Editing Duchy of Lorraine

{{Short description|Part of East Francia and Holy Roman Empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = {{native name|fr|Duché de Lorraine}}<br/>{{native name|de|Herzogtum Lothringen}}<br/>{{native name|lb|Herzogtum Loutrengen}}
| conventional_long_name = Duchy of Lorraine
| common_name            = Lorraine
| national_motto         = {{native name|fr|Un pour tout/Une pour toutes}}<ref>{{cite book|author-link1=Augustin Calmet|author1=Augustin Calmet|date=1745|publisher=Leseur|title=Histoire de Lorraine|chapter=Sur les sceaux, armoiries, couleurs, devises, cris de guerre, titres des Ducs de Lorraine}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref>
| englishmotto           = "One for everything"/"One for all"
| status                 = Duchy
| status_text            = Part of [[East Francia]] (959–962)<br/>[[Imperial State|State]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (962–1766)
| government_type        = [[Duchy]]
| religion               = [[Roman Catholicism]]
| year_start             = 959
| year_end               = 1766
| event_start            = [[Lotharingia]] divided
| date_start             = 
| event1                 = Joined<br />{{spaces|4}}[[Upper Rhenish Circle]]
| date_event1            = 1500
| event2                 = French invasion and occupation of the Duchy of Lorraine
| date_event2            = 1643
| event3                 = French invasion and subsequent occupation for 30 years
| date_event3            = 1670
| event4                 = French invasion during War of the Spanish Succession
| date_event4            = 1702
| event_end              = Annexed by [[Early modern France|France]]
| date_end               = 
| p1                     = Lotharingia
| s1                     = Lorraine and Barrois
| flag_type              = [[:fr: Drapeau de la Lorraine|Flag (1300–1766)]]
| image_flag             = Lorraine.svg
| image_coat             = Achievement (coat of arms) of the House of Lorraine.svg
| symbol_type            = [[:fr:Blason de la Lorraine|Coat of arms]]<br/>(1300–1766)
| coa_size               = 110px
| image_map              = Herzogtum Lothringen 1400.PNG
| image_map_caption      = Duchy of Lorraine (blue) within the Holy Roman Empire ({{circa|1400}})
| capital                = [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]
| demonym                = Lorrainian
| leader1                = [[Frederick I, Duke of Upper Lorraine|Frederick I of Bar]]
| year_leader1           = 959–978
| leader2                = [[Stanisław Leszczyński]]
| year_leader2           = 1737–1766
| title_leader           = [[List of kings and dukes of Lorraine|Duke]]
| footnotes              = 
| today                  = {{ubl|[[Belgium]]|[[France]]|[[Germany]]|[[Luxembourg]]}}
}}
{{Lorraine sidebar}}

The '''Duchy of Lorraine'''<ref>({{langx|fr|Lorraine}} {{IPA|fr|lɔʁɛn||LL-Q150 (fra)-Benoît Prieur-Lorraine.wav}}; {{langx|de|Lothringen}} {{IPA|de|ˈloːtʁɪŋən||Lothringen.ogg}}), originally '''Upper Lorraine'''</ref> was a [[Prince of the Holy Roman Empire|principality]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Goldsmith | first=J.L. | title=Lordship in France, 1500-1789 | publisher=P. Lang | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-8204-7869-2 | url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XLJf4hTOR1IC&pg=PA107 | p=107}}</ref> which existed from the 10th century until 1766 when it was annexed by the [[kingdom of France]].<ref>{{cite book | editor-last=Wise | editor-first=L.F. | editor-last2=Hansen | editor-first2=M.H. | editor-last3=Egan | editor-first3=E.W. | title=Kings, Rulers, and Statesmen | publisher=Sterling | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-4027-2592-0 | url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PEsM1ibpcJQC&pg=PA112 | pp=112-113}}</ref> It gave its name to the larger present-day region of [[Lorraine]] in northeastern [[France]]. Its capital was [[Nancy, France|Nancy]].

It was founded in 959 following the division of [[Lotharingia]] into two separate duchies: Upper and [[Lower Lorraine]], the westernmost parts of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. The Lower duchy was quickly dismantled, while Upper Lorraine came to be known as simply the Duchy of Lorraine. The Duchy of Lorraine was coveted and briefly occupied by the [[dukes of Burgundy]] and the [[kings of France]], but was ruled by the dukes of the [[House of Lorraine]] after 1473.

In 1737, the duchy was given to [[Stanisław Leszczyński]], the former king of [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]], who had lost his throne as a result of the [[War of the Polish Succession]], with the understanding that it would fall to the French crown on his death. When Stanisław died on 23 February 1766, Lorraine was annexed by France and reorganized as  the province of [[Lorraine and Barrois]].

==History==
[[File:10 paoli 1747 - FRANCIS II.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Portrait of the last Duke of Lorraine [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis Stephen]] on [[silver coin]] 10 paoli as he inherited [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]]]]

===Lotharingia===
{{main|Lotharingia}}

Lorraine's predecessor, [[Lotharingia]], was an independent [[Carolingian Empire|Carolingian]] kingdom under the rule of King [[Lothair II]] (855–869). Its territory had originally been a part of [[Middle Francia]], created in 843 by the [[Treaty of Verdun]], when the Carolingian empire was divided between the three sons of [[Louis the Pious]]. Middle Francia was allotted to Emperor [[Lothair I]], therefore called ''Lotharii Regnum''. On his death in 855, it was further divided into three parts, of which his son Lothair II took the northern one. His realm then comprised a larger territory stretching from the [[County of Burgundy]] in the south to the [[North Sea]]. In French, this area became known as ''Lorraine'', while in German, it was eventually known as ''Lothringen''. In the [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]] language once spoken in Lorraine, the -ingen suffix signified a property;{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} thus, in a figurative sense, "Lotharingen" can be translated as "Land belonging to Lothair", or more simplified *Lothair's realm*.

As Lothair II had died without heirs, his territory was divided by the 870 [[Treaty of Meerssen]] between [[East Francia|East]] and [[West Francia]] and finally came under East Frankish rule as a whole by the 880 [[Treaty of Ribemont]]. After the East Frankish Carolingians became extinct with the death of [[Louis the Child]] in 911, Lotharingia once again attached itself to West Francia, but was conquered by the [[Kingdom of Germany|German]] king [[Henry the Fowler]] in 925. Stuck in the conflict with his rival [[Hugh the Great]], in 942 King [[Louis IV of France]] renounced all claims to Lotharingia.

===Duchy of Upper Lorraine===
In 953, the German king [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] had appointed his brother [[Bruno the Great]] Duke of Lotharingia. In 959, Bruno divided the [[duchy]] into Upper and [[Lower Lorraine]]; this division became permanent following his death in 965. The Upper Duchy was further "up" the river system, that is, it was inland and to the south. Upper Lorraine was first denominated as the Duchy of Mosellane, both in charters and narrative sources, and its duke was the ''dux Mosellanorum''.

Lower Lorraine disintegrated into several smaller territories and only the title of a "[[Duke of Lothier]]" remained, held by [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]]. By the time Upper Lorraine came into the possession of [[René of Anjou]], several territories had already split off, such as the [[County of Luxembourg]], the [[Electorate of Trier]], the [[Duchy of Bar|County of Bar]] and the "[[Three Bishoprics]]" of [[Prince-Bishopric of Verdun|Verdun]], [[Prince-Bishopric of Metz|Metz]] and [[Prince-Bishopric of Toul|Toul]].

The border between the [[Holy Roman Empire|Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of France]] remained relatively stable throughout the [[Middle Ages]]. In 1301, Count [[Henry III, Count of Bar|Henry III of Bar]] had to receive the western part of his lands (''Barrois mouvant'') as a fief by King [[Philip IV of France]]. In 1475, the [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundian]] duke [[Charles the Bold]] campaigned for the Duchy of Lorraine, but was finally defeated and killed at the 1477 [[Battle of Nancy]]. In the 1552 [[Treaty of Chambord]], a number of insurgent [[Protestant Reformation|Protestant]] Imperial princes around [[Maurice, Elector of Saxony]] ceded the Three Bishoprics to King [[Henry II of France]] in turn for his support.

Due to the weakening of Imperial authority during the 1618–1648 [[Thirty Years' War]], France was able to occupy the duchy in 1634 and retained it until 1661 when [[Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine|Charles IV]] was restored. In 1670, the French invaded again, forcing Charles into exile; his nephew and heir [[Charles V, Duke of Lorraine|Charles V]] (1643–1690) spent his life in the service of the Imperial [[House of Habsburg]]. France returned the Duchy in the 1697 [[Treaty of Ryswick]] ending the [[Nine Years' War]] and Charles' son [[Leopold, Duke of Lorraine|Leopold]] (1679–1729), became duke and was known as 'Leopold the Good;' in the 1701–1714 [[War of the Spanish Succession]], parts of Lorraine, including the capital Nancy, were again occupied by France, but Leopold continued to reign at the [[Château de Lunéville]].

In 1737, after the [[War of the Polish Succession]], an agreement between France, the Habsburgs and the Lorraine House of Vaudémont assigned the Duchy to [[Stanisław Leszczyński]], former king of [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]]. He was also father-in-law to King [[Louis XV]] of France, and had recently lost out to a [[Augustus III of Poland|candidate]] backed by [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]] in the War of the Polish Succession. The duke of Lorraine, [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis Stephen]], betrothed to the Emperor's daughter Archduchess [[Maria Theresa]], was compensated with the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]], where the last [[Medici]] ruler had recently died without issue. France also promised to support Maria Theresa as heir to the Habsburg possessions under the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713]]. Leszczyński received Lorraine with the understanding that it would fall to the French crown on his death. The ''title'' of Duke of Lorraine was given to Stanisław, but also retained by Francis Stephen, and it figures prominently in the titles of his successors (as a non-claimant family name), the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]. When Stanisław died on 23 February 1766, Lorraine was annexed by France and reorganized as a [[Provinces of France|province]] by the French government.

{{gallery
|title=Territorial evolution of (Upper) Lorraine
|width=220
|align=center
|File:Lotharingia-959.svg
|alt1=A map of the territories of Upper and Lower Lorraine circa 1000 AD
|Lotharingia divided, around 1000&nbsp;AD<br /><small>{{legend2|#cefef2|Alsace, ceded to [[Suebia]] (Swabia) in 925}}<br />{{legend2|#f8a20c|Upper Lorraine after 928}}<br />{{legend2|#4ae57e|Lower Lorraine after 977}}</small>
|File:Lorraine 1618-1648.JPG
|alt2=
|Lorraine as it was 1618–1648
|File:Carte du duché de Lorraine.svg
|alt3=
|Map of the Duchy of Lorraine (1756), showing its somewhat dispersed communes by region of France and Germany, for the latter the English and German term for the region is [[Saarland]].
|File:Lorraine et anciennes provinces.svg
|alt4=
|Map of the Duchy of Lorraine (1756) within the modern region.
}}
{{gallery
|title=Symbols and coats of arms of Lorraine
|width=220
|align=center
|File:Croix de Lorraine.png
|[[Cross of Lorraine]], symbol of Lorraine since the 15th century
|alt1=A two-barred crucifix
|File:Herzogtum Lothringen wappen 1697.png
|alt2=The coat of arms of the Duchy of Lorraine circa 1697
|Coat of arms of the Duchy (1697)
|File:Wappen Lothringen 1703.gif
|alt3=The coat of arms of the Duchy of Lorraine circa 1703
|Full coat of arms of the Duchy, [[Siebmachers Wappenbuch]], 1703<ref>{{cite book|last=Siebmacher|first=Johann|title=Erneuertes und vermehrtes Wappenbuch...|publisher=Adolph Johann Helmers|year=1703|location=Nürnberg|pages=Part I Table 6}}</ref>
}}

==Culture==
Two [[regional language]]s survive in the region.

[[Lorraine Franconian]], known as ''{{lang|fr|francique}}'' or ''{{lang|fr|platt (lorrain)}}'' in French, is a [[West Central German]] dialect spoken by a minority in the northern part of the region. This is distinct from the neighbouring [[Alsatian language]], although the two are often confused. Neither has any form of official recognition.

[[Lorrain language|Lorrain]] is a Romance dialect spoken by a minority in the southern part of the region.

The duchy produced a number of important painters, including [[Claude Lorrain]], [[Georges de La Tour]] and [[Jean LeClerc (painter)|Jean LeClerc]].

Like most of [[Languages of France|France's regional languages]] (such as [[Breton language|Breton]], [[Franco-Provençal language|Franco-Provençal]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]], [[Alsatian language|Alsatian]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Basque language|Basque]] and [[French Flemish|Flemish]]), Lorrain and Lorraine Franconian were largely replaced by French with the advent of mandatory public schooling in the 19th and 20th centuries.

==See also==
* [[List of rulers of Lorraine]]
* [[Lorraine]] region
* [[Lotharingia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Herrick, Linda & Wendy Uncapher. ''Alsace-Lorraine: The Atlantic Bridge to Germany''. Janesville, WI: 2003.
* Hughes, S. P. (2005) "Bilingualism in North-East France with specific reference to Rhenish Franconian spoken by Moselle Cross-border (or frontier) workers."[https://web.archive.org/web/20060919033029/http://www.ruc.dk/isok/skriftserier/mobility/mobility2/Hughes/]
* [[Ruth Putnam (author)|Putnam, Ruth]]. ''Alsace and Lorraine: From Cæsar to Kaiser, 58 B.C.-1871 A.D.'' New York: 1915.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Duchy of Lorraine}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312192754/http://www.alsace-lorraine.info/ Alsace-Lorraine.info]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030618062707/http://www.lotharingia.de/ Lotharingia]

{{Upper Rhenish Circle}}
{{Lorraine topics}}
{{Authority control}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lorraine, Duchy of}}
[[Category:Duchy of Lorraine| ]]
[[Category:Former provinces of France]]
[[Category:Duchies of the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Upper Rhenish Circle]]
[[Category:959 establishments]]
[[Category:Lotharingia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 950s]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1766]]
[[Category:Territories of the Valois dukes of Burgundy]]