Editing Drummer of Tedworth

{{Short description|Alleged poltergeist manifestation (1681)}}
[[File:Devil and Drum from Saducismus Triumphatus.png|thumb|The devil and the drum, from the frontispiece to the third edition of ''[[Saducismus Triumphatus]]'' (1700)]]

The '''Drummer of Tedworth''' is the case of an alleged [[poltergeist]] manifestation in the [[West Country]] of [[England]], recorded by [[Joseph Glanvill]] in his book ''[[Saducismus Triumphatus]]'' (1681).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hunter|first=Michael|year=2005|url=http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/archive/00000250/01/Hunter4.pdf|title=New light on the 'Drummer of Tedworth': conflicting narratives of witchcraft in Restoration England|journal=Historical Research|volume=78|issue=201|pages=311–353|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2281.2005.00226.x }}</ref>

==History==

Early accounts reported that in 1661 a local landowner, John Mompesson, owner of a house in the town of [[Tidworth|Tedworth]] (now called Tidworth, in [[Wiltshire]]), had brought a lawsuit against an unlicensed vagrant [[drummer]] William Drury, whom he accused of collecting money by false pretences. After he had won judgment against the drummer, the drum was turned over to Mompesson by the local bailiff. Mompesson then found his house plagued by nocturnal drumming noises. It was alleged that the drummer had brought these plagues of noise upon Mompesson's head by [[witchcraft]].<ref name=Aldridge>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1917046?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aldridge, Alfred Owen. "Franklin and the Ghostly Drummer of Tedworth", ''The William and Mary Quarterly'', Vol. 7, No. 4 (Oct., 1950), pp. 559–567] {{doi|10.2307/1917046}}</ref> Drury was said to have been associated with a band of [[Romani people|gypsies]].

Glanvill, who visited the house in 1663, had claimed to have heard strange scratching noises under a bed in the children's room.<ref>Davidson, Jane. (2012). ''Early Modern Supernatural: The Dark Side of European Culture, 1400–1700''. Praeger. pp. 147–148. {{ISBN|978-0-313-39343-3}}</ref><ref>Waller, John. (2004). ''Leaps in the Dark: The Making of Scientific Reputations''. Oxford University Press. pp. 20–21. {{ISBN|0-19-280484-7}}</ref>

On Christmas Day 1667, [[Samuel Pepys]], in his diary, records his wife, Elizabeth, reading the story to him. He found it to be "a strange story of spirits and worth reading indeed."

In 1668, Glanvill published one of the earlier versions of ''Saducismus Triumphatus,'' his ''A Blow at Modern [[Sadducism]]'' ... To which is added, ''The Relation of the Fam'd Disturbance by the Drummer, in the House of Mr. John Mompesson.''

[[John Wesley]] made reference to the Drummer at Tedworth in his journal: {{blockquote|text=The famous instance of this, which has been spread far and wide, was the drumming in Mr Mompesson's house at Tedworth;  who, it was said, acknowledged, 'It was all a trick, and that he had found out the whole contrivance.' Not so, my eldest brother, then at Christ Church, Oxon, inquired of Mr Mompesson, his fellow collegian, 'Whether his father had acknowledged this or not.' He answered, 'The resort of gentlemen to my father's house was so great, he could not bear the expense. He therefore took no pains to confute the report, that he had found out the cheat: although he and I, and all the family knew the account which was published, to be punctually true.'<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VsY7AAAAYAAJ&q=The+Works+of+the+Rev.+John+Wesley%3A+The+twelfth%2C+thirteenth%2C+fourteenth+... ''The Works of the Rev. John Wesley'', vol. 3, p. 246]</ref>}}
[[File:Drummer of Tedworth Sketch.png|thumb|Sketch of the Drummer of Tedworth (1837)]]

==Critical reception==
In 1716 the [[Whig (British political party)|Whig]] writer and politician [[Joseph Addison]] wrote a play ''[[The Drummer (play)|The Drummer]]'' inspired by events at Tedworth. However, he updated the story to the recent [[War of the Spanish Succession]] and gave a rational explanation for the ghostly drumming; a returning veteran thought killed in action does it to scare off two suitors from his now wealthy "widow".<ref>Michael, Hunter. ''The Decline of Magic: Britain in the Enlightenment''. Yale University Press, 2020. p. 117</ref>

[[Charles Mackay (author)|Charles Mackay]], in his ''[[Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds]]'' (1841), considered the phenomena to be undoubtedly fraudulent produced by confederates of the drummer and suggested Mompesson was easily deceived.<ref>[[Charles Mackay (author)|Mackay, Charles]]. (1856 edition). [https://archive.org/stream/memoirsextraord10mackgoog#page/n240/mode/2up ''Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds'']. London, New York: G. Routledge and Sons. pp. 226–227</ref>

[[Amos Norton Craft]] (1881) also suggested that the phenomena were the result of trickery:

{{blockquote|text=We are to remember also, that the house of Mr. Mompesson contained several servants who doubtless possessed a good degree of human nature; Mr. Mompesson had caused the arrest and imprisonment of a member of a band of gypsies, who were intensely enraged at him on that account that the disturbance ceased as soon as the gypsy was transported beyond the sea and his associates had no farther hope of his release; that these manifestations began again as soon as the gypsy returned from transportation; that the gypsy professed to be the cause of the disturbance, and that the excited imagination would naturally add to the manifestations which the enraged trickster really produced.<ref>[[Amos Norton Craft|Craft, Amos Norton]]. (1881). [https://archive.org/stream/EpidemicDelusions/Epidemic%20Delusions#page/n193/mode/2up ''Epidemic Delusions: Containing an Exposé of the Superstitions and Frauds which Underlie Some Ancient and Modern Delusions, Including Especial Reference to Modern Spiritualism'']. New York: Phillips & Hunt. p. 193</ref>}}

[[Addington Bruce]] (1908) has argued that the phenomenon was fraudulently manufactured by Mompesson's own children, especially his oldest daughter, a girl of ten. Bruce wrote that the noises and movement of objects were reminiscent of [[Practical joke|pranks]] and often occurred in the children's bedroom. Bruce noted that Glanvill "passed only one night in the haunted house, and of his several experiences there is none that cannot be set down to fraud plus imagination, with the children the active agents."<ref>[[Addington Bruce|Bruce, Addington]]. (1908). [https://archive.org/stream/historicghostsgh00bruciala#page/28/mode/2up ''Historic Ghosts and Ghost Hunters'']. New York: Moffat, Yard & Company. pp. 28–35</ref>

[[Andrew Lang]] of the [[Society for Psychical Research]] wrote that "the Drummer was suspected, but, consciously or not, the children were probably the agents."<ref>[[Andrew Lang|Lang, Andrew]]. (1893). ''Fairies and Psychical Research''. In [[Robert Kirk (folklorist)|Robert Kirk]]. ''The Secret Commonwealth of Elves, Fauns and Fairies''. London: David Nutt. pp. 55–56.</ref>

==See also==

*[[Cock Lane ghost]]
*[[Old Rectory, Epworth]]

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==

*[[P. T. Barnum]]. (1866). [https://archive.org/stream/humbugsworld00barnrich#page/293/mode/2up ''The Humbugs of the World: An Account of Humbugs, Delusions, Impositions, Quackeries, Deceits and Deceivers Generally, in All Ages'']. New York, Carleton.
*[[Addington Bruce]]. (1908). [https://archive.org/stream/historicghostsgh00bruciala#page/17/mode/2up ''Historic Ghosts and Ghost Hunters'']. New York: Moffat, Yard & Company.

{{Ghosts}}

[[Category:English ghosts]]
[[Category:Hoaxes in England]]
[[Category:17th-century hoaxes]]
[[Category:Hampshire folklore]]
[[Category:1660s in England]]
[[Category:Paranormal hoaxes]]
[[Category:Tidworth]]
[[Category:Poltergeists]]
[[Category:English drummers]]
[[Category:Wiltshire folklore]]