Editing Dries van Agt

{{Short description|Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1977 to 1982}}
{{Family name hatnote|lang=Dutch|van Agt|Agt}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| name                = Dries van Agt
| image               = Dries van Agt (1980).jpg
| imagesize           = 
| caption             = Van Agt in 1980
| office              = [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]]
| term_start          = 19 December 1977
| term_end            = 4 November 1982
| monarch             = [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Juliana]]<br>[[Beatrix of the Netherlands|Beatrix]]
| deputy              = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list''|1= [[Hans Wiegel]] (1977–1981) <br/> [[Joop den Uyl]] (1981–1982) <br/> [[Jan Terlouw]] (1981–1982)}}
| predecessor         = [[Joop den Uyl]]
| successor           = [[Ruud Lubbers]]
| office1             = [[Delegation of the European Union to the United States|Ambassador of the European Union to the United States]]
| term_start1         = 1 January 1990
| term_end1           = 1 April 1995
| predecessor1        = Roy Denman
| successor1          = Hugo Paemen
| office2             = [[List of diplomatic missions of the European Union|Ambassador of the European Union to Japan]]
| term_start2         = 1 January 1987
| term_end2           = 1 January 1990
| predecessor2        = [[Laurens Jan Brinkhorst]]
| successor2          = Jean-Pierre Leng
| office3             = [[List of King's and Queen's Commissioners of North Brabant|Queen's Commissioner of North Brabant]]
| term_start3         = 1 June 1983
| term_end3           = 22 April 1987
| monarch3            = [[Beatrix of the Netherlands|Beatrix]]
| predecessor3        = Jan Dirk van der Harten
| successor3          = [[Frank Houben]]
| office4             = [[List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start4         = 28 May 1982
| term_end4           = 4 November 1982
| primeminister4      = ''Himself''
| predecessor4        = [[Max van der Stoel]]
| successor4          = [[Hans van den Broek]]
| office5             = [[Parliamentary leader]] in the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]
| term_start5         = 10 June 1981
| term_end5           = 24 August 1981
| predecessor5        = [[Ruud Lubbers]]
| successor5          = [[Ruud Lubbers]]
| term_start6         = 8 June 1977
| term_end6           = 19 December 1977
| predecessor6        = ''Office established''
| successor6          = [[Willem Aantjes]]
| parliamentarygroup6 = [[Christian Democratic Appeal]]
| office7             = [[Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal]]
| term_start7         = 10 December 1976
| term_end7           = 25 October 1982
| predecessor7        = ''Office established''
| successor7          = [[Ruud Lubbers]]
| office8             = [[Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| term_start8         = 11 May 1973
| term_end8           = 8 September 1977
| primeminister8      = [[Joop den Uyl]]
| predecessor8        = [[Roelof Nelissen]] <br/> [[Molly Geertsema]]
| successor8          = [[Gaius de Gaay Fortman]]
| office9             = Member of the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]
| term_start9         = 16 September 1982
| term_end9           = 16 June 1983
| term_start11        = 10 June 1981
| term_end11          = 9 September 1981
| term_start12        = 8 June 1977
| term_end12          = 19 December 1977
| term_start13        = 23 January 1973
| term_end13          = 22 April 1973
| office14            = [[List of Ministers of Justice of the Netherlands|Minister of Justice]]
| term_start14        = 6 July 1971
| term_end14          = 8 September 1977
| primeminister14     = [[Barend Biesheuvel]] <!-- (1971–1977) --> <br/> [[Joop den Uyl]] <!-- (1973–1977) -->
| predecessor14       = [[Carel Polak]]
| successor14         = [[Gaius de Gaay Fortman]]
| birth_name          = Andreas Antonius Maria van Agt
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|df=y|1931|02|02}}
| birth_place         = [[Geldrop]], Netherlands
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|df=y|2024|02|05|1931|02|02}}
| death_place         = [[Nijmegen]], Netherlands
| party               = [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] <br/> (1980–2021)
| otherparty          = [[Catholic People's Party]] <br/> (until 1980)
| residence           = Nijmegen, Netherlands
| alma_mater          = [[Radboud University Nijmegen]] <br/> ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]], [[Master of Laws|LL.M.]])
| signature           = Dries van Agt Signature.jpg
| relations           = 
| children            = 3
| spouse              = Eugenie Krekelberg
}}

'''Andreas Antonius Maria''' "'''Dries'''" '''van Agt''' ({{IPA|nl|ˈdris fɑn ˈɑxt|lang|NL-nl Dries van Agt.ogg}};{{efn|''van'' in isolation: {{IPA|nl|vɑn|}}.}} 2 February 1931 – 5 February 2024) was a Dutch politician, jurist and diplomat who served as [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]] from 19 December 1977 until 4 November 1982. He was a prominent leader of the [[Catholic People's Party]] (KVP) and later its successor party, the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] (CDA).

Van Agt was known for his abilities as a skilled debater and negotiator. During his premiership, his cabinets were responsible for several major public sector and civil service reforms and further reducing the deficit following the [[Early 1980s recession|recession in the 1980s]]. Van Agt continued to comment on political affairs as a statesman until he suffered a major [[Intracranial hemorrhage|stroke]] in May 2019 which forced him to undergo rehabilitation. He held the distinction as the oldest living and earliest serving former prime minister following the death of [[Piet de Jong]] in July 2016, until his death in February 2024.

==Early life==
Andreas Antonius Maria van Agt was born in [[Geldrop]], Netherlands in a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] family. After receiving his diploma Gymnasium-A at the [[Scholengemeenschap Augustinianum|Augustinianum]], he studied at the [[Radboud University Nijmegen|Catholic University of Nijmegen]], where he received his Doctorate in Law in 1955. After graduating, he practised law in Eindhoven until 1957, after which he worked in the office of legal and business affairs of the [[Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Food Security and Nature|Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries]] until 1962. From 1962 to 1968, he worked for the [[Ministry of Justice and Security|Ministry of Justice]].

==Political career==

===Minister and deputy prime minister===
[[File:Premier Van Agt ontvangt Westduitse CDU-voorzitter Helmut Kohl, Bestanddeelnr 929-8963.jpg|thumb|left|Prime Minister Dries van Agt and [[Leader of the Christian Democratic Union|German Leader]] [[Helmut Kohl]] at the [[Ministry of General Affairs]] on 13 September 1978.]]
[[File:Mondale en van Agt, Bestanddeelnr 930-2246.jpg|thumb|left|Vice President of the United States [[Walter Mondale]] and Prime Minister Dries van Agt during a press conference at [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Schiphol Airport]] on 21 April 1979.]]
[[File:V.l.n.r. Premier Margareth Thatcher en Minister-President Dries van Agt op het t, Bestanddeelnr 931-3060.jpg|thumb|left|[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] [[Margaret Thatcher]] and Prime Minister Dries van Agt at the [[Catshuis]] on 6 February 1981.]]
[[File:Persconferentie Helmut Schmidt , rechts premier Van Agt, Bestanddeelnr 932-2419.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor of West Germany]] [[Helmut Schmidt]] and Prime Minister Dries van Agt during a press conference at [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Schiphol Airport]] on 9 July 1982.]]
[[File:Mark Rutte en Dries van Agt in het Torentje.jpg|thumb|left|Dries van Agt and Prime Minister [[Mark Rutte]] in [[Torentje|Het Torentje]] on 18 April 2011]]

Van Agt entered politics as a member of the [[Catholic People's Party]], which merged with the other two major Christian democratic parties in 1980 to form the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] (CDA). From 1968 to 1971, Van Agt was Professor of Criminal Law at the Catholic University of Nijmegen. From 1971 to 1973, he served as [[List of ministers of justice of the Netherlands|Minister of Justice]] in the [[First Biesheuvel cabinet|first]] and [[second Biesheuvel cabinet]]s.<ref name="NPOFocus">{{cite web|url=https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7666/wie-is-dries-van-agt|title=Wie is Dries van Agt?|access-date=24 June 2021|website=NTR Focus|language=Dutch|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401230114/https://npofocus.nl/artikel/7666/wie-is-dries-van-agt|url-status=live}}</ref> He caused outrage when he tried to pardon the last three Nazi war criminals still in Dutch prisons (known as [[The Breda Four]]) in 1972. From 1973 to 1977, he served as [[Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Deputy Prime Minister]] and Minister of Justice in the [[Den Uyl cabinet]].<ref name="NPOFocus" />

===Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal===
In 1976, Van Agt was elected the first [[Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal]], then still a federation of the three confessional parties: the [[Christian Historical Union]], the [[Catholic People's Party]] and the [[Anti-Revolutionary Party]], which contested with a united list for the first time in the [[1977 Dutch general election|1977 general election]] (the merger followed in 1980). With Van Agt as its [[lead candidate]], the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] reversed years of decline in 1977 and returned to power.

===Prime minister in the Van Agt I cabinet===
In the parliamentary election of May 1977, the [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] (PvdA) obtained its largest number of seats, so a second Den Uyl cabinet seemed likely. However, the tension between the [[Catholic People's Party]] and the Labour Party in the last coalition, combined with the fact that a coalition between the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] and the [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] (VVD) was possible, the talks failed after a period of seven months. Eventually Van Agt negotiated a deal with VVD leader [[Hans Wiegel]]. From 19 December 1977 to 11 September 1981, Van Agt served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands and Minister of General Affairs in the Van Agt I cabinet.

===Prime minister in the Van Agt II cabinet===
In [[1981 Dutch general election|1981 general election]], the CDA and the VVD both lost parliamentary seats, so a continuation of the CDA–VVD coalition was not possible, and Van Agt was forced to enter into a coalition with the Labour Party and the [[Democrats 66]] (which, under Jan Terlouw, had gained a significant number of seats). Three months of difficult negotiations resulted in the [[Second Van Agt cabinet|Van Agt II cabinet]] (11 September 1981 – 29 May 1982). In this composition, Van Agt worked with [[Joop den Uyl]] again as Den Uyl was made Deputy Prime Minister and "super minister" of Social Affairs and Employment. The characterological and political differences led to several divisions, and in May 1982 the government fell.

The personal strife between Van Agt and Den Uyl had deteriorated to such an extent that when Den Uyl died from a [[brain tumor]] in 1987, Van Agt was not invited to the memorial service by the family. Den Uyl's wife Liesbeth argued that Van Agt had prevented the second Den Uyl cabinet from forming in 1977.

===Prime minister in the Van Agt III cabinet===
The caretaker government continued as a minority cabinet, with only ministers from the parties [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] and [[Democrats 66]], in the Van Agt III cabinet. For replacing the six [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] ministers, five new Christian Democratic Appeal and Democrats 66 ministers were appointed, while Van Agt, in addition to being prime minister, took the position of [[Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] upon him.

A new parliamentary election was planned for September 1982. Although Van Agt by this point was worn out, he was persuaded to lead his party's list again, but shortly after the election he withdrew as a candidate for prime minister and was succeeded by [[Ruud Lubbers]].

==After politics==
===Diplomat===
Dries van Agt served as Ambassador of the [[European Community]] to Japan from 1987 to 1990 and to the United States from 1990 to 1995. From 1995 to 1996, he was a visiting professor of International Relations at the [[University of Kyoto]].

===Professor===
Until his death, Van Agt was Prime Counsellor for the [[International Forum for Justice and Peace]], a foundation under Dutch law, registered at the Chamber of Commerce in [[Amsterdam]]. Chaired by retired international businessman [[Ben Smoes]], they are currently focused on justice and peace regarding the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].

===Activism===
[[File:Dries van Agt, September 2010, Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|Dries van Agt, September 2010, Amsterdam]]
Van Agt lectured in Cairo in May 2006 at the invitation of the Egyptian electronic magazine Arab-West Report about great changes in the cultural climate of north-western Europe in the past decades, becoming more hostile to religion, including Islam. Muslims, he argued, need to understand those changes to be able to respond better to European criticism of Islam and the Muslim world.<ref>For the full text of his lecture, entitled, "Cultures between Clash and Reconciliation: The Role of the Media and Academia," see AWR, 2006, week 53, art. 3</ref>

Van Agt also spoke against the Council of State in Egypt for continuous delay in granting the [[Center for Arab-West Understanding]] (CAWU) the NGO status. He met with prominent figures in Egypt to persuade them to do so. The Egyptian Council of State, after van Agt's visit to Cairo in 2006, ruled on 18 February 2007 that the center should be recognized as an NGO under Egyptian law, ending its three-year struggle to obtain this status. Egypt is known for its reluctance in granting NGO status to discourage political participation. [[Cornelis Hulsman]], a Dutch sociologist, the editor-in-chief of Arab-West Report, and the head of CAWU, stated that van Agt's effort significantly impacted the realization of their goals, which usually requires a lengthy amount of time and scrutiny in its political purposes.

For some years, Van Agt took an outspoken stance regarding the Middle East, resulting in a fierce criticism of the policies undertaken by the government of Israel with regard to the Palestinians. When in office, Van Agt was a staunch supporter of Israel, but after he stepped down in 1982, he changed his mind.<ref>[http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/former-dutch-pm-champions-palestinian-cause "Former Dutch PM champions Palestinian cause"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213154915/http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/former-dutch-pm-champions-palestinian-cause |date=13 December 2009 }}, ''[[Radio Netherlands Worldwide]]'' (10 December 2009).</ref> According to his own words an important turning point was a visit at the late nineties at [[Bethlehem University]] on the Israeli-occupied [[West Bank]].<ref>{{in lang|nl}} [http://www.driesvanagt.nl/p_mijnpublicaties009.pdf "De bekering van Dries van Agt"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019203328/http://www.driesvanagt.nl/p_mijnpublicaties009.pdf |date=19 October 2013 }}, HP|DE TIJD, 29 September 2006</ref><ref>{{in lang|nl}} [http://archief.nrc.nl/?modus=l&text=Ik+kan+het+wel+uitschreeuwen&hit=7&set=2&check=Y "Ik kan het wel uitschreeuwen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920101456/http://archief.nrc.nl/?modus=l&text=Ik+kan+het+wel+uitschreeuwen&hit=7&set=2&check=Y |date=20 September 2016 }}, interview oud-premier Dries van Agt, NRC Handelsblad, 22 August 2009</ref> He accused Israel of "[[state terrorism]]" and turning the Palestinian Authority territories into "[[bantustan]]s".<ref>Cnaan Liphshiz, [http://www.haaretz.com/news/dutch-jimmy-carter-accuses-israel-of-terrorism-in-new-book-1.248633 'Dutch Jimmy Carter' accuses Israel of terrorism in new book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528090100/http://www.haaretz.com/news/dutch-jimmy-carter-accuses-israel-of-terrorism-in-new-book-1.248633 |date=28 May 2017 }} ''[[Haaretz]]'' (27 June 2008).</ref>

In 2009, Van Agt founded The Rights Forum, a non-profit organization aimed at promoting a “just and sustainable Dutch and European policy regarding the Palestine/Israel issue”.<ref name="apdeath"/> In 2012, he said that Jews should have had a state in Germany instead of Israel.<ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/former-dutch-pm-jews-shouldve-had-a-state-in-germany Former Dutch PM: Jews should have had a state in Germany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027062413/http://www.timesofisrael.com/former-dutch-pm-jews-shouldve-had-a-state-in-germany/ |date=27 October 2018 }}, ''[[The Times of Israel]]'' (11 November 2012).</ref> In September 2016, in reference to the visit of [[Prime Minister of Israel]] [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] to the Netherlands, Van Agt argued that the ongoing Israeli occupation of the [[Palestinian territories]] and the building of [[Israeli settlement|settlements]] there constituted a [[war crime]] under the [[Rome Statute]] and suggested that Netanyahu should have been sent to the [[International Criminal Court]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/former-dutch-pm-dries-van-agt-benjamin-netanyahu-war-criminal-tried-the-hague-a7228566.html |title=Former Dutch PM calls Benjamin Netanyahu a 'war criminal' who should be tried in The Hague |last1=Cockburn |first1=Harry |date=6 September 2016 |website=[[independent.co.uk]] |access-date=27 September 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616125042/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/former-dutch-pm-dries-van-agt-benjamin-netanyahu-war-criminal-tried-the-hague-a7228566.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
[[File:Tweede Kamer verkiezingen 1981 verkiezingsbijeenkomst CDA in Pulchri Studio in , Bestanddeelnr 931-5106 (cropped).jpg|thumb|The Van Agts in 1981]]
Van Agt was known for his use of archaic language and complicated phrasing, as well as for his love for cycling. He married Eugenie Krekelberg in 1958, and they had three children<ref name="NPOFocus" /> and seven grandchildren, including professional cyclist {{ill|Eva van Agt|nl}}. In 2012, he joined the advisory board of the [[International Museum for Family History]]. Van Agt lived in [[Heilig Landstichting]], near [[Nijmegen]], until his death.

Van Agt and his wife, after choosing [[euthanasia]], died on 5 February 2024, three days after his 93rd birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Oud-premier Dries van Agt (93) overleden |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2508141-oud-premier-dries-van-agt-93-overleden |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=NOS |language=nl |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318094729/https://nos.nl/artikel/2508141-oud-premier-dries-van-agt-93-overleden |url-status=live }}</ref> According to family, the couple died holding hands.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parool.nl/nederland/oud-premier-dries-van-agt-93-overleden-hij-stierf-hand-in-hand-samen-met-zijn-vrouw-eugenie~b66de9ff/|title=Oud-premier Dries van Agt (93) overleden: 'Hij stierf hand in hand samen met zijn vrouw Eugenie' |trans-title=Van Agt and wife "died holding hands" |access-date=9 February 2024 }}</ref> Van Agt had previously suffered a debilitating brain hemorrhage while giving a speech in 2019.<ref name="apdeath">{{cite web |title=Former Dutch Prime Minister Dries van Agt and his wife die 'hand in hand' by euthanasia at age 93 |url=https://apnews.com/article/netherlands-euthanasia-prime-minister-dries-van-agt-palestinians-16dbedda0ddb6f5014169687dab0a7cb |access-date=10 February 2024 |work=Associated Press |date=9 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209175017/https://apnews.com/article/netherlands-euthanasia-prime-minister-dries-van-agt-palestinians-16dbedda0ddb6f5014169687dab0a7cb |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Decorations==
===Honours===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:60%;"
|+ {{sronly|Honours}}
|-
! style="width:80px;"| Ribbon bar !! Honour !! Country !! Date !! Comment
|-
| [[File:Order of the House of Orange - Ribbon bar.svg|80px]]
| Honorary Medal for Initiative and Ingenuity of the [[Order of the House of Orange]]
| Netherlands
| 19 September 1974
| 
|-
| [[File:Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Knight Grand Cross.svg|80px]]
| [[Grand Cross|Knight Grand Cross]] of the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]]
| Netherlands
| 9 December 1982
| 
|}

===Awards===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:65%;"
|+{{sronly|Awards}}
|-
! Ribbon bar !! Award !! Country !! Date
|-
| 
| [[Honorary citizenship|Honorary citizen]] of [[Geldrop]] 
| Netherlands
| 1988
|-
| 
| [[Honorary citizenship|Honorary citizen]] of [[Lille]] 
| France
| 1998
|-
| 
| [[Honorary citizenship|Honorary citizen]] of [[North Brabant]]
| Netherlands
| 2002 
|-
| 
| Cannabis Culture Award of the [[Hash, Marihuana & Hemp Museum]]
| Netherlands
| 12 November 2009
|}

===Honorary degrees===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:60%;"
|+ {{sronly|Honorary degrees}}
|-
! University !! Field !! Country !! Date
|-
| [[Radboud University Nijmegen]]
| Law
| Netherlands
| 
|-
| [[Ritsumeikan University]]
| [[Political science]]
| Japan
| 
|-
| [[Kwansei Gakuin University]]
| [[Political science]]
| Japan
| 
|-
| [[Hansung University]]
| Law
| [[South Korea]]
| 
|-
| [[University of South Carolina]]
| Political science
| United States
| 
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{in lang|nl}} [http://www.parlement.com/id/vg09llgz6ywn/a_a_m_dries_van_agt Mr. A.A.M. (Dries) van Agt] Parlement & Politiek

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
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{{Prime Ministers of the Netherlands}}
{{King's and Queen's Commissioners of North Brabant}}
{{Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands}}
{{Deputy Prime Ministers of the Netherlands}}
{{Ministers of Justice of the Netherlands}}
{{Presidents of the European Council}}
{{Third Van Agt cabinet}}
{{Second Van Agt cabinet}}
{{First Van Agt cabinet}}
{{Den Uyl cabinet}}
{{Second Biesheuvel cabinet}}
{{First Biesheuvel cabinet}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agt, Dries van}}
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