Editing Doric Greek

{{short description|Ancient Greek dialect}}
{{For|the modern Doric dialect of Scotland|Doric dialect (Scotland)}}{{For|the architectural style|Doric order}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{External links|date=November 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Doric Greek
| altname          = Western Greek
| pronunciation    = 
| region           = [[Acarnania]], [[Aetolia]], [[Epirus]], [[Ozolian Locris|western]] and [[Opuntian Locris|eastern Locris]], [[Phocis (ancient region)|Phocis]], [[Doris (Greece)|Doris]], [[Achaea (ancient region)|Achaea]], [[Ancient Elis|Elis]], [[Messenia (ancient region)|Messenia]], [[Laconia]], [[Argolid]], [[Aegina]], [[Corinthia (ancient region)|Corinthia]], [[Megara]], [[Kythira]], [[Milos]], [[Santorini|Thera]], [[Crete]], [[Karpathos]], [[Rhodes]], and possibly [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|ancient Macedonia]]<br />Also, colonies of the aforementioned regions in [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]], [[Magna Graecia]], [[Greek colonisation#Black Sea and Propontis|Black Sea]], [[Greek colonisation#Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea, and Illyria|Ionian Sea and Adriatic Sea]]
| era              = {{circa|800|100}} BC; evolved into the [[Tsakonian language]]
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Hellenic languages|Hellenic]]
| fam3             = [[Greek language|Greek]]
| fam4             = (disputed)
| dia1             = '''Doric proper:'''
| dia2             = [[Doric Greek#Laconian|Laconian]]
| dia3             = Argolic
| dia4             = Corinthian
| dia5             = '''Northwest Doric:'''
| dia6             = Phocian
| dia7             = [[Locrian Greek|Locrian]]
| dia8             = Elean
| dia9             = [[Epirote Greek|Epirote]]
| dia10            = (?) [[Ancient Macedonian language|Ancient Macedonian]]
| dia11            = [[Achaean Doric Greek#Doric of Achaea|Achaean Doric]]
| dia12            = [[Achaean Doric Greek#Achaean Doric Koine|Achaean Doric Koine]]
| dia13            = Northwest Doric koine
| isoexception     = dialect
| linglist         = grc-dor
| glotto           = dori1248
| glottorefname    = Doric
| map              = {{Ancient Greek dialects|border=infobox}}
| mapcaption       = 
| script           = [[Greek alphabet]]
| ancestor         = [[Proto-Greek]]
}}

'''Doric''' or '''Dorian''' ({{langx|grc|Δωρισμός|Dōrismós}}), also known as '''West Greek''', was a group of [[Ancient Greek dialect]]s; its [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] are divided into the Doric proper and Northwest Doric subgroups. Doric was spoken in a vast area, including northern Greece ([[Acarnania]], [[Aetolia]], [[Epirus]], [[Ozolian Locris|western]] and [[Opuntian Locris|eastern Locris]], [[Phocis (ancient region)|Phocis]], [[Doris (Greece)|Doris]], and possibly [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|ancient Macedonia]]), most of the [[Regions of ancient Greece#Peloponnese|Peloponnese]] ([[Achaea (ancient region)|Achaea]], [[Ancient Elis|Elis]], [[Messenia (ancient region)|Messenia]], [[Laconia]], [[Argolid]], [[Aegina]], [[Corinthia (ancient region)|Corinthia]], and [[Megara]]), the [[Southern Aegean]] ([[Kythira]], [[Milos]], [[Santorini|Thera]], [[Crete]], [[Karpathos]], and [[Rhodes]]), as well as the colonies of some of those regions in [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]], [[Magna Graecia]], the [[Greek colonisation#Black Sea and Propontis|Black Sea]], [[Greek colonisation#Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea, and Illyria|the Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea]]. It was also spoken in the Greek sanctuaries of [[Dodona]], [[Delphi]], and [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]], as well as at the four [[Panhellenic festivals]]; the [[Isthmian Games|Isthmian]], [[Nemean Games|Nemean]], [[Pythian Games|Pythian]], and [[Ancient Olympic Games|Olympic Games]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karali |first=Maria |editor-last=Christidis |editor-first=Anastassios-Fivos |editor-last2=Arapopoulou |editor-first2=Maria |editor-last3=Chriti |editor-first3=Maria |translator-last=Markham |translator-first=Chris |chapter=The classification of the ancient Greek dialects |title=A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJbd0m6YaFkC |date=2007 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-83307-3 |pages=390–391 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Méndez Dosuna |first=Julián |editor-last=Christidis |editor-first=Anastassios-Fivos |editor-last2=Arapopoulou |editor-first2=Maria |editor-last3=Chriti |editor-first3=Maria |chapter=The Doric dialects |title=A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJbd0m6YaFkC |date=2007 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-83307-3 |pages=444–445 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Striano |first=Araceli |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-9004225978 |editor-last=Giannakis |editor-first=Georgios K. |volume=1 |pages=515–516 |language=en |chapter=Doric |editor-last2=Bubenik |editor-first2=Vit |editor-last3=Crespo |editor-first3=Emilio |editor-last4=Golston |editor-first4=Chris |editor-last5=Lianeri |editor-first5=Alexandra |editor-last6=Luraghi |editor-first6=Silvia |editor-last7=Matthaios |editor-first7=Stephanos |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/10005154 |via=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref>

By [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] times, under the [[Achaean League]], an Achaean Doric [[Koiné language|koine]] appeared, exhibiting many peculiarities common to all Doric dialects, which delayed the spread of the [[Attic Greek|Attic]]-based [[Koine Greek]] to the Peloponnese until the 2nd century BC.<ref name="Buck">{{cite journal |first=Carl Darling |last=Buck |title=The Source of the So-Called Achaean-Doric κοινη |journal=[[American Journal of Philology]] |year=1900 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=193–196 |doi=10.2307/287905 |jstor=287905 }}</ref> The only living descendant of Doric is the [[Tsakonian language]] which is still spoken in [[Greece]] today;<ref>{{Cite web|title=MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships — Tsakonian|url=http://multitree.org/codes/tsd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003222534/http://multitree.org/codes/tsd|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref> though critically endangered, with only a few hundred – mostly elderly – fluent speakers left.<ref name="Moseley">{{cite book|last=Moseley|first=Christopher|title=Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|at=s.v. "Tsakonian"}}</ref>

It is widely accepted that Doric originated in the mountains of [[Epirus]] in northwestern [[Greece]], the original seat of the [[Dorians]]. It then expanded to all other regions and the colonisations that followed. The presence of a Doric state ([[Doris (Greece)|Doris]]) in central Greece, north of the [[Gulf of Corinth]], led to the theory that Doric had originated in northwest Greece or maybe beyond in the [[Balkans]]. The dialect's distribution towards the north extends to the [[Megara|Megarian]] colony of [[Byzantium]] and the [[Corinth]]ian colonies of [[Potidaea]], [[Epidamnos]], [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]] and [[Ambracia]]; there, it further added words to what would become the [[Albanian language]],<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite journal |author=Çabej, E.|title=Die alteren Wohnsitze der Albaner auf der Balkanhalbinsel im Lichte der Sprache und der Ortsnamen|journal=VII Congresso Internaz. Di Sciense Onomastiche|year=1961|pages=241–251}}; Albanian version BUShT 1962:1.219-227</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = http://members.tripod.com/~Groznijat/balkan/ehamp.html | author = Eric Hamp | title = The position of Albanian, Ancient IE dialects, Proceedings of the Conference on IE linguistics held at the University of California, Los Angeles, April 25–27, 1963 | editor1-first = Henrik | editor1-last = Birnbaum | editor2-first = Jaan | editor2-last = Puhvel }}</ref> probably via traders from a now-extinct "Adriatic [[Illyrian languages|Illyrian]]" intermediary.<ref name="huld">{{cite journal |author=Huld, Martin E. |title=Accentual Stratification of Ancient Greek Loanwords in Albanian |journal=Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung |issue=2 | year=1986 |volume=99 | pages=245–253}}</ref> In the north, local epigraphical evidence includes the decrees of the [[Epirote League]], the [[Pella curse tablet]], three additional lesser known [[Ancient Macedonian dialect|Macedonian]] inscriptions (all of them identifiable as Doric),<ref>O'Neil, James. ''26th Conference of the Australasian Society for Classical Studies'', 2005.</ref> numerous inscriptions from a number of Greek colonies. Furthermore, there is an abundance of place names used to examine features of the northern Doric dialects. Southern dialects, in addition to numerous inscriptions, coins, and names, have also provided much more literary evidence through authors such as [[Alcman]], [[Pindar]], and [[Archimedes|Archimedes of Syracuse]], among others, all of whom wrote in Doric. There are also ancient dictionaries that have survived; notably the one by [[Hesychius of Alexandria]], whose work preserved many dialectal words from throughout the Greek-speaking world.

==Varieties==
===Doric proper===
[[File:Doric Greek Dialects.png|thumb|350px|Doric Greek dialects]]Where the Doric dialect group fits in the overall classification of ancient Greek dialects depends to some extent on the classification. Several views are stated under [[Ancient Greek dialects|Greek dialects]]. The prevalent theme of most views listed there is that Doric is a subgroup of '''West Greek'''. Some use the terms '''Northern Greek''' or '''Northwest Greek''' instead. The geographic distinction is only verbal and ostensibly is misnamed: all of Doric was spoken south of "Southern Greek" or "Southeastern Greek."

Be that as it may, "Northern Greek" is based on a presumption that [[Dorians]] came from the north and on the fact that Doric is closely related to '''Northwest Greek'''. When the distinction began is not known. All the "northerners" might have spoken one dialect at the time of the Dorian invasion; certainly, Doric could only have further differentiated into its classical dialects when the Dorians were in place in the south. Thus '''West Greek''' is the most accurate name for the classical dialects.

[[Tsakonian language|Tsakonian]], a descendant of Laconian Doric (Spartan), is still spoken on the southern [[Argolis|Argolid]] coast of the Peloponnese, in the modern prefectures of [[Arcadia (regional unit)|Arcadia]] and [[Laconia]]. Today it is a source of considerable interest to linguists, and an endangered dialect.

====Laconian====
[[Image:GreeceLaconia.png|thumb|upright=0.6|Laconia in Greece]]

'''Laconian''' was spoken by the population of [[Laconia]] in the southern [[Peloponnese]] and also by its colonies, [[Taranto|Taras]] and [[Heraclea Lucania|Herakleia]] in [[Magna Graecia]]. [[Sparta]] was the seat of ancient Laconia.

Laconian is attested in inscriptions on pottery and stone from the seventh century BC. A dedication to Helen dates from the second quarter of the seventh century. Taras was founded in 706 and its founders must already have spoken Laconic.

Many documents from the state of Sparta survive, whose citizens called themselves Lacedaemonians after the name of the valley in which they lived. [[Homer]] calls it "hollow Lacedaemon", though he refers to a pre-Dorian period. The seventh century Spartan poet [[Alcman]] used a dialect that some consider to be predominantly Laconian. [[Philoxenus of Alexandria]] wrote a treatise ''On the Laconian dialect''.

====Argolic====
[[Image:GreeceArgolis.png|thumb|upright=0.6|Argolis in Greece]]
'''Argolic''' was spoken in the thickly settled northeast Peloponnese at, for example, [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]], [[Mycenae]], [[Ermioni|Hermione]], [[Troezen]], [[Epidaurus]], and as close to [[Athens]] as the island of [[Aegina]]. As [[Mycenaean Greek]] had been spoken in this dialect region in the [[Bronze Age]], it is clear that the [[Dorian invasion|Dorians overran it]] but were unable to take [[Attica]]. The Dorians went on from Argos to [[Crete]] and [[Rhodes]].

Ample inscriptional material of a legal, political and religious content exists from at least the sixth century BC.

====Corinthian====
[[Image:GreeceCorinth.png|thumb|upright=0.6|Corinthia in Greece]]

'''Corinthian''' was spoken first in the isthmus region between the Peloponnesus and mainland [[Greece]]; that is, the [[Isthmus of Corinth]]. The cities and states of the Corinthian dialect region were [[Corinth]], [[Sicyon]], [[Archaies Kleones]], [[Phlius]], the colonies of Corinth in western Greece: [[Corfu|Corcyra]], [[Lefkada|Leucas]], [[Anaktorio|Anactorium]], [[Ambracia]] and others, the colonies in and around Italy: [[Syracuse, Sicily]] and [[Ancona]], and the colonies of [[Corfu|Corcyra]]: [[Dyrrachium]], and [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]]. The earliest inscriptions at Corinth date from the early sixth century BC.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0SDG/is_3_73/ai_n13493402/pg_6 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011033627/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0SDG/is_3_73/ai_n13493402/pg_6 | archive-date=11 October 2008 | title=Apollo and the Archaic temple at Corinth &#124; Hesperia &#124; Find Articles at BNET }}</ref> They use a Corinthian epichoric alphabet. (See under [[Attic Greek]].)

Corinth contradicts the prejudice that Dorians were rustic militarists, as some consider the speakers of Laconian to be. Positioned on an international trade route, Corinth played a leading part in the re-civilizing of Greece after the centuries of disorder and isolation following the collapse of Mycenaean Greece.

===Northwest Doric===
The '''Northwest Doric''' (or "Northwest Greek", with "Northwest Doric" now considered more accurate so as not to distance the group from Doric proper) group is closely related to Doric proper.<ref name=Filos227>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Panagiotis Filos |editor1=Georgios Giannakis |editor2= Emilio Crespo |editor3= Panagiotis Filos |title=The Dialectal Variety of Epirus |encyclopedia= Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea |date=2017 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location= Berlin and Boston | page=227|quote=The North-West group together with Doric (proper) formed the so-called 'West Greek' major dialectal group (or simply 'Doric' […]). However, the term 'North-West Doric' is considered more accurate nowadays […] since there is more emphasis on the many features that are common to both groups rather than on their less numerous and largely secondary differences.}}</ref> Whether it is to be considered a part of the southern Doric Group or the latter a part of it or the two considered subgroups of West Greek, the dialects and their grouping remain the same. [[Aeolic Greek#Thessalian|West Thessalian]] and [[Aeolic Greek#Boeotian|Boeotian]]  had come under a strong Northwest Doric influence.

While Northwest Doric is generally seen as a dialectal group,<ref name=Filos227/> dissenting views exist, such as that of Méndez-Dosuna, who argues that Northwest Doric is not a proper dialectal group but rather merely a case of areal dialectal convergence.<ref>{{cite book|title=Los dialectos dorios del Noroeste. Gramática y estudio dialectal|place=Salamanca|language=es|page=508|date=1985}}</ref> Throughout the Northwest Doric area, most internal differences did not hinder mutual understanding, though Filos, citing Bubenik, notes that there were certain cases where a bit of accommodation may have been necessary.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Panagiotis Filos |editor1=Georgios Giannakis |editor2= Emilio Crespo |editor3= Panagiotis Filos |title=The Dialectal Variety of Epirus |encyclopedia= Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea |date=2017 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location= Berlin and Boston |page=230}}</ref>

The earliest epigraphic texts for Northwest Doric date to the 6th–5th century BC.<ref name=Filos227/> These are thought to provide evidence for Northwest Doric features, especially the phonology and morphophonology, but most of the features thus attributed to Northwest Doric are not exclusive to it.<ref name=Filos227/> The Northwest Doric dialects differ from the main Doric Group dialects in the below features:<ref>Mendez Dosuna, ''Doric dialects,'' p. 452 [https://books.google.com/books?id=WJbd0m6YaFkC&pg=PA444 online] at Google Books).</ref>
# Dative plural of the [[Ancient Greek nouns#Third declension|third declension]] in {{lang|grc|-οις}} (''-ois'') (instead of {{lang|grc|-σι}} (''-si'')):  {{lang|grc|Ἀκαρνάνοις ἱππέοις}} ''Akarnanois hippeois'' for {{lang|grc|Ἀκαρνᾶσιν ἱππεῦσιν}} ''Akarnasin hippeusin'' (to the Acarnanian knights).
# {{lang|grc|ἐν}} (''en'') + accusative (instead of {{lang|grc|εἰς}} (''eis'')):  ''en Naupakton'' (into Naupactus).
# {{lang|grc|-στ}} (''-st'')  for {{lang|grc|-σθ}} (''-sth''):   {{lang|grc|γενέσται}} ''genestai'' for ''genesthai'' (to become), {{lang|grc|μίστωμα}} ''mistôma'' for ''misthôma'' (payment for hiring).
# ar for er:   ''amara'' /Dor. ''amera''/Att. ''hêmera'' (day), Elean ''wargon'' for Doric ''wergon'' and Attic ''ergon'' (work)
# Dative singular  in ''-oi'' instead of ''-ôi'':  {{lang|grc|τοῖ Ἀσκλαπιοῖ}},  Doric  {{lang|grc|τῷ Ἀσκλαπιῷ}}, Attic {{lang|grc|Ἀσκληπιῷ}} (to Asclepius)
# Middle participle in ''-eimenos'' instead of ''-oumenos''

Four or five dialects of Northwestern Doric are recognised.

====Phocian====
This dialect was spoken in [[Phocis (ancient region)|Phocis]] and in its main settlement, [[Delphi]]. Because of that it is also cited as Delphian.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} [[Plutarch]] says that [[Delphi]]ans pronounce ''b'' in the place of ''p'' ({{lang|grc|βικρὸν}} for {{lang|grc|πικρὸν}})<ref>{{cite book|last=Goodwin|first=William Watson|author-link=William Watson Goodwin|title=Plutarch's Morals, tr. by several hands. Corrected and revised by W.W. Goodwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ugIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1|year=1874}} ''Greek questions'' 9.</ref>

====Locrian====
[[Locrian Greek]] is attested in two locations:
* [[Ozolian Locris]], along the northwest coast of the [[Gulf of Corinth]] around [[Amfissa]] (earliest {{Circa|500 BC}});<ref>IG IX,1² 3:609</ref>
* [[Opuntian Locris]], on the coast of mainland Greece opposite northwest [[Euboea]], around [[Opus, Greece|Opus]].

====Elean====
The dialect of [[ancient Elis|Elis]] (earliest {{Circa|600 BC}})<ref>''Die Inschriften von Olympia,'' IvO 1.</ref> is considered, after [[Aeolic Greek]], one of the most difficult for the modern reader of epigraphic texts.<ref>Sophie Minon, ''Les Inscriptions Éléennes Dialectale'', reviewed by Stephen Colvin ([http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2007/2007-11-07.html online]).</ref>

====Epirote====
{{main|Epirote Greek}}
Spoken at the [[Dodona]] oracle, (earliest {{Circa|550}}–500 BC)<ref>''Lamelles Oraculaires'' 77.</ref> firstly under control of the [[Thesprotians]];<ref>{{cite book|author=John Potter|title=Archaeologia Graeca Or the Antiquities of Greece|publisher=C. Strahan|url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologiagrae01pottiala|year=1751}}</ref> later organized in the [[Epirote League]] (since {{Circa|370 BC}}).<ref>Cabanes, ''L'Épire de la mort de Pyrrhos a la conquête romaine (272–167 av. J.C.).'' Paris 1976, p. 534,1.</ref>

====Ancient Macedonian====
Most scholars maintain that [[Ancient Macedonian language|ancient Macedonian]] was a Greek dialect,<ref>{{cite book | last = Hatzopoulos | first = Miltiades B. | chapter = Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives | title = Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea | editor1-last = Giannakis | editor1-first = Georgios K. | editor2-last = Crespo | editor2-first = Emilio | editor3-last = Filos | editor3-first = Panagiotis | date = 2017 | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XXFLDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient+macedonian+speech&pg=PT301 | page=299 | isbn = 978-3-11-053081-0 }}</ref> probably of the Northwestern Doric group in particular.<ref name=Hammond1>{{cite book| last= Hammond| first= Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière |author-link= Nicholas Hammond (historian)|title= The Macedonian State. Origins, Institutions and History| orig-year = 1989| edition = reprint |publisher= Oxford University Press|location=Oxford |year= 1993|isbn=0-19-814927-1}}</ref><ref>Michael Meier-Brügger: ''Indo-European linguistics.'' Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York 2003, p. 28 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=49xq3UlKWckC&pg=PA28 online] on Google books): "The Macedonian of the ancient kingdom of northern Greece is probably nothing other than a northern Greek dialect of Doric".</ref><ref name= Crespo2017>{{cite book | last = Crespo | first = Emilio | chapter = The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect | title = Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea | editor1-last = Giannakis | editor1-first = Georgios K. | editor2-last = Crespo | editor2-first = Emilio | editor3-last = Filos | editor3-first = Panagiotis | date = 2017 | publisher = Walter de Gruyter | page = 329 | isbn = 978-3-11-053081-0 }}</ref> [[Olivier Masson]], in his article for ''The Oxford Classical Dictionary'', talks of "two schools of thought": one rejecting "the Greek affiliation of Macedonian" and preferring "to treat it as an Indo-European language of the Balkans" of contested affiliation (examples are Bonfante 1987, and Russu 1938); the other favouring "a purely Greek nature of Macedonian as a northern Greek dialect" with numerous adherents from the 19th century and on (Fick 1874; Hoffmann 1906; Hatzidakis 1897 etc.; Kalleris 1964 and 1976).<ref name= OxfordCD1>{{cite encyclopedia | author = Olivier Masson | title=Macedonian language|editor = Simon Hornblower |editor2=Antony Spawforth| encyclopedia = [[Oxford Classical Dictionary|The Oxford Classical Dictionary]] | orig-year = 1996 | edition = revised 3rd | year = 2003 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn =0-19-860641-9 | pages =905–906 | url=http://www.ucc.ie/staff/jprodr/macedonia/macanclan.html}}</ref>

Masson himself argues with the largely Greek character of the Macedonian [[onomastics]] and sees Macedonian as "a Greek dialect, characterised by its marginal position and by local pronunciations" and probably most closely related to the dialects of the Greek North-West (Locrian, Aetolian, Phocidian, Epirote). Brian D. Joseph acknowledges the closeness of Macedonian to Greek (even contemplating to group them into a "Hellenic branch" of Indo-European), but retains that "[t]he slender evidence is open to different interpretations, so that no definitive answer is really possible".<ref>Brian D. Joseph: "Ancient Greek". In: J. Garry et al. (eds.): ''Facts about the world's major languages: an encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present.'' [http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/articles/gancient.htm Online paper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001113024/http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/articles/gancient.htm |date=2016-10-01 }}, 2001.</ref>  Johannes Engels has pointed to the [[Pella curse tablet]], written in Doric Greek: "This has been judged to be the most important ancient testimony to substantiate that Macedonian was a north-western Greek and mainly a Doric dialect".<ref>Johannes Engels: "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95. In: Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington: ''A Companion to Ancient Macedonia.'' Chapter 5. John Wiley & Sons, New York 2011.</ref> [[Miltiades Hatzopoulos]] has suggested that the [[Ancient Macedonian language|Macedonian dialect]] of the 4th century BC, as attested in the [[Pella curse tablet]], was a sort of Macedonian 'koine' resulting from the encounter of the idiom of the '[[Aeolic Greek|Aeolic]]'-speaking populations around [[Mount Olympus]] and the [[Pierian Mountains]] with the Northwest Greek-speaking [[Argead dynasty|Argead]] Macedonians hailing from [[Argos Orestiko]]n, who founded the kingdom of [[Lower Macedonia]].<ref name= Hatzopoulos2017>{{cite book | last = Hatzopoulos | first = Miltiades B. | chapter = Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives | title = Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea | editor1-last = Giannakis | editor1-first = Georgios K. | editor2-last = Crespo | editor2-first = Emilio | editor3-last = Filos | editor3-first = Panagiotis | date = 2017 | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XXFLDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient+macedonian+speech&pg=PT301 | pages=321–322 | isbn = 978-3-11-053081-0 }}</ref> However, according to Hatzopoulos, B. Helly expanded and improved his own earlier suggestion and presented the hypothesis of a (North-)'[[Mycenaean Greece|Achaean]]'  substratum extending as far north as the head of the [[Thermaic Gulf]], which had a continuous relation, in prehistoric times both in [[Ancient Thessaly|Thessaly]] and [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]], with the Northwest Greek-speaking populations living on the other side of the [[Pindus]] mountain range, and contacts became cohabitation  when the Argead Macedonians completed their wandering from [[Orestis (region)|Orestis]] to Lower Macedonia in the 7th c. BC.<ref name= Hatzopoulos2017 /> According to this hypothesis, Hatzopoulos concludes that the [[Ancient Macedonian language|Macedonian]] [[Ancient Greek dialects|Greek dialect]] of the historical period, which is attested in inscriptions, is a sort of koine resulting from the interaction and the influences of various elements, the most important of which are the North-[[Mycenaean Greek|Achaean]] substratum, the Northwest Greek idiom of the [[Argead dynasty|Argead]] [[Ancient Macedonians|Macedonians]], and the [[Thracian language|Thracian]] and [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]] adstrata.<ref name= Hatzopoulos2017 />

====Achaean Doric====
Achaean Doric most probably belonged to the Northwest Doric group.<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Woodard |editor-first=Roger D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPEENAEp938C |title=The Ancient Languages of Europe |date=2008 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-139-46932-6 |at=between pages 49 and 50 |language=en}}</ref> It was spoken in [[Achaea]] in the northwestern Peloponnese, on the islands of [[Cephalonia]] and [[Zakynthos]] in the Ionian Sea, and in the Achaean colonies of Magna Graecia in Southern Italy (including [[Sybaris]] and [[Crotone]]). This ''strict'' Doric dialect was later subject to the influence of ''mild'' Doric spoken in [[Corinthia]]. It survived until 350 BC.<ref>''Classification of the West Greek dialects at the time about 350 B.C.'' by Antonín Bartoněk, Amsterdam, Adolf M. Hakkert, 1972, p. 186.</ref>

====Achaean Doric koine====
By [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] times, under the [[Achaean League]], an Achaean Doric [[Koiné language|koine]] appeared, exhibiting many peculiarities common to all Doric dialects, which delayed the spread of the [[Attic Greek|Attic]]-based [[Koine Greek]] to the Peloponnese until the 2nd century BC.<ref name="Buck" />

====Northwest Doric koine====
[[File:Macedonia_and_the_Aegean_World_c.200.png|thumb|right|300px|Political situation in the Greek world around the time at which the Northwest Doric koine arose]]

The Northwest Doric koine refers to a supraregional North-West common variety that emerged in the third and second centuries BC, and was used in the official texts of the [[Aetolian League]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author= Vit Bubenik| title= Variety of speech in Greek linguistics: The dialects and the ''koinè''|editor=Sylvain Auroux |display-editors=etal| encyclopedia=Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften. Ein internationales Handbuch zur Entwicklung der Sprachforschung von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart.|volume= Band 1| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mL9erLJ5afUC&pg=RA1-PA439|year=2000|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|place=Berlin and New York|page=441 f| isbn=978-3-11-011103-3}}</ref><ref name=Filos230_3>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Panagiotis Filos |editor1=Georgios Giannakis |editor2= Emilio Crespo |editor3= Panagiotis Filos |title=The Dialectal Variety of Epirus |encyclopedia= Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea |date=2017 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location= Berlin and Boston |pages=230–233}}</ref> Such texts have been found in W. Locris, Phocis, and Phtiotis, among other sites.<ref>{{cite book|author=Vit Bubenik|title=Hellenistic and Roman Greece as a Sociolinguistic Area|place=Amsterdam|year=1989|pages=193–213}}</ref> It contained a mix of native Northwest Doric dialectal elements and Attic forms.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Wojciech Sowa|editor1=Matthias Fritz |editor2=Brian Joseph |editor3=Jared Klein |page=715|title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics |date=2018 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-3-11-054036-9 |chapter=The dialectology of Greek|quote=In different regions of Greece, however, different sorts of koinai emerged, of which the best known was the Doric Koinē, preserving general Doric features, but without local differences, and with an admixture of Attic forms. As in the case of the Doric Koinē, the Northwest Koinē (connected with the so-called Aetolian League) displayed the same mixture of native dialectal elements with Attic elements.}}</ref> It was apparently based on the most general features of Northwest Doric, eschewing less common local traits.<ref name=Filos230_3/><ref>{{cite book|author=S. Minon|date=2014|chapter=Diffusion de l'attique et expansion des ''koinai'' dans le Péloponnèse et en Grèce centrale|title=Actes de la journée internationale de dialectologie grecque du 18 mars 2011, université Paris-Ouest Nanterre|place=Geneva|pages=1–18}}</ref>

Its rise was driven by both linguistic and non-linguistic factors, with non-linguistic motivating factors including the spread of the rival Attic-Ionic koine after it was recruited by the Macedonian state for administration, and the political unification of a vast territories by the Aetolian League and the state of Epirus. The Northwest Doric koine was thus both a linguistic and a political rival of the Attic-Ionic koine.<ref name=Filos230_3/>

==Phonology==

===Vowels===

====Long a====
[[Proto-Greek language|Proto-Greek]] long *ā is retained as ''ā'', in contrast to [[Attic Greek|Attic]] developing a long open ''ē'' ([[eta]]) in at least some positions.
* Doric ''g'''ā''' m'''ā'''tēr'' ~ Attic ''g'''ē''' m'''ē'''tēr'' 'earth mother'

====Compensatory lengthening of e and o====
In certain Doric dialects (Severe Doric), *e and *o lengthen by compensatory lengthening or contraction to [[eta]] or [[omega]], in contrast to Attic ''ei'' and ''ou'' ([[spurious diphthong]]s).
* Severe Doric ''-ō'' ~ Attic ''-ou'' (second-declension genitive singular)
* ''-ōs'' ~ ''-ous'' (second-declension accusative plural)
* ''-ēn'' ~ ''-ein'' (present, second aorist infinitive active)

====Contraction of a and e====
Contraction: Proto-Greek *ae > Doric ''ē'' ([[eta]]) ~ Attic ''ā''.

====Synizesis====
Proto-Greek *eo, *ea > some Doric dialects' ''io, ia''.

====Proto-Greek *a====
Proto-Greek short *a > Doric short ''a'' ~ Attic ''e'' in certain words.
* Doric ''hi'''a'''ros'', ''Art'''a'''mis'' ~ Attic ''hi'''e'''ros'' 'holy', [[Artemis|''Art'''e'''mis'']]

===Consonants===

====Proto-Greek *-ti====
Proto-Greek *-ti is retained (assibilated to  ''-si'' in Attic).
* Doric ''phā'''t'''i'' ~ Attic ''phē'''s'''i'' 'he says' (3rd sing. pres. of athematic verb)
* ''legon'''t'''i'' ~ ''legou'''s'''i'' 'they say' (3rd pl. pres. of thematic verb)
* ''wīka'''t'''i'' ~ ''eiko'''s'''i'' 'twenty'
* ''triāka'''t'''ioi'' ~ ''triāko'''s'''ioi'' 'three hundred'

====Proto-Greek *ts====
Proto-Greek *ts > ''-ss-'' between vowels. (Attic shares the same development, but further shortens the geminate to ''-s-''.)
* Proto-Greek [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Hellenic/métsos|*métsos]] > Doric ''me'''ss'''os'' ~ Attic ''me'''s'''os'' 'middle' (from Proto-Indo-European [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/médʰyos|*médʰyos]], compare Latin ''me'''di'''us'')

====Digamma====
Initial *w ([[digamma|ϝ]]) is preserved in earlier Doric (lost in Attic).
* Doric '''''w'''oikos'' ~ Attic ''oikos'' 'house' (from Proto-Indo-European [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/weyḱ-|*weyḱ-, *woyḱ-]], compare Latin '''''v'''īcus'' 'village')
Literary texts in Doric and inscriptions from the Hellenistic age have no digamma.

===Accentuation===
For information on the peculiarities of Doric accentuation, see {{section link|Ancient Greek accent|Doric}}.

==Morphology==
{{confusing|date=April 2019}}
Numeral ''te'''t'''ores'' ~ Attic ''te'''tt'''ares'', Ionic ''te'''ss'''eres'' "four".

Ordinal ''pr'''ā'''tos'' ~ Attic–Ionic ''pr'''ō'''tos'' "first".

Demonstrative pronoun '''''t'''ēnos'' "this" ~ Attic–Ionic ''(e)'''k'''einos''

''t'' for ''h'' (from Proto-Indo-European ''s'') in article and demonstrative pronoun.
* Doric '''''t'''oi'', '''''t'''ai''; '''''t'''outoi'', '''''t'''autai''
* ~ Attic-Ionic '''''h'''oi'', '''''h'''ai''; '''''h'''outoi'', '''''h'''autai''.

Third person plural, athematic or [[Proto-Indo-European root|root]] aorist ''-n'' ~ Attic ''-san''.
* Doric ''ed'''on''''' ~ Attic–Ionic ''edo'''san'''''

First person plural active ''-mes'' ~ Attic–Ionic ''-men''.

Future ''-se-ō'' ~ Attic ''-s-ō''.
* ''prāx'''ē'''tai'' (''prāk-se-etai'') ~ Attic–Ionic ''prāx'''e'''tai''

Modal particle ''ka'' ~ Attic–Ionic ''an''.
* Doric ''ai ka, ai de ka, ai tis ka'' ~ ''ean, ean de, ean tis''

Temporal adverbs in ''-ka'' ~ Attic–Ionic ''-te''.
* ''hoka'', ''toka''

Locative adverbs in ''-ei'' ~ Attic/Koine ''-ou''.
* ''teide'', ''pei''.

===Future tense===
The aorist and future of verbs in ''-izō'', ''-azō'' has ''x'' (versus Attic/Koine ''s'').
* Doric ''agōni'''x'''ato'' ~ Attic ''agōni'''s'''ato'' "he contended"
Similarly ''k'' before suffixes beginning with ''t''.

==Glossary==
{{cleanup|reason= 1. inconsequent transcription, cp.: "Ἐλ'''ω'''ός El'''ô'''os", "κάρρ'''ω'''ν karr'''ō'''n", "μυρμηδ'''ό'''νες myrmēd'''ô'''nes". 2. missing greek terms, cp.: "(Attic gignôskô)"|date=October 2017}}

===Common===
* '''{{lang|grc|αἰγάδες}}''' ''aigades''  (Attic {{lang|grc|αἶγες}} ''aiges'') "goats"
* '''{{lang|grc|αἶγες}}''' ''aiges'' (Attic {{lang|grc|κύματα}} ''kymata'') "waves"
* '''{{lang|grc|ἁλία}}''' ''halia''   (Attic {{lang|grc|ἐκκλησία}} ''[[Ecclesia (ancient Athens)|ekklēsia]]'') "assembly" (Cf. [[Heliaia]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%234136 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|βρύκαιναι}}''' ''brykainai''  (Attic {{lang|grc|ἱέρειαι}} ''hiereiai'') "priestesses"<ref name="No document found">{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321102 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|βρυκετός}}''' ''bryketos'' (Attic {{lang|grc|βρυγμός}} ''brygmos'', {{lang|grc|βρυκηθμός }} ''brykēthmos'') "chewing, grinding, gnashing with the teeth"<ref name="No document found"/>
* '''{{lang|grc| δαμιοργοί}}'''  ''damiorgoi'' (Attic {{lang|grc|ἄρχοντες}} ''[[archon]]tes'') "high officials". Cf. Attic {{lang|grc|δημιουργός}} ''[[demiurge|dēmiourgos]]'' "public worker for the people (dēmos), craftsman, creator"; [[Hesychius of Alexandria|Hesychius]] {{lang|grc|δαμιουργοί· αἱ πόρναι}} "prostitutes". Zamiourgoi [[Elean]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2324395 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|Ἐλωός}}''' ''Elôos'' [[Hephaestus]] {{lang|grc|Ἥφαιστος παρὰ Δωριεῦσιν}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%2333929;layout=;loc=e%28%2Flwma | title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Α α }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|κάρρων}}''' ''karrōn''  (Attic {{lang|grc|κρείττων}} ''kreittōn'') "stronger" (Ionic kreissōn, Cretan kartōn )<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2359795 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|κορύγης}}''' ''korygēs''  (Attic {{lang|grc|κῆρυξ}} ''kēryx'') "herald, messenger"  (Aeolic karoux)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2359184 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|λαιός}}''' ''laios'' ([[Homeric Greek|Homeric]], Attic and [[Modern Greek]] {{lang|grc|ἀριστερός}} ''aristeros'') "left".[[Cretan]]: {{lang|grc|λαία}} ''laia'', Attic [[aspis]]  shield, [[Hesychius of Alexandria|Hesych]]. {{lang|grc|λαῖφα}} ''laipha'' {{lang|grc|λαίβα}} ''laiba'', because the shield was held with the left hand. Cf.Latin:''[[wikt:laevus|laevus]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;layout=;query=entry%3D%2361678;loc=laiosta%2Fths | title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Α α }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|λαία}}''' ''laia'' (Attic, Modern Greek {{lang|grc|λεία}} ''leia'') "prey"
* '''{{lang|grc|λέω (λείω)}}''' ''le(i)ō'' (Attic {{lang|grc|ἐθέλω}} ''ethelō'') "will"
* '''{{lang|grc|οἴνωτρος}}''' ''oinōtros'' "vine pole" (: Greek {{lang|grc|οἶνος}} ''oinos'' "wine"). Cf.  [[Oenotrus]]
* '''{{lang|grc|μογίοντι}}''' ''mogionti'' (Ionic {{lang|grc|πυρέσσουσι}} ''pyressousi'') "they are on fire, have fever" (= Attic {{lang|grc|μογοῦσι}} ''mogousi'' "they suffer, take pains to")
* '''{{lang|grc|μυρμηδόνες}}''' ''myrmēdônes'' (Attic {{lang|grc|μύρμηκες}} ''myrmēkes'') "ants". Cf. [[Myrmidons]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2369319 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|ὄπτιλλος}}''' optillos or optilos 'eye' (Attic [[Ophthalmology|ophthalmos]])  ([[Latin]] oculus) (Attic ''optikos'' of sight, [[Optics]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2374673 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|πάομαι}}''' ''paomai'' (Attic {{lang|grc|κτάομαι}} ''ktaomai'') "acquire"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377724 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|ῥαπιδοποιός}}''' ''rhapidopoios'' poet, broiderer, pattern-weaver, boot-maker<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392180 | title=No document found }}</ref> (''rhapis'' needle for Attic ''rhaphis''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392230 | title=No document found }}</ref>)
* '''{{lang|grc|σκανά}}''' ''skana'' (Attic skênê) tent, stage, [[scene (drama)|scene]]) (Homeric ''klisiê'') (Doric ''skanama'' encampment)
* '''{{lang|grc|τανθαλύζειν}}''' ''tanthalyzein'' (Attic {{lang|grc|τρέμειν}} ''tremein'') "to tremble"
* '''{{lang|grc|τύνη}}''' ''tunē'' or ''tounē'' 'you nominative' (Attic συ) dative {{lang|grc|τέειν}} ''teein''  (Attic {{lang|grc|σοί}} soi)
* '''{{lang|grc|χανάκτιον}}''' ''chanaktion''  (Attic {{lang|grc|μωρόν}} ''mōron'')(chan goose<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23113314 | title=No document found }}</ref>)

===Doric proper===
====Argolic====
* '''{{lang|grc|Βαλλακράδες}}''' ''Ballacrades'' title of Argive athletes on a feast-day (Cf.achras wild pear-tree)<ref>Plutarch Greek question [http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Ballacrades&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=pw 51]</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|Δαυλὶς}}''' ''Daulis'' mimic festival at Argos (acc. Pausanias 10.4.9 daulis means [[thicket]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323551 | title=No document found }}</ref><ref>Dionysism and Comedy [https://books.google.com/books?id=wob1UszzkZwC&pg=PA157] by Xavier Riu</ref> (Hes.[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323552 daulon] fire log)
* '''{{lang|grc|δροόν}}''' ''droon''  strong (Attic ischyron, dynaton)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2328438 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|κέστερ}}''' ''kester'' youngman (Attic neanias)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2356950 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|κυλλάραβις}}''' ''kyllarabis'' [[discus]] and [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]] at Argos<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2360721 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|σεμαλία}}''' ''semalia'' ragged, tattered garments Attic rhakē, cf. himatia clothes)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2393679 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|ὤβεα}}''' ''ôbea'' eggs  (Attic {{lang|grc|ὠά}} ôa )

====Cretan====
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀγέλα}}''' ''agela'' "group of boys in the Cretan ''[[Agoge|agōgē]]''". Cf. [[Homer]]ic Greek {{lang|grc|ἀγέλη}} ''agelē'' "herd"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0072%3Aentry%3D%2340 | title=No document found }}</ref> (Cretan apagelos not yet received in agelê, boy under 17<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2311183 | title=No document found }}</ref>)
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀδνός}}''' ''adnos'' ''holy, pure'' (Attic {{lang|grc|ἁγνός}} hagnos) ([[Ariadne]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry%3D%231432 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀϝτὸς}}''' ''aWtos'' (Attic autos) Hsch. ''aus'' {{lang|grc|'''αὐς -''' αὐτός. Κρῆτες καὶ Λάκωνες}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2317908 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|ἄκαρα}}''' ''akara'' legs<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%232940 | title=No document found }}</ref> (Attic skelê)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2394678 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|ἁμάκις}}''' ''hamakis'' once (Attic hapax)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%234868 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|ἄργετος}}''' ''argetos'' [[juniper]], cedar (Attic arkeuthos)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2314771 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|αὐκά}}''' ''auka'' power  (Attic alkê)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2317393 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀφραττίας}}''' ''aphrattias'' strong
* '''{{lang|grc|βαλικιῶται}}''' ''balikiôtai'' Koine synepheboi (Attic hêlikiotai 'age-peers' of the same age ''hêlikia'')<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319263 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|βριτύ}}''' ''britu'' sweet  (Attic glyku)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321003 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|δαμιόω}}''' ''damioô'', Cretan and [[Aeolic Greek|Boeotian]].  for Attic zêmioô to damage, punish, harm<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323393 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|δαμπόν}}''' ''dampon'' [[Beestings|first milk]] curdled by heating over [[ember]]s (Attic puriephthon, puriatê)
* '''{{lang|grc|δῶλα}}''' ''dôla'' ears (Attic ôta)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2329773 | title=No document found }}</ref> (Tarentine ata<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2316936 | title=No document found }}</ref>)
* '''{{lang|grc|Ϝέλχανος}}''' ''Welchanos''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;layout=;query=entry%3D%2333926;loc=e%29%2Flfos | title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Α α }}</ref> for [[Cretan Zeus]] and Welchanios, Belchanios, Gelchanos<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321810 | title=No document found }}</ref> (Elchanios [[Cnossus|Cnossian]] month)
* '''{{lang|grc|ϝεργάδδομαι}}''' ''wergaddomai'' I work (Attic ergazomai)
* '''{{lang|grc|ϝῆμα}}''' ''Wêma'' garment (Attic heima)  (Aeolic emma) (Koine (h)immation)(Cf.Attic amphi-ennumi I dress, amph-iesis clothing)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2331120 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|ἰβῆν}}''' ''ibên'' wine  (Dialectal {{lang|grc|Ϝοἶνος}} Woînos Attic oinos) (accusative {{lang|grc|ἰβῆνα}} ibêna)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2349785 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|ἴττον}}''' ''itton'' one (Attic hen {{lang|grc|ἕν}})<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2351404 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|καρανώ}}''' ''karanô'' goat<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2353271 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|ϟόσμος}}''' ''kosmos''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2359340 | title=No document found }}</ref> and ''kormos''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2359140 | title=No document found }}</ref> [[archon]]tes in Crete, body of kosmoi (Attic {{lang|grc|κόσμος}} order, ornament, honour, world – ''kormos'' trunk of a tree)
* '''{{lang|grc|κύφερον, κυφή}}''' ''kypheron, kuphê'' head (Attic kephalê)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2361154 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|λάκος}}''' ''lakos''  rag, tattered garment  (Attic rhakos) ([[Aeolic Greek|Aeolic]] brakos  long robe, lacks the sense 'ragged')<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2361719 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|μαλκενίς}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2364857 malkenis]''  (Attic parthenos) Hsch: malakinnês.
* '''{{lang|grc|ὄθρυν}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2372180 othrun]'' mountain (Attic oros) (Cf.[[Othrys]])
* '''{{lang|grc|ῥυστόν}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392873 rhyston]'' spear
* '''{{lang|grc|σεῖφα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2393600 seipha]'' darkness (Attic zophos, skotia) (Aeolic dnophos)
* '''{{lang|grc|σπεῦσδος}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2395900 speusdos]'' title of Cretan officer (Cf.speudô speus- rush)
* '''{{lang|grc|τάγανα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23102143 tagana]'' (Attic tauta) these things
* '''{{lang|grc|τίρος}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23104049 tiros]''  summer  (Homeric, Attic theros)
* '''{{lang|grc|τρέ}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23104654 tre]'' you, accusative ( Attic se )

====Laconian====
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀβήρ}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;layout=;query=entry%3D%2383;loc=a%29be%2Frbhlon abêr]'' storeroom {{lang|grc|οἴκημα στοὰς ἔχον, ταμεῖον Λάκωνες}}
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀϝώρ}}''' ''awôr'' dawn (Attic ἠώς [[Eos|êôs]])  ([[Latin]] aurora)
* '''{{lang|grc|ἄδδα}}''' ''adda''  need, deficiency (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2335108 endeia]) [[Aristophanes of Byzantium]](fr. 33)
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀδδαυόν}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%231163 addauon]'' dry (i.e. azauon) or addanon (Attic xêron)
* '''{{lang|grc|αἴκουδα}}''' ''aikouda'' (Attic aischunē) {{lang|grc|αἰσχύνη. Λάκωνες}}
* '''{{lang|grc|αἵματία}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%232415 haimatia]'' blood-broth, Spartan Melas Zomos [[Black soup]]) (haima haimatos blood)
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀΐτας}}''' ''aïtas'' (Attic {{lang|grc|ἐρώμενος}} ''[[Eromenos|erōmenos]]'') "beloved boy (in a [[Pederasty in ancient Greece|pederastic]] relationship)"
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀκκόρ}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233197 akkor]'' tube, bag (Attic askos)
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀκχαλίβαρ}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233792 akchalibar]'' bed (Attic skimpous)([[Koine]] krabbatos)
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀμβροτίξας}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%235083 ambrotixas]'' having begun, past participle(amphi or ana..+ ?) (Attic aparxamenos, aparchomai) (Doric -ixas for Attic -isas)
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀμπέσσαι}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%235516 ampesai]'' (Attic amphiesai) to dress
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀπαβοίδωρ}}''' ''apaboidôr'' out of tune (Attic ekmelôs) (Cf.Homeric singer [[Aoidos]]) / ''emmelôs, aboidôr'' in tune
* '''{{lang|grc|Ἀπέλλα}}''' ''[[apella]]'' (Attic {{lang|grc|ἐκκλησία}} ''[[Ecclesia (ancient Athens)|ekklēsia]]'') "assembly in [[Sparta]]" (verb apellazein)
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀρβυλίς}}''' ''arbylis'' (Attic {{lang|grc|ἀρύβαλλος}} ''[[aryballos]]'') (Hesychius: '''ἀρβυλίδα''' λήκυθον. Λάκωνες)
* '''{{lang|grc|ἄττασι}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2317266 attasi]'' wake up, get up (Attic anastêthi)
* '''{{lang|grc|βάβαλον}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2318960 babalon]'' [[Imperative mood|imperative]] of  cry aloud, shout (Attic kraugason)
* '''{{lang|grc|βάγαρον}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2318973 bagaron]'' (Attic χλιαρόν ''chliaron'' 'warm') (Cf. Attic φώγω ''phōgō'' 'roast') (Laconian word)
* '''{{lang|grc|βαφά}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319681 bapha]''  broth (Attic zômos) (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319684 {{lang|grc|βαφή}} baphê] dipping of red-hot iron in water  ([[Koine]] and [[Modern Greek]] βαφή ''vafi'' [[dyeing]])
* '''{{lang|grc|ϝείκατι}}''' ''weikati'' twenty (Attic εἴκοσι eikosi)
* '''{{lang|grc|βέλα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319758 bela]'' sun and dawn Laconian (Attic [[helios]] Cretan [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2375 abelios])
* '''{{lang|grc|βερνώμεθα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319826 bernômetha]''  Attic ''klêrôsômetha'' we will cast or obtain by lot (inf. ''berreai'') (Cf.Attic ''meiresthai'' receive portion, Doric [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2365756 bebramena] for heimarmenê, allotted by [[Moirai]])
* '''{{lang|grc|βέσκερος}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319826 beskeros]'' bread (Attic artos)
* '''{{lang|grc|βήλημα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319837 bêlêma]'' hindrance, river dam (Laconian)
* '''{{lang|grc|βηρίχαλκον}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319852 bêrichalkon]'' fennel (Attic marathos) ({{lang|grc-Latn|chalkos}} bronze)
* '''{{lang|grc|βίβασις}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319895 bibasis]'' Spartan dance for boys and girls
* '''{{lang|grc|βίδυοι}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319930 bidyoi]'' ''bideoi, bidiaioi also'' "officers in charge of the [[Ephebos|ephebes]] at [[Sparta]]"
* '''{{lang|grc|βίὡρ}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2320011 biôr]'' almost, maybe (Attic {{lang|grc|ἴσως}} {{lang|grc-Latn|isôs}}, {{lang|grc|σχεδόν}} {{lang|grc-Latn|schedon}}) wihôr (ϝίὡρ)
* '''{{lang|grc|βλαγίς}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2320025 blagis]'' spot (Attic kêlis)
* '''{{lang|grc|βοῦα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2320475 boua]'' "group of boys in the [[Sparta]]n ''[[Agoge|agōgē]]''"
* '''{{lang|grc|βο(υ)αγός}}''' ''bo(u)agos'' "leader of a ''boua'' at [[Sparta]]"
* '''{{lang|grc|βυλλίχης}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321217 bullichês]'' Laconian dancer  (Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|orchêstês}})
* '''{{lang|grc|βώνημα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321339 bônêma]'' speech (Homeric, Ionic eirêma [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2331179 eireo])  (Cf.Attic phônêma  sound, speech)
* '''{{lang|grc|γαβεργόρ}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321362 gabergor]'' labourer (ga earth wergon work) (Cf.geôrgos farmer)
* '''{{lang|grc|γαιάδας}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2321403 gaiadas]'' citizens, people (Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|dêmos}})
* '''{{lang|grc|γονάρ}}''' ''gonar'' mother Laconian  (gonades children Eur. Med. 717)
* '''{{lang|grc|δαβελός}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323155 dabelos]'' torch (Attic dalos)(Syracusan [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323187 daelos, dawelos])(Modern Greek davlos) (Laconian '''{{lang|grc|δαβῇ}}''' ''{{lang|grc-Latn|dabêi}}'' (Attic ''kauthêi'') it should be burnt)
* '''{{lang|grc|δίζα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2326745 diza]'' goat (Attic aix) and Hera aigophagos Goat-eater in Sparta
* '''{{lang|grc|εἴρην}}''' ''eirēn'' (Attic {{lang|grc|ἔφηβος}} ''[[Ephebos|ephēbos]]'') "[[Sparta]]n youth who has completed his 12th year"
* '''{{lang|grc|εἰσπνήλας}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D%239884 eispnēlas]'' (Attic {{lang|grc|ἐραστής}} ''[[Erastes (disambiguation)|erastēs]]'') one who inspires love, a lover  (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2331503 eispneô]  inhale, breathe)
* '''{{lang|grc|ἐξωβάδια}}''' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2337723 exôbadia] (Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|enôtia}}; {{lang|grc-Latn|ôta}} ears)
* '''{{lang|grc|ἔφοροι}}'''  ''[[ephor]]oi'' (Attic {{lang|grc|ἔφοροι ἄρχοντες}} ''[[archon]]tes'') "high officials at Sparta". Cf. Attic {{lang|grc|ἔφορος}}  ''ephoros'' "overseer, guardian"
* '''{{lang|grc|Θοράτης}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2348957 Thoratês]'' [[Apollo]]n  [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2348968 thoraios] containing the semen, god of growth and increase
* '''{{lang|grc|θρῶναξ}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2349249 thrônax]'' [[Drone (bee)|drone]] (Attic kêphên)
* '''{{lang|grc|κάφα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2356281 kapha]'' washing, bathing-tub (Attic loutêr) (Cf.[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2394619 skaphê] basin, bowl)
* '''{{lang|grc|κελοῖα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2356521 keloia]'' (kelya, kelea also) "contest for boys and youths at [[Sparta]]"
* '''{{lang|grc|κίρα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2357519 kira]''fox (Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|alôpêx}}) (Hsch kiraphos).
* '''{{lang|grc|μεσόδμα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2366430 mesodma, messodoma]'' woman  and [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%238921 {{lang|grc|ἀνθρωπώ}} {{lang|grc-Latn|anthrôpô}}] (Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|gunê}})
* '''{{lang|grc|μυρταλίς}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2369398 myrtalis]''  [[Butcher's broom]] (Attic oxumursinê) (Myrtale real name of [[Olympias]])
* '''{{lang|grc|πάσορ}}''' ''pasor'' passion (Attic pathos)
* '''{{lang|grc|πόρ}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2385719 por]'' leg, foot (Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|pous}})
* '''{{lang|grc|πούρδαιν}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2386103 pourdain]'' restaurant (Koine mageirion) (Cf.[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2391620 purdalon], purodansion (from ''pyr'' fire hence [[pyre]])
* '''{{lang|grc|σαλαβάρ}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2393117 salabar]'' cook (Common Doric/Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|mageiros}})
* '''{{lang|grc|σίκα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2394092 sika]'' 'pig' (Attic hus) and [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322921 grôna] female pig.
* '''{{lang|grc|σιρία}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2394279 siria]'' safeness (Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|asphaleia}})
* '''{{lang|grc|ψιθωμίας}}''' ''psithômias'' ill, sick (Attic asthenês)  {{lang|grc|Λάκωνες τὸν ἀσθενῆ}}
* '''{{lang|grc|ψιλάκερ}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23115719 psilaker]'' first dancer
* '''{{lang|grc|ὠβά}}''' ''ôba''  (Attic {{lang|grc|κώμη}} ''kōmē'') "village; one of five quarters of the city of Sparta"

====Magna Graecia's Doric====
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀστύξενοι}}''' ''astyxenoi''  [[Metic]]s, [[Taranto|Tarentine]]
* '''{{lang|grc|βάννας}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319313 bannas]'' king [[basileus]], wanax, [[Anax (Greek)|anax]]<ref>Raphael Kühner, Friedrich Blass, Ausführliche Grammatik der Griechischen Sprache [http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=bannas+%28italiot.%29+%3D+anax%2C+&btnG=Search]</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|βειλαρμοσταὶ}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319753 beilarmostai]'' cavalry officers  Tarentine (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2350342 ilarchai]) (ilē, squadron + Laconian [[harmost]]-)
* '''{{lang|grc|δόστορε}}''' ''dostore'' 'you make' [[Taranto|Tarentine]] (Attic  {{lang|grc|ποιεῖτε}})
* '''{{lang|grc|Θαύλια}}''' ''Thaulia'' "festival of [[Taranto|Tarentum]]", '''{{lang|grc|θαυλακίζειν}}''' ''thaulakizein'' 'to demand sth with uproar' Tarentine,  '''{{lang|grc|θαυλίζειν}}''' ''thaulizein'' "to celebrate like Dorians", {{lang|grc|Θαῦλος}} ''Thaulos'' "[[Ancient Macedonian language|Macedonian]] Ares", [[Thessalian]] {{lang|grc|Ζεὺς Θαύλιος}} ''Zeus Thaulios'', [[Athenian]] {{lang|grc|Ζεὺς Θαύλων}}  ''Zeus Thaulon'', Athenian family {{lang|grc|Θαυλωνίδαι}} ''Thaulonidai''
* '''{{lang|grc|ῥάγανον}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392055 rhaganon]'' easy [[Thuriian]] (Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|rhaidion}}) (Aeolic {{lang|grc-Latn|braidion}})
* '''{{lang|grc|σκύτας}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2395366 skytas]'' 'back-side of neck' (Attic {{lang|grc-Latn|trachēlos}})
* '''{{lang|grc|τήνης}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23103860 tênês]'' till Tarentine (Attic {{lang|grc|ἕως}} {{lang|grc-Latn|heôs}})
* '''{{lang|grc|τρυφώματα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23105762 tryphômata]''  whatever are fed or nursed, children, cattle (Attic thremmata)
* '''{{lang|grc|ὑετίς}}''' ''huetis'' jug, [[amphora]] Tarentine (Attic hydris, [[hydria]])([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23106530 huetos] rain)

===North-West===
====Aetolian-Acarnanian====
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀγρίδιον}}''' ''agridion'' 'village' [[Aetolian]] (Attic chôrion)(Hesychius text: {{lang|grc|*'''ἀγρίδιον''' κωμάριον, χωρίον vA [παρὰ Αἰτωλοῖς]}} dim. of [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23851 agros]  countryside, field)
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀερία}}''' ''aeria'' fog [[Aetolian]] (Attic omichlê, aêr air)(Hsch.{{lang|grc|'''ἀερία''' ὀμίχλη, παρὰ Αἰτωλοῖς.}})
* '''{{lang|grc|κίββα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2357306 kibba]'' wallet, bag [[Aetolian]] (Attic {{lang|grc|πήρα}} pêra) (Cypr. kibisis) (Cf.Attic {{lang|grc|κιβωτός}} kibôtos  ark kibôtion box [[Suda|Suid]]. cites kibos)
* '''{{lang|grc|πλήτομον}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2383874 plêtomon]'' [[Acarnanian]] old, ancient (Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2376766 palaion],''palaiotaton'' very old)

====Delphic-Locrian====
* '''{{lang|grc|δείλομαι}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2320622 deilomai]''  will, want [[Locrian Greek|Locrian]], [[Delphi]]an(Attic boulomai) ([[Kos|Coan]]  dêlomai) (Doric bôlomai) (Thessalian belloumai)
* '''{{lang|grc|ϝαργάνα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2342167 Wargana]'' female worker epithet for [[Athena]] ([[Delphi]]c) (Attic Erganê) (Attic ergon work, Doric Wergon, Elean [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2342215 {{lang|grc|ϝάργον}} Wargon]
* '''{{lang|grc|ϝέρρω}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2342711 Werrô]'' go away [[Locrian Greek|Locrian]] (Attic errô) (Hsch. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319826 berrês] fugitive, berreuô escape)
* '''{{lang|grc|Ϝεσπάριοι Λοϟροὶ}}''' ''Wesparioi Lokroi''  Epizephyrian (Western) [[Locrians]] (Attic ''hesperios'' of evening, western, Doric ''wesperios'') (cf. Latin [[Vesper (disambiguation)|Vesper]])
* '''{{lang|grc|ὀπλίαι}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2374535 opliai]'' places where the [[Locrians]] counted their cattle

====Elean====
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀϝλανέο̄ς}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%231802 aWlaneôs]''  without fraud, honestly  IvO7 (Attic adolôs)(Hsch.[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233864 alanes] true)(Tarentinian alaneôs absolutely)
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀμίλλυξ}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%235284 amillux]'' scythe (Attic drepanon) in accus. {{lang|grc|ἀμίλλυκα}} ([[Aeolic Greek|Boeotian]] amillakas wine)
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀττάμιος}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2317263 attamios]'' unpunished  (Attic azêmios) from an earliest ''addamios'' (cf.Cretan, Boeotian ''damioô'' punish)
* '''{{lang|grc|βάβακοι}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2318958 babakoi]'' cicadas [[Elean]] (Attic tettiges) (in [[Pontus (region)|Pontus]] babakoi frogs)
* '''{{lang|grc|βαίδειος}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2319122 baideios]'' ready  (Attic hetoimos) (heteos fitness)
* '''{{lang|grc|βενέοι}}''' ''beneoi'' [[Elean]]<ref>Elis — Olympia — bef. c. 500–450 BC [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=213810&bookid=224&region=2&subregion=5 IvO 7]</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|βορσός}}''' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2320399 borsos]  pole, stake (Attic stauros)
* '''{{lang|grc|βρα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2320740 bra]''  brothers, brotherhood  (Cf.Attic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23112241 phratra])
* '''{{lang|grc|βρατάνα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2320827 bratana]'' [[ladle (spoon)|ladle]] (Attic torune) (Doric ''rhatana'') (cf. [[Aeolic]] ''bradanizô'' brandish, shake off)
* '''{{lang|grc|δειρῆται}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323782 deirêtai]'' small birds ([[Ancient Macedonian language|Macedonian]] {{lang|grc|δρῆες}} ''drêes'' or {{lang|grc|δρῆγες}} ''drêges'') (Attic strouthoi) (Hsc. ''trikkos'' small bird and king by Eleans)
* '''{{lang|grc|ϝράτρα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392206 Wratra]'' law, contract (Attic rhetra)
* '''{{lang|grc|σερός}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2393740 seros]''  yesterday (Attic chthes)
* '''{{lang|grc|στερχανά}}''' ''sterchana'' funeral feast (Attic perideipnon)
* '''{{lang|grc|φίλαξ}}''' ''philax'' young [[oak]]  ([[Ancient Macedonian language|Macedonian]] ''ilax'', Latin ''[[Holly|ilex]]'' (Laconian ''dilax'' [[ariocarpus]], [[sorbus]])([[Cretan Greek|Modern Cretan]] ''azilakas'' [[Quercus ilex]])
* '''{{lang|grc|φόρβυτα}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23112090 phorbuta]'' [[gums]]  (Attic oula) (Homeric pherbô feed, eat)

====Epirotic====
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀγχωρίξαντας}}''' ''anchôrixantas''<ref>Epeiros — [[Dodona]] — 4th c. BC [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=194109&bookid=172&region=4&subregion=10 SEG 15:397]</ref> having transferred, postponed<ref>The Oracles of Zeus: Dodona, Olympia, Ammon – Page 261 by Herbert William Parke</ref> [[Chaonian]] (Attic metapherô, anaballô) (anchôrizo ''anchi'' near +''horizô'' define and Doric ''x'' instead of Attic ''s'') (Cf. Ionic [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057;query=entry%3D%231075;layout=;loc=a%29gxou%2Frhs anchouros] neighbouring) not to be confused with Doric [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%237833 anchôreô] Attic ana-chôreô go back, withdraw.
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀκαθαρτία}}''' ''akathartia''  impurity (Attic/Doric akatharsia) (Lamelles Oraculaires 14)
* '''{{lang|grc|ἀποτράχω}}''' ''apotrachô'' run away (Attic/Doric [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2314104 apotrechô])<ref>Epeiros — Dodona — ~340 BC [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=308176&bookid=778&region=4 SEG 26.700] – [https://books.google.com/books?id=9EjhoUU_U0cC&pg=PA250 Trans.]</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|ἄσπαλοι}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2316353 aspaloi]'' fishes Athamanian (Attic ichthyes) ([[Ionic Greek|Ionic]] chlossoi) (Cf.LSJ [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2316348 aspalia] angling, ''aspalieus'' fisherman, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2316349 aspalieuomai] I angle metaph. of a lover, aspalisai: halieusai, sagêneusai. ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%234672 hals] sea)
* '''{{lang|grc|Ἄσπετος}}''' ''Aspetos''  divine epithet of [[Achilles]] in [[Epirus]] ([[Homeric Greek|Homeric]] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2316371 aspetos] 'unspeakable, unspeakably great, endless' (Aristotle F 563 Rose; Plutarch, Pyrrhus 1; SH 960,4)<ref>Alexander the Great: A Reader
 [https://books.google.com/books?id=OiM51I7_A1gC&pg=PA22] by Ian Worthing</ref><ref>Greek Mythography in the Roman World [https://books.google.com/books?id=ac4ta6tkT1YC&pg=PA141]
 By Alan Cameron (Aspetides)[http://www.google.com/search?tab=sw&sa=N&hl=en&lr=&q=Aspetides&btnG=Search]</ref><ref>(cf. Athenian secretary: Aspetos, son of Demostratos from [[Kytheros (deme)|Kytheros]] ~340 BC)[http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Aspetos+Demostratos&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=pw]</ref><ref>Pokorny – [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/ie/pokorny&text_number=1670&root=config aspetos]</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|γνώσκω}}''' ''gnôskô'' know (Attic gignôskô) (Ionic/Koine ginôskô) (Latin nōsco)(Attic gnôsis, Latin notio knowledge) (ref.[[Orion of Thebes|Orion]] p.&nbsp;42.17)
* '''{{lang|grc|διαιτός}}''' ''diaitos'' (Hshc. judge kritês)  (Attic diaitêtês arbitrator) Lamelles Oraculaires 16
* '''{{lang|grc|ἐσκιχρέμεν}}''' ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2342910 eskichremen]'' lend out  {{lang|grc|πὲρ τοῖ [[argyria|ἀργύρροι]]}} (Lamelles Oraculaires 8 of Eubandros) (Attic eis + inf. kichranai from chraomai use)
* '''{{lang|grc|Ϝεῖδυς}}''' ''Weidus'' knowing (Doric {{lang|grc|Ϝειδώς}}) weidôs) (Elean {{lang|grc|ϝειζός}} weizos) (Attic {{lang|grc|εἰδώς}}) eidôs) ([[PIE]] *weid- "to know, to see", [[Sanskrit]] veda I know) Cabanes, L'Épire 577,50
* '''{{lang|grc|κάστον}}''' ''kaston<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2353631 | title=No document found }}</ref> wood Athamanian (Attic xylon''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D%2322565 | title=No document found }}</ref> from [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2371881 xyô] scrape, hence [[xyston]]); [[Sanskrit]] '' kāṣṭham'' ("wood, timber, firewood") (Dialectical kalon<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2352825 | title=No document found }}</ref> wood, traditionally derived from kaiô<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D%2316584 | title=No document found }}</ref> burn kauston<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2356259 | title=No document found }}</ref> sth that can be burnt, ''kausimon'' fuel)
* '''{{lang|grc|λῃτῆρες}}''' ''lêïtêres''  Athamanian priests with garlands Hes.text {{lang|grc|ἱεροὶ στεφανοφόροι. Ἀθαμᾶνες}}(LSJ: lêitarchoi<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2362875 | title=No document found }}</ref> public priests ) (hence [[Liturgy|Leitourgia]]
* '''{{lang|grc|μανύ}}''' ''manu''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2364968 | title=No document found }}</ref> small Athamanian (Attic mikron, brachu) (Cf. manon<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2364937 | title=No document found }}</ref> rare) (PIE *men- small, thin) (Hsch. ''banon'' thin) ( ''manosporos''  thinly sown ''manophullos'' with small leaves [[Theophrastus|Thphr]].HP7.6.2–6.3)
* '''{{lang|grc|Νάϊος}}''' ''Naios'' or ''Naos'' epithet of [[Dodona]]ean [[Zeus]] (from the spring in the oracle) (cf. [[Naiad]]es  and [[Pan (mythology)|Pan]] Naios in [[Pydna]] SEG 50:622 (Homeric naô<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2369926 | title=No document found }}</ref> flow, Attic ''nama'' spring) ([[PIE]] *sna-)
* '''{{lang|grc|παγάομαι}}''' ''pagaomai'' 'wash in the spring' (of [[Dodona]]) (Doric ''paga'' Attic ''pêgê'' running water, fountain)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2376402 | title=No document found }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|grc|παμπασία}}''' ''pampasia''  (to ask ''peri pampasias'' cliché phrase in the oracle) (Attic pampêsia<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377107 | title=No document found }}</ref> full property) (Doric ''paomai'' obtain)
* '''{{lang|grc|Πελιγᾶνες}}''' ''[[Peliganes]]'' or ''Peligones'' ([[Epirus|Epirotan]], [[Macedon]]ian senators)
* '''{{lang|grc|πρᾶμι}}''' ''prami'' do [[Optative mood|optative]] (Attic {{lang|grc|πράττοιμι}} prattoimi) [[Syncope (medicine)|Syncope]] (Lamelles Oraculaires 22)
* '''{{lang|grc|τίνε}}''' ''tine'' (Attic/Doric tini) to whom (Lamelles Oraculaires 7)
* '''{{lang|grc|τριθυτικόν}}''' ''trithutikon''  triple sacrifice  tri + thuo(Lamelles Oraculaires 138)

====Achaean Doric====
* '''{{lang|grc|καιρότερον}}''' ''kairoteron'' ([[Attic Greek|Attic]]: ἐνωρότερον enôroteron)  "earlier" ([[kairos]] time, enôros early cf. [[Horae]])
* '''{{lang|grc|κεφαλίδας}}''' ''kephalidas'' (Attic: κόρσαι korsai) "[[sideburns]]" (''kephalides'' was also an alternative for ''epalxeis'' 'bastions' in Greek proper)
* '''{{lang|grc|σιαλίς}}''' ''sialis'' (Attic: βλέννος blennos) (cf. [[blennorrhea]]) [[wikt:slime|slime]], mud (Greek ''sialon'' or ''sielon'' [[saliva]], modern Greek σάλιο salio)

==See also==
* [[Griko language]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*Bakker, Egbert J., ed. 2010. ''A companion to the Ancient Greek language.'' Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
*Cassio, Albio Cesare. 2002. "The language of Doric comedy." In ''The language of Greek comedy.'' Edited by Anton Willi, 51–83. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Colvin, Stephen C. 2007. ''A historical Greek reader: Mycenaean to the koiné.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Horrocks, Geoffrey. 2010. ''Greek: A history of the language and its speakers.'' 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
*Palmer, Leonard R. 1980. ''The Greek language.'' London: Faber & Faber.

==External links==
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=yes |about=yes |label=Doric Greek
  |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
* [https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-169483/Doric-dialect Doric Greek] in [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
* Grammar of the Greek Language ([https://archive.org/details/grammargreeklan00fiskgoog/page/n254 <!-- pg=242 quote=Doric dialect. --> M1 Doric] by Benjamin Franklin Fisk (1844)
* The Elements of Greek Grammar [https://archive.org/details/elementsgreekgr00anthgoog/page/n335 <!-- pg=309 quote=Doric dialect. --> Doric] by Richard Valpy, Charles Anthon (1834)
* [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/*-e323450 Doric/Northwest Greek] Brill's New Pauly Online

{{Ancient Greece topics}}
{{Greek language}}
{{Greek language periods}}
{{Authority control}}

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