Editing Dua

{{Short description|Islamic prayer of invocation, supplication or request}}
{{Other uses}}
{{multiple issues|
{{cleanup rewrite|date=April 2012}}
{{unreliable sources|date=October 2011}}
{{Over-quotation|date=March 2012}}
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{{Islam}}
In [[Islam]], '''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}}''' ({{langx|ar|دعاء}} &nbsp;{{IPA|ar|duˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}, plural: ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾadʿiyah}}'' {{lang|ar|أدعية}} &nbsp;{{IPA|ar|ʔædˈʕijæ|}}) is a prayer of [[invocation]], [[supplication]] or request,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Dua|editor=John L. Esposito|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e561|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423045826/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e561|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Gardet, L. |title=Duʿāʾ| year= 2012 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editor1=P. Bearman|editor2= Th. Bianquis|editor3= C.E. Bosworth|editor4= E. van Donzel|editor5= W.P. Heinrichs|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0195}}
</ref> asking help or assistance from [[God in Islam|God]]. Duʿāʾ is an integral aspect of Islamic worship and spirituality, serving as a direct line of communication between a believer and Allah. Unlike the formal five daily prayers ([[Salah]]) which have specific timings and rituals, duʿāʾ is more flexible and can be made at any time and in any place. Through duʿāʾ, Muslims affirm their dependence on Allah and their trust in His wisdom and mercy.

A special position of prayers are prayers of Sufi-Masters, the ''mustajaab ad-du'a'', prayers answered immediately.<ref>Schimmel, Annemarie. Mystische Dimensionen des Islam: Die Geschichte des Sufismus. Diederichs, 1992. p. 230 (German)</ref> Requirements for these prayers are that the Sufi is never asking God for worldly but only for spiritual requests.<ref>Schimmel, Annemarie. Mystische Dimensionen des Islam: Die Geschichte des Sufismus. Diederichs, 1992. p. 230 (German)</ref> In times of sickness, danger, or drought, they were answered, while their prayers could also punish those who oppose them.<ref>Schimmel, Annemarie. Mystische Dimensionen des Islam: Die Geschichte des Sufismus. Diederichs, 1992. p. 230 (German)</ref> In one instance, a prayer even restored the place of a [[fallen angel]] in the angelic hierarchy.<ref>Schimmel, Annemarie. Mystische Dimensionen des Islam: Die Geschichte des Sufismus. Diederichs, 1992. p. 230 (German)</ref>

==Role in Islam==
[[File:Puncak Gunung Guntur, Garut - Jawa Barat.jpg|thumb|An [[Islam in Indonesia|Indonesian Muslim]] man doing dua]]
[[Muslims]] regard dua as a profound act of worship. [[Muhammad]] is reported to have said, "Dua is itself a worship."<ref>Riyad-us-Salihin: 1465, {{Cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/riyadussalihin:1465|title=sunnah.com}}</ref><ref>Abu dawud 1479, Grade: Sahih (al-Albani), {{Cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/abudawud:1479|title=sunnah.com}}</ref>

There is a special emphasis on du'a in Muslim spirituality and early Muslims took great care to record the supplications of Muhammad and his family and transmit them to subsequent generations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tillier |first=Mathieu |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1343008841 |title=Supplier Dieu dans l'Égypte toulounide : le florilège de l'invocation d'après Ḫālid b. Yazīd (IIIe/IXe siècle) |date=2022 |others=Naïm Vanthieghem |isbn=978-90-04-52180-3 |location=Leiden |oclc=1343008841}}</ref> These traditions precipitated new genres of literature in which prophetic supplications were gathered together in single volumes that were memorized and taught.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tillier |first=Mathieu |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1343008841 |title=Supplier Dieu dans l'Égypte toulounide : le florilège de l'invocation d'après Ḫālid b. Yazīd (IIIe/IXe siècle) |date=2022 |others=Naïm Vanthieghem |isbn=978-90-04-52180-3 |location=Leiden |oclc=1343008841}}</ref> Collections such as [[al-Nawawi]]'s ''Kitab al-Adhkar'' and Shams al-Din al-Jazari's ''al-Hisn al-Hasin'' exemplify this literary trend and gained significant currency among Muslim devotees keen to learn how Muhammad supplicated to God.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Du'a literature is not restricted to prophetic supplications; many later Muslim scholars and sages composed their own supplications, often in elaborate rhymes that would be recited by their disciples.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} Popular du'as would include [[Muhammad al-Jazuli]]'s ''[[Dala'il al-Khayrat]]'', which at its peak spread throughout the [[Muslim world]], and [[Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili]]'s ''Hizb al-Bahr'' which also had widespread appeal.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} Du'a literature reaches its most lyrical form in the ''Munajat'', or 'whispered intimate prayers' such as those of [[Ibn Ata Allah]]. Among the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] schools, the ''[[Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya]]'' records du'as attributed to [[Ali]] and his grandson, [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Blockquote|Anas reported that [[Allah]]'s Messenger visited a person from amongst the Muslims in order to inquire (about his health) who had grown feeble like the chicken. Allah's Messenger said: Did you supplicate for anything or beg of Him about that? He said: Yes. I used to utter (these words): Impose punishment upon me earlier in this world, what Thou art going to impose upon me in the Hereafter. Thereupon Allah's Messenger said: Hallowed be Allah, you have neither the power nor forbearance to take upon yourself (the burden of His Punishment). Why did you not say this: O Allah, grant us good in the world and good in the Hereafter, and save us from the torment of Fire. He (the Holy Prophet) made this supplication (for him) and he was all right.|[[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj]]|''[[Sahih Muslim]]''<ref>{{Hadith-usc|muslim|usc=yes|35|6501}}</ref>}}
{{Blockquote|Narrated Anas:<br />Allah's Apostle said," None of you should long for death because of a calamity that had befallen him, and if he cannot, but long for death, then he should say, 'O Allah! Let me live as long as life is better for me, and take my life if death is better for me.' "|[[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]|''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]''<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|8|75|362}}</ref>}}
[[File:Young Muslim spplicating in Masjid al-Haram, 6 April 2015.jpg|thumb|A young [[Muslim]] supplicating after [[salah]] at the [[Great Mosque of Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]]]]

== Types and categories ==
[[File:Portrait of Emperor Akbar Praying.jpg|thumb|Portrait of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]] invocation of a Dua prayer]]

Dua is essentially an expression of submission of faith to God and of one's neediness.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maulana |first1=Imam |last2=Fathima |first2=Raisha |last3=Nisa |first3=Haiyun |last4=Suryani Oktari |first4=Rina |date=2022 |title=Islamic psycho-immunological approaches in increasing immunity during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=E3S Web of Conferences |volume=340 |pages=05009 |doi=10.1051/e3sconf/202234005009 |bibcode=2022E3SWC.34005009M |s2cid=246310255 |issn=2267-1242|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Type I: ''Du'ā al-mas'alah'' (<big>دُعَاءُ الْمَسْأَلَة</big> ''du'ā'u 'l-mas'alah''), or the 'du'a of asking.' This type of du'a is when one asks for the fulfillment of a need, or that some harm be removed from him/her. An example would be when a person asks, "O God! Grant me good in this world, and good in the next life!"{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Type II: ''Du'ā al-'ibadah'' (<big>دُعَاءُ الْعِبَادَة</big> ''du'ā'u 'l-'ibādah''), or the 'du'a of worship.' This type of du'a includes every single act of worship. Examples would include when a Muslim [[salat|prays]] or gives ''[[zakāt]]'' or [[Sawm|fasts]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

=== Salat ===
{{main|Salah}}
{{See also|Holy Du'a}}
The salat is the obligatory prayer recited five times a day, as described in the Quran: "And establish regular prayers at the two ends of the day and at the approaches of the night: For those things, that are good remove those that are evil: Be that the word of remembrance to those who remember (their Lord):"[Quran 11:114] Salat is generally read in the Arabic language; however Imam [[Abu Hanifah]], for whom the [[Hanafi]] school is named after, proclaimed that prayer could be said in any language unconditionally. His two students who created the school: [[Abu Yusuf]] and [[Muhammad al-Shaybani]], however, did not agree and believed that prayers could only be done in languages other than Arabic if the supplicant can not speak Arabic. Some traditions hold that Abu Hanifa later agreed with them and changed his decision; however there has never been any evidence of this.<ref name="Mahmasani">{{cite book |last=Mahmasani |first=Subhi |title=Falsafat Al-tashrī Fi Al-Islām: The Philosophy of Jurisprudence in Islam|page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldIUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA69 |year=1961 |isbn=967996406X |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> Hanbali theologian [[Ibn Taymiyah]] issued a ''fatwa'' proclaiming the same.<ref>{{cite book |last=Abdul-Rahman |first=Muhammad |title=Islam: Questions and Answers - the Heart Softeners, Part 1 |publisher=MSA Publication Limited |year=2007 |pages=108 }}</ref> Until the 1950s, [[Ismailism|Ismaili]]s from India and Pakistan performed the prayer in the language of the local ''[[Jama'at Khana]]''.<ref name="asaniPakistan">{{Cite journal | last1 = Asani | first1 = A. S. | title = The khojahs of Indo-Pakistan: The quest for an Islamic identity | journal = Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs | volume = 8 | pages = 31–41 | year = 1987 | doi = 10.1080/02666958708716015}}</ref>

=== Common duas ===

#A person who recites from {{lang|ar|{{script/Arabic|إِنَّ فِي خَلْقِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ}}}} ''("In the creation of the heavens and the earth")'' in Surah [[Al Imran]] till the end of the surah on any night or part of the night, will receive the reward of performing his [[Salah|Salaat]] for the whole night.<ref>Mishkat al-Masabih 1196, Book 4, Hadith 612</ref>
#A person recites Surah [[Ya Sin]] early in the morning then his need for the day will be fulfilled.<ref>Mishkat al-Masabih 2177, Book 8, Hadith 67</ref>
#[[Abdullah, son of Masud|Abdullah bin Masood]] narrates that Muhammad has stated that the person who recites the last two ayat of Surah [[Al-Baqara]] till the end, then these two ayats will be sufficient for him, i.e. God will protect him from all evil and ploys.<ref>Sahih al-Bukhari 5009, Book 66, Hadith 31</ref>
#When retiring to sleep, make ''[[wudu]]'', dust off the bed three times, lie on the right side, place the right hand under the head or cheeks and recite the following dua three times: {{lang|ar|{{script/Arabic|اللَّهُمَّ بِاسْمِكَ أمُوتُ وَأَحْيَا}}}} ''("In your name, O Allah, I die and I live")''<ref>Sahih al-Bukhari 7394, Book 97, Hadith 23</ref>
#A person who recites three times {{lang|ar|{{script/Arabic|أَعُوذُ بِاللَّهِ السَّمِيعِ الْعَلِيمِ مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ الرَّجِيمِ}}}} ''("I seek refuge in Allah, the All-Hearing and All Knowing from the accursed devil")'' in the morning the last three ayat of Surah [[Al-Hashr]] then God delegates 70,000 [[angel]]s (''[[Islamic view of angels|malāʾikah]]'') to send mercy onto him till the evening and if he dies that day, he will die as a martyr and if he recites these in the evening then God delegates 70,000 angels to send mercy onto him till the morning and if he dies that night, he dies as a martyr.<ref>Mishkat al-Masabih 2157, Book 8, Hadith 47</ref>
#A Muslim servant recites {{lang|ar|{{script/Arabic|رَضِيتُ بِاللَّهِ رَبَّاً وَبِالْإِسْلَامِ دِينَاً وَبِمُحَمَّدٍ نَبِيَّاً}}}} ''("I am pleased with Allah as my Lord, and with Islam as my religion, and with Muhammad as my Prophet")'' three times every morning, then it becomes the responsibility of God to satisfy him on the [[Islamic eschatology|Day of Qiyamah]].<ref>Hisn al-Muslim 87</ref>
#A person who has recited {{lang|ar|{{script/Arabic|اللَّهُمَّ مَا أَصْبَحَ بِي مِنْ نِعْمَةٍ أَوْ بِأَحَدٍ مِنْ خَلْقِكَ فَمِنْكَ وَحْدَكَ لَا شَرِيكَ لَكَ فَلَكَ الْحَمْدُ وَلَكَ الشُّكْرُ}}}} ''("O God, whatever favour has come to me or to any of Thy creatures in the morning, it comes from Thee alone who hast no partner, to whom be praise and thanksgiving")'' in the morning, he has pleased (praised, glorified) God for His favours of the morning, and if he has done so in the night, he has thanked God for His favours of the night.<ref>Mishkat al-Masabih 2407, Book 9, Hadith 177</ref>
#If a person recites three ayat of Surah [[Ar-Rum]] and if he misses his normal recitation of the day, he will still be rewarded for it. This applies to the night as well.
#If a person retires to bed on the side and recites Surah [[Al-Fatiha]] and Surah [[Al-Ikhlas]] he is immune from everything besides death.
# Reciting [[Al-Baqara 255|Ayat-ul Kursi]] will cause the reciter to be protected throughout the night by the angels and [[Satan]] will not come near him.<ref>Sahih al-Bukhari 5010, Book 66, Hadith 32</ref>
# When a person enters his bed (to sleep), an angel and a ''[[Devil (Islam)|Shaitan]]'' surround him. The Shaitan whispers 'your awakening will end in evil' and the angel says' end in good". One sleeps after engaging in dhikr, the angels will protect him throughout the night. In order to gain the protection of the angels, it is encouraged to engage in ''[[dhikr]]'' and then sleep.
# A man dreamed of Muhammad several times. Each time he asked Muhammed for advice on being able to retain his faith. He was told by Muhammad to recite the following each day:

{{Blockquote|In the name of Allah the Beneficent the Merciful O Allah! O Allah! O Allah! The Security, the Security the Security from the vanishment of the faith. O the Eternally Known! O the Eternally Obliging and O the Guide of those gone astray, Thee alone do we worship and of Thee (only) do we seek help. May Allah's blessings be upon His best creation Mohammed and all his (pure) progeny.|''Book of 101 Dua's (Supplications)''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.duas.org/101dua.htm#_Toc238539275|title=Book of 101 Dua|website=www.duas.org|access-date=July 21, 2019}}</ref>}}

=== Zayn al-'Abidin's Dua ===
Ali ibn al-Husayn Zayn al-'Abidin conveyed his understanding of the relationship between human and God by the prayers and supplications that he offered God during his extensive nighttime vigils in the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]] (Mosque of the Prophet) in [[Medina]]. These prayers and supplications were written down and then disseminated by his sons and the subsequent generations. Among them is the ''Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya'', which is known as the Psalms of the Household of Muhammad.

{{Blockquote|All Praise is for Allah who treats me with clemency, just as if I have no sin. So my Lord is the most praised by me of all, and most worthy of my praise. O' Allah! I find the roads of wishes to You wide open, And the rivers of hope to You vast and running, And counting on Your bountifulness (in times of need) for those who wished You freely accessible, And the gates of prayer to those who are disparate, wide ajar, And I know that You are for those who ask You in the position of answer, And for those who are distressed, You are in a posture of rescue.|An extract of the Dua of [[Abu Hamza al-Thumali]] by Ali ibn al-Husayn Zayn al-'Abidin<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.duas.org/thumali.htm|title=Dua'a AbuHamza Thumaly Alt|website=www.duas.org|access-date=July 21, 2019}}</ref>}}

== The pre-conditions ==
In Islam there are nine pre-conditions that need to be present in order for a du'a to be accepted.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}
[[File:Babur and his army saluting the standards.jpg|thumb|The first [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Babur]] and his [[Mughal Army]] perform a Dua prayer while saluting their standards.]]

=== Sincerity ===
In Islam, rules have been made to remember Allah. All Muslims follow those rules.
It is necessary to be pure in order to remember God in Islam.<ref>{{cite web |last1=quran |first1=wazifa |title=quran |url=https://wantmyloveback.com/ |website=want my love back |publisher=danish |access-date=3 May 2020 |ref=quran}}</ref> 
Every Muslim is required to offer prayers for 5 times, Allah is remembered through prayers. In Islam a Muslim prays to God alone.

=== Patience ===
In Islam, to be hasty in du'a is said to be a cause of rejection of du'a. The type of hastiness that is forbidden in Islam is that a person leaves du'a, thinking that God will not respond to it. In Islam, Muslims are instructed not to give up du'a because they do not see a response immediately.

=== Purity ===
In Islam, in order for a person's du'a to be accepted by God, it must be for something pure.

=== Good intentions ===
In Islam it is imperative that a person making du'a has the best of intentions for whatever he or she is asking. An example would be if someone asks for an increase in wealth, they should intend to spend more of that wealth on the poor and on their relatives than on themselves.

=== Attentive heart ===
Muslims are instructed to make du'a with an attentive heart. They should be aware of what they are saying and believe in their heart that God will respond.

=== Sustenance ===
It states in the Quran in sura Al-Baqara Verse 200:

{{Blockquote| When you have fulfilled your sacred rites, praise Allah as you used to praise your forefathers ˹before Islam˺, or even more passionately. There are some who say, “Our Lord! Grant us ˹Your bounties˺ in this world,” but they will have no share in the Hereafter.|{{qref|2|200|c=y}}}}

Again and moreover Muhammad is reported to have said,
{{Blockquote|"O People! God is al-Tayyib (pure), and He only accepts that which is pure! God has commanded the Messengers, for He said, 'O Messengers! Eat from the pure foods, and do right.' Furthermore he said, 'O you who believe! Eat from the pure and good foods we have given you.' Then Prophet [[Hadrat|Hazrat]] Muhammad mentioned a traveller on a long journey, who is dishevelled and dusty, and he stretches forth his hands to the sky, saying, 'O my Lord! O my Lord!', While his food is unlawful, his drink is unlawful, his clothing is unlawful, and he is nourished unlawfully; how can he be answered?"<ref>Hadith reported by Ahmad, Muslim, and al-Tirmidhi from Abu Hurayrah, as mentioned in sahih al-Jami #2744</ref>}}

== In Shia Islam==
[[File:Laylat al-Qadr 19th Ramadan 1429 AH in Behesht-e Zahra, Tehran (11 8706300789 L600).jpg|thumb|An Iranian Shi'a Muslim praying and making Du'a on [[Laylat al-Qadr]], 2008]]

Some Shia believe there are preliminaries for fulfillment of Dua.<ref>Razi Shirazi. Some points on dua. 2016. Society for appreciation of cultural works and disgnitaries</ref> According to [[Mutahhari]], Dua is both premises and conclusion, both means and end.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lib.eshia.ir/15055/1/10|title=الدعاء - المطهري، الشيخ مرتضى - کتابخانه مدرسه فقاهت|website=lib.eshia.ir|access-date=July 21, 2019}}</ref>

== Other optional etiquette ==
There are various other optional techniques and etiquettes in the Quran and Sunnah for Du'a. Listed here are a limited few and just a fraction of the etiquettes of du'a that scholars have found in reference to in the Quran and Sunnah.

=== Raising one's hands ===
{{main|Raising hands in Dua}}
Raising one's hands is an encouraged option. There are many hadith that describe how Muhammad raised his hands during du'a. Some hadith describe him having raised his hands to or above head-level in dire circumstances. Many scholars agree that aside from times of exceptionally great need, Muhammad did not raise his hands above his head. Under any other conditions, a common practice is to raise the hands to shoulder-height with palms placed together.

Scholars however agree that there are two authentic ways of raising one's hands: when not in drastic conditions the palms of one's hands should be turned up facing the skies, whilst the back of one's hands are facing the ground, then the du'a can be "recited". One must also make sure to face the [[Qibla]] (direction of prayer), whilst making du'a.

The second way agreed upon by scholars is to have the palms facing one's face; once again one must face the Qibla, but this time the back of one's hands should also face the Qibla.

Evidence for facing the Qibla during du'a can be found in Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim

Abdullah ibn Zayd narrated:
{{Blockquote|'The Prophet left (Madinah) to this prayer, seeking rain. So he made a du'a, and asked for rain, then he faced the Qibla and turned his cloak inside-out'|''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' #6343, Muslim No. 894 and others}}

=== Facing the Qiblah ===
[[File:The prayer.jpg|thumb|[[Raising hands in Dua]]]]
The Qibla is the direction that Muslims face while performing salat.

There are also Sahih hadith which narrate that it is forbidden to lift one's eyes towards the sky in prayer.

Abu Huraira reported:
{{Blockquote|People should avoid lifting their eyes towards the sky while supplicating in prayer, otherwise their eyes can be snatched away.<ref>Hadith reported by Abu Hurayrah and Jabir b. Samura, as mentioned in Sahih Muslim (Book of Prayer, chapter 24), No. 863 and No. 862</ref>}}

=== Wiping the face ===
Once the du'a has been completed, it is most common for the supplicant to wipe their face with their hands, and this act signals the end of the du'a.

{{Blockquote|Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas:<br />The Prophet said:...<br />Supplicate Allah with the palms of your hands; do not supplicate Him with their backs upwards. When you finish supplication, wipe your faces with them.|[[Abu Dawood]]|''[[Sunan Abu Dawood]]''<ref>{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|8|1480}}</ref>}}

{{Blockquote|Narrated Yazid ibn Sa'id al-Kindi:<br />When the Prophet made supplication (to Allah) he would raise his hands and wipe his face with his hands.|Abu Dawood|''Sunan Abu Dawood''<ref>{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|8|1487}}</ref>}}

== See also ==
* [[Raising hands in Dua]]
* [[Du'a Kumayl]]
* [[Duha]]
* [[Mafatih al-Janan]]
* [[The Sermon for Necessities]]- a popular sermon in the Islamic world, particularly as the introduction to a khutbah during Jumu'ah
* [[Durood]]
* [[Yazidi#Duʿa|Dua]] in [[Yazidism]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikisource|The Holy Quran|The Holy Quran}}

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