''. The Holles family descended from [[John Holles, 1st Earl of Clare|John Holles]], who was created '''Baron Haughton''', of [[Haughton, Nottinghamshire|Haughton]] in Nottinghamshire, in 1616 and '''Earl of Clare''' in 1624. His second son was a politician, [[Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles]]. Lord Clare was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Earl. He represented [[East Retford (UK Parliament constituency)|East Retford]], Nottinghamshire, in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] and served as [[Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire]]. His son, the third Earl, was briefly [[Member of Parliament|MP]] for [[Nottinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Nottinghamshire]] in 1660. He was succeeded by his son, the aforementioned fourth Earl of Clare, who married a daughter of the second Duke of Newcastle. In 1694, three years after the title became extinct, the Dukedom of Newcastle was revived and granted to the late Duke's son-in-law. The new duke of Newcastle and his wife, Lady Margaret, had only one daughter and no sons. Therefore, on his death in 1711, all his titles became extinct.

=== Third creation (1715) and Newcastle-under-Lyne (1756) ===
[[File:1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle]] and [[Prime Minister of Great Britain]]]]
The Duke's sister, Lady Grace Holles (died 1700), married [[Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham]] (see [[Earl of Chichester]] for earlier history of the Pelham family). Their elder son [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle|Thomas]], upon his uncle's death in 1711, succeeded to the substantial Holles estates and assumed by Royal Licence the additional [[surname]] and [[coat of arms|arms]] of Holles. In 1714, the earldom of Clare was revived when he was created '''Viscount Haughton''' and '''Earl of Clare''', with remainder to his younger brother [[Henry Pelham]]. The following year, the dukedom was revived when he was made '''Marquess of Clare''' and '''Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne''', with like [[Remainder (law)#Special remainder in peerages|special remainder]]. These titles were in the [[Peerage of Great Britain]]. In 1756, when his brother died without male issue and it was evident that the Duke would have no children, the Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne was additionally created '''Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne'''{{sic}} with a different special remainder: to his nephew-by-marriage [[Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle|Henry Clinton, 9th Earl of Lincoln]], who rapidly took on the additional surname Pelham. (For the history of this title from the 1768 inheritance upon the 1st Duke's death, see [[Earl of Lincoln]].) The 1st Duke's other titles became extinct, except for the Pelham [[baronetcy]] (of Laughton) and the [[baron]]y of Pelham (of Stanmer), which devolved to his first cousin once-removed, [[Thomas Pelham, 1st Earl of Chichester|Thomas Pelham]]. (For the history of these titles, see [[Earl of Chichester]].)

Extensive personal, transaction and estate papers of the dukes are held in the [[Duke of Portland|Portland]] ([[Welbeck Abbey|Welbeck]]) and [[Earl of Lincoln|Newcastle]] ([[Clumber Park|Clumber]]) collections at the [[University of Nottingham]]'s [[Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham|Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections]].

==Dukes of Newcastle upon Tyne, first creation (1665)==
:''also Marquess of Newcastle upon Tyne (1643), Earl of Newcastle upon Tyne (1628), Viscount Mansfield (1620) and [[Baron Ogle]] (1461)''
* [[William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle]] (1592–1676), was a [[Cavalier]] commander in the [[English Civil War]]
* [[Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle]] (1630–1691), only surviving son of the 1st Duke, died without surviving male issue
** daughter married 4th Earl of Clare (see below)

==Earls of Clare (1624)==
:''also Baron Haughton (1616)''
* [[John Holles, 1st Earl of Clare]] (1564–1637), was [[Comptroller of the Household]] to [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales]]
* [[John Holles, 2nd Earl of Clare]] (1595–1666), eldest son of the 1st Earl
* [[Gilbert Holles, 3rd Earl of Clare]] (1633–1689), second (eldest adult) son of the 2nd Earl
* [[John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle|John Holles, 4th Earl of Clare]] (1662–1711), eldest son of the 3rd Earl; created Duke in 1694 (see section below)
** married [[Margaret Holles, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne|Lady Margaret Cavendish]], daughter of Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of the first creation

==Dukes of Newcastle upon Tyne, second creation (1694)==
:''also Earl of Clare (1624) and Baron Haughton (1616)''
* [[John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle]] (1662–1711), died without male issue and his titles became extinct

==Dukes of Newcastle upon Tyne, third creation (1715)==
:''also [[Earl of Clare]] (1714), Baron Pelham of Laughton (1706), Baron Pelham of Stanmer (1762) and [[Earl of Chichester#Pelham baronets, of Laughton (1611)|Pelham Baronet, of Laughton]] (1611)''
* [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle|Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne]] (1693–1768), Prime Minister twice, a nephew of John Holles (above). He died without male issue. At this point, his father's baronetcy and barony of 1706, his own earldom and the dukedom of 1715 became extinct.

==Dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1756)==
:''1st Duke: also Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne (1715), Earl of Clare (1714), Baron Pelham of Laughton (1706), Baron Pelham of Stanmer (1762) and [[Earl of Chichester#Pelham baronets, of Laughton (1611)|Pelham Baronet, of Laughton]] (1611)''
* [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle|Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne]] (1693–1768), same as above, was granted this second Newcastle dukedom, with remainder to his nephew
* [[Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne|Henry Fiennes Pelham-Clinton, 9th Earl of Lincoln, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne]] (1720–1794), nephew of the 1st Duke
** George Pelham-Clinton, [[Baron Clinton|Lord Clinton]] (1745–1752), eldest son of the 2nd Duke, died young
** [[Henry Pelham-Clinton, Earl of Lincoln|Henry Fiennes Pelham-Clinton]], [[Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom|Earl of Lincoln]] (1750–1778), second son of the 2nd Duke
*** Henry Pelham-Clinton, Earl of Lincoln (1777–1779; ''styled'' Lord Clinton until 1778), only son of Lord Lincoln, died young
* [[Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle|Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne]] (1752–1795), third son of the 2nd Duke
* [[Henry Pelham-Clinton, 4th Duke of Newcastle|Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham-Clinton, 4th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne]] (1785–1851), eldest son of the 3rd Duke
* [[Henry Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle|Henry Pelham Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne]] (1811–1864), eldest son of the 4th Duke
* [[Henry Pelham-Clinton, 6th Duke of Newcastle|Henry Pelham Alexander Pelham-Clinton, 6th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne]] (1834–1879), eldest son of the 5th Duke
* [[Henry Pelham-Clinton, 7th Duke of Newcastle|Henry Pelham Archibald Douglas Pelham-Clinton, 7th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne]] (1864–1928), eldest son of the 6th Duke, died without issue
* [[Francis Pelham-Clinton-Hope, 8th Duke of Newcastle|Henry Francis Hope Pelham-Clinton-Hope, 8th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne]] (1866–1941), second and youngest son of the 6th Duke
* [[Henry Pelham-Clinton-Hope, 9th Duke of Newcastle|Henry Edward Hugh Pelham-Clinton-Hope, 9th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne]] (1907–1988), only son of the 8th Duke, died without male issue
* [[Edward Pelham-Clinton, 10th Duke of Newcastle|Edward Charles Pelham-Clinton, 10th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne]] (1920–1988), great-grandson of [[Lord Charles Clinton|Lord Charles Pelham Pelham-Clinton]], second son of the 4th Duke. On his death in 1988, the dukedom ceased to have patrilineal heirs and thus became extinct.

:''see also [[Earl of Lincoln]]''

==Principal seats and abodes==
{{Annotated image|image=1764_Gentleman%27s_Magazine_Map_of_London_and_Environs_-_Geographicus_-_London-gentsmag-1764.jpg|image-width=2000|image-left=-120|image-top=-1650|width=150|height=150|float=right|caption=''Gentleman's Magazine:{{Break}}Map of London & Environs'', 1764}}

===England===
[[File:Clumber Park Jones.jpg|thumb|left|[[Clumber Park]]]]
* [[Clumber Park]], also known as Clumber Park Lodge, spanning Clumber and Worksop, Nottinghamshire, from 1709 until 1938, when the house was demolished.
* [[Boyton, Wiltshire|Boyton Manor]], Wiltshire, bought in the 1950s and sold about 1980.
* Newcastle House, [[Lincoln's Inn Fields]], London, briefly in the 18th century.<ref>'London', in A Topographical Dictionary of England, ed. [[Samuel Lewis (publisher)|Samuel Lewis]] (London, 1848), [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/england/pp129-170 pp. 129-170], at British History Online, accessed 30 September 2017.</ref>
* [[Claremont (country house)|Claremont]], Esher, north Surrey, from 1714 to 1768.
* A house on part of the site of the dismantled [[Nottingham Castle]], which was on the rejection of "the Reform Bill" by the Lords set on fire by a mob, at which time it had for many years been divided into separate dwellings.<ref>'Nottingham', in A Topographical Dictionary of England, ed. Samuel Lewis (London, 1848), [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/england/pp446-461 pp. 446-461], British History Online, accessed 30 September 2017.</ref>
* The 6th Duke inherited the Hope mansion of [[Deepdene House and Gardens|Deepdene House]], [[Dorking]], Surrey, which was sold by the 8th Duke.

===Wales===
[[File:Hafod, South Wales.jpeg|thumb|Hafod Uchtryd]]
* One duke bought the retreat of Cwm Elain, Dyfryn-Elain, Cwm-Toyddwr, [[Radnorshire]], from [[Robert Peel|Sir Robert Peel]]. It had been sold off by 1849.<ref>Samuel Lewis, 'Dyfryn-Elain', in A Topographical Dictionary of Wales (London, 1849), [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/wales/pp317-320 pp. 317-320], British History Online, accessed 30 September 2017.</ref>
* The heirs of [[Thomas Johnes]] (died 1816) sold [[Hafod Uchtryd]], in [[Cardiganshire]], together with its estate on the Ystwith, to the 4th Duke. The process of sale took from 1831 until 1833, and the price was £70,000. The Duke spent £20,000 on the property, including adding the Havod Arms Inn, four miles from the house in [[Llanfihangel y Creuddyn]]. In 1846, he sold the estate for £95,000 to Henry Hoghton.<ref>Samuel Lewis, 'Cardiganshire', in ''A Topographical Dictionary of Wales'' (London, 1849), [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/wales/pp158-180 pp. 158-180], British History Online, accessed 30 September 2017.</ref><ref>Samuel Lewis, 'Edern - Eidda', in A Topographical Dictionary of Wales (London, 1849), [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/wales/pp320-328 pp. 320-328], British History Online, accessed 30 September 2017.</ref><ref>Samuel Lewis, 'Llanvihangel', in A Topographical Dictionary of Wales (London, 1849), [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/wales/pp129-147 pp. 129-147], British History Online,  accessed 30 September 2017.</ref>

===Ireland===
* The 6th Duke inherited the Hope mansion of [[Castleblayney]], [[County Monaghan]], Ireland; this was sold by the 8th Duke.

==Family tree==
{{Dukes of Newcastle family tree}}

===Other notable descendants (last creation)===
* [[Camilla Long]] is a grand-daughter of Marjorie Pelham-Clinton (1910–2005),{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} a first cousin of the [[Edward Pelham-Clinton, 10th Duke of Newcastle|10th Duke]] and a great-granddaughter of the [[Henry Pelham-Clinton, 4th Duke of Newcastle|4th Duke]].<ref>''Burke's Peerage'', vol. 2 (2003), p. 2337</ref>

==See also==
* [[Duke of Devonshire]]
* [[Earl of Portland]], which inherited most of the dukedom's estates from 2nd Duke of Portland{{Clarify|date=December 2018}}
* [[Cavendish-Bentinck]]
* [[Duchess of Newcastle (disambiguation)]]
* [[Earl of Chichester]]
* [[Earl of Lincoln]]
* [[Earl of Newcastle]]
* [[Baron Clinton]]
* [[Baron Holles]]
* [[Baron Ogle]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
* Kidd, Charles & Williamson, David (editors). ''Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage'' (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990
* {{Cite web|title=Manuscripts and Special Collections :The Dukes of Newcastles of Clumber Park - a Brief History|url=http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/collectionsindepth/family/newcastle/newcastleofclumberpark.aspx|access-date=8 February 2013|publisher=University of Nottingham}}}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Newcastle}}
[[Category:Extinct dukedoms in the Peerage of England]]
[[Category:Extinct dukedoms in the Peerage of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Cavendish family]]
[[Category:Pelham family]]
[[Category:Clinton family (English aristocracy)]]
[[Category:Peerages created with special remainders]]
[[Category:Noble titles created in 1665]]
[[Category:Noble titles created in 1694]]
[[Category:Noble titles created in 1715]]
[[Category:Noble titles created in 1756]]
[[Category:1988 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Dukes of Newcastle-upon-Tyne| ]]