Editing Dracula

{{Short description|1897 novel by Bram Stoker}}
{{hatnote group|
{{About|the novel|the character|Count Dracula}}
{{other uses|Dracula (disambiguation)}}
}}
{{Featured article}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox book
| name              = Dracula
| image             = Dracula 1st ed cover reproduction.jpg
| caption           = Cover of the first edition
| author            = [[Bram Stoker]]
| country           = United Kingdom
| language          = English
| genre             = {{Hlist|[[Gothic fiction|Gothic]]|[[Horror fiction|Horror]]}}
| publisher         = [[Constable & Robinson|Archibald Constable and Company]] (UK)
| oclc              = 1447002
| wikisource        = Dracula
| pub_date          = May 1897
}}

'''''Dracula''''' is an 1897 [[Gothic fiction|Gothic]] [[horror fiction|horror]] novel by Irish author [[Bram Stoker]]. The narrative is [[Epistolary novel|related through letters]], diary entries, and newspaper articles. It has no single protagonist and opens with solicitor [[Jonathan Harker]] taking a business trip to stay at the castle of a [[Transylvanian]] nobleman, [[Count Dracula]]. Harker flees after learning that Dracula is a [[vampire]], and the Count moves to England and plagues the seaside town of [[Whitby]]. A small group, led by [[Abraham Van Helsing]], hunts and kills him.

The novel was mostly written in the 1890s, and Stoker produced over a hundred pages of notes, drawing extensively from [[Folklore of Romania|folklore]] and [[History of Romania|history]]. Scholars have suggested various figures as the inspiration for Dracula, including the Wallachian prince [[Vlad the Impaler]] and the Countess [[Elizabeth Báthory]], but recent scholarship suggests otherwise. He probably found the name Dracula in Whitby's public library while on holiday, selecting it because he thought it meant 'devil' in Romanian.

Following the novel's publication in May 1897, some reviewers praised its terrifying atmosphere while others thought Stoker included too much horror. Many noted a structural similarity with [[Wilkie Collins]]' ''[[The Woman in White (novel)|The Woman in White]]'' (1859) and a resemblance to the work of Gothic novelist [[Ann Radcliffe]]. In the 20th century, ''Dracula'' became regarded as a seminal work of Gothic fiction. Scholars explore the novel within the historical context of the [[Victorian era]] and regularly discuss its portrayal of race, religion, gender and sexuality.

''Dracula'' is one of the most famous works of [[English literature]]. The character of Count Dracula deeply shaped the popular conception of vampires and influenced future representations. With over 700 appearances across virtually all forms of media, the ''[[Guinness Book of World Records]]'' named Dracula the most portrayed literary character. The novel itself has been adapted many times, with new adaptations sometimes being produced as often as every week.

== Plot ==
Jonathan Harker, a newly qualified English [[solicitor]], visits [[Count Dracula]] at [[Castle Dracula|his castle]] in the [[Carpathian Mountains]] to help the Count purchase a house near London. Ignoring the Count's warning, Harker wanders the castle at night and encounters [[Brides of Dracula|three vampire women]]; Dracula rescues Harker, and gives the women a small child bound inside a bag. Six weeks later, Dracula leaves the castle, abandoning Harker to the women. Harker escapes and ends up delirious in a [[Budapest]] hospital. Dracula takes a ship called the ''Demeter'' for England with boxes of earth from his castle. The captain's [[Logbook|log]] narrates the crew's disappearance until he alone remains, bound to the helm to maintain course. An animal resembling a large dog is seen leaping ashore when the ship runs aground at [[Whitby]].

[[Lucy Westenra]]'s letter to her best friend, Harker's fiancée [[Mina Harker|Mina Murray]], describes her marriage proposals from [[John Seward|Dr. John Seward]], [[Quincey Morris]], and [[Arthur Holmwood]]. Lucy accepts Holmwood's, but all remain friends. Mina joins Lucy on holiday in Whitby. Lucy begins to [[sleepwalking|sleepwalk]]. After Dracula's ship lands in Whitby, he begins to stalk Lucy. Mina receives a letter about her missing fiancé's illness and goes to Budapest to nurse him. Lucy becomes very ill; Seward's old teacher—[[Abraham Van Helsing|Professor Abraham Van Helsing]]—determines the nature of her condition, but he refuses to disclose it, instead diagnosing it as acute [[Hypovolemia|blood-loss]]. Van Helsing places garlic flowers around her room and makes her a necklace of them. Lucy's mother removes the garlic flowers, not knowing they repel vampires. While Seward and Van Helsing are absent, Lucy and her mother are terrified by a wolf and Mrs. Westenra dies of a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]]; Lucy dies shortly thereafter. After her burial, newspapers report children being stalked in the night by a "bloofer lady" (beautiful lady), and Van Helsing deduces it is Lucy. Seward, Morris, Arthur and Van Helsing go to her tomb and see that she is a vampire. They stake her heart, [[Decapitation|behead]] her, and fill her mouth with garlic. Jonathan Harker and his new bride Mina return and join the campaign against Dracula.

Everyone stays at Seward's asylum as the men begin to hunt Dracula. Van Helsing finally reveals that vampires can only rest on earth from their homeland. Dracula communicates with Seward's patient, [[Renfield]], an insane man who eats vermin to absorb their life force. After Dracula learns of the group's plot against him, he uses Renfield to enter the asylum. He secretly attacks Mina three times, drinking her blood each time and forcing Mina to drink his blood on the final visit, cursing her to become a vampire after her death unless Dracula is killed. The men discover that Dracula has distributed his boxes of earth around various properties in London. After sterilizing most of the distributed boxes, the group fails to trap the Count in his [[Piccadilly]] house and learns that Dracula is fleeing to his castle in Transylvania with his last box. Using hypnosis, Van Helsing exploits Mina's faint psychic connection to Dracula to track his movements and they pursue, guided by Mina.

In [[Galați|Galatz, Romania]], the hunters split up. Van Helsing and Mina go to Dracula's castle, where the professor destroys the vampire women. Harker and Holmwood pursue Dracula's boat on the river, while Morris and Seward follow them on land. Dracula's box is loaded onto a wagon by [[Romani people|Romani]] men; the hunters attack and rout the Romani. Harker [[Decapitation|decapitates]] Dracula as Quincey stabs him in the heart. Dracula crumbles to dust, freeing Mina from her vampiric curse. Quincey is mortally wounded in the fight against the Romani. He dies, at peace knowing that Mina is saved. A note by Jonathan Harker seven years later states that the Harkers have a son, named Quincey.

== Background ==

=== Author ===
[[Bram Stoker]] was born in [[Clontarf, Dublin]] on 8 November 1842 as the third of seven children. A sickly child, he was homeschooled before attending a private day school.{{Sfn|Miller|2005|p=7}} Stoker attended [[Trinity College Dublin]] in the 1860s and began writing theatre reviews in the early 1870s. After Stoker wrote a review of a performance by stage actor [[Henry Irving]], the two became friends. In 1878, Irving offered Stoker a job as the business manager of London's [[Lyceum Theatre, London|Lyceum Theatre]], which he accepted. He married [[Florence Stoker|Florence Balcombe]] later that year.{{Sfn|Miller|2005|p=5}} Biographer Lisa Hopkins notes that this role required Stoker to be sociable and introduced him to the elites of [[19th-century London|Victorian London]]. Nonetheless, Stoker described himself as a private person who closely guarded his thoughts.{{Sfn|Hopkins|2007|pp=4, 51}}

He supplemented his theatre income by writing [[Romance novel|romance]] and [[sensation novel]]s,{{sfn|Eighteen-Bisang|Miller|2008|p=301}}{{sfn|Belford|2002|p=269}}{{efn|Sensation fiction is a genre characterised by the depiction of scandalous events—for example murder, theft, forgery, or adultery—within domestic settings.{{sfn|Rubery|2011}}}} but was more closely identified during his lifetime with the theatre than he was with the literary world.{{Sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=4}} By the time of his death in 1912, Stoker had published 18 books.{{Sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=1}} ''Dracula'' was Stoker's seventh published book, following ''[[The Shoulder of Shasta]]'' (1895) and preceding ''[[Miss Betty]]'' (1898).{{Sfn|Belford||2002|p=363}}{{Efn|Although published in 1898, ''Miss Betty'' was written in 1890.{{Sfn|Belford|2002|p=277}}}} Stoker's grand-nephew, [[Daniel Farson]], wrote that Stoker may have died from syphilis, but this is widely disputed by scholars.{{Efn|Stoker's grand-nephew provided Bram's death certificate to his [[general practitioner]], who said the cause of death and medical language used was consistent with syphilis.{{Sfn|Miller|2005|pp=30–31}} Miller and scholar [[Robert Eighteen-Bisang]] said that the language was inconclusive.{{Sfn|Eighteen-Bisang|Miller|2008|p=300}} The syphilis theory was rejected by Stoker scholars [[Leslie Shepard]] and [[William Hughes (professor)|William Hughes]] and by Stoker's descendant, Ivan Stoker Dixon.{{Sfn|Miller|2006|pp=114–115}}}} Novelist and playwright [[Hall Caine]], a close friend of Stoker's,{{Efn|''Dracula'' is, in fact, dedicated to Caine: "To my dear friend Hommy Beg".{{Sfn|Miller|2005|pp=33–34}}}} wrote in Stoker's obituary in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' that—besides his [[biography]] on Irving—Stoker wrote only "to sell" and "had no higher aims".{{Sfn|Caine|1912|p=16}}

=== Inspiration ===
[[File:Mephistophles on the Brocken (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=Drawing of Henry Irving on stage with right hand extended upright|upright=0.8|[[Henry Irving]] is widely considered to have inspired Dracula]]
Folkloric vampires predate Stoker's Dracula by hundreds of years.{{Sfn|Miller|2005a|p=11}} Stoker adopted some characteristics of folkloric vampires for his own, such as their aversion to garlic and staking as a means of killing them.{{Sfn|Miller|2005a|pp=44–45}} He invented other attributes—for example, Stoker's vampires must be invited into one's home, sleep on earth from their homeland and have no reflection in mirrors.{{Sfn|Miller|2005a|pp=45–46}} Sunlight is not fatal to Dracula in the novel—this was an invention of the unauthorised ''Dracula'' film ''[[Nosferatu]]'' (1922)—but it does weaken him.{{Sfn|Miller|2005a|p=45}}{{Sfn|Skal|2016|p=312}} Some of Stoker's inventions applied unrelated lore to vampires for the first time; for example, Dracula has no reflection because of a folkloric concept that mirrors show the human soul.{{Sfn|Skal|2016|p=312}} Some Irish scholars have suggested [[Irish folklore]] as an inspiration for the novel,{{Sfn|Curran|2000|pp=13–14}} for example the revenant [[Abhartach]],{{Sfn|Curran|2000|pp=13–14}} and the 11th-century High King of Ireland [[Brian Boru]].{{Sfn|Killeen|2023|p=177}}{{Efn|Jarlath Killeen disparages an "endlessly repeated" and "extremely unlikely" claim that Dracula's name was inspired by {{lang|ga|droch fhola}}, an Irish phrase meaning 'bad blood'.{{Sfn|Killeen|2023|p=178}}}} ''Dracula'' scholar [[Elizabeth Miller (academic)|Elizabeth Miller]] notes that in his childhood Stoker was exposed to supernatural tales and Irish oral history involving premature burials and staked bodies.{{Sfn|Miller|2006|p=30}}

[[Count Dracula]] has literary progenitors. [[John William Polidori]]'s "[[The Vampyre]]" (1819) includes an aristocratic vampire with powers of seduction.{{Sfn|Miller|2005|p=21}} The lesbian vampire of [[Sheridan Le Fanu]]'s ''[[Carmilla]]'' (1872) can transform into a cat, as Dracula can transform into a dog.{{Sfn|Milbank|1998|p=15}} Dracula resembles earlier Gothic villains in appearance,{{Sfn|Seed|1985|p=62}} with Miller comparing him to the villains of [[Ann Radcliffe]]'s ''[[The Italian (Radcliffe novel)|The Italian]]'' (1796) and [[Matthew Gregory Lewis]]'s ''[[The Monk]]'' (1796).{{Sfn|Miller|2005|p=36}}

There is almost unanimous consensus that Dracula was inspired, in part, by Henry Irving. Scholars note the Count's tall and lean physique and aquiline nose,{{Sfn|Giesen|2019|p=39}} with ''Dracula'' scholar [[William Hughes (professor)|William Hughes]] specifically citing the influence of Irving's performance as [[Shylock]] in a [[Lyceum Theatre, London|Lyceum Theatre]] production of ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]''.{{Sfn|Hughes|2009|p=38}} Stoker's contemporaries remarked upon the similarity.{{Sfn|Warren|2002|pp=1132–1133}} Stoker had praised a performance of Irving as "a wonderful impression of a dead man fictitiously alive [with eyes like] cinders of glowing red from out the marble face".{{Sfn|Miller|2006|pp=50–51}} [[Louis S. Warren]] writes that ''Dracula'' was founded on "the fear and animosity his employer inspired in him".{{Sfn|Warren|2002|p=1133}}{{Efn|Warren replicates an argument by Barbara Belford, writing that Irving was "a self-absorbed and profoundly manipulative man" who "[cultivated] rivalries between his followers", and made Stoker jealous by turning "his gaze to other men, as he did by 1885".{{Sfn|Warren|2002|p=1131}}}} Miller contests this, describing Stoker's attitude towards him as "adulation".{{Sfn|Miller|2006|pp=90–91}}

Historical figures have been suggested as inspirations for Count Dracula but there is no consensus. In a 1972 book, [[Raymond T. McNally]] and [[Radu Florescu]] popularised the idea that [[Ármin Vámbéry]] supplied Stoker with information about [[Vlad the Impaler|Vlad Dracula]], commonly known as Vlad the Impaler.{{Sfn|Dearden|2014}}{{Efn|There is a reference to Vámbéry in the novel, an "Arminius, of Buda-Pesh University", who is familiar with the historical Vlad III and is a friend of [[Abraham Van Helsing]].{{Sfn|Leblanc|1997|p=360}}}} Their investigation, however, found nothing about "Vlad, Dracula, or vampires" within Vámbéry's published papers,{{Sfn|McNally|Florescu|1994|p=150}} nor in Stoker's notes about their meeting.{{Sfn|Leblanc|1997|p=360}}  Miller calls the link to Vlad III "tenuous", indicating that Stoker incorporated a large amount of "insignificant detail" from his research, and [[Rhetorical question|rhetorically]] asking why he would omit Vlad III's infamous cruelty.{{Sfn|Miller|1996|p=2}}{{efn|Miller presented this article at the second Transylvanian Society of Dracula Symposium,{{Sfn|Leblanc|1997|p=362}} but it has been reproduced elsewhere; for example, in the ''[[Dictionary of Literary Biography]]'' in 2005.{{Sfn|Miller|2005}}}} McNally additionally suggested in 1983 that the crimes of [[Elizabeth Báthory]] inspired Stoker.{{Sfn|Fitts|1998|p=34}}{{Efn|Recent scholarship has questioned whether Bathory's crimes were exaggerated by her political opponents,{{Sfn|Kord|2009|p=60}} with others noting that very little is concretely known about her life.{{Sfn|Stephanou|2014|p=90}}}} A book used by Stoker for research, ''The Book of Were-Wolves'', does contain some information on Báthory, but Stoker never took notes from the short section devoted to her.{{Sfn|Miller|1999|pp=187–188}} Miller and her co-author [[Robert Eighteen-Bisang]] concur that there is no evidence Báthory inspired Stoker.{{Sfn|Eighteen-Bisang|Miller|2008|p=131}}{{Efn|In 2000, Miller's book-length study, ''Dracula: Sense and Nonsense'', was said by academic Noel Chevalier to correct "not only leading ''Dracula'' scholars, but non-specialists and popular film and television documentaries".{{sfn|Chevalier|2002|p=749}}}}{{efn|Other critics have concurred with Miller. Mathias Clasen describes her as "a tireless debunker of academic ''Dracula'' myths".{{Sfn|Clasen|2012|p=379}} In response to several lines of query as to the historical origin of ''Dracula'', Benjamin H. Leblanc reproduces her arguments in his critical history on the novel.{{Sfn|Leblanc|1997|p=362}}}}

== Textual history ==
=== Composition ===
[[File:Stoker Dracula Notes Personal.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=The author's handwritten notes about the novel's characters|Handwritten notes about the novel's characters]]
Prior to writing the novel, Stoker researched extensively, assembling over 100 pages of notes, including chapter summaries and plot outlines.{{sfn|Bierman|1998|p=152}}{{Efn|The notes were sold by Bram Stoker's widow, Florence, in 1913, to a New York book dealer for £2.{{nbsp}}2[[Shilling (British coin)|s]], ({{Inflation|UK|2.1|1913|2019|fmt=eq|cursign=UK£}}). Following that, the notes became the property of [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], and then disappeared until they were bought by the [[Rosenbach Museum and Library]] in Philadelphia in 1970.{{Sfn|Barsanti|2008|p=1}} For a list of works that use Stoker's notes, see [[Dracula#Studies on Dracula's notes]].}} Stoker undertook some of his research at a library at Whitby in the summer of 1890 but most was done at the [[London Library]].{{Sfn|Stoker|2019|pp=16, 282–286}} The earliest dated notes are from 8 March 1890, comprising an outline of the novel's opening.{{Sfn|Frayling|Miller|2005|p=170}} Joseph S. Beirman notes that it differs from the final novel "in only a few details": The Count and Harker are not given names. The word ''vampire'' is not used explicitly, but it depicts the Count's possessive fury over Harker and a female who attempts "to kiss him not on lips but throat".{{Sfn|Bierman|1977|p=40}}{{Sfn|Frayling|Miller|2005|p=170}} In February 1892, Stoker wrote a 27-chapter outline of the novel; according to Miller, "all the key pieces of the jigsaw were in place".{{Sfn|Frayling|Miller|2005|pp=176–177}}

Stoker's notes reveal other scrapped concepts. Bierman says that Stoker always intended to write an epistolary novel but originally set it in Styria instead of Transylvania.{{Sfn|Bierman|1977|p=40}} Other concepts from the notes include a German professor called Max Windshoeffel confronting a "Count Wampyr" and one of the vampire hunters would have been slain by a [[werewolf]].{{Sfn|Eighteen-Bisang|Miller|2008|p=318}}{{Efn|In their annotated version of Stoker's notes, Eighteen-Bisang and Miller dedicated an appendix to what the novel might have looked like had Stoker adhered to his original concept.{{Sfn|Eighteen-Bisang|Miller|2008|p=320}}}} Stoker biographer Barbara Belford notes evidence that Stoker intended to write a [[Detective fiction|detective story]], with a detective called Cotford and a [[psychical investigator]] called Singleton.{{Sfn|Belford|2002|p=241}}

Stoker took the name Dracula from William Wilkinson's history of Wallachia and Moldavia (1820),{{Sfn|Killeen|2023|p=178}} which he probably found in Whitby's public library while holidaying there in 1890.{{Sfn|Eighteen-Bisang|Miller|2008|p=4}} Stoker copied the following footnote from the book: "Dracula means devil. Wallachians were accustomed to give it as a surname to any person who rendered himself conspicuous by courage, cruel actions or cunning".{{Sfn|Eighteen-Bisang|Miller|2008|p=245}}

Stoker stated that that it took him about three years to write the novel, and it is likely that he wrote most of the manuscript during his summer holidays in [[Cruden Bay]], Scotland from 1893 to 1896.{{Sfn|Stoker|2019|pp=16, 252}} Stoker generally wrote in spare time from his duties as Irving's business manager, and the long gestation of the novel is indicative of the importance he placed on it.{{Sfn|Hopkins|2007|pp=4–6}}{{Sfn|Stoker|2019|p=15}}

=== Publication ===
[[File:Dracamer99.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=Book cover of 1899 edition. It has the name and title of the novel on a yellow-orange cover, depicting Dracula's castle upon a hill|1899 first American edition, [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday & McClure]], New York]]
Early Stoker biographer Barbara Belford noted the novel looked "shabby" because of a last-minute title change;{{Sfn|Belford|2002|p=272}} the printer's copy of the typescript, with hand-written amendments, is titled ''The Un-Dead''.{{Sfn|Stoker|2019|p=191}}{{Efn|As the typescript under the title ''The Un-Dead'' bears the copyright date 1897 and the first known advertisement for the novel under the title ''Dracula'' appeared on 8 May 1897, Paul McAlduff concludes that the title was changed sometime between 1 January and 8 May that year.{{Sfn|McAlduff|2012|p=42}}}} The surviving typewritten publishing agreement was signed and dated 25 May 1897; Peter Beal of [[Sotheby's]] suggests its signing one day before the official publication date indicates that it was a formality.{{Sfn|Miller|2005|p=245}} To protect his copyright interest for adaptations,{{Efn|This was necessary under the Stage Licensing Act of 1897.{{Sfn|Buzwell|2014}}}} Stoker organised a reading of his stage adaptation of the novel in the week before publication in the [[Lyceum Theatre, London|Lyceum Theatre]]. A small group, primarily theatre staff, attended the reading, and [[Edith Craig]] played Mina.{{Sfn|Miller|2005a|pp=72–73}}

Bound in yellow cloth and titled in red letters, ''Dracula'' was published in May 1897 by Archibald Constable and Company. It cost 6 [[shilling]]s.{{sfn|Davison|1997|p=19}} Uncertainty exists around the exact date of publication, but it was probably published on 26 May 1897. Stoker wrote to [[William Gladstone]] that the novel would be released on the 26th.{{Sfn|Miller|2005|p=274}}{{Efn|The ''Daily News'' said it was "published to-day" in an article published May 27.{{Sfn|Miller|2005|p=256}}}} Paul McAlduff writes that it was published "on or about May 26".{{Sfn|McAlduff|2012|p=39}} Eighteen-Bisang states it could have been published anywhere from late May to June 1897.{{Sfn|Eighteen-Bisang|2008|p=258}}

Stoker's mother, [[Charlotte Stoker]], enthused about the novel and predicted it would bring her son immense financial success. She was wrong: the novel, although reviewed well, failed to earn Stoker much money and did not establish his critical reputation until after his death.{{Sfn|Belford|2002|p=274}} For the first thousand sales of ''Dracula'', Stoker earned no royalties.{{Sfn|Belford|2002|p=269}} Following serialisation by American newspapers, [[Doubleday & McClure]] published an American edition in 1899 with some textual changes.{{Sfn|Belford|2002|p=272}} A cheaper paperback version was published by Constable in 1901, but few copies have survived.{{Sfn|Miller|2005|p=268}} The text is around 15% shorter than the original but it is not known if Stoker made the amendments.{{Sfn|Miller|2005|p=280}} Since its publication, ''Dracula'' has never been [[out of print]].{{Sfn|Davison|1997|p=21}}

An edition of the novel edited by McNally and Florescu in 1979 was the first to include ''Dracula''<nowiki/>'s "missing chapter", "[[Dracula's Guest]]".{{Sfn|Eighteen-Bisang|2008|p=291}} Bram's widow [[Florence Balcombe|Florence Stoker]] included the chapter as a short story in ''[[Dracula's Guest and Other Weird Tales]]'' (1914), two years after his death.{{Sfn|Miller|2005|p=226}} While some commentators have described the prose as ''Dracula''{{'s}} discarded first chapter, Clive Leatherdale contests this, arguing that the material was incorporated into the published novel.{{Sfn|Miller|2005|p=234}}

== Style ==
=== Epistolary structure ===
''Dracula'' is an [[epistolary novel]].{{Sfn|Beville|2011|p=64}} Compared to other elements of the novel, critic David Seed writes that its epistolary structure has been neglected in analyses.{{Sfn|Seed|1985|p=61}} Critics note Stoker's decision to structure the novel this way may relate to a 19th-century trend of publishing diaries and travelogue accounts,{{Sfn|Miller|2005a|p=38}} especially with Harker's account of the journey to Transylvania.{{Sfn|Seed|1985|p=64}} Seed writes that Harker's initial four chapters function as a "miniaturised-[[pastiche]]-Gothic novel"—replacing Radcliffe's use of the [[Apennine Mountains]] in ''[[The Mysteries of Udolpho]]'' (1794) with the [[Carpathian Mountains]] of [[Transylvania]]{{Sfn|Seed|1985|p=69}}—and places this within the Gothic tradition of [[intertextuality]].{{Sfn|Seed|1985|pp=68–69}}

David Seed argues that the structure only provides a narrative voice to Dracula's opponents,{{Sfn|Seed|1985|p=68}} while Miller writes that the "collaborative narration" reinforces the idea that Dracula must be defeated by the combined effort of his opponents.{{Sfn|Miller|2005a|p=38}} Allison Case says Seed views that Dracula's absence generates tension by offering only "tantalizing glimpses" of his activities,{{Sfn|Seed|1985|p=68}} while literary critic [[Franco Moretti]] writes that it highlights the power struggle between the vampire and his hunters.{{Sfn|Moretti|1982|p=77}} Similarly, Allison Case views the structure as representing a power struggle between Mina and the male protagonists for "narrative mastery".{{Sfn|Case|1993|p=224}} Seed notes that the narrative's style distances the reader from its plot. Dracula's journey on the ''Demeter'' is captured by the captain on the [[Logbook (nautical)|logbook]], then "translated by the Russian consul, transcribed by a local journalist, and finally pasted by Mina into her journal".{{Sfn|Seed|1985|p=70}}

=== Gothic genre ===
''Dracula'' is an enduring work of [[Gothic fiction|Gothic literature]],{{Sfn|Hogle|2002|p=6}} with some critics locating it within the traditions of [[Irish Gothic literature|Irish Gothic]] or [[Urban Gothic]].{{Sfn|Ingelbien|2003|p=1103}}{{Sfn|Hennelly|2001|p=73}}{{Sfn|Mighall|1999|p=70}} John C. Tibbetts considers ''Dracula'' a prototype for later themes in the Gothic genre.{{Sfn|Tibbetts|2011|p=285}} The novel is characteristically Gothic in its depiction of the supernatural, preoccupation with the past,{{Sfn|Mighall|1999|pp=xix–xx}} and embodying of the racial, gendered and sexual anxieties of [[fin de siècle]] England.{{Sfn|Mighall|1999|p=166}} Count Dracula generally represents these tensions: cultural critic [[Jack Halberstam]] notes that he is masculinised and feminised;{{Sfn|Halberstam|1993|p=334}} Jerrold E. Hogle highlights his attraction to both Jonathan and Mina, and his appearance as racially western and eastern.{{Sfn|Hogle|2002|p=12}} Miller notes that the Count's physical characteristics were typical of Gothic villains during Stoker's lifetime, specifically citing his hooked nose, [[pallor]], large moustache and thick eyebrows as influenced by his villainous predecessors.{{Sfn|Miller|2001|p=150}} ''Dracula'' deviates from other Gothic tales before it by firmly establishing its time as the modern era,{{Sfn|Arata|1990|p=621}} a point raised by one contemporary reviewer.{{Sfn|The Daily Telegraph|1897}} Writers of the mode were drawn to the Eastern Europe setting because travelogues presented it as a land of primitive superstitions.{{Sfn|Miller|2001|p=137}}

==Reception==
Modern critics frequently write that ''Dracula'' had a mixed critical reception upon publication.<ref>{{harvnb|Browning|2012|loc=Introduction: The Myth of Dracula's Reception}}: "That the sample of reviews relied upon by previous studies [...] is scant at best has unfortunately resulted in the common misconception about the novel's early critical reception being 'mixed'".</ref> Carol Margaret Davison, for example, notes an "uneven" response from critics contemporary to Stoker.{{Sfn|Davison|1997|p=19}} [[John Edgar Browning]], a scholar whose research focuses on ''Dracula'' and literary vampires, conducted a review of the novel's early criticism in 2012 and determined that ''Dracula'' had been "a critically acclaimed novel".<ref>{{harvnb|Browning|2012|loc=Introduction: The Myth of Dracula's Reception}}: "Rather, while the novel did receive, on the one hand, a few reviews that were mixed, it enjoyed predominantly a critically strong early print life. Dracula was, by all accounts, a critically-acclaimed novel."</ref>{{Efn|Browning identified only three as "wholly or mostly negative"; four as "mixed" in their assessment; ten as "generally positive"; and the rest as positive and possessing no negative reservations. Among the positive reviews, Browning writes that 36 were unreserved in their praise, including publications like ''The Daily Mail'', ''The Daily Telegraph'', and ''Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper''.{{Sfn|Browning|loc=Introduction: The Myth of Dracula's Reception|2012}}}} Raymond T. McNally and Radu Florescu's ''In Search of Dracula'' (1972) mentions the novel's "immediate success".{{Sfn|McNally|Florescu|1994|p=162}}{{Efn|This footnote provides the page number for the 1994 edition; ''In Search of Dracula'' was first published in 1972.}} Other works about ''Dracula'' also published in 1972 concur; Gabriel Ronay says the novel was "recognised by fans and critics alike as a horror writer's stroke of genius",{{Sfn|Ronay|1972|p=53}} and Anthony Masters mentions the novel's "enormous popular appeal".{{Sfn|Masters|1972|p=208}} Since the 1970s, ''Dracula'' has been the subject of significant academic interest; the novel has spawned many nonfiction books and articles, and has a dedicated peer-reviewed journal.{{Sfn|Clasen|2012|p=379}} Publishers started creating editions aimed at classroom teaching in the 1980s, providing the novel alongside historical context and scholarly analysis.{{Sfn|Eighteen-Bisang|Melton|5=2011|p=271}} The novel's complexity has permitted a flexibility of interpretation, with Anca Andriescu Garcia describing interest from scholars of [[psychoanalysis]], [[postcolonialism]], social class and the Gothic genre.{{Sfn|Andriescu Garcia|2018|p=53}} 

{{Quote box
| quote = It is said of [[Ann Radcliffe|Mrs. Radcliffe]] that, when writing her now almost forgotten romances, she shut herself up in absolute seclusion, and fed upon raw beef, in order to give her work the desired atmosphere of gloom, tragedy and terror. If one had no assurance to the contrary, one might well suppose that a similar method and regimen had been adopted by Mr. Bram Stoker while writing his new novel ''Dracula''.
| source = ''[[The Daily Mail]]'', 1 June 1897{{sfn|The Daily Mail|1897|p=3}}
| align = right
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Contemporary reviewers frequently compared the novel to other Gothic writers. Comparisons to novelist [[Wilkie Collins]] and ''[[The Woman in White (novel)|The Woman in White]]'' (1859) were especially common, owing to similarities in structure and style.{{Sfnm|1a1=Review of PLTA, "Recent Novels"|1y=1897|2a1=Lloyd's|2y=1897|2p=80|3a1=The Academy|3y=1897|3p=98|4a1=The Glasgow Herald|4y=1897|4p=10}}{{Efn|The full text of all contemporary reviews listed in the bibliography's "contemporary critical reviews" can be found, faithfully reproduced, in John Edgar Browning's ''Bram Stoker's Dracula: The Critical Feast'' (2012).{{Sfn|Browning|loc=Introduction: The Myth of Dracula's Reception|2012}}}} A review appearing in ''The Bookseller'' notes that the novel could almost have been written by Collins,{{Sfn|The Bookseller|1897|p=816}} and an anonymous review in ''[[Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art]]'' wrote that ''Dracula'' improved upon the style of Gothic pioneer [[Ann Radcliffe]];{{Sfn|Saturday Review|1897|p=21}} Radcliffe was also referenced by ''[[The Daily Mail]],''{{Efn|See boxed quote.}} which also highlighted ''The Mysteries of Udolpho'', ''[[Frankenstein]]'' (1818), and ''[[The Fall of the House of Usher]]'' (1839).{{sfn|The Daily Mail|1897|p=3}}{{Sfn|Miller|2006|p=258}} Another anonymous writer described Stoker as "the Edgar Allan Poe of the nineties".{{Sfn|Publisher's Circular|1897|p=131}} Other favourable comparisons to other Gothic novelists included the [[Brontë family|Brontë sisters]] and [[Mary Shelley]].<ref>{{harvnb|Browning|2012|loc=Introduction: The Myth of Dracula's Reception}}: "Dracula's writing was seen by early reviewers and responders to parallel, if not supersede the Gothic horror works of such canonical writers as Mary Shelley, Ann Radcliffe, and Edgar Allan Poe."</ref>{{Sfn|Davison|1997|p=19}} [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] sent a letter to Stoker after reading ''Dracula'', writing: "The old Professor is most excellent and so are the two girls. I congratulate you with all my heart for having written so fine a book."{{Sfn|Miller|2005|p=267}}

Many of these early reviews were charmed by Stoker's treatment of the vampire myth. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' called it the best vampire story ever written. ''The Daily Telegraph''{{'s}} reviewer noted that while earlier Gothic works, like ''[[The Castle of Otranto]]'', had kept the supernatural far away from the novelists' home countries, ''Dracula''{{'s}} horrors occurred in foreign lands and at home in Whitby and [[Hampstead Heath]].{{Sfn|The Daily Telegraph|1897}} An Australian paper, ''[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]'', regarded the novel as simultaneously [[Sensation novel|sensational]] and domestic.{{Sfn|The Advertiser|1898|p=8}} One reviewer praised the "considerable power" of Stoker's prose and described it as [[impressionistic]]. They were less fond of the parts set in England, finding the vampire suited better to tales set far away from home.{{Sfn|Of Literature, Science, and Art|1897|p=11}} The British magazine ''[[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' found Dracula's disdain for garlic unintentionally funny.{{Sfn|Vanity Fair (UK)|1897|page=80}}

''Dracula'' was considered frightening. A review appearing in [[The Guardian|''The Manchester Guardian'']] in 1897 praised its capacity to entertain, but concluded that Stoker erred in including so much horror.{{Sfn|TMG|1897}} Likewise, ''Vanity Fair'' opined that the novel was "praiseworthy" and absorbing, but could not recommend it to those who were not "strong".{{Sfn|Vanity Fair (UK)|1897|page=80}} Stoker's prose was commended as effective in sustaining the novel's horror by many publications.{{Sfnm|1a1=Land of Sunshine|1y=1899|1p=261|2a1=The Advertiser|2y=1898|2p=8|3a1=New-York Tribune|3y=1899|3p=13}} A reviewer for the ''San Francisco Wave'' called the novel a "literary failure"; they elaborated that coupling vampires with frightening imagery, such as insane asylums and "unnatural appetites", made the horror too overt, and that other works in the genre, such as ''[[Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'' (1886), had more restraint.{{Sfn|San Francisco Wave|1899|page=5}}

== Context and interpretation ==

=== Sexuality and gender ===
Sexuality and seduction are two of the novel's most frequently discussed themes,{{Sfnm|1a1=Kuzmanovic|1y=2009|1p=411|2a1=Stevenson|2y=1988|2p=139|3a1=Spencer|3y=1992|3p=197}} and modern critical writings about vampirism widely acknowledge its link to sex and sexuality.{{Sfn|Craft|1984|p=107}}{{Sfn|Roth|1997|p=412}} Across the novel's critical history, Miller writes that theorists have collectively argued that the Count breaks virtually "every Victorian taboo", including [[Casual sex|non-procreative sex]] (including [[fellatio]]), transgressive sexuality, homosexuality and bisexuality.{{Sfn|Miller|2001|p=220}}

[[Transgressive fiction|Transgressive]] or abnormal sexuality within ''Dracula'' is a broad topic. Some psychosexual critics focus on the [[Sexual inversion (sexology)|disruption]] of Victorian [[gender role]]s; within the Victorian context, Christopher Craft writes males had "the right and responsibility of vigorous appetite" while women were required to "suffer and be still".{{Sfn|Craft|1984|p=108}} Critics highlight the many places in which the novel disrupts these social mores: Jonathan Harker's excitement over the prospect of being penetrated;{{Sfn|Craft|1984|p=109}} Dracula's resulting anger and jealousy;{{Sfn|Nystrom|2009|p=64}} and Lucy's transformation into a sexually aggressive predator who drains "vital fluid".{{Sfn|Stevenson|1988|p=146}} Some critics, including professor [[Carol Senf]], argue that the novel reflects anxiety about female sexual awakening as a threat to established norms.{{Sfn|Senf|1982|p=44}}{{Sfn|Nystrom|2009|p=65}}

''Dracula'' contains no overt homosexual acts, but homosexuality and [[homoeroticism]] are elements discussed by critics.{{Sfn|Miller|2005a|p=43}} Christopher Craft argues that the primary threat Dracula poses is that he will "seduce, penetrate, [and] drain another male",{{Sfn|Craft|1984|p=110}} and reads Harker's excitement to submit as a proxy for "an implicitly homoerotic desire".{{Sfn|Craft|1984|p=110}} Victorian readers would have identified Dracula with sexual threat.{{Sfn|Punter|2012|p=283}} Some critics note that changes made to the 1899 American version of the text reinforce this subtext, wherein Dracula states he will feed on Harker.{{Sfn|Auerbach|Skal|1997|p=52}}{{Sfn|Miller|2005a|pp=167–168}} Critics have variously linked these themes to [[homoerotic]] letters Stoker wrote to [[Walt Whitman]], his friendship with [[Oscar Wilde]],{{Sfn|Schaffer|1994|pp=381–381}}{{Efn|While some write that Stoker started writing the novel after Wilde's [[Oscar Wilde#Imprisonment|imprisonment for homosexuality]] in 1895,{{Sfn|Schaffer|1994|p=381}} Stoker had been writing ''Dracula'' from as early as 1890.{{Sfn|Bierman|1977|p=40}}}} his intensely emotional relationship with Irving, and contemporary rumours of Stoker's almost [[sexless marriage]].{{Sfn|Schaffer|1994|pp=381–381}}{{Sfn|Glover|1996|p=1}}{{Sfn|Hindle|1993|pp=xxiii–xxx}} [[David J. Skal]] acknowledged the letters' subtext but cautioned against applying [[Anachronism|anachronistic]] modern sexual labels to Stoker.{{Sfn|Skal|2016|pp=92–99}}

Many critics have suggested that the novel reveals a "[[reactionary]] response" to the [[New Woman]] phenomenon.{{Sfn|Case|1993|p=224}} This is a late-Victorian term used to describe an emerging class of women with increased social and economic control over their lives.{{Sfn|Bordin|1993|p=2}}{{Sfn|Signorotti|1996|p=620}}{{Sfn|Miller|2005a|p=167}} Several critics describe the battle against Dracula as a fight for control over women's bodies.{{Sfn|Wasserman|1977|p=405}}{{Sfn|Stevenson|1988|p=139}} Senf suggests that Stoker was ambivalent about the New Woman phenomenon,{{Sfn|Senf|1982|p=34}} while Signorroti argues that the novel's discomfort with female sexual autonomy reflects Stoker's dislike for the movement.{{Sfn|Signorotti|1996|p=620}} Both Lucy and Mina have characteristics associated with the New Woman;{{Sfn|Nystrom|2009|pp=66–67}}{{Efn|Allison Case writes that Lucy is "ambiguously linked" to the concept through her "sexual assertiveness", while Mina is connected to the idea through her professional occupation and skills.{{Sfn|Case|1993|p=225}}}} Mina, who plays an important role in Dracula's defeat, repeatedly expresses contempt for the concept.{{Sfn|Signorotti|1996|pp=625–626}}{{Sfn|Senf|1982|p=34}} Senf notes that Lucy is punished for expressing dissatisfaction with her social position as a woman. After her transformation into a vampire, her defeat by the vampire hunters symbolises the re-establishment of "male supremacy".{{Sfn|Senf|1982|pp=44–45}}
===Race===
''Dracula'', and specifically the Count's migration to Victorian England, is frequently read as emblematic of [[invasion literature]],{{Sfn|Kane|1997|p=8}} and a projection of fears about racial pollution.{{Sfn|Arnds|2015|p=89}} In an influential [[Postcolonialism|postcolonialist]] analysis,{{Sfn|Willis|2007|p=301}} Stephen Arata describes the novel's cultural context of mounting anxiety in Britain over the decline of the [[British Empire]], the rise of other [[world power]]s, and a "growing domestic unease" over the morality of imperial colonisation.{{Sfn|Arata|1990|p=622}} Arata regards the novel as an instance of "reverse colonisation": fear of other races invading England and weakening its racial purity.{{Sfn|Croley|1995|p=89}} Patricia McKee writes that Dracula represents a negation of white culture while Mina represents "pure whiteness".{{Sfn|McKee|2002|p=52}} Dracula can be said to both kill white bodies and turn them into the [[Other (philosophy)#Racism|racial Other]] in death.{{Sfn|Arata|1990|p=630}} Some critics connect the racialisation of Dracula to his depiction as a [[Social degeneration|degenerate criminal]].{{Sfn|Tomaszweska|2004|p=3}}{{Sfn|Glover|1996|pp=43–44}}

Critics frequently identify [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] themes and imagery in the novel. Between 1891 and 1900, the number of Jews living in England increased sixfold, mainly due to antisemitic legislation and [[pogrom]]s in eastern Europe.{{Sfn|Zanger|1991|p=34}} Examples cited by [[Jack Halberstam]] of antisemitic connections include Dracula's appearance, wealth, parasitic bloodlust, and "lack of allegiance" to one country.{{Sfn|Halberstam|1993|p=337}}{{Efn|For further reading on the last point, [[Zygmunt Bauman]] writes that the perceived "eternal homelessness" of the Jewish people has contributed to discrimination against them.{{Sfn|Bauman|1991|p=337}}}} Dracula's appearance resembles some other cultural depictions of Jews, such as [[Fagin]] in [[Charles Dickens]]'s ''[[Oliver Twist]]'' (1838), and [[Svengali]] of [[George du Maurier]]'s [[Trilby (novel)|''Trilby'']] (1895).{{Sfn|Halberstam|1993|p=338}} Jewish people were frequently described as parasites in [[Victorian literature]]; Halberstam highlights fears that Jews would spread diseases of the blood, and one journalist's description of Jews as "Yiddish bloodsuckers".{{Sfn|Halberstam|1993|p=350}} Daniel Renshaw writes that any antisemitism in the text is "semi-subliminal"; he writes that Dracula is not Jewish but does reflect the 19th-century conception of Jewish people. Renshaw frames the novel more broadly as a general suspicion of all foreigners.{{Sfn|Renshaw|2022|pp=301–302}}

The novel's depiction of [[Slovaks]] and [[Romani people]] has attracted limited scholarly attention.{{Sfn|Tchaprazov|2015|p=524}} In the novel, Harker describes the Slovaks as "barbarians" and their boats as "primitive", reflecting his imperialistic condescension towards other cultures.{{Sfn|Tchaprazov|2015|p=525}} Peter Arnds writes that the Count's control over the Romani and his abduction of young children evoke folk superstitions about Romani people stealing children, and that his ability to transform into a wolf is related to xenophobic beliefs about the Romani as animalistic.{{Sfn|Arnds|2015|p=95}} Croley argues that Dracula's association with the Romani made him suspect in the eyes of Victorian England, where they were stigmatised owing to beliefs that they ate "unclean meat" and lived among animals.{{Sfn|Croley|1995|pp=99, 107}}

=== Religion, superstition and science ===
''Dracula'' is saturated with religious imagery. Christopher Herbert regards the novel as a [[parable]] about conflict with an enemy who opposes Christ and Christianity.{{Sfn|Herbert|2019|pp=211–212}} Scholars discuss the novel's depiction of religion in relation to late Victorian anxieties about the threat which secularism, scientific rationalism and the occult posed to Christian beliefs and morality.{{Sfn|Sanders|2015|pp=78–90}} Stoker himself had a lifelong interest in [[supernatural]] inquiry,{{Sfn|Skal|2016|p=53}} and Herbert writes that he mixes the supernatural and superstitious beliefs with religious elements, resulting in metaphors about moral uncleanness becoming literal elements of the text's "occult reality".{{Sfn|Herbert|2019|pp=226–227}} Herbert notes that the [[blood of Christ]] is important to Christian ritual and imagery,{{Sfn|Herbert|2019|pp=218–219}} and Richard Noll notes that actual consumption of human blood is one of the oldest [[Judeo-Christian]] taboos.{{Sfn|Noll|1992|p=3}}

The vampire hunters use many weapons—including Christian practices and symbols (prayer, crucifixes and [[Sacramental bread|consecrated hosts]]), folkloric practices (garlic, staking and decapitation) and contemporary technology (typewriters, [[phonograph]]s, telegrams, blood transfusions and [[Winchester rifle]]s)—in their battle against Dracula.{{Sfn|Senf|2010|pp=74–75}}{{Sfn|Hindle|1993|pp=xxvi–xxvii}}{{Sfn|Skal|2016|pp=357–358}} Sanders argues that Stoker presents Christianity as a religion that can be instrumentalised and incorporated into scientific knowledge.{{Sfn|Sanders|2015|p=78}} Herbert describes Van Helsing's "Christian purification" of Lucy as punitively addressing her promiscuity, and the resulting framing of Christianity as a means towards the "eradication of [[Deviance (sociology)|deviancy]]".{{Sfn|Herbert|2019|pp=218, 223–224}}

=== Political and economic ===

Critics discuss the novel in relation to [[British rule in Ireland]] and [[Irish nationalism]]. Considerable debate exists over whether ''Dracula'' is an Irish novel; while it is largely set in England, Stoker was born in British-ruled Ireland and lived there for the first 30 years of his life.{{Sfn|Stewart|1999|p=238}}{{Sfn|Glover|1996|p=26}} Though born into a [[Protestantism in Ireland|Protestant]] family, he was distanced from the religion's more conservative factions.{{Sfn|Ingelbien|2003|p=1090}}

Ralph Ingelbien notes that "recognizably nationalist" critics like [[Terry Eagleton]] and [[Seamus Deane]] favoured readings of Dracula as "a bloodthirsty caricature of the aristocratic landlord" where the vampire represents the death of [[feudalism]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Ingelbien|1y=2003|1p=1089}} Bruce Stewart changes the focus to the lower classes,{{Sfnm|1a1=Ingelbien|1y=2003|1p=1089}} suggesting Dracula and his Romani followers more likely represented violence by [[Irish National Land League]] activists.{{Sfn|Stewart|1999|p=239}} Michael Valdez Moses compares Dracula to the disgraced [[Charles Stewart Parnell]], leader of the [[Irish Home Rule movement]] from 1880 to 1882.{{Sfn|Ingelbien|2003|p=1090}}{{Sfn|Moses|1997|p=68}} Robert Smart argues that Stoker's experience during the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] (1845–1852) influenced the novel,{{Sfn|Smart|2007|p=3}} with Stewart also noting this as historical context.{{Sfn|Stewart|1999|p=238}}

Some critics discuss Count Dracula's [[Count|noble title]]. Literary critic [[Franco Moretti]] writes that he is an aristocrat "only in a manner of speaking", citing his lack of servants, simple clothing, and lack of aristocratic hobbies. Moretti suggests that Dracula's blood thirst represents capital's desire to accumulate more capital.{{Sfn|Moretti|1982|pp=72–73}} More generally, Moretti argues the novel evinces cultural anxiety about foreign [[Monopoly|capitalist monopolies]] functioning as a return of feudalism.{{Sfn|Moretti|1982|p=73}} Chris Baldick maintains this line of analysis, describing Dracula as an undead symbol of feudalism but concluding that the novel is more concerned with "sexual and religious terrors".{{Sfn|Baldick|1996|p=148}} Mark Neocleous writes that Dracula symbolises the victory of the bourgeoisie over feudalism.{{Sfn|Neocleous|2003|p=667}} In ''[[Das Kapital]]'', [[Karl Marx]] compared the [[bourgeoisie]]'s exploitation of [[Working class|workers]] to a vampire draining blood.{{Sfn|Neocleous|2003|p=668}} He uses vampires as a metaphor three times in ''Das Kapital'', but these predate the writing of ''Dracula.''{{Sfn|Neocleous|2003|p=669}}

=== Disease ===
Contagious disease was a topic of social and medical concern in late Victorian England.{{Sfn|Walker|2007|p=256}} Vampirism can represent disease, being both an initial infection and the resulting illness.{{Sfn|Willis|2007|p=302}} The novel characterises vampirism with terms from [[Social degeneration|social degeneration theory]],{{Sfn|Herbert|2019|p=226}} an 18th- and 19th-century social and biological concept arising from fear over the deterioration of the "human condition";{{Sfn|Vorachek|2009|p=197}} Victorian psychiatry, known then as "alienism";{{Sfn|Noll|1992|p=11}} and anthropology.{{Sfn|Hurley|2002|p=192}} Theories of degeneracy propagated Victorian-era beliefs about poor moral character being [[Pathogen transmission|transmissible]] like a pathogen.{{Sfn|Herbert|2019|p=226}} [[Jack Halberstam]] writes that Dracula and Renfield's relationship suggests that vampirism is "a psychological disorder, an addictive activity".{{Sfn|Halberstam|1993|p=344}} He notes that Renfield, and by association Dracula, is described by doctors using terminology more appropriate for describing animals.{{Sfn|Halberstam|1993|p=344}} [[Brian Aldiss]] writes that Count Dracula represents the initial disease while Renfield's madness is a symptom of advanced infection.{{Sfn|Aldiss|Wingrove|1986|pp=144–145}} Halbertstam highlights that disease was frequently associated with Jews during the period.{{Sfn|Halberstam|1993|p=341}} [[Sexually transmitted infection]], particularly [[syphilis]], is a frequent topic.{{Sfn|Farson|1975|pp=233–235}} Literary critic Martin Willis writes that the novel depicts Victorian discourse over the origin, cause and treatment of disease, especially in the context of Lucy's treatment and eventual death.{{Sfn|Willis|2007|p=302}}

==Legacy==
=== Adaptations ===
<!--NOTE: DO NOT ADD POPULAR CULTURE DERIVATIVES HERE. USE THE MAIN ARTICLE [[Dracula in popular culture]]-->
{{further|Count Dracula in popular culture}}[[File:Bela lugosi dracula.jpg|thumb |alt= Man with dark hair, pale skin and wide eyes |right |[[Bela Lugosi]] as Dracula in [[Dracula (1931 English-language film)|a 1931 adaptation]]]]
''Dracula'' has been adapted many times across virtually all forms of media. Scholars [[John Edgar Browning]] and [[Caroline Joan S. Picart]] note that the novel and its characters have been adapted for film, television, video games and animation over 700 times, with nearly 1000 additional appearances in comic books and on the stage;{{Sfn|Browning|Picart|2011|p=4}} in 2015, the ''[[Guinness Book of World Records]]'' named Dracula the most portrayed literary character, noting he had appeared almost twice as much as Conan Doyle's [[Sherlock Holmes]].{{sfn|GBWR|2015}} Literary critic [[Roberto Fernández Retamar]] deemed Count Dracula—alongside [[Frankenstein's monster]], [[Mickey Mouse]] and [[Superman]]—to be a part of the "[[Cultural hegemony|hegemonic]] Anglo-Saxon world['s] cinematic fodder".{{sfn|Retamar|Winks|2005|p=22}} Across the world, new adaptations can be produced as often as every week.{{Sfn|Browning|Picart|2011|p=7}}

Adaptations were produced during Stoker's lifetime. Stoker's first theatrical adaptation (''Dracula, or The Undead''); was read once at the Lyceum Theatre. While the manuscript was believed lost,{{Sfn|Stuart|1994|p=193}} the [[British Library]] have extracts of the novel's [[galley proof]] with Stoker's handwritten stage directions and dialogue attribution.{{Sfn|Buzwell|2014}} A Swedish newspaper serialised an adaptation from June 1899 to February 1900 as ''Mörkrets Makter'' ("[[Powers of Darkness]]"). This version is almost twice as long as Stoker's novel, containing elements included in Stoker's notes but not in the published novel. The adaptation contains an author's preface signed "B. S", which Eighteen-Bisang and Miller conclude was not written by Stoker. Although believed lost, the Swedish adaptation was rediscovered and published in 2017.{{Sfn|Stoker|2019|pp=299–304|ps=. [Appendix 7: "Early Swedish and Icelandic Adaptations of Dracula"]}} In 1901, [[Valdimar Ásmundsson]] translated a heavily abridged version of the Swedish adaptation into [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] under the title ''[[Powers of Darkness (Iceland)|Makt Myrkranna]]'' ("Powers of Darkness"). The adaptation included an abridged author's preface, purportedly by Stoker.{{Sfn|Davison|1997|pp=147–148}} Scholars knew the Icelandic version had existed since the 1980s because of the preface attributed to Stoker. When the Swedish translation was rediscovered, scholars learned that the Icelandic version had been translated from it rather than Stoker's ''Dracula''.{{Sfn|Stoker|2019|pp=299–304|ps=. [Appendix 7: "Early Swedish and Icelandic Adaptations of Dracula"]}}

The first film to feature Count Dracula was a Hungarian silent film—[[Károly Lajthay]]'s ''[[Drakula halála]]'' ({{translation|The Death of Dracula}}). The film allegedly premiered in 1921 but this release date has been questioned by some scholars.{{Sfn|Rhodes|2010|p=29}} Very little of the film survives, and David J. Skal notes that the cover artist for the 1926 Hungarian edition of the novel was more influenced by the second adaptation of ''Dracula'', [[F. W. Murnau]]'s ''[[Nosferatu]]'' (1922).{{Sfn|Skal|2011|p=11}} Critic Wayne E. Hensley writes that the narrative of ''Nosferatu'' differs significantly from the novel, but that characters have clear counterparts.{{sfn|Hensley|2002|p=61}} Bram Stoker's widow, [[Florence Stoker|Florence]], initiated legal action against Prana, the studio behind ''Nosferatu''.{{Sfn|Miller|2005a|pp=26, 124–125}} The legal case lasted two or three years,{{Efn|Some sources say the legal battle lasted only two,{{Sfn|Skal|2011|p=11}} while others give the number as three.{{Sfn|Stoker|2011|p=2}}{{Sfn|Hensley|2002|p=63}}}} with Prana agreeing to destroy all copies in May 1924.{{Sfn|Hensley|2002|p=63}}{{Efn|Some sources say that "all prints were ordered destroyed".{{Sfn|Stoker|2011|p=2}}}}

[[File:Dracula 1958 c.jpg|thumb|alt= Man with bloodshot eyes and a wide-mouthed and bloody smile, showing exposed fangs |[[Christopher Lee]] as the title character in ''[[Dracula (1958 film)|Dracula]]'' (1958)]]
Visual representations of the Count have changed significantly over time. Early treatments of Dracula's appearance were established by theatrical productions in London and New York. Later prominent portrayals of the character by [[Béla Lugosi]] (in [[Dracula (1931 English-language film)|a 1931 adaptation]]) and [[Christopher Lee]] (firstly in [[Dracula (1958 film)|the 1958 film]] and later its sequels) built upon earlier versions. Chiefly, Dracula's early visual style involved a black-red colour scheme and slicked back hair.{{Sfn|Browning|Picart|2011|p=4}} Lee's portrayal was overtly sexual, and also popularised fangs on screen.{{sfnm|1a1=Cengel|1y=2020|2a1=''The Telegraph''|2y=2015}} [[Gary Oldman]]'s portrayal in ''[[Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992 film)|Bram Stoker's Dracula]]'' (1992), directed by [[Francis Ford Coppola]] and costumed by [[Eiko Ishioka]],{{Sfn|Sommerlad|2017}} established a new default look for the character—a Romanian accent and long hair.{{Sfn|Browning|Picart|2011|p=4}} The assortment of adaptations feature many different dispositions and characteristics of the Count.{{Sfn|Clasen|2012|p=378}}

===Influence===
[[File:Graffiti Dracula Palma 2019-10-30.jpg|thumb |alt=Graffiti image of Dracula, with large fangs, spray-painted onto a shutter |2019 graffiti of Dracula, the [[Archetype|archetypal]] vampire]]
''Dracula'' is one of the most famous and influential works of [[English literature]].{{Sfn|Skal|2016|pp=499–500}} Although not the first novel to depict vampires,{{Sfn|Miller|2001|p=147}} the work dominates both popular and scholarly treatments of [[Vampire literature|vampire fiction]].{{Sfn|Davison|1997|p=21}} For many people, Count Dracula is the first character to come to mind when discussing vampires.{{Sfn|Beresford|2008|p=139}} ''Dracula'' succeeded by drawing together folklore, legend, vampire fiction and the conventions of the Gothic novel.{{Sfn|Miller|2001|p=147}} Humanities scholar [[Wendy Doniger]] described the novel as vampire literature's "centrepiece, rendering all other vampires BS [Before Stoker] or AS [After Stoker]".{{Sfn|Doniger|1995|p=608}} William Hughes argues that the Count's cultural omnipresence negatively impacted academic analyses of the undead; Dracula is "<em>the</em> reference point" to which all other vampires are compared.{{Sfn|Hughes|2012|p=198}}

It profoundly shaped the popular understanding of how vampires function, including their strengths, weaknesses, and other characteristics.{{Sfn|Miller|2001|p=152}} Bats had been associated with vampires before ''Dracula'' as a result of the [[vampire bat]]'s existence—for example, ''[[Varney the Vampire]]'' (1847) included an image of a bat on its cover illustration—but Stoker deepened the association by making Dracula able to transform into one. That was, in turn, quickly taken up by film studios looking for opportunities to use [[special effect]]s.{{Sfn|Miller|2001|p=157}} Novelist [[Patrick McGrath (novelist)|Patrick McGrath]] notes that many of the Count's characteristics have been adopted by artists succeeding Stoker in depicting vampires, turning those fixtures into clichés. Aside from the Count's ability to transform, McGrath specifically highlights his hatred of garlic and crucifixes.{{Sfn|McGrath|1997|p=45}} William Hughes writes critically of the Count's cultural omnipresence, noting that the character of Dracula has "seriously inhibited" discussions of the undead in Gothic fiction.{{Sfn|Hughes|2012|p=197}}

In the 1930s, [[Universal Studios, Inc.|Universal Studios]] initiated development on a ''Dracula'' film and learned Stoker failed to comply with United States copyright law. This prematurely placed the novel into the [[public domain in the United States]].{{Sfn|Stoker|Holt|2009|pp=312–313}}{{Efn|Stoker was required to purchase the copyright and register two copies, but only registered one.{{Sfn|Belford|2002|p=272}}}} It was not until the 1960s that publishers recognised the novel's copyright status. Coinciding with the [[Paperback|mass-market paperback]]'s rising popularity, publishers began to produce their own versions.{{Sfn|Eighteen-Bisang|Melton|2011|pp=269–270}} Stoker's mistake prevented his descendants from collecting royalties but provided ideal conditions for the novel to endure because writers and producers did not need to pay a licence fee to use the character of Count Dracula.{{Sfn|Browning|Picart|2011|p=3}}

==Notes and references==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===References===
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
=== Books ===
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Aldiss |first1=Brian Wilson |url=https://archive.org/details/trillionyearspre00aldi/page/144/mode/2up |title=Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction |last2=Wingrove |first2=David |publisher=Atheneum |others=Internet Archive |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-689-11839-5 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Arnds |first=Peter |chapter=Gypsies and Jews as Wolves in Realist Fiction |date=2015 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137541635_5 |title=Lycanthropy in German Literature |pages=69–96 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |doi=10.1057/9781137541635_5 |isbn=978-1-137-54163-5}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C60OngEACAAJ |title=Dracula: Authoritative Text, Contexts, Reviews and Reactions, Dramatic and Film Variations, Criticism |date=1997 |publisher=W.W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-97012-8 |editor-first=Nina |editor-last=Auerbach |editor-link1=Nina Auerbach |editor2-first=David J. |editor2-last=Skal |editor-link2=David J. Skal}}
** {{harvc |in=Auerbach |in2=Skal |first=Phyllis J. |last=Roth |chapter=Suddenly Sexual Women in Bram Stoker's Dracula |year=1997 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Baldick |first=Chris |title=In Frankenstein's Shadow: Myth, Monstrosity, and Nineteenth-Century Writing |date=1996 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-812249-4 |edition=1 |series=Clarendon Paperbacks  }}
* {{Cite book |last=Bauman |first=Zygmunt |title=[[Modernity and the Holocaust]] |date=1991 |publisher=Polity Press  |isbn=978-0-745-63809-6 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Belford |first=Barbra |title=Bram Stoker and The Man Who Was Dracula |publisher=Hachette Books |year=2002 |isbn=0-306-81098-0 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Beresford |first=Mathew |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/647920291 |title=From Demons to Dracula: The Creation of the Modern Vampire Myth |date=2008 |publisher=Reaktion |isbn=978-1-86189-742-8  |oclc=647920291}}
* {{cite book |last=Bordin |first=Ruth Birgitta Anderson |title=Alice Freeman Palmer: The Evolution of a New Woman |year=1993 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=9780472103928}}
* {{Cite book |last=Browning |first=John Edgar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZuutgAACAAJ |title=Bram Stoker's Dracula: The Critical Feast |date=2012 |publisher=Apocryphile Press |isbn=978-1-937002-21-3}}
* {{Cite book |title=Draculas, Vampires, and Other Undead Forms: Essays on Gender, Race, and Culture |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6923-3 |editor-last=Browning |editor-first=John Edgar |editor-link=John Edgar Browning }}
** {{harvc |in=Browning |last=Nystrom |first=Lisa |year=2009 |pages=63–76 |chapter=Blood, Lust, and the Fe/Male Narrative in Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992) and the Novel (1897)}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/664519546 |title=Dracula in Visual Media: Film, Television, Comic Book and Electronic Game Appearances, 1921–2010 |date=2011 |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-0-7864-3365-0 |editor-last=Browning |editor-first=John Edgar |oclc=664519546 |editor-last2=Picart |editor-first2=Caroline Joan }}
** {{harvc |last=Stoker |first=Dacre |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/664519546 |year=2011 |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-0-7864-3365-0 |in1=Browning |in2=Picart  |chapter=Foreword |oclc=664519546 |editor-link=John Edgar Browning }}
** {{harvc |last=Skal |first=David J.  |year=2011 |chapter=Introduction—Dracula: Undead and Unseen |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-0-7864-3365-0 |in1=Browning |in2=Picart}}
** {{harvc |last1=Eighteen-Bisang |first1=Robert |last2=Melton |first2=J. Gordon |in1=Browning |in2=Picart |chapter=Appendix 1: Dracula in Print. A Checklist |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-0-7864-3365-0 |year=2011 }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244770292 |title=Bram Stoker's Dracula: Sucking through the Century, 1897–1997 |chapter=Introduction |last=Davison |first=Carol Margaret |date=1997 |publisher=Dundurn Press |isbn=978-1-55488-105-5 |editor-last=Davison |editor-first=Carol Margaret |oclc=244770292 }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/335291872 |title=Bram Stoker's Notes for Dracula: A Facsimile Edition |date=2008 |publisher=McFarland & Co. Pub |isbn=978-0-7864-5186-9 |editor-last1=Eighteen-Bisang |editor-first1=Robert |oclc=335291872 |editor-last2=Miller |editor-first2=Elizabeth |editor-link2=Elizabeth Miller (academic) |editor-link1=Robert Eighteen-Bisang}}
** {{harvc |in1=Eighteen-Bisang |in2=Miller |last=Barsanti |first=Michael |year=2008 |editor-last=Eighteen-Bisang |editor-first=Robert  |chapter=Foreword }}
** {{harvc |in1=Eighteen-Bisang |in2=Miller |last=Eighteen-Bisang |first=Robert |year=2008 |editor-last=Eighteen-Bisang |editor-first=Robert |chapter=Various entries}}
* {{Cite book |last=Farson |first=Daniel |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1989574 |title=The Man Who Wrote Dracula: A Biography of Bram Stoker |date=1975 |publisher=Michael Joseph |isbn=0-7181-1098-6 |oclc=1989574}}
* {{Cite book |last=Giesen |first=Rolf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PWKDwAAQBAJ |title=The Nosferatu Story: The Seminal Horror Film, Its Predecessors and Its Enduring Legacy |date=2019 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-3533-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Glover |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmlmfAmLzo4C |title=Vampires, Mummies, and Liberals: Bram Stoker and the Politics of Popular Fiction |date=1996 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-1798-2 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Herbert |first=Christopher |title=Evangelical Gothic: The English Novel and the Religious War on Virtue from Wesley to Dracula |publisher=University of Virginia Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780813943404 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hindle |first=Morris |title=Bram Stoker: Dracula |publisher=Penguin |isbn=0140433813 |editor-last=Hindle |editor-first=Morris |publication-date=1993 |chapter=Introduction}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hogle |first=Jerrold E. |title=The Cambridge Companion to Gothic Fiction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2002 |chapter=Introduction |isbn=9780521794664}}}
** {{harvc  |in1=Hogle |year=2002 | last=Hurley |first=Kelly |chapter=British Gothic fiction, 1885–1930 |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Lisa |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70335483 |title=Bram Stoker: A Literary Life |date=2007 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4039-4647-8 |oclc=70335483}}
* {{Cite book |title=Bram Stoker: History, Psychoanalysis and the Gothic |date=1998 |publisher=Macmillan Press |isbn=978-1-349-26840-5 |editor-last=Hughes |editor-first=William |editor-last2=Smith |editor-first2=Andrew |author-link1=William Hughes (professor)}}
** {{harvc |last=Bierman |first=Joseph S. |year=1998 |in1=Hughes |in2=Smith |chapter=A Crucial Stage in the Writing of ''Dracula''}}
** {{harvc |in1=Hughes |in2=Smith| last=Milbank |first=Alison |year=1998 |publisher=Macmillan Press |chapter='Powers Old and New': Stoker's Alliances with Anglo-Irish Gothic }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9viFE8LcTgcC |title=Bram Stoker's Dracula: A Reader's Guide |date=2009 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-8264-9536-5 |language=en |author-link=William Hughes (professor)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Killeen |first=Jarlath |title=Irish Gothic: An Edinburgh Companion |chapter=Bram Stoker, Dracula and the Irish Dimension |date=2023 |pages=174–193 |editor-last=Killeen |editor-first=Jarlath |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/jj.5864760.14 |access-date=2025-02-02 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |jstor=10.3366/jj.5864760.14 |isbn=978-1-3995-0055-5 |editor2-last=Morin |editor2-first=Christina}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kord |first=Susanne |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/297147082 |title=Murderesses in German Writing, 1720–1860: Heroines of Horror |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51977-9 |oclc=297147082}}
* {{Cite book |last=Leblanc |first=Benjamin H. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244770292 |title=Bram Stoker's Dracula: Sucking through the Century, 1897–1997 |date=1997 |publisher=Dundurn Press |isbn=978-1-55488-105-5 |editor-last=Davison |editor-first=Carol Margaret |chapter=The Death of Dracula: A Darwinian Approach to the Vampire's Evolution |oclc=244770292}}
* {{Cite book |last=Masters |first=Anthony |title=The Natural History of the Vampire |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |date=1972 |isbn=9780399109317 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QiQSAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=McGrath |first=Patrick |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244770292 |title=Bram Stoker's Dracula: Sucking through the Century, 1897–1997 |date=1997 |publisher=Dundurn Press |isbn=978-1-55488-105-5 |editor-last=Davison |editor-first=Carol Margaret |chapter=Preface: Bram Stoker and his Vampire |oclc=244770292}}
* {{Cite book |last1=McNally |first1=Raymond T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P22TnNTonYwC |title=In Search of Dracula: The History of Dracula and Vampires |last2=Florescu |first2=Radu |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1994 |isbn=9780395657836 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mighall |first=Robert |title=A Geography of Victorian Gothic Fiction: Mapping History's Nightmares |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-818-472-7  }}
* {{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Elizabeth |title=Dracula |year=2001 |publisher=Parkstone Press |isbn=9781874287247 |author-link=Elizabeth Miller (academic)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Elizabeth |title=A Dracula Handbook |date=2005a |publisher=Xlibris |isbn=978-1-4134-8095-5 |author-link=Elizabeth Miller (academic)}}
* {{Cite book  |title=Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 304: Bram Stoker's Dracula, A Documentary Volume |publisher=Thompson Gale |year=2005 |isbn=078766841-9 |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Elizabeth |chapter=Bram Stoker's Working Papers for Dracula |editor-link=Elizabeth Miller (academic)}}
** {{harvc | last1=Frayling |first1=Christopher |publisher=Thompson Gale |year=2005 |isbn=078766841-9 |pages=170–181 |chapter=Bram Stoker's Working Papers for Dracula |in=Miller |first2=Elizabeth |last2=Miller}}
* {{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Elizabeth |title=Dracula: Sense and Nonsense |publisher=Desert Island Books |year=2006 |isbn=9781905328154 |edition=2nd |author-link=Elizabeth Miller (academic)}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773567111 |title=A New Companion to the Gothic |date=2012 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |editor-first=David |editor-last=Punter |isbn=978-1-4443-5492-8 |oclc=773567111 }}
* {{Cite book |title=Vampires, Werewolves, and Demons: Twentieth-Century Reports in the Psychiatric Literature |date=1992 |publisher=Brunner/Mazel |isbn=978-0-87630-632-1 |editor-last=Noll |editor-first=Richard }}
** {{harvc |in=Punter |last=Hughes |first=William |chapter=Fictional Vampires in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773567111 |title=A New Companion to the Gothic |year=2012 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell  |isbn=978-1-4443-5492-8  |pages=197–210 |oclc=773567111}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ronay |first=Gabriel |title=The Truth About Dracula |publisher=Stein and Day |date=1972 |isbn=9780812815245 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCQSAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=Senf |first=Carol A |title=Bram Stoker |publisher=University of Wales Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7083-2306-9 |author-link=Carol Senf}}
* {{Cite book |last=Skal |first=David J. |title=Something in the Blood: the Untold Story of Bram Stoker, the Man Who Wrote Dracula |date=2016 |publisher=Liveright Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-1-63149-010-1 |edition=1st |author-link=David J. Skal}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stephanou |first=Aspasia |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclcd/873725229 |title=Reading Vampire Gothic through Blood: Bloodlines |date=2014 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9781137349224 |oclc=873725229}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stoker |first=Bram |title=Drafts of Dracula |publisher=Tellwell Talent |year=2019 |isbn=9780228814313 |editor-last=Eighteen-Bisang |editor-first=Robert |editor-last2=Miller |editor-first2=Elizabeth}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Stoker |first1=Dacre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dMaiiODpsyQC&pg=PT312 |title=Dracula The Un-Dead |last2=Holt |first2=Ian |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-525-95129-2 |pages=312–313}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stuart |first=Roxana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flzKFymvfj0C |title=Stage Blood: Vampires of the 19th Century Stage |date=1994 |publisher=Popular Press |isbn=978-0-87972-660-7 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Tibbetts |first=John C. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/704384802 |title=The Gothic Imagination: Conversations on Fantasy, Horror, and Science Fiction in the Media |date=2011 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-11816-4 |edition=1st |oclc=704384802}}

=== Journal and newspaper articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last=Andriescu Garcia |first=Anca |date=2018 |title=Dracula – Hybridity and Metafiction |url=https://intapi.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/ausp-2018-0004 |journal=Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=53–73|doi=10.2478/ausp-2018-0004 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Arata |first=Stephen D. |date=1990 |title=The Occidental Tourist: 'Dracula' and the Anxiety of Reverse Colonization |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3827794 |journal=Victorian Studies |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=621–645 |issn=0042-5222 |jstor=3827794}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Beville |first=Maria |date=2011 |title=Figuring Phantasmagoria: The Tradition of the Fantastic in Irish Modernism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41702668 |journal=Nordic Irish Studies |volume=10 |pages=63–78 |issn=1602-124X}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bierman |first=Joseph S. |date=1 January 1977 |title=The Genesis and Dating of 'Dracula' from Bram Stoker's Working Notes |url=https://academic.oup.com/nq/article/CCXXII/jan/39/5162571 |journal=Notes and Queries |volume=CCXXII |issue=jan |pages=39–41 |doi=10.1093/notesj/CCXXII.jan.39 |issn=0029-3970}}
* {{Cite news |last=Caine |first=Hall |date=24 April 1912 |title=Bram Stoker |page=16 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Case |first=Alison |date=1993 |title=Tasting the Original Apple: Gender and the Struggle for Narrative Authority in 'Dracula' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20107013 |journal=Narrative |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=223–243 |issn=1063-3685 |jstor=20107013}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Cengel |first=Katya |date=October 2020 |title=How the Vampire Got His Fangs |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/history-vampire-fangs-180975783/ |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Chevalier |first=Noel |date=2002 |title=Dracula: Sense & Nonsense by Elizabeth Miller (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/691271/summary |journal=ESC: English Studies in Canada |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=749–751 |doi=10.1353/esc.2002.0017 |issn=1913-4835 |s2cid=166341977}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Clasen |first=Mathias |date=2012 |title=Attention, Predation, Counterintuition: Why Dracula Won't Die |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/style.46.3-4.378 |journal=Style |volume=46 |issue=3–4 |pages=378–398 |issn=0039-4238 |jstor=10.5325/style.46.3-4.378}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Craft |first=Christopher |date=1984 |title='Kiss Me with those Red Lips': Gender and Inversion in Bram Stoker's Dracula |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2928560 |journal=Representations |issue=8 |pages=107–133 |doi=10.2307/2928560 |issn=0734-6018 |jstor=2928560}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Croley |first=Laura Sagolla |date=1995 |title=The Rhetoric of Reform in Stoker's 'Dracula': Depravity, Decline, and the Fin-de-Siècle 'Residuum' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23116578 |journal=Criticism |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=85–108 |issn=0011-1589 |jstor=23116578}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Curran |first=Bob |date=2000 |title=Was Dracula an Irishman? |journal=History Ireland |volume=8 |issue=2|url=https://historyireland.com/was-dracula-an-irishman/}}
* {{Cite news |last=Dearden |first=Lizzie | author-link=Lizzie Dearden|date=20 May 2014 |title=Radu Florescu Dead: Legacy of the Romanian 'Dracula professor' |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/radu-florescu-dead-legacy-of-the-romanian-dracula-professor-remembered-9401744.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112222211/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/radu-florescu-dead-legacy-romanian-dracula-professor-remembered-9401744.html |archive-date=12 January 2021}}
* {{Cite news |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |date=20 November 1995 |title=Sympathy for the Vampire |pages=608–612 |work=The Nation}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Fitts |first=Alexandra |date=1998 |title=Alejandra Pizarnik's 'La condesa Sangrienta' and the Lure of the Absolute |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23021659 |journal=Letras Femeninas |volume=24 |issue=1/2 |pages=23–35 |issn=0277-4356 |jstor=23021659}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Halberstam |first=Judith |date=1993 |title=Technologies of Monstrosity: Bram Stoker's 'Dracula' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3828327 |journal=Victorian Studies |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=333–352 |issn=0042-5222 |jstor=3828327 |author-link=Jack Halberstam}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hennelly |first=Mark M. |date=2001 |title=Framing the Gothic: From Pillar to Post-Structuralism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25112603 |journal=College Literature |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=68–87 |issn=0093-3139 |jstor=25112603}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hensley |first=Wayne E. |date=2002 |title=The Contribution of F. W. Murnau's 'Nosferatu' to the Evolution of Dracula |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43797068 |journal=Literature/Film Quarterly |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=59–64 |issn=0090-4260 |jstor=43797068}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ingelbien |first=Raphaël |date=2003 |title=Gothic Genealogies: Dracula, Bowen's Court, And Anglo-Irish Psychology |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/51804 |journal=ELH |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=1089–1105 |doi=10.1353/elh.2004.0005 |s2cid=162335122 |issn=1080-6547}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kane |first=Michael |date=1997 |title=Insiders/Outsiders: Conrad's 'The Nigger of the "Narcissus"' and Bram Stoker's 'Dracula' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3734681 |journal=The Modern Language Review |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.2307/3734681 |issn=0026-7937 |jstor=3734681}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kuzmanovic |first=Dejan |date=2009 |title=Vampiric Seduction and Vicissitudes of Masculine Identity in Bram Stoker's 'Dracula' |journal=Victorian Literature and Culture |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=411–425 |doi=10.1017/S1060150309090263 |issn=1060-1503 |jstor=40347238 |doi-access=free |s2cid=54921027}}
* {{Cite journal |last=McAlduff |first=Paul S. |date=2012 |title=The Publication of Dracula |journal=Journal of Dracula Studies |volume=14 |issue=1 |doi=10.70013/43k4l5m6}}
* {{Cite journal |last=McKee |first=Patricia |date=2002 |title=Racialization, Capitalism, and Aesthetics in Stoker's "Dracula" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1346114 |journal=NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=42–60 |doi=10.2307/1346114 |jstor=1346114 |issn=0029-5132}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Elizabeth |date=August 1996 |title=Filing for Divorce: Vlad Tepes vs. Count Dracula |journal=The Borgo Post |pages=2 |author-link=Elizabeth Miller (academic)}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Elizabeth |date=1999 |title=Back to the Basics: Re-Examining Stoker's Sources for 'Dracula' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43308384 |journal=Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts |volume=10 |issue=2 (38) |pages=187–196 |issn=0897-0521 |jstor=43308384 |author-link=Elizabeth Miller (academic)}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Moretti |first=Franco |date=1982 |title=The Dialectic of Fear |journal=New Left Review |volume=13 |pages=67–85 |author-link=Franco Moretti}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Moses |first=Michael Valdez | date=1997 |title=The Irish Vampire: Dracula, Parnell, and the Troubled Dreams of Nationhood |journal=Journal X: A Journal in Culture and Criticism |volume=2 |issue=1 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Neocleous |first=Mark |date=2003 |title=The Political Economy of the Dead: Marx's Vampires |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26220011 |journal=History of Political Thought |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=668–684 |jstor=26220011 |issn=0143-781X}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Renshaw |first=Daniel |date=2022 |title='A fine fellow ... although rather Semitic': Jews and Antisemitism in Jules Verne's Le Château des Carpathes and Bram Stoker's Dracula |journal=Jewish Culture and History |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=289–306 |doi=10.1080/1462169X.2022.2131060}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Retamar |first1=Roberto Fernández |author-link1=Roberto Fernández Retamar |last2=Winks |first2=Christopher |date=2005 |title=On Dracula, the West, America, and Other Inventions |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41069152 |journal=The Black Scholar |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=22–29 |doi=10.1080/00064246.2005.11413319 |jstor=41069152 |s2cid=147429554 |issn=0006-4246}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Rhodes |first=Gary D. |date=1 January 2010 |title=Drakula Halála (1921): The Cinema's First Dracula |journal=Horror Studies |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=25–47 |doi=10.1386/host.1.1.25/1}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sanders |first=Elizabeth |date=2015 |title=An Up-to-date Religion: The Challenges and Constructions of Belief in 'Dracula' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26377443 |journal=Religion and Literature |publisher=The University of Notre Dame |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=77–98 |jstor=26377442 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Schaffer |first=Talia |date=1994 |title='A Wilde Desire Took Me': The Homoerotic History of Dracula |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/11248 |journal=ELH |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=381–425 |doi=10.1353/elh.1994.0019 |issn=1080-6547 |s2cid=161888586}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Seed |first=David |date=1985 |title=The Narrative Method of Dracula |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3044836 |journal=Nineteenth-Century Fiction |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=61–75 |doi=10.2307/3044836 |issn=0029-0564 |jstor=3044836}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Senf |first=Carol A. |date=1982 |title='Dracula': Stoker's Response to the New Woman |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3827492 |journal=Victorian Studies |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=33–49 |issn=0042-5222 |jstor=3827492}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Signorotti |first=Elizabeth |date=1996 |title=Repossessing the Body: Transgressive Desire in 'Carmilla' and 'Dracula' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23118160 |journal=Criticism |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=607–632 |issn=0011-1589 |jstor=23118160}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Smart |first=Robert |date=2007 |pages=1–22 | title=Suspect Grounds: Temporal and Spatial Paradoxes in Bram Stoker's Dracula: a Postcolonial Reading |journal=Postcolonial Text |volume=3 |issue=3 }}
* {{Cite news |date=13 July 2017 |last=Sommerlad |first=Joe |title=Celebrating Eiko Ishioka's extraordinary costumes for Bram Stoker's Dracula |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/eiko-ishioka-japanese-costume-designer-google-doodle-bram-stokers-dracula-gary-oldman-winona-ryder-francis-ford-coppola-a7836536.html |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=The Independent }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Spencer |first=Kathleen L. |date=1992 |title=Purity and Danger: Dracula, the Urban Gothic, and the Late Victorian Degeneracy Crisis |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2873424 |journal=ELH |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=197–225 |doi=10.2307/2873424 |issn=0013-8304 |jstor=2873424}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Stevenson |first=John Allen |date=1988 |title=A Vampire in the Mirror: The Sexuality of Dracula |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/462430 |journal=PMLA |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=139–149 |doi=10.2307/462430 |jstor=462430 |s2cid=54868687 |issn=0030-8129}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Bruce |date=1999 |title=Bram Stoker's Dracula: Possessed by the Spirit of the Nation? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25484813 |journal=Irish University Review |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=238–255 |jstor=25484813 |issn=0021-1427}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Tchaprazov |first=Stoyan |date=2015 |title=The Slovaks and Gypsies of Bram Stoker's Dracula: Vampires in Human Flesh |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1684297393 |journal=English Literature in Transition, 1880–1920 |volume=58 |pages=523–535 |id={{ProQuest|1684297393}} }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Tomaszweska |first=Monika |date=2004 |title=Vampirism and the Degeneration of the Imperial Race: Stoker's Dracula as the Invasive Degenerate Other |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/288282965.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115193224/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/288282965.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2020 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Dracula Studies |volume=6|doi=10.70013/37k4l5m6 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Warren |first=Louis S. |date=2002 |title=Buffalo Bill Meets Dracula: William F. Cody, Bram Stoker, and the Frontiers of Racial Decay |url=https://louiswarren.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Buffalo-Bill-Meets-Dracula.pdf |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=1124–1157 |doi=10.1086/ahr/107.4.1124 |issn=0002-8762}}
* {{Citation |last=Walker |first=Richard J. |title=The Blood is the Life: Bram Stoker's Infected Capital |date=2007 |work=Labyrinths of Deceit |volume=44 |pages=256–283 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vjbnd.18 |access-date=2025-02-07 |series=Culture, Modernity and Identity in the Nineteenth Century |edition=1 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-0-85323-849-2}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wasserman |first=Judith |date=1977 |title=Women and Vampires: Dracula as a Victorian Novel |journal=Midwest Quarterly |volume=18}}
* {{Cite news |date=13 June 2015 |title=Why Christopher Lee's Dracula Didn't Suck |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/what-to-watch/christopher-lee-dracula-movies-hammer/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/what-to-watch/christopher-lee-dracula-movies-hammer/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|''The Telegraph''|2015}}}} {{cbignore}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Willis |first=Martin |date=2007 |title='The Invisible Giant', 'Dracula', and Disease |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29533817 |journal=Studies in the Novel |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=301–325 |jstor=29533817 |issn=0039-3827}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Vorachek |first=Laura |date=2009 |title=Mesmerists and Other Meddlers: Social Darwinism, Degeneration, and Eugenics in Trilby |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40347221 |journal=Victorian Literature and Culture |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=197–215 |issn=1060-1503}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Zanger |first=Jules |date=1991 |title=A Sympathetic Vibration: Dracula and the Jews |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/373723 |journal=English Literature in Transition, 1880–1920 |volume=34}}

==== Contemporary critical reviews ====
* {{Cite news |date=31 July 1897 |title=Book Reviews Reviewed |page=98 |work=[[The Academy (periodical)|The Academy: A Weekly Review of Literature, Science, and Art]] |ref={{harvid|The Academy|1897}}}}
* {{Cite news |date=22 January 1898 |title=Current Literature: Hutchinson & Co's Publications |page=8 |work=The Advertiser  |ref={{harvid|The Advertiser|1898|p=8}}}}
* {{Cite news |date=3 September 1897 |title=Untitled |page=816 |work=[[The Bookseller|The Bookseller: A Newspaper of British and Foreign Literature]] |ref={{harvid|The Bookseller|1897}}}}
* {{Cite news |date=1 June 1897 |title=Untitled |page=3 |work=[[Daily Mail|The Daily Mail]]  |ref={{harvid|The Daily Mail|1897|p=3}}}}
* {{Cite news |date=3 June 1897 |title=Books of the Day |page=6 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |ref={{harvid|The Daily Telegraph|1897}}}}
* {{Cite news |date=10 June 1897 |title=Dracula |page=10 |work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Glasgow Herald]] |ref={{harvid|The Glasgow Herald|1897|p=10}}}}
* {{Cite news |date=June 1899 |title=Supped Full with Horrors |page=261 |work=[[The Land of Sunshine]] |ref={{harvid|Land of Sunshine|1899|page=261}}}}
* {{Cite news |date=30 May 1897 |title=A Romance of Vampirism |page=80 |work=[[Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper]]  |ref={{harvid|Lloyd's|1897}}}}
* {{Cite news |date=12 June 1897 |title=Untitled |page=11 |work=Of Literature, Science, and Art (Fiction Supplement) |ref={{harvid|Of Literature, Science, and Art|1897|p=11}}}}
* {{Cite news |date=15 June 1897|title=Novels |page=9 |work=[[The Guardian|The Manchester Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2012/apr/20/bram-stoker-centenary-dracula-review |ref={{harvid|TMG|1897}}}}
* {{Cite news |date=19 November 1899 |title=A Fantastic Theme Realistically Treated |work=[[New-York Tribune|New-York Tribune (Illustrated Supplement)]] |ref={{harvid|New-York Tribune|1899|page=13}}}}
* {{Cite news |date=7 August 1897 |title=Untitled |page=131 |work=Publisher's Circular and Booksellers' Record of British and Foreign Literature |ref={{harvid|Publisher's Circular|1897|p=131}}}}
* {{Cite journal |date=31 July 1897 |title=Recent Novels |journal=Review of Politics, Literature, Theology, and Art  |volume=79 |pages=150–151 |ref={{harvid|Review of PLTA, "Recent Novels"|1897}}}}
* {{Cite news |date=9 December 1899 |title=The Insanity of the Horrible |page=5 |work=The San Francisco Wave  |ref={{harvid|San Francisco Wave|1899|page=5}}}}
* {{Cite news |date=3 July 1897 |title=Review: Dracula |page=21 |work=[[Saturday Review (London newspaper)|Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art]] |ref={{harvid|Saturday Review|1897|p=21}}}}
* {{Cite news |date=29 June 1897 |title=Books to Read, and Others |page=80 |work=[[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|Vanity Fair: A Weekly Show of Political, Social, and Literary Wares]] |ref={{harvid|Vanity Fair (UK)|1897|page=80}}}}

=== Websites ===
* {{Cite web |last=Buzwell |first=Greg |date=14 May 2014 |title=Bram Stoker's stage adaptation of Dracula |url=https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/bram-stokers-stage-adaptation-of-dracula |access-date=13 June 2021 |website=The British Library}}
* {{Cite web |title=Most portrayed literary character in film |date=2015 |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/97587-most-portrayed-literary-character-in-film |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250131010920/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/97587-most-portrayed-literary-character-in-film |archive-date=2025-01-31 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Guinness World Records|ref={{harvid|GBWR|2015}}}}
* {{Cite web |last=Rubery |first=Matthew |date=2 March 2011 |title=Sensation Fiction |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199799558/obo-9780199799558-0062.xml |access-date=17 January 2021 |website=Oxford Bibliographies |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
===Studies on ''Dracula''{{'s}} notes===
The following is a list of books or articles that study all or part of Bram Stoker's notes for ''Dracula''.
* {{Cite journal |last=Bierman |first=Joseph S. |date=1 January 1977 |title=The Genesis and Dating of 'Dracula' from Bram Stoker's Working Notes |url=https://academic.oup.com/nq/article/CCXXII/jan/39/5162571 |journal=Notes and Queries |volume=CCXXII |issue=jan |pages=39–41 |doi=10.1093/notesj/CCXXII.jan.39 |issn=0029-3970 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/335291872 |title=Bram Stoker's Notes for Dracula: A Facsimile Edition |date=2008 |publisher=McFarland & Co. Pub |isbn=978-0-7864-5186-9 |editor-last=Eighteen-Bisang |editor-first=Robert  |oclc=335291872 |editor-last2=Miller |editor-first2=Elizabeth |ref=none |editor-link2=Elizabeth Miller (academic) |editor-link1=Robert Eighteen-Bisang}}
* {{Cite book |last=Frayling |first=Christopher |title=Vampyres: Lord Byron to Count Dracula |date=1992 |publisher=Faber |isbn=978-0-571-16792-0 |ref=none }}
* {{Cite book |title=The Origins of Dracula: The Background to Bram Stoker's Gothic Masterpiece |date=1987 |publisher=Kimber |isbn=978-0-7183-0657-1 |editor-last=Leatherdale |editor-first=Clive |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book  |title=Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 304: Bram Stoker's Dracula, A Documentary Volume |publisher=Thompson Gale |year=2005 |isbn=078766841-9 |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Elizabeth |chapter=Bram Stoker's Working Papers for Dracula |editor-link=Elizabeth Miller (academic)|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last1=McNally |first1=Raymond T. |title=Dracula: A Biography of Vlad the Impaler |last2=Florescu |first2=Radu |date=1973 |publisher=Hawthorne Books |isbn=9780801522208 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Elizabeth |title=Dracula: Sense and Nonsense |publisher=Desert Island Books |year=2006 |isbn=9781905328154 |edition=2nd |author-link=Elizabeth Miller (academic)|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Roth |first=Phyllis A. |title=Bram Stoker |date=1982 |publisher=Twayne Publishers |isbn=978-0-8057-6828-2 |series=Twayne's English Authors Series |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stoker |first=Bram |title=Dracula: A Centennial Edition|date=2007 |publisher=Signet Classics |isbn=978-0-451-53066-0 |location=New York|author-link=Bram Stoker|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stoker |first=Bram |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/227016511 |title=The New Annotated Dracula |last2=Klinger |first2=Leslie S. |date=2008 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Co |isbn=978-0-393-06450-6 |oclc=227016511 |author-link=Leslie S. Klinger|ref=none}}

===Other===
* {{Cite journal |last=Demetrakopoulos |first=Stephanie |date=1977 |title=Feminism, Sex Role Exchanges, and Other Subliminal Fantasies in Bram Stoker's 'Dracula' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346355 |journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=104–113 |doi=10.2307/3346355 |issn=0160-9009 |jstor=3346355|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Houston |first=Gail Turley |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61394818 |title=From Dickens to Dracula: Gothic, Economics, and Victorian Fiction |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-511-12624-7 |oclc=61394818|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=William |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1004391205 |title=Beyond Dracula: Bram Stoker's Fiction and Its Cultural Context. |date=2000 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-349-40967-9 |oclc=1004391205|ref=none}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Keogh |first=Calvin W. |date=2014 |title=The Critics' Count: Revisions of Dracula and the Postcolonial Irish Gothic |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-journal-of-postcolonial-literary-inquiry/article/abs/critics-count-revisions-of-dracula-and-the-postcolonial-irish-gothic/ABE47B683DE376F69CEBEE53D00905A0 |journal=Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=189–206 |doi=10.1017/pli.2014.8 |s2cid=193067115 |issn=2052-2614|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=McNally |first=Raymond T. |title=Dracula Was a Woman: In Search of the Blood Countess of Transylvania |date=1983 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=9780070456716 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Spooner |first=Catherine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5SaIMicyxQC |title=Contemporary Gothic |date=2006 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-301-7 |ref=none}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|Dracula|''Dracula''}}
{{Commons category|Dracula}}
* ''[https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/bram-stoker/dracula Dracula]'' at [[Standard Ebooks]]
* {{gutenberg|no=345|name=Dracula}}, text version of 1897 edition.
* {{librivox book | title=Dracula | author=Bram Stoker}}
* [https://research.library.kutztown.edu/dracula-studies/ ''Journal of Dracula Studies'']

{{Dracula}}
{{Bram Stoker}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dracula| ]]
[[Category:Dracula novels| ]]
[[Category:1897 novels]]
[[Category:1890s horror novels]]
[[Category:1890s Gothic novels]]
[[Category:19th-century Irish novels]]
[[Category:Epistolary novels]]
[[Category:Irish Gothic novels]]
[[Category:Invasion literature]]
[[Category:Transylvania in fiction]]
[[Category:Victorian novels]]