Editing Doom (1993 video game)

{{Short description|First-person shooter game}}
{{Redirect|DOOM|the reboot|Doom (2016 video game){{!}}''Doom'' (2016 video game)|other uses|Doom (disambiguation)}}
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{{Infobox video game
| title = Doom
| image = Doom cover art.jpg
| alt = Doom cover art, featuring a man in armor standing on a ridge firing down into demons surrounding him, with the title DOOM above
| caption = Cover art by [[Don Ivan Punchatz]] featuring the [[Doomguy]]
| developer = [[id Software]]
| publisher = id Software
| designer = {{ubl|[[John Romero]]|[[Tom Hall]]|[[Sandy Petersen]]}}
| director = 
| programmer = {{ubl|[[John Carmack]]|John Romero|[[Dave Taylor (game programmer)|Dave Taylor]]}}
| artist = {{ubl|[[Adrian Carmack]]|[[Kevin Cloud]]}}
| composer = [[Bobby Prince]]{{efn|name=Composer|The music for the PlayStation and Sega Saturn ports of the game was composed by [[Aubrey Hodges]],<ref name="HodgesMusic"/> while the 2024 release featured the 2016 "IDKFA" arrangement soundtrack by [[Andrew Hulshult]].}}
| series = ''[[Doom (franchise)|Doom]]''
| engine = [[Doom engine|''Doom'' engine]]{{efn|The 2019 release uses [[Unity (game engine)|Unity]], while the 2024 release uses the [[KEX Engine]].}}
| platforms = {{collapsible list|title={{nobold|[[MS-DOS]]}}
| [[32X]]
| [[Atari Jaguar]]
| [[Classic Mac OS|Mac OS]]
| [[PC-98]]
| [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|SNES]]
| [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]]
| [[3DO Interactive Multiplayer|3DO]]
| [[Windows]]
| [[Sega Saturn]]
| [[RISC OS]]
| [[Game Boy Advance]]
| [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]]
| [[Xbox 360]]
| [[iOS]]
| [[PlayStation 3]]
| [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| [[Nintendo Switch]]
| [[PlayStation 4]]
| [[Xbox One]]
| [[PlayStation 5]]
| [[Xbox Series X/S]]
}}
| released = {{collapsible list|title={{nobold|December 10, 1993}}
| '''MS-DOS'''{{Video game release|NA|December 10, 1993|EU|December 1993}}
| '''32X'''{{Video game release|NA|November 21, 1994|PAL|January 1995}}
| '''Atari Jaguar'''{{Video game release|NA|November 28, 1994}}
| '''Mac OS'''{{Video game release|NA|December 1995}}
| '''PC-98'''{{Video game release|JP|December 9, 1994}}
| '''SNES'''{{Video game release|NA|September 1995|EU|October 26, 1995|JP|March 1, 1996}}
| '''PlayStation'''{{Video game release|NA|November 16, 1995|EU|December 1995}}
| '''3DO'''{{Video game release|NA|April 26, 1996}}
| '''Sega Saturn'''{{Video game release|NA|March 26, 1997|EU|1997}}
| '''RISC OS'''{{Video game release|EU|1998}}
| '''Game Boy Advance'''{{Video game release|NA|October 24, 2001|EU|November 16, 2001}}
| '''Xbox 360'''{{Video game release|WW|September 27, 2006}}
| '''iOS'''{{Video game release|EU|October 30, 2009|NA|October 31, 2009}}
| '''PlayStation 3'''{{Video game release|NA|November 20, 2012}}
| '''Android''', '''Nintendo Switch''', '''PlayStation 4''', '''Xbox One'''{{Video game release|WW|July 26, 2019}}
| '''PlayStation 5''', '''Xbox Series X/S'''{{Video game release|WW|August 8, 2024}}
}}
| genre = [[First-person shooter]]
| modes = [[Single-player]], [[multiplayer]]
}}

'''''Doom''''' is a 1993 [[first-person shooter|first-person shooter game]] developed and published by [[id Software]] for [[MS-DOS]]. It is the first installment in the [[Doom (franchise)|''Doom'' franchise]]. The player [[player character|assumes the role]] of a [[space marine]], later unofficially referred to as [[Doomguy]], fighting through hordes of undead humans and invading [[demon]]s. The game begins on the [[moons of Mars]] and finishes in [[hell]], with the player traversing each level to find its exit or defeat its [[Final boss (video games)|final boss]]. It is an early example of [[3D computer graphics|3D graphics]] in video games, and has enemies and objects as 2D images, a technique sometimes referred to as [[2.5D]] graphics.

''Doom'' was the third major independent release by id Software, after ''[[Commander Keen]]'' (1990–1991) and ''[[Wolfenstein 3D]]'' (1992). In May 1992, id started developing a darker game focused on fighting demons with technology, using a new 3D [[game engine]] from the lead programmer, [[John Carmack]]. The designer [[Tom Hall]] initially wrote a science fiction plot, but he and most of the story were removed from the project, with the final game featuring an action-heavy design by [[John Romero]] and [[Sandy Petersen]]. Id published ''Doom'' as a set of three episodes under the [[shareware]] model, marketing the full game by releasing the first episode free. A retail version with an additional episode was published in 1995 by [[GT Interactive]] as ''The Ultimate Doom''.

''Doom'' was a critical and commercial success, earning a reputation as [[List of video games considered the best|one of the best]] and most influential video games of all time. It sold an estimated 3.5 million copies by 1999, and up to 20 million people are estimated to have played it within two years of launch. It has been termed the "father" of first-person shooters and is regarded as one of the most important games in the genre. It has been cited by video game historians as shifting the direction and public perception of the medium as a whole, as well as sparking the rise of online games and communities. It led to an array of imitators and [[video game clone|clones]], as well as [[Doom modding|a robust modding scene]] and the birth of [[speedrunning]] as a community. Its high level of [[graphic violence]] led to controversy from a range of groups. ''Doom'' [[List of Doom ports|has been ported]] to a variety of platforms both officially and unofficially and has been followed by several games in the series, including ''[[Doom II]]'' (1994), ''[[Doom 64]]'' (1997), ''[[Doom 3]]'' (2004), ''[[Doom (2016 video game)|Doom]]'' (2016), ''[[Doom Eternal]]'' (2020), and ''[[Doom: The Dark Ages]]'' (2025), as well as the films ''[[Doom (film)|Doom]]'' (2005) and ''[[Doom: Annihilation]]'' (2019).

==Gameplay==
[[File:Doom ingame 1.png|thumb|right|Screenshot of the player armed with a chainsaw confronting an undead soldier with a shotgun on a bridge over a chemical waste storage in "Knee-Deep in the Dead"|alt=A hand holding a chainsaw with enemies standing on a path through green liquid]]
''Doom'' is a [[first-person shooter]] presented with [[3D graphics]]. While the environment is shown in a 3D perspective, the enemies and objects are instead 2D [[Sprite (computer graphics)|sprites]] rendered at fixed angles, a technique sometimes referred to as [[2.5D]] graphics or [[billboarding]].<ref name="NotTrue3D"/> In the [[single-player]] campaign mode, the player controls an unnamed [[space marine]]—later unofficially termed "[[Doomguy]]"—through military bases on the [[moons of Mars]] and in [[hell]].<ref name="IGNSEA"/> To finish a level, the player must traverse through labyrinthine areas to reach a marked exit room. Levels are grouped into named episodes, with the final level of each focusing on a [[boss fight]].<ref name="TheGamerGameplay"/>

While traversing the levels, the player must fight a variety of enemies, including [[demon]]s and [[spirit possession|possessed]] [[undead]] humans. Enemies often appear in large groups. The five [[difficulty level]]s adjust the number of enemies and amount of damage they do, with enemies moving and attacking faster than normal on the hardest difficulty setting.<ref name="TheGamerGameplay"/> The monsters have simple behavior: they move toward their opponent if they see or hear them, and attack by biting, clawing, or using magic abilities such as fireballs.<ref name="GSAI"/>

The player must manage supplies of ammunition, [[Health (game terminology)|health]], and armor while traversing the levels. The player can find weapons and ammunition throughout the levels or can collect them from dead enemies, including a pistol, a [[shotgun]], a [[chainsaw]], a [[plasma rifle]], and the [[BFG 9000]]. The player also encounters pits of [[toxic waste]], ceilings that lower and crush objects, and locked doors requiring a collectable [[keycard]] or a remote switch.<ref name="MOD124131"/> [[Power-up]]s include [[Health (game terminology)|health]] or armor points, a mapping computer, [[Invisibility in fiction|partial invisibility]], a [[Hazmat suit|radiation suit]] against toxic waste, invulnerability, or a super-strong melee [[berserker]] status. [[Cheat code]]s allow the player to unlock all weapons, walk through walls, or become invulnerable.<ref name="DoomCheat"/><ref name="DoomExtreme"/>

Two [[multiplayer]] modes are playable over a network: [[Cooperative video game|cooperative]], in which two to four players team up to complete the main campaign, and [[Deathmatch (video games)|deathmatch]], in which two to four players compete to kill the other players' characters as many times as possible.<ref name="DoomVirtualWorlds"/><ref name="MOD148153"/> Multiplayer was initially only playable over local networks, but a four-player [[online multiplayer]] mode was made available one year after launch through the [[DWANGO]] service.<ref name="MOD148153"/><ref name="MOD182184"/>

==Plot==
''Doom'' is divided into three episodes, each containing about nine levels: "Knee-Deep in the Dead", "The Shores of Hell", and "Inferno". A fourth episode, "Thy Flesh Consumed", was added in an expanded version, ''The Ultimate Doom'', released two years after ''Doom''. The campaign contains very few plot elements, with a minimal story presented mostly through the instruction manual and text descriptions between episodes.<ref name="SDF6566"/>

In the future, an unnamed marine is posted to a dead-end assignment on [[Mars in fiction|Mars]] after assaulting a superior officer who ordered his unit to fire on civilians. The Union Aerospace Corporation, which operates radioactive waste facilities there, allows the military to conduct secret [[teleportation]] experiments that turn deadly. A base on [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] urgently requests military support, while [[Deimos (moon)|Deimos]] disappears entirely, and the marine joins a combat force to secure Phobos. He secures the perimeter as ordered while the entire response team is wiped out. With no way off the moon, and armed with only a pistol, he enters the base intent on revenge.<ref name="Manual"/>

In "Knee-Deep in the Dead", the marine fights demons and possessed humans in the military and waste facilities on Phobos. The episode ends with the marine defeating two powerful Barons of Hell guarding a teleporter to the Deimos base. After the battle, the marine passes through the teleporter and is knocked unconscious by a horde of enemies, awakening with only a pistol. In "The Shores of Hell", the marine fights through corrupted research facilities on Deimos, culminating in the defeat of a gigantic cyberdemon. From an overlook, he discovers that the moon is floating above hell and rappels down to the surface. In "Inferno", the marine battles through hell itself and destroys a cybernetic spider-demon that masterminded the invasion of the moons. When a portal to Earth opens, the marine steps through to discover that Earth has been invaded. "Thy Flesh Consumed" follows the marine's initial assault on the Earth invaders, setting the stage for ''[[Doom II]]''.<ref name="TFCordering"/>

==Development==
{{Main|Development of Doom|l1=Development of ''Doom''}}

===Concept===
[[File:John Carmack E3 2006.jpg|thumb|[[John Carmack]] in 2006|alt=Black and white photo of the head and shoulders of a man wearing glasses]]
[[Id Software]] released ''[[Wolfenstein 3D]]'' in May 1992. Later called the "grandfather of 3D shooters",<ref name="CGWHallofFame"/><ref name="VGB"/> it established the genre's popularity and its reputation for fast action and technological advancement.<ref name="CGWHallofFame"/><ref name="AGGreview"/><ref name="IGN100"/><ref name="WIREDretro"/> When most of the studio began work on additional episodes for ''Wolfenstein'', id co-founder and lead programmer [[John Carmack]] instead began technical research on a new game. Following the release of ''Wolfenstein 3D: Spear of Destiny'' in September 1992, the team began to plan their next game. They were tired of ''Wolfenstein'' and wanted to create another 3D game using a new engine Carmack was developing. Co-founder and lead designer [[Tom Hall]] proposed a new game in the ''[[Commander Keen]]'' series, but the team decided that the ''Keen'' platforming gameplay was a poor fit for Carmack's fast-paced 3D engines. Additionally, the other co-founders, designer [[John Romero]] and lead artist [[Adrian Carmack]] (no relation to John Carmack) wanted to create something in a darker style than the ''Keen'' games. 

John Carmack conceived a game about using technology to fight demons, inspired by a ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'' campaign [[Quake (video game)#The Fight for Justice (1990-91)|the team played]]. This campaign would also influence the design of ''[[Quake (video game)|Quake]]'' (1996) and ''[[Daikatana]]'' (2000).<ref name="Doomguy126145"/> More broadly the team intended to combine the styles of the ''[[Evil Dead II]]'' and ''[[Aliens (film)|Aliens]]'' films.<ref name="MOD118121"/><ref name="GDC2011"/> The working title was ''Green and Pissed'', but Carmack renamed it ''Doom'' based on a line from the 1986 film ''[[The Color of Money]]'': {{"'}}What you got in there?' / 'In here? Doom.{{'"}}<ref name="MOD118121"/><ref name="MonsterId"/>

The team agreed to pursue the ''Doom'' concept, and development began in November 1992.<ref name="GDC2011"/> The initial development team was composed of five people: programmers John Carmack and Romero, artists Adrian Carmack and [[Kevin Cloud]], and designer Hall.<ref name="IGNvideo"/> They moved operations to a dark office building, naming it "Suite 666" while drawing inspiration from the noises they heard from a neighboring dental practice. They also decided to cut ties with [[Apogee Software]], their previous publisher, and self-publish ''Doom'', as they felt that they were outgrowing the publisher and could make more money by self-publishing.<ref name="MOD122123"/>

===Design===
[[File:Spider Mastermind model.jpg|thumb|right|Model of the Spider Mastermind created for the game by [[Gregor Punchatz]]|alt=Photograph of model of a brain mounted on a three-legged robotic base with actuating mechanisms and exposed wires. The brain has a face with mouth and red eyes, and a small arm with grasping hands emerging from each side.]]
In November, Hall delivered a [[design document]] that he called the "Doom Bible", detailing the project's plot, backstory, and design goals.<ref name="GDC2011"/> His design was a science fiction horror concept wherein scientists on the Moon open a portal to an alien invasion. Over a series of levels, the player discovers that the aliens are demons while hell steadily infects the level design.<ref name="MOD124131"/> John Carmack not only disliked the proposed story but dismissed the idea of having a story at all: "Story in a game is like story in a porn movie; it's expected to be there, but it's not that important." Rather than a deep story, he wanted to focus on technological innovation, dropping the levels and episodes of ''Wolfenstein'' in favor of a fast, continuous world. Hall disliked the idea, but the rest of the team sided with Carmack.<ref name="MOD124131"/> Hall spent the next few weeks reworking the ''Doom Bible'' to work with Carmack's technological ideas.<ref name="GDC2011"/> However, the team then realized that Carmack's vision for a seamless world would be impossible given the hardware limitations, and Hall was forced to rework the design document once again.<ref name="GDC2011"/>

At the start of 1993, id put out a press release, touting Hall's story about fighting off demons while "knee-deep in the dead". The press release proclaimed the new 3D engine features that John Carmack had created, as well as aspects including multiplayer, that had not yet even been designed.<ref name="MOD124131"/> Early versions were built to match the ''Doom Bible'', and a "pre-alpha" version of the first level included Hall's introductory base scene.<ref name="MCV"/> Initial versions also retained ''Wolfenstein''{{'}}s [[Arcade genre|arcade]]-style [[Score (video games)|scoring]], but this was later removed as it clashed with ''Doom''{{'}}s intended tone.<ref name="IGNvideo"/> The studio also experimented with other game systems before removing them, such as [[life (video games)|lives]], an inventory, a secondary shield, and a complex user interface.<ref name="GDC2011"/><ref name="DoomHorizon"/>

[[File:John Romero - Jason Scott interview (6951215353) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[John Romero]] in 2012|alt=Color photograph of the face of a smiling man with long black hair and glasses]]
Soon, however, the ''Doom Bible'' as a whole was rejected. Romero wanted a game even "more brutal and fast" than ''Wolfenstein'', which did not leave room for the character-driven plot Hall had created. Additionally, the team believed it emphasized realism over entertaining gameplay, and they did not see the need for a design document at all.<ref name="MOD124131"/> Some ideas were retained, but the story was dropped and most of the design was removed.<ref name="DSSS249250"/> By early 1993, Hall created levels that became part of an internal demo. Carmack and Romero, however, rejected the military architecture of Hall's level design. Romero especially believed that the boxy, flat level designs failed to innovate on ''Wolfenstein'', and failed to show off the engine's capabilities. He began to create his own, more abstract levels, which the rest of the team saw as a great improvement.<ref name="MOD124131"/><ref name="MattChat"/>

Hall was upset with the reception of his designs and how little impact he was having as the lead designer.<ref name="MOD124131"/><ref name="MCV"/> He was also upset with how much he was having to fight with John Carmack to get what he saw as obvious gameplay improvements, such as flying enemies, and began to spend less time at work.<ref name="GDC2011"/> The other developers, however, felt that Hall was not in sync with the team's vision and was becoming a problem.<ref name="DoomguyCh12"/> In July the other founders of id fired Hall, who went to work for Apogee.<ref name="MOD124131"/> He was replaced by [[Sandy Petersen]] in September, ten weeks before the game was released.<ref name="Petersen"/><ref name="MOD132147"/> Petersen later recalled that John Carmack and Romero wanted to hire other artists instead, but Cloud and Adrian disagreed, saying that a designer was required to help build a cohesive gameplay experience.<ref name="PetersenTalk"/> The team also added a third programmer, [[Dave Taylor (game programmer)|Dave Taylor]].<ref name="RomeroGDC"/>

Petersen and Romero designed the rest of ''Doom''{{'s}} levels, with different aims: the team believed that Petersen's designs were more technically interesting and varied, while Romero's were more aesthetically interesting.<ref name="MOD132147"/> In late 1993, a month before release, John Carmack began to add multiplayer.<ref name="DoomguyCh12"/> After the multiplayer component was coded, the development team began playing four-player games, which Romero termed "deathmatch", and Cloud named the act of killing other players "[[Frag (video gaming)|fragging]]".<ref name="MOD148153"/><ref name="DoomguyCh12"/> According to Romero, the deathmatch mode was inspired by [[fighting game]]s such as ''[[Street Fighter II]]'', ''[[Fatal Fury]]'', and ''[[Art of Fighting]]''.<ref name="Deathmatch"/>

===Engine===
{{see also|Doom engine|l1=''Doom'' engine}}
''Doom'' was written largely in the [[C (programming language)|C]] programming language, with a few elements in [[assembly language]]. The developers used [[NeXT]] computers running the [[NeXTSTEP]] operating system.<ref name="CGWLight"/> The level and graphical data was stored in [[Doom modding|WAD]] files, short for "Where's All the Data?", separately from the engine. This allowed for any part of the design to be changed without needing to adjust the engine code. Carmack designed this system so that fans could easily modify the game; he had been impressed by the [[video game modding|modifications]] made by fans of ''Wolfenstein 3D'' and wanted to support that by releasing a map editor with an easily swappable file structure.<ref name="MOD166"/>

Unlike ''Wolfenstein'', which has flat levels with walls at right angles, the ''Doom'' engine allows for walls and floors at any angle or height but does not allow areas to be stacked vertically. The lighting system is based on adjusting the color palette of surfaces directly. Rather than calculating how light traveled from light sources to surfaces using [[Ray tracing (graphics)|ray tracing]], the game calculates the "light level" of a small area based on the predetermined brightness of said area. It then modifies the color palette of that section's surface textures to mimic how dark it would look.<ref name="CGWLight"/> This same system is used to cause far away surfaces to look darker than close ones.<ref name="MOD124131"/>

Romero came up with new ways to use Carmack's lighting engine, such as strobe lights.<ref name="MOD124131"/> He programmed engine features such as switches and movable stairs and platforms.<ref name="GDC2011"/><ref name="IGNvideo"/> After Romero's complex level designs started to cause problems with the engine, Carmack began to use [[binary space partitioning]] to quickly select the reduced portion of a level that the player could see at a given time.<ref name="GDC2011"/><ref name="MOD132147"/> Taylor, along with programming other features, added cheat codes to aid in development and left them in for players.<ref name="IGNvideo"/><ref name="Guardian30"/>

===Art direction===
Adrian Carmack was the lead artist for ''Doom'', with Kevin Cloud as an additional artist. They designed the monsters to be "nightmarish", with graphics that were realistic and dark instead of staged or rendered. A [[mixed media]] approach was taken to create them.<ref name="DSSS247"/> The artists sculpted models of some of the enemies and took pictures of them in [[stop motion]] from five to eight different angles so that they could be rotated realistically in-game. The images were then digitized and converted to 2D characters with a program written by John Carmack.<ref name="MOD124131"/> Adrian Carmack made clay models for a few demons and had [[Gregor Punchatz]] build latex and metal sculptures of the others.<ref name="GDC2011"/><ref name="IGNvideo"/> The weapons were made from combined parts of children's toys.<ref name="GDC2011"/> The developers photographed themselves as well, using Cloud's arm for the marine's arm holding a gun, and Adrian's snakeskin boots and wounded knee for textures.<ref name="MOD124131"/> The cover art was created by [[Don Ivan Punchatz]], Gregor Punchatz's father, who worked from a short description of the game rather than detailed references. Romero was the body model used for cover; he posed during a photoshoot to demonstrate to the intended model what the pose should look like, and Punchatz used his photo.<ref name="DoomguyCh12"/>

As with ''Wolfenstein 3D'', id hired composer [[Bobby Prince]] to create the music and sound effects. Romero directed Prince to make the music in [[techno]] and [[Heavy metal music|metal]] styles. Many tracks were directly inspired by songs by metal bands such as [[Alice in Chains]] and [[Pantera]].<ref name="MOD132147"/><ref name="Metal"/> Prince believed that [[ambient music]] would be more appropriate and produced numerous tracks in both styles in hope of convincing the team, and Romero incorporated both.<ref name="SDF5255"/> Prince did not make music for specific levels, as they were composed before the levels were completed. Instead, Romero assigned each track to each level late in development. Prince created the sound effects based on short descriptions or concept art of a monster or weapon and adjusted them to match the completed animations.<ref name="PrinceDoom"/> The monster sounds were created from animal noises, and Prince designed all the sounds to be distinct on the limited sound hardware of the time, even when many sounds were playing at once.<ref name="MOD132147"/><ref name="SDF5255"/> He also designed the sound effects to play on different frequencies from those used for the [[MIDI]] music, so they would clearly cut through the music.<ref name="ComposersPlay4"/>

==Release==
Id Software planned to self-publish ''Doom'' for [[DOS]]-based computers and set up a distribution system leading up to the release. Jay Wilbur, who had been hired as CEO and sole member of the business team, planned the marketing and distribution of ''Doom''. As id would make the most money from copies they sold directly to customers—up to 85% of the planned {{US$|40}} price—he decided to leverage the [[shareware]] market as much as possible. He believed that the mainstream press was uninterested in the game and bought only a single ad in any gaming magazine. Instead, he gave software retailers the option to sell copies of the first ''Doom'' episode at any price, in hopes of motivating customers to buy the full game directly from id.<ref name="MOD132147"/> In 2004, John Carmack estimated that the total cost of development was less than US$1 million.<ref name="NYTcost"/>

The team planned to release ''Doom'' in the third quarter of 1993 but ultimately needed more time. By December 1993, the team was working non-stop, with several employees sleeping at the office. Taylor said that the work gave him such a rush that he would pass out from the intensity.<ref name="MOD148153"/> Id only gave a single press preview, to ''[[Computer Gaming World]]'' in June, to a glowing response, but had also released development updates to the public continuously throughout development on the nascent [[internet]]. Id began receiving calls from people interested in the game or angry that it had missed its planned release date, as anticipation built over the year. At midnight on December 10, 1993, after working for 30 straight hours testing, the development team at id uploaded the first episode to the internet, letting interested players distribute it for them.<ref name="DoomguyCh12"/> The team was unable to connect to the [[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]] server at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] where they planned to upload the game, since there were so many users already connected in anticipation of the release. The network administrator was forced to first increase the number of connections, and then kick off all users to make room. When the upload finished 30 minutes later, 10,000 people attempted to download the game at once, crashing the university's network.<ref name="MOD148153"/>

Within hours of ''Doom''{{'}}s release, university networks began banning ''Doom'' multiplayer games, as a rush of players overwhelmed their systems.<ref name="MOD148153"/> The morning after release, John Carmack quickly released a patch in response to complaints of network congestion from administrators, who still needed to implement ''Doom''-specific rules to keep their networks from crashing from the load.<ref name="QuickPatch"/>

===Ports===
{{main|List of Doom ports|l1=List of ''Doom'' ports}}
[[File:Billdoom.png|thumb|To promote [[Windows 95]], Microsoft CEO [[Bill Gates]] showcased a video presentation while digitally superimposed into ''Doom''.<ref name="BillGates"/>|alt=Screen shot of Bill Gates avatar in a Doom game holding a shotgun]]
In 1995, id created an expanded version of ''Doom'' for the retail market with a fourth episode of levels, which was published by [[GT Interactive]] as ''The Ultimate Doom''.<ref name="UltDoom"/> ''Doom'' has also been ported to numerous different platforms, independent from id Software. The first port of ''Doom'' was an unofficial port to Linux, released by id programmer Dave Taylor in 1994; it was hosted by id but not supported or made official.<ref name="Doomlinux"/> Microsoft attempted to hire id to port ''Doom'' to Windows in 1995 to promote Windows as a gaming platform, and Microsoft CEO [[Bill Gates]] briefly considered buying the company.<ref name="cgw199407"/><ref name="MOD217219"/> When id declined, Microsoft made its own licensed port, with a team led by [[Gabe Newell]].<ref name="windows-95"/> One promotional video for Windows 95 had Gates digitally superimposed into the game.<ref name="BillGates"/>

Other official ports of ''Doom'' were released for the [[32X]] and [[Atari Jaguar]] in 1994, [[SNES]] and [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] in 1995, [[3DO Interactive Multiplayer|3DO]] in 1996, [[Sega Saturn]] in 1997, [[Acorn Computers|Acorn]] [[Risc PC]] in 1998, [[Game Boy Advance]] in 2001, [[Xbox 360]] in 2006, [[iOS]] in 2009, and [[Nintendo Switch]], [[Xbox One]], [[PlayStation 4]], and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] in 2019, with the latter-most platforms (excluding Android) receiving a further expanded port alongside ''[[Doom II]]'' in 2024 along with ports for the [[PlayStation 5]] and [[Xbox Series X/S]].<ref name="IGNDoomVersions"/><ref name="DoomJaguar"/><ref name="DOOM3BFG"/><ref name="2019Ports"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyles |first=Taylor |date=August 8, 2024 |title=DOOM and DOOM 2 Getting New Enhanced Versions With a Brand-New Episode and More |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/doom-and-doom-2-new-enhanced-versions-steam-listing-leaked-quakecon-2024 |access-date=August 8, 2024 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=Jay |date=August 8, 2024 |title=Doom and Doom II get a 'definitive' re-release that's packed with upgrades |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/8/8/24216379/doom-doom-ii-definitive-re-release |access-date=August 8, 2024 |website=[[The Verge]] |language=en}}</ref> Some of these became bestsellers even many years after the initial release.<ref name="PSMags"/> The ports did not all have the same content, with some having fewer levels, such as the 32X port created by John Carmack, which was released with only two-thirds of the game's levels in order to meet the console's launch date, while the PlayStation port includes ''The Ultimate Doom'' and ''Doom II''.<ref name="32XRetro"/><ref name="MAXPSreview"/>

The source code for ''Doom'' was released under a non-commercial license in 1997, and freely released under the [[GNU General Public License]] in 1999.<ref name="DoomSource97"/><ref name="DoomSource99"/> Due to the release of its source code, ''Doom'' has been unofficially ported to numerous platforms. These ports include esoteric devices such as smart thermostats, pianos, and ''Doom'' itself, which led to variations of a long-running [[Internet meme|meme]], "Can it run ''Doom''?" and "It runs ''Doom''".<ref name="ItRunsDoom1"/><ref name="ItRunsDoom2"/><ref name="ItRunsDoom3"/>

==Reception==
===Sales===
Upon its release in December 1993, ''Doom'' became an "overnight phenomenon".<ref name="MOD176178"/> It was an immediate financial success for id, making a profit within a day after release. Although the company estimated that only 1% of shareware downloaders bought the full game, this was enough to generate initial daily revenue of {{US$|100,000}}, selling in one day what ''Wolfenstein'' had sold in one month.<ref name="MOD176178"/><ref name="MOD113117"/> By May 1994, Wilbur said that the game had sold over 65,000 copies, and estimated that the shareware version had been distributed over 1&nbsp;million times.<ref name="May1994Sales"/> In 1995, Wilbur estimated the first-year sales as 140,000, while in 2002 Petersen said it had sold around 200,000 copies in its first year.<ref name="1995Sales"/><ref name="gamesthatchanged"/>

By late 1995, ''Doom'' was estimated to be installed on more computers worldwide than Microsoft's new operating system, [[Windows 95]].<ref name="windows-95"/> According to [[PC Data]], by April 1998 ''Doom''{{'}}s shareware edition had yielded 1.36 million units sold and {{US$|8.74 million}} in revenue in the United States. This led PC Data to declare it the country's 4th-best-selling computer game since 1993.<ref name="1993-1998"/> ''The Ultimate Doom'' sold over 780,000 units by September 1999, and all versions combined sold 3.5 million copies by the end of 1999.<ref name="alltimesales"/><ref name="3.5million"/> In addition to sales, an estimated six million people played the shareware version by 2002; other sources estimated in 2000 that 10–20 million people played ''Doom'' within 24 months of its launch.<ref name="gamesthatchanged"/><ref name="wargames"/>

===Reviews===
''Doom'' was highly praised in contemporaneous reviews. In April 1994, a few months after release, ''[[PC Gamer UK]]'' named it the third-best computer game of all time, claiming "''Doom'' has already done more to establish the PC's arcade clout than any other title in gaming history," and ''[[PC Gamer US]]'' named it the best computer game of all time that August.<ref name="pcgameruktop50"/><ref name="pcgamerustop40"/> It won the Best Action Adventure award at ''[[Cybermania '94]]''.<ref name="RomeroAwardList"/> ''[[GamesRadar+|GamesRadar UK]]'' named ''Doom'' Game of the Year in 1993 shortly after release, and ''Computer Gaming World'' and ''PC Gamer UK'' did the same the year after.<ref name="RomeroAwardList"/><ref name="pcgamerukgoty"/><ref name="cgw199406"/>

Reviewers heavily praised the single-player gameplay: ''Electronic Entertainment'' called it "a skull-banging, palm-sweating, blood-pounding game", while ''[[The Age]]'' said it was "a technically superb and thrilling 3D adventure".<ref name="EEreview"/><ref name="reviewexcerpts"/> ''[[White Wolf (magazine)|White Wolf]]''{{'}}s reviewer found it addictive, missing sleep and appointments to continue playing.<ref name="WWreview"/> ''[[PC Zone]]'' called it the best arcade game ever, and it and ''Computer Gaming World'' praised the variety of monsters and weapons.<ref name="PCZreview"/><ref name="CGWreview"/> ''Computer Gaming World'' concluded that it was "a virtuoso performance".<ref name="CGWreview"/> Other reviewers, while also praising the gameplay, commented on the lack of complexity: ''[[Computer and Video Games]]'' found it captivating and praised the variety and complexity of the level design, but called the overall gameplay repetitive, while ''[[Dragon (magazine)|Dragon]]'' similarly praised the fast gameplay and level design, but said that overall it lacked depth.<ref name="CVGreview"/><ref name="DRAGONreview"/> ''[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]]'' praised the graphics and levels but criticized the straightforward shooting gameplay. The review concluded: "If only you could talk to these creatures, then perhaps you could try and make friends with them, form alliances... Now, that would be interesting."<ref name="EDGEreview"/> The review attracted mockery and "if only you could talk to these creatures" became a running joke in [[video game culture]].<ref name="EGtalk"/> The multiplayer gameplay was praised: ''Computer Gaming World'' called it "the most intense gaming experience available", and ''Dragon'' called it "the biggest adrenaline rush available on computers".<ref name="CGWreview" /><ref name="DRAGONreview" /> ''PC Zone'' named it as the best multiplayer game available, in addition to the best arcade game.<ref name="PCZreview" />

The 3D graphics and art style were praised by reviewers; ''Computer Gaming World'' called the graphics remarkable, while ''Edge'' said that it "made serious advances in what people will expect of 3D graphics in future", surpassing not only prior games but games that had yet to be released.<ref name="CGWreview"/><ref name="EDGEreview"/> ''[[Compute!]]'' and ''[[Electronic Games]]'' similarly called the graphics excellent and unlike any other game's.<ref name="C!review"/><ref name="EGreview"/> ''PC Zone'', ''Dragon'', ''Computer Gaming World'', and ''Electronic Entertainment'' all praised the atmosphere and art direction, saying that the level design, lighting effects, and sound effects combined to create a "claustrophobic" and "nightmarish experience".<ref name="EEreview"/><ref name="PCZreview"/><ref name="CGWreview"/><ref name="DRAGONreview"/> ''Computer Gaming World'' also praised the music, as did ''[[The Mercury News]]'', which called it as "ominous as the scenario".<ref name="reviewexcerpts"/><ref name="CGWreview"/>

===Other versions===
''The Ultimate Doom'' received mixed reviews upon its release in 1995, as in the review from ''PC Zone'', which gave it a score of 90/100 for new players but 20/100 for anyone who had the original game. The reviewer viewed it as solely a level pack due to the lack of new features and compared it negatively to the hundreds of free fan-made levels available on the internet.<ref name="PCZTUDreview"/> ''[[Joystick (magazine)|Joystick]]'' disliked the limited amount of additional content and recommended it only to major fans or those who had not played it.<ref name="JSTUDreview"/> ''Fusion'' reviewed the edition positively, praising the difficulty of the new levels, as did ''[[GameSpot]]'', which reviewed it from the perspective of introducing the game to new players.<ref name="FTUDreview"/><ref name="GSTUDreview"/>

The first ports of ''Doom'' received comparable reviews to the original PC version. ''[[VideoGames]]'', ''[[GamePro]]'', and ''Computer and Video Games'' all gave the Jaguar version high scores, comparing it favorably with the PC version.<ref name="VGJAGreview"/><ref name="GPJAGreview"/><ref name="CVGJAG32review"/> ''GamePro'' and ''Computer and Video Games'' also rated the 32X version highly, though they noted that the graphics were worse and the game shorter than the PC or Jaguar versions.<ref name="CVGJAG32review"/><ref name="GP32review"/> The 1995 ports received mixed reviews. The PlayStation version was rated highly by ''[[HobbyConsolas]]'', ''GamePro'', and ''Maximum'', which praised the inclusion of ''Doom II'' and extra levels, and favorably compared it to other PlayStation shooter games.<ref name="MAXPSreview"/><ref name="HCPSreview"/><ref name="GPPSreview"/> The SNES version, however, was noted for weaker graphics and unresponsive controls, though reviewers such as ''Computer and Video Games'', ''GamePro'', and ''[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]]'' were split on awarding high or middling scores due to these faults.<ref name="CVGSNESreview"/><ref name="GPSNESreview"/><ref name="NGSNESreview"/> Later 1990s ports received worse reviews; the 3DO port was panned by ''GamePro'' and ''Maximum'' for having worse graphics, a smaller screen size, and less intelligent enemies than any previous version,<ref name="GP3DOreview"/><ref name="MAX3DOreview"/> and the Sega Saturn port also met with low reviews for poor graphics and low quality from ''[[Mean Machines]]'' and ''[[Sega Saturn Magazine]]''.<ref name="MMSATreview"/><ref name="SSMSATreview"/>

==Legacy==
''Doom'' has been termed "inarguably the most important" first-person shooter, as well as the "father" of the genre.<ref name="Father1"/><ref name="Father2"/> Although not the first in the genre, it was the game with the greatest impact.<ref name="Father1"/><ref name="Father2"/><ref name="Father3"/> Dan Pinchbeck in ''Doom: Scarydarkfast'' (2013) noted the direct influence of ''Doom''{{'}}s design choices on those of first-person and third-person shooter games two decades later, as influenced by the games released in the intervening years.<ref name="SDF157159"/>

''Doom'', and to a lesser extent ''Wolfenstein 3D'', has been characterized as "mark[ing] a turning point" in the perception of video games in popular culture, with ''Doom'' and first-person shooters in general becoming the predominant perception of video games in media.<ref name="GShistoriography"/> Historians such as Tristan Donovan in ''[[Replay: The History of Video Games]]'' (2010) have termed it as causing a "paradigm shift", prompting the rise in popularity of 3D games, first-person shooters, licensed technology between developers, and support for game modifications.<ref name="Replay261262"/> It helped spark the rise of both online multiplayer games and player-driven content generation, and popularized the business model of online distribution.<ref name="SDF165"/><ref name="DoomNextGen"/> In their book ''Dungeons & Dreamers: A Story of how Computer Games Created a Global Community'' in 2014, Brad King and John Borland claimed that ''Doom'' was one of the first widespread instances of an "online collective virtual reality",<ref name="DreamersCh15"/> and did more than any other game to create a modern world of "networked games and gamers".<ref name="DreamersCh12"/> ''[[PC Gamer]]'' proclaimed ''Doom'' the most influential game of all time in 2004, and in 2023 said its development was one of the most well-documented in the history of video games.<ref name="PCG123"/><ref name="PCG2024"/>

It has also been used in scholarly research since its release, including for [[machine learning]],<ref name="ResearchMachine1"/><ref name="ResearchMachine2"/> video game aesthetics and design,<ref name="ResearchAesth"/> and the effects of video games on aggression, memory, and attention.<ref name="ResearchViolence"/><ref name="ResearchMemory"/> In 2007 ''Doom'' was listed among the ten "[[game canon]]" video games selected for preservation by the [[Library of Congress]],<ref name="NYTcanon"/><ref name="Joystiqcanon"/><ref name="LOCcanon"/> and in 2015 [[The Strong National Museum of Play]] inducted ''Doom'' to its [[World Video Game Hall of Fame]] as part of its initial set of games.<ref name="HallofFame"/>

''Doom'' has continued to be included highly in [[List of video games considered the best|lists of the best video games ever]] for nearly three decades since its release. In 1995, ''Next Generation'' said it was "the most talked about PC game ever".<ref name="DoomRealism"/> The PC version was ranked the 3rd best video game by ''[[Flux (magazine)|Flux]]'' in 1995, and in 1996 was ranked fifth best and third most innovative by ''Computer Gaming World''.<ref name="Fluxranking"/><ref name="cgw199611best"/><ref name="cgw199611mostinnovative"/> In 2000, ''Doom'' was ranked as the second-best game ever by ''GameSpot''.<ref name="GameSpot2000"/> The following year, it was voted the number one game of all time in a poll among over 100 game developers and journalists conducted by ''[[GameSpy]]'', and was ranked the sixth best game by ''[[Game Informer]]''.<ref name=gamespy20010701/><ref name="GameInformer"/> [[GameTrailers]] ranked it the most "breakthrough PC game" in 2009 and ''Game Informer'' again ranked it the sixth-best game that same year.<ref name=gttopten/><ref name="gi_best"/> ''Doom'' has also been ranked among the best games of all time by ''[[GamesMaster (magazine)|GamesMaster]]'',<ref name="GamesMaster1994"/> ''[[Hyper (magazine)|Hyper]]'',<ref name="Hyper1995"/> ''[[The Independent]]'',<ref name="TheIndependent1999"/> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'',<ref name="EW2003"/> ''[[GamesTM]]'',<ref name="GTM2010"/> ''[[Jeuxvideo.com]]'',<ref name="Jeuxvideo2011"/> ''[[Gamereactor]]'',<ref name="Gamereactor2017"/> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'',<ref name="Time2016"/> ''[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]'',<ref name="Polygon2017"/> and ''[[The Times]]'', among others, as recently as 2023.<ref name="TheTimes2023"/>

===Clones===
{{See also|First-person shooter}}
[[File:Doom clone vs first person shooter.png|thumb|By 1998, the phrase "[[first-person shooter]]" had firmly superseded "''Doom'' clone".|alt=Double-line graph. X-axis is years from 1993 to 2002. Y-axis shows usenet post counts ranging from 0 to 1200 per month. Red line ("doom+clone" or "doom+clones") peaks at about 400 in 1996, and tails off to zero again by 2002. Blue line ("first+person+shooter" or "first+person+shooters") grows mostly monotonically to about 1120 by 2002, with an intermediate peak of about 850 in 2000. The two lines cross in late 1997. Both lines are close to zero before late 1993, when "Doom released" is noted with a visual marker.]]
The success of ''Doom'' led to dozens of new first-person shooter games.<ref name="DoomChildren"/> In 1998, ''PC Gamer'' declared it "probably the most imitated game of all time".<ref name="pcgtop50"/> These games were often referred to as "''Doom'' [[clone (computing)|clones]]", with "first-person shooter" only overtaking it as the name of the genre after a few years.<ref name="DoomClones1"/><ref name="DoomClones2"/><ref name="DoomClones3"/> As the "first-person shooter" genre label had not yet solidified at the time, ''Doom'' was described as a "first person perspective adventure" and "atmospheric 3-D action game".<ref name="GShistoriography"/>

''Doom'' clones ranged from close imitators to more innovative takes on the genre. Id Software licensed the [[Doom engine|''Doom'' engine]] to several other companies, which resulted in several games similar to ''Doom'', including ''[[Heretic (video game)|Heretic]]'' (1994), ''[[Hexen: Beyond Heretic]]'' (1995), and ''[[Strife: Quest for the Sigil]]'' (1996).<ref name="DoomClones2"/> A ''Doom''-based game called ''[[Chex Quest]]'' was released in 1996 by [[Ralston Foods]] as a promotion to increase cereal sales.<ref name="DoomChex"/> Other games were inspired by ''Doom'', if not rumored to be built by [[reverse engineering]] the game's engine, including [[Lucasfilm Games|LucasArts]]'s ''[[Star Wars: Dark Forces]]'' (1995).<ref name="DoomClones2"/><ref name="DarkForces"/> Several other games termed ''Doom'' clones, such as ''[[PowerSlave]]'' (1996) and ''[[Duke Nukem 3D]]'' (1996), used the 1995 [[Build engine]], a 2.5D engine inspired by ''Doom'' created by [[Ken Silverman]] with some consultation with John Carmack.<ref name="DoomClones2"/><ref name="BuildEngine"/>

===Sequel and franchise===
{{main|Doom (franchise)|l1=''Doom'' (franchise)}}
After completing ''Doom'', id Software began working on a sequel using the same engine, ''Doom II'', which was released to retail on October 10, 1994, ten months after the first game. GT Interactive had approached id before the release of ''Doom'' with plans to release a retail version of ''Doom'' and ''Doom II''. Id chose to create the sequel as a set of episodes rather than a new game, allowing John Carmack and the other programmers to begin work on id's next game, ''[[Quake (video game)|Quake]]''.<ref name="MOD180182"/> ''Doom II'' was the United States' highest-selling software product of 1994 and sold more than {{nowrap|1.2 million}} copies within a year.<ref name="Doom2sales1"/><ref name="Doom2sales2"/>

''Doom II'' was followed by an expansion pack from id, ''Master Levels for Doom II'' (1995), consisting of 21 commissioned levels and over 3000 user-created levels for ''Doom'' and ''Doom II''.<ref name="DoomMaster"/> Two sets of ''Doom II'' levels by different amateur map-making teams were released together by id as the standalone game ''[[Final Doom]]'' (1996).<ref name="FinalDoom1"/><ref name="FinalDoom2"/> ''Doom'' and ''Doom II'' were both included, along with previous id games, in the ''id Anthology'' compilation (1996).<ref name="Compilation1"/> The [[Doom (franchise)|''Doom'' franchise]] has continued since the 1990s in several iterations and forms. The video game series includes ''[[Doom 3]]'' (2004), ''[[Doom (2016 video game)|Doom]]'' (2016), and ''[[Doom Eternal]]'' (2020), along with other spin-off video games.<ref name="IGNDoom3Versions"/><ref name="IGNDoom4"/><ref name="DOOMEternal-release"/><ref name="DOOMspinoffs"/> It additionally includes [[Doom (novel series)|multiple novels]], a comic book, board games, and two films: ''[[Doom (film)|Doom]]'' (2005) and ''[[Doom: Annihilation]]'' (2019).<ref name="Novels"/><ref name="Boardgame"/><ref name="Films"/>

===Controversies===
{{See also|List of banned video games by country}}
[[File:Doom gibs.png|thumb|''Doom''{{'s}} intense level of graphic violence, as seen in this gory effect of a rocket hitting a group of demons, made the game highly controversial.<ref name="MOD171"/>|alt=Screen shot of a rocket exploding, causing multiple enemies to burst into bloody chunks]]
''Doom'' was notorious for its high levels of [[graphic violence]] and [[Satanism|satanic]] imagery, which generated controversy from a broad range of groups.<ref name="MOD171"/> ''Doom'' for the 32X was one of the first video games to be given a Mature 17+ rating from the [[Entertainment Software Rating Board]] due to its violent gore and nature, while ''Doom II'' was the first.<ref name="MOD171"/><ref name="DoomMature"/><ref name="DoomViolence"/> In Germany, shortly after its publication, ''Doom'' was classified as "harmful to minors" by the [[Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons]] and could not be sold to children or displayed where they could see it, which was only rescinded in 2011.<ref name="GermanyBan"/>

''Doom'' again sparked controversy in the United States when it was found that [[Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold]], who committed the [[Columbine High School massacre]] on April 20, 1999, were avid players.<ref name="NYTColumbine"/> While planning for the massacre, Harris said in his journal that the killing would be "like playing ''Doom''".<ref name="EscapistColumbine"/> A rumor spread afterward that Harris had designed a custom ''Doom'' level that looked like the high school, populated with representations of Harris's classmates and teachers, which he used to practice for the shooting.<ref name="SnopesHarrisLevels"/> Although Harris did design several custom ''Doom'' levels, which later became known as the "[[Doom modding#Miscellaneous|Harris levels]]", none were based on the school.<ref name="SnopesHarrisLevels"/> ''Doom'' was dubbed a "mass murder simulator" by critic and Killology Research Group founder [[Dave Grossman (author)|David Grossman]].<ref name="DoomKillology"/>

In the earliest release versions, the level E1M4: Command Control contains a [[swastika]]-shaped structure, which was put in as a homage to ''Wolfenstein 3D''. The swastika was removed in later versions, out of respect for a military veteran's request, according to Romero.<ref name="IGNvideo"/>

===Community===
{{see also|Doom modding|l1=''Doom'' modding}}
''Doom''{{'}}s popularity and innovations attracted a community that has persisted for decades since.<ref name="community1"/> The deathmatch mode was an important factor in its popularity.<ref name="MOD182184"/> ''Doom'' was the first game to coin the term "deathmatch" and introduced multiplayer shooting battles to a wide audience.<ref name="community1"/><ref name="Community2"/> This led to a widespread community of players who had never experienced fast-paced multiplayer combat before.<ref name="community1"/>

Another popular aspect of ''Doom'' was the versatility of its WAD files, enabling [[user-generated content|user-generated levels]] and other game modifications. John Carmack and Romero had strongly advocated for mod support, overriding other id employees who were concerned about commercial and legal implications. Although WAD files exposed the game data, id provided no instructions for how they worked. Still, players were able to modify leaked alpha versions of the game, allowing them to release level editors within weeks of the game's release.<ref name="MOD167169"/>

On January 26, 1994, university student Brendon Wyber led a group to create the first full [[level editor]], the Doom Editor Utility, leading to the first custom level by Jeff Bird in March.<ref name="MOD167169"/><ref name="ESCModHistory"/> It was followed by "countless" others, including many based on other franchises like ''[[Alien (franchise)|Aliens]]'' and ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' [[total conversion mod]]s, as well as DeHackEd, a patch editor first released in 1994 by Greg Lewis that allowed editing of the game engine.<ref name="MOD167169"/><ref name="RPSModHistory"/> Soon after the first mods appeared, id CEO Wilbur posted legal terms to the company's website, allowing mod authors to charge money without any fees to id, while also absolving the company of responsibility or support.<ref name="MOD167169"/>

''Doom'' mods were widely popular, earning favorable comparisons to the official level additions seen in ''The Ultimate Doom''.<ref name="PCZTUDreview"/><ref name="JSTUDreview"/> Thousands of user-created levels were released in the first few years after the release; over 3000 such levels for ''Doom'' and ''Doom II'' were included in the official retail release ''Master Levels for Doom II'' (1995).<ref name="DoomMaster"/> [[WizardWorks]] released multiple collections of mods of ''Doom'' and ''Doom II'' under the name ''D!Zone''.<ref name="Dragon217"/> At least one mod creator, [[Tim Willits]], was later hired at id Software.<ref name="MOD212"/> Mods have continued to be produced, with the community Cacowards awarding the best of each year.<ref name="Cacowards19"/> In 2016, Romero created two new ''Doom'' levels: E1M4b ("Phobos Mission Control") and E1M8b ("Tech Gone Bad").<ref name="NewLevels"/><ref name="RomeroLevels"/> In 2018, for the 25th anniversary of ''Doom'', Romero announced ''[[Sigil (mod)|Sigil]]'', an unofficial fifth episode containing nine levels. It was released on May 22, 2019, for {{€|6.66}} with a soundtrack by [[Buckethead]], and then released again for free on May 31 with a soundtrack by James Paddock. A physical release was later produced.<ref name="Sigil1"/><ref name="Sigil2"/> A sixth episode, ''Sigil II'', was released on the game's 30th anniversary, December 10, 2023, again for {{€|6.66}} for a digital copy with a soundtrack by [[Valient Thorr]], as well as physical editions on [[floppy disk]].<ref name="SigilII"/>

In addition to WAD files, ''Doom'' includes a feature that allowed players to record and play back gameplay using files called [[Game replay|demos]], or game replays.<ref name="SnyderBook"/> Although the concept of [[speedrunning]] a video game existed before ''Doom'', its release coincided with a wave of popularity for speedrunning, amplified by the [[Virtual community|online communities]] built on the nascent Internet.<ref name="wired culture"/> Demos were lightweight files that could be shared more easily than video files on internet [[bulletin board system]]s at the time.<ref name="SnyderBook"/> As a result, ''Doom'' is credited with creating the video game speedrunning community.<ref name="SpeedrunOrigin1"/><ref name="SpeedrunOrigin2"/> The speedrunning community for ''Doom'' has continued for decades. As recently as 2019, community members have broken records originally set in 1998.<ref name="SpeedrunLongevity1"/> ''Doom'' has been termed as having "one of the longest-running speedrunning communities" as well as being "the quintessential speedrunning game".<ref name="SpeedrunLongevity2"/><ref name="SpeedrunLongevity3"/>
<!-- This article can run Doom -->

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<!-- Notes -->
<ref name="HodgesMusic">{{cite web |last=Niver |first=John |title=Doom Music |url=http://www.vgmonline.net/doommusic/ |website=Video Game Music Online |date=August 1, 2012 |access-date=August 20, 2023 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803170753/http://www.vgmonline.net/doommusic/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<!-- Gameplay -->

<ref name="IGNSEA">{{cite web |last1=Swaim |first1=Michael |last2=Macy |first2=Seth G. |date=January 17, 2020 |title=Doom Eternal: The Story So Far |url=https://sea.ign.com/switch/156976/feature/doom-eternal-the-story-so-far |access-date=November 12, 2022 |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112225926/https://sea.ign.com/switch/156976/feature/doom-eternal-the-story-so-far |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TheGamerGameplay">{{cite web |last=Walters |first=Michael |date=July 28, 2019 |title=Doom (1993) Nintendo Switch Review: A Classic That Refuses To Feel Dated |url=https://www.thegamer.com/doom-1993-nintendo-switch-review/ |access-date=November 12, 2022 |website=The Gamer |publisher=Valnet |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112225927/https://www.thegamer.com/doom-1993-nintendo-switch-review/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="GSAI">{{cite web |last=Thompson |first=Tommy |date=May 2, 2022 |title=The AI of Doom (1993) |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/blogs/the-ai-of-doom-1993 |access-date=November 12, 2022 |website=[[Game Developer (website)|Game Developer]] |publisher=[[Informa]] |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112225926/https://www.gamedeveloper.com/blogs/the-ai-of-doom-1993 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="MOD182184">[[#CITEREFMODKushner|Kushner]], pp. 182–184</ref>
<ref name="DoomVirtualWorlds">{{cite magazine |last=Keizer |first=Gregg |date=April 1994 |title=Virtual Worlds - Doom |url=https://archive.org/details/ElectronicEntertainment04Apr1994/page/n97 |magazine=Electronic Entertainment |publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG]] |issue=4 |page=94 |issn=1074-1356}}</ref>
<ref name="DoomCheat">{{cite web |title=The 10 Greatest Cheat Codes in Gaming HistoryDoom: God Mode |url=http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2011/11/the-10-greatest-cheat-codes-in-gaming-history/doom-god-mode |access-date=July 12, 2017 |website=[[Complex Networks]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717235009/http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2011/11/the-10-greatest-cheat-codes-in-gaming-history/doom-god-mode |archive-date=July 17, 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="DoomExtreme">{{cite news |last=Anthony |first=Sebastian |date=December 10, 2013 |title=Doom, the original and best first-person shooter, is 20 years old today |work=[[ExtremeTech]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |url=https://www.extremetech.com/gaming/172489-doom-the-original-and-best-first-person-shooter-is-20-years-old-today |url-status=live |access-date=July 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022032734/https://www.extremetech.com/gaming/172489-doom-the-original-and-best-first-person-shooter-is-20-years-old-today |archive-date=October 22, 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="NotTrue3D">{{cite magazine |date=October 1995 |title=The First Pictures: Quake: The Fight for Justice |magazine=Maximum |publisher=[[Ascential|EMAP]] |issue=1 |pages=134–135 |quote=Doom was criticised for not being a true 3D product – in fact, it's best described as 2.5D (if you will) because although each level could be staged at various heights, it was impossible to stack two corridors on top of one another in any given stage. |issn=1360-3167 |url=https://archive.org/details/maximum-the-video-game-magazine-issue-1-october-1995-uk/page/134/mode/2up}}</ref>

<!-- Plot -->

<ref name="SDF6566">[[#CITEREFScaryPinchbeck|Pinchbeck]], pp. 65–66</ref>
<ref name="Manual">{{cite book |title=Doom Manual |publisher=[[id Software]] |date=1993 |url=http://www.classicdoom.com/doomtext.htm#doom |access-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414023917/http://www.classicdoom.com/doomtext.htm#doom |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TFCordering">{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/pc/2019/6/1/18648724/doom-john-romero-sequel-mod-download-pc-sigil |title=Original Doom gets unofficial sequel from creator, for free |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |last=Good |first=Owen S. |date=June 1, 2019 |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |access-date=August 31, 2023 |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216102527/https://www.polygon.com/pc/2019/6/1/18648724/doom-john-romero-sequel-mod-download-pc-sigil |url-status=live }}</ref>

<!-- Development -->

<ref name="CGWHallofFame">{{cite web |title=Computer Gaming World's Hall of Fame |url=http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=8&cId=3139081#77 |access-date=July 27, 2016 |website=[[1Up.com]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160727152017/http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=8&cId=3139081#77 |archive-date=July 27, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="VGB">[[#CITEREFBibleSlaven|Slaven]], p. 53</ref>
<ref name="AGGreview">{{cite web |last=Williamson |first=Colin |title=Wolfenstein 3D DOS Review |url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=11717&tab=review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115011724/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=11717&tab=review |archive-date=November 15, 2014 |access-date=July 27, 2016 |website=[[AllGame]] |publisher=[[All Media Network]]}}</ref>
<ref name="IGN100">{{cite web |title=IGN's Top 100 Games (2003) |url=http://top100.ign.com/2003/91-100.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419044602/http://top100.ign.com/2003/91-100.html |archive-date=April 19, 2016 |access-date=July 27, 2016 |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]}}</ref>
<ref name="WIREDretro">{{cite magazine |last=Shachtman |first=Noah |date=May 5, 2008 |title=May 5, 1992: Wolfenstein 3-D Shoots the First-Person Shooter Into Stardom |url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/05/dayintech_0505 |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025220612/http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/05/dayintech_0505 |archive-date=October 25, 2011 |access-date=July 27, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Doomguy126145">[[#CITEREFDoomguyRomero|Romero]], pp. 126–145</ref>
<ref name="MOD118121">[[#CITEREFMODKushner|Kushner]], pp. 118–121</ref>
<ref name="GDC2011">{{cite AV media |url=http://www.gdcvault.com/play/1014627/Classic-Game-Postmortem |title=Classic Game Postmortem – Doom |date=2011 |type=Video |publisher=[[Game Developers Conference]] |access-date=February 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806110612/http://www.gdcvault.com/play/1014627/Classic-Game-Postmortem |archive-date=August 6, 2017 |url-status=live |people=[[John Romero|Romero, John]]; [[Tom Hall|Hall, Tom]]}}</ref>
<ref name="DoomHorizon">{{cite magazine |date=May 1993 |title=On the Horizon |url=https://archive.org/stream/Game_Players_PC_Entertainment_Volume_6_Issue_3_May_1993#page/n11 |magazine=[[Game Players PC Entertainment]] |publisher=GP Publications |volume=6 |issue=3 |page=8 |issn=1087-2779}}</ref>
<ref name="MonsterId">{{cite web |last=Antoniades |first=Alexander |date=August 22, 2013 |title=Monsters from the Id: The Making of Doom |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/198783/monsters_from_the_id_the_making_.php?page=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925025431/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/198783/monsters_from_the_id_the_making_.php?page=3 |archive-date=September 25, 2018 |access-date=March 3, 2018 |website=[[Gamasutra]] |publisher=[[UBM plc|UBM]]}}</ref>
<ref name="MOD122123">[[#CITEREFMODKushner|Kushner]], pp. 122–123</ref>
<ref name="MOD124131">[[#CITEREFMODKushner|Kushner]], pp. 124–131</ref>
<ref name="DSSS249250">[[#CITEREFStrategyMendoza|Mendoza]], pp. 249–250</ref>
<ref name="MattChat">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgb8UxBb7og |title=Matt Chat 53: Doom with John Romero |time=4:15–8:00 |date=March 13, 2010 |type=Video |publisher=Matt Barton |access-date=February 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124213821/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgb8UxBb7og |archive-date=November 24, 2016 |url-status=live |people=[[John Romero|Romero, John]]; Barton, Matt}}</ref>
<ref name="Guardian30">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/games/2023/dec/08/doom-at-30-what-it-means-by-the-people-who-made-it |title=Doom at 30: what it means, by the people who made it |last=Stuart |first=Keith |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=December 8, 2023 |access-date=December 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217131908/https://www.theguardian.com/games/2023/dec/08/doom-at-30-what-it-means-by-the-people-who-made-it |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DoomguyCh12">[[#CITEREFDoomguyRomero|Romero]], ch. 12: Destined to DOOM</ref>
<ref name="Petersen">{{cite web |last=Bub |first=Andrew S. |date=July 10, 2002 |title=Sandy Petersen Speaks |url=http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/august02/gencon/petersen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050322042740/http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/august02/gencon/petersen/ |archive-date=March 22, 2005 |access-date=January 31, 2018 |website=[[GameSpy]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]}}</ref>
<ref name="MCV">{{cite web |last=Batchelor |first=James |date=January 26, 2015 |title=Video: John Romero reveals level design secrets while playing Doom |url=https://www.mcvuk.com/development/video-john-romero-reveals-level-design-secrets-while-playing-doom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202211209/https://www.mcvuk.com/development/video-john-romero-reveals-level-design-secrets-while-playing-doom |archive-date=February 2, 2018 |access-date=February 2, 2018 |website=[[MCV (magazine)|MCV]] |publisher=[[NewBay Media]]}}</ref>
<ref name="MOD132147">[[#CITEREFMODKushner|Kushner]], pp. 132–147</ref>
<ref name="RomeroGDC">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.gdcvault.com/play/1023765/The-Early-Days-of-id |title=The Early Days of id Software |date=2016 |type=Video |publisher=[[Game Developers Conference]] |access-date=February 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707180922/http://www.gdcvault.com/play/1023765/The-Early-Days-of-id |archive-date=July 7, 2017 |url-status=live |people=[[John Romero|Romero, John]]}}</ref>
<ref name="MOD148153">[[#CITEREFMODKushner|Kushner]], pp. 148–153</ref>
<ref name="IGNvideo">{{cite web |date=December 10, 2013 |title=We Play Doom with John Romero |url=https://www.ign.com/videos/2013/12/10/we-play-doom-with-john-romero |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111052825/http://www.ign.com/videos/2013/12/10/we-play-doom-with-john-romero |archive-date=January 11, 2018 |access-date=February 2, 2018 |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]}}</ref>
<ref name="CGWLight">{{cite magazine |last=Schuytema |first=Paul C. |date=August 1994 |title=The Lighter Side of Doom |magazine=[[Computer Gaming World]] |issue=121 |pages=140–142 |issn=0744-6667 <!--|url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1994&pub=2&id=121-->}}</ref>
<ref name="MOD166">[[#CITEREFMODKushner|Kushner]], p. 166</ref>
<ref name="DSSS247">[[#CITEREFStrategyMendoza|Mendoza]], p. 247</ref>
<ref name="PetersenTalk">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwV3uwM19EY |title=Tales from the Dark Days of Id Software |date=April 20, 2020 |last=Petersen |first=Sandy |author-link=Sandy Petersen |type=Video |time=0:45–1:30 |access-date=March 15, 2022 |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=March 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315025830/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwV3uwM19EY |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Deathmatch">[[#CITEREFContextsConsalvo|Consalvo]], pp. 201–203</ref>
<ref name="Metal">{{cite web |last=Romero |first=John |author-link=John Romero |date=April 19, 2005 |title=Influences on Doom Music |url=http://rome.ro/smf/index.php?PHPSESSID=984131ae5ed449a17e102eaa99b04487&topic=4060.0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130901172238/http://rome.ro/smf/index.php?PHPSESSID=984131ae5ed449a17e102eaa99b04487&topic=4060.0 |archive-date=September 1, 2013 |access-date=February 6, 2018 |publisher=rome.ro}}</ref>
<ref name="SDF5255">[[#CITEREFScaryPinchbeck|Pinchbeck]], pp. 52–55</ref>
<ref name="PrinceDoom">{{cite web |last=Prince |first=Bobby |author-link=Robert Prince (video game composer) |date=December 29, 2010 |title=Deciding Where To Place Music/Sound Effects In A Game |url=http://bobbyprincemusic.blogspot.com/2010/12/deciding-where-to-place-musicsound.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812183456/http://bobbyprincemusic.blogspot.com/2010/12/deciding-where-to-place-musicsound.html |archive-date=August 12, 2011 |access-date=February 6, 2018 |publisher=Bobby Prince Music}}</ref>
<ref name="ComposersPlay4">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PRGzvSbZcI |title=Composers Play – "Doom" Coop with Bobby Prince! – Part 4 |date=October 12, 2018 |last1=Tobin |first1=Scott |last2=Prince |first2=Bobby |author-link2=Bobby Prince |type=Video |time=5:00–5:30 |access-date=June 22, 2023 |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=May 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512172502/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PRGzvSbZcI |url-status=live }}</ref>

<!-- Release -->

<ref name="NYTcost">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/05/technology/in-the-background-a-man-in-the-gaming-forefront.html |title=In the Background, a Man in the Gaming Forefront |last=Marriot |first=Michel |date=August 5, 2004 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417013007/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/05/technology/in-the-background-a-man-in-the-gaming-forefront.html |archive-date=April 17, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="QuickPatch">{{cite web |last=Totilo |first=Steven |date=December 10, 2013 |title=Memories Of Doom, By John Romero & John Carmack |url=https://kotaku.com/memories-of-doom-by-john-romero-john-carmack-1480437464 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002852/https://kotaku.com/memories-of-doom-by-john-romero-john-carmack-1480437464 |archive-date=October 15, 2018 |access-date=October 14, 2018 |website=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[G/O Media]]}}</ref>
<ref name="UltDoom">{{cite web |title=The Ultimate Doom: Thy Flesh Consumed |url=http://www.jeuxvideo.com/jeux/pc/00001017-the-ultimate-doom-thy-flesh-consumed.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104114112/http://www.jeuxvideo.com/jeux/pc/00001017-the-ultimate-doom-thy-flesh-consumed.htm |archive-date=November 4, 2017 |access-date=January 22, 2018 |website=[[Jeuxvideo.com]] |language=fr}}</ref>

<!-- Ports-->

<ref name="Doomlinux">{{cite newsgroup |url=http://tech-insider.org/linux/research/1994/0909-f.html |title=Linux Doom for X released |last=Taylor |first=Dave |date=September 9, 1994 |newsgroup=comp.os.linux.announce |message-id=ann-13210.779119772@cs.cornell.edu |author-link=Dave Taylor (game programmer) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328100641/http://tech-insider.org/linux/research/1994/0909-f.html |archive-date=March 28, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="cgw199407">{{cite magazine |last1=Wilson |first1=Johnny L. |last2=Brown |first2=Ken |last3=Lombardi |first3=Chris |last4=Weksler |first4=Mike |last5=Coleman |first5=Terry |date=July 1994 |title=The Designer's Dilemma: The Eighth Computer Game Developers Conference |magazine=[[Computer Gaming World]] |pages=26–31 |issn=0744-6667 <!--|url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1994&pub=2&id=120 -->}}</ref>
<ref name="MOD217219">[[#CITEREFMODKushner|Kushner]], pp. 217–219</ref>
<ref name="windows-95">{{cite news |last=Sebastian |first=Anthony |date=September 24, 2013 |title=Gabe Newell Made Windows a Viable Gaming Platform, and Linux Is Next |website=[[ExtremeTech]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |url=http://www.extremetech.com/gaming/167253-gabe-newell-made-windows-a-viable-gaming-platform-and-linux-is-next |url-status=live |access-date=August 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035701/http://www.extremetech.com/gaming/167253-gabe-newell-made-windows-a-viable-gaming-platform-and-linux-is-next?origref= |archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="BillGates">{{cite web |title=That Time Bill Gates Starred In A Doom Promo Video |url=https://kotaku.com/that-time-bill-gates-starred-in-a-doom-promo-video-1776965033 |last=Klepek |first=Patrick |date=May 16, 2016 |website=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[G/O Media]] |access-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202023246/https://kotaku.com/that-time-bill-gates-starred-in-a-doom-promo-video-1776965033 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="IGNDoomVersions">{{cite web |title=Doom (1993) – PC |url=https://www.ign.com/games/doom/pc-3285 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430180656/http://www.ign.com/games/doom/pc-3285 |archive-date=April 30, 2017 |access-date=December 19, 2017 |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]}}</ref>
<ref name="DoomJaguar">[[#CITEREFJaguarHawken|Hawken]], ch. Doom</ref>
<ref name="DOOM3BFG">{{cite web |last=Cobbett |first=Richard |date=August 3, 2012 |title=Doom 3 shines flashlight on The Lost Mission (And doesn't even need to put down its gun!) |url=http://www.pcgamer.com/doom-3-shines-flashlight-on-the-lost-mission-and-doesnt-even-need-to-put-down-its-gun/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225032753/http://www.pcgamer.com/doom-3-shines-flashlight-on-the-lost-mission-and-doesnt-even-need-to-put-down-its-gun/ |archive-date=February 25, 2015 |access-date=January 22, 2018 |website=[[PC Gamer]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]]}}</ref>
<ref name="2019Ports">{{cite web |last=Gach |first=Ethan |date=July 26, 2019 |title=Looks Like The Original Doom Games Are Coming To Switch As Soon As Today [Update] |url=https://kotaku.com/earlier-this-morning-listings-for-the-original-doom-do-1836729154 |website=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[G/O Media]] |access-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-date=May 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504162108/https://kotaku.com/earlier-this-morning-listings-for-the-original-doom-do-1836729154 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="PSMags">{{cite magazine |title=Gallup UK PlayStation sales chart |date=April 1996 |magazine=[[Official UK PlayStation Magazine]] |issue=5 |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |issn=1752-2102}}</ref>
<ref name="32XRetro">{{cite magazine |last=McFerran |first=Damien |title=Retroinspection: Sega 32X |magazine=[[Retro Gamer]] |publisher=[[Imagine Publishing]] |issue=77 |date=May 2010 |pages=44–49 |issn=1742-3155}}</ref>
<ref name="ItRunsDoom1">{{cite magazine |date=January 1, 2003 |title=But Can It Run Doom? |url=https://www.wired.com/2003/01/but-can-it-run-doom/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429090150/http://www.wired.com/2003/01/but-can-it-run-doom/ |archive-date=April 29, 2017 |access-date=January 22, 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="ItRunsDoom2">{{cite web |last=Hurley |first=Leon |date=May 15, 2017 |title=Watch Doom running on an ATM, a printer... and 10 other weird, non-gaming machines |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/12-things-that-prove-that-doom-will-run-on-literally-anything/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718222638/http://www.gamesradar.com/12-things-that-prove-that-doom-will-run-on-literally-anything/ |archive-date=July 18, 2017 |access-date=January 22, 2018 |website=[[GamesRadar+]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]]}}</ref>
<ref name="ItRunsDoom3">{{cite web |last=Petitte |first=Omri |date=February 2, 2016 |title=Pianos, printers, and other surprising things you can play Doom on |url=http://www.pcgamer.com/pianos-printers-and-other-weird-things-you-can-play-doom-on/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006064443/http://www.pcgamer.com/pianos-printers-and-other-weird-things-you-can-play-doom-on/ |archive-date=October 6, 2017 |access-date=January 22, 2018 |website=[[PC Gamer]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]]}}</ref>
<ref name="DoomSource97">{{cite web |title=Doom Open Source Release |url=https://github.com/id-Software/DOOM |website=[[GitHub]] |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |access-date=June 19, 2023 |archive-date=June 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615013923/https://github.com/id-Software/DOOM |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DoomSource99">{{cite web |title=A List of PC Game Classics Available Free of Charge |url=https://www.techspot.com/guides/258-free-pc-game-classics-list/ |last=DeCarlo |first=Matthew |date=March 11, 2010 |website=TechSpot |access-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-date=May 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526051129/https://www.techspot.com/guides/258-free-pc-game-classics-list/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- Reception -->

<ref name="MOD176178">[[#CITEREFMODKushner|Kushner]], pp. 176–178</ref>
<ref name="MOD113117">[[#CITEREFMODKushner|Kushner]], pp. 113–117</ref>
<ref name="May1994Sales">{{cite news |date=May 7, 1994 |title=Lovers of guts and gore should meet this Doom |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-courier-journal/132946696/ |access-date=October 5, 2023 |page=20 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |newspaper=[[The Courier-Journal]]}}</ref>
<ref name="1995Sales">{{cite news |date=October 29, 1995 |title=Games |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91962014/fort-worth-star-telegram/ |access-date=January 7, 2022 |page=93 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |newspaper=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]] |archive-date=May 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522214622/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91962014/fort-worth-star-telegram/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="gamesthatchanged">{{cite web |last=McCandless |first=David |date=June 12, 2002 |title=Games That Changed The World: ''Doom'' |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=58157 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709175704/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=58157 |archive-date=July 9, 2007 |access-date=July 24, 2018 |website=[[PC Zone]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]]}}</ref>
<ref name="wargames">[[#CITEREFWargamesDunnigan|Dunnigan]], pp. 14–17</ref>
<ref name="1993-1998">{{cite magazine |date=September 1998 |title=Player Stats: Top 10 Best-Selling Games, 1993 – Present |magazine=[[Computer Gaming World]] |issue=170 |page=52 |issn=0744-6667 <!--|url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1998&pub=2&id=170-->}}</ref>
<ref name="alltimesales">{{cite web |date=November 1, 1999 |title=PC Data Top Games of All Time |url=http://pc.ign.com/news/11728.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000302112243/http://pc.ign.com/news/11728.html |archive-date=March 2, 2000 |access-date=May 31, 2018 |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]}}</ref>
<ref name="3.5million">{{cite news |last=Clark |first=Stuart |date=February 20, 1999 |title=Denting the ego of Id |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85713241/ |access-date=September 7, 2021 |page=209 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |archive-date=August 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821011618/https://www.newspapers.com/article/85713241/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="pcgameruktop50">{{cite magazine |date=April 1994 |title=The PC Gamer Top 50 PC Games of All Time |magazine=[[PC Gamer|PC Gamer UK]] |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=43–56 |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |issn=1351-3540}}</ref>
<ref name="pcgamerustop40">{{cite magazine |title=Top 40: The Best Games of All Time |magazine=[[PC Gamer US]] |date=August 1994 |volume=1 |issue=3 |page=42 |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |issn=1080-4471}}</ref>
<ref name="pcgamerukgoty">{{cite magazine |title=The PC Gamer Games of the Year |magazine=[[PC Gamer UK]] |volume=2 |issue=1 |date=December 1994 |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |issn=1351-3540}}</ref>
<ref name="cgw199406">{{cite magazine |date=June 1994 |title=Announcing The New Premier Awards  |magazine=[[Computer Gaming World]] |issue=118 |pages=51–58 |issn=0744-6667 <!--|url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1994&pub=2&id=118-->}}</ref>
<ref name="RomeroAwardList">{{cite web |url=https://romero.com/bios |title=Brenda Romero and John Romero Bios |website=Romero.com |access-date=August 21, 2023 |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315060802/https://romero.com/bios |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="EEreview">{{cite magazine |title=Doom |last=Keizer |first=Gregg |magazine=Electronic Entertainment |date=April 1994 |issue=4 |page=94 |url=https://archive.org/details/ElectronicEntertainment04Apr1994/page/n97/mode/2up?view=theater |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |issn=1074-1356}}</ref>
<ref name="PCZreview">{{cite magazine |title=Review: Doom |last=McCandless |first=David |magazine=[[PC Zone]] |issue=13 |date=April 1994 |pages=68–72 |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |issn=0967-8220 <!--|url=https://www.pixsoriginadventures.co.uk/PCZone/PC%20Zone%2013%20(April%201994)/PC%20Zone%2013%20(April%201994).pdf#page=68-->}}</ref>
<ref name="reviewexcerpts">{{cite web |title=Six Reviewers Travel From The Past To Shoot Their Way Through Doom |last=Cox |first=Kate |date=October 17, 2012 |url=https://kotaku.com/six-reviewers-travel-from-the-past-to-shoot-their-way-t-5952553 |website=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[G/O Media]] |access-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-date=June 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613224436/https://kotaku.com/six-reviewers-travel-from-the-past-to-shoot-their-way-t-5952553 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="CGWreview">{{cite magazine |title=Hell's Bells and Whistles: id Software's Doom |last=Walker |first=Bryan |magazine=[[Computer Gaming World]] |date=March 1994 |issue=116 |pages=38–39 |issn=0744-6667 <!--|url=https://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1994&pub=2&id=116-->}}</ref>
<ref name="DRAGONreview">{{cite magazine |last=Kaufman |first=Doug |date=March 1994 |title=Eye of the Monitor: Doom |magazine=[[Dragon (magazine)|Dragon]] |publisher=[[TSR, Inc.|TSR]] |issue=203 |pages=59–62 |issn=1062-2101 <!--|url=http://annarchive.com/files/Drmg203.pdf#page=61-->}}</ref>
<ref name="WWreview">{{cite magazine |last=Trunzo |first=James V. |date=November 1994 |title=The Silicon Dungeon |magazine=[[White Wolf (magazine)|White Wolf]] |publisher=[[White Wolf Publishing]] |number=49 |page=52-53 |issn=0897-9391}}</ref>
<ref name="CVGreview">{{cite magazine |date=March 1994 |title=Reviews: Doom |magazine=[[Computer and Video Games]] |last1=Rand |first1=Paul |last2=Lord |first2=Gary |issue=148 |pages=72–73 |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |issn=0261-3697 <!--|url=https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3ACVG_UK_148.pdf&page=72-->}}</ref>
<ref name="EDGEreview">{{cite magazine |date=April 1994 |title=Doom Review |url=http://www.edge-online.com/review/doom-review/ |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]] |issue=7 |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |issn=1350-1593 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023154751/http://www.edge-online.com/review/doom-review/ |archive-date=October 23, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="EGtalk">{{cite web |date=March 17, 2012 |title=Game of the Week: Journey |last=Welsh |first=Oli |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/game-of-the-week-journey |access-date=October 3, 2023 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=Gamer Network |archive-date=May 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529154255/https://www.eurogamer.net/game-of-the-week-journey |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="C!review">{{cite magazine |title=Sim Hillary |last=Atkin |first=Denny |magazine=[[Compute!]] |date=April 1994 |volume=16 |issue=4 |page=82 |publisher=[[ABC Publishing]] |url=https://archive.org/details/1994-04-compute-magazine/page/n89/mode/2up?view=theater |issn=0194-357X}}</ref>
<ref name="EGreview">{{cite magazine |title=Doom: Save Phobos From the Demons of Hell |last=Ceccola |first=Russ |magazine=[[Electronic Games]] |date=April 1994 |volume=2 |issue=7 |page=74 |publisher=Katz Kunkel Worley |url=https://archive.org/details/Electronic-Games-1994-04/page/n73/mode/2up |issn=0730-6687}}</ref>

<!-- Other versions -->

<ref name="PCZTUDreview">{{cite magazine |title=Ultimate Doom: Thy Flesh Consumed |last=McCandless |first=David |magazine=[[PC Zone]] |issue=29 |date=August 1995 |pages=62–64 |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |issn=0967-8220 |url=https://archive.org/details/PC_Zone_Issue_029_1995-08_Dennis_Publishing_GB/page/n61/mode/2up}}</ref>
<ref name="JSTUDreview">{{cite magazine |title=The Ultimate Doom |page=89 |issue=68 |magazine=[[Joystick (magazine)|Joystick]] |publisher=[[Hachette Filipacchi Médias]] |issn=1145-4806 |language=fr <!--|url=https://download.abandonware.org/magazines/Joystick/joystick_numero068/Joystick%20068%20-%20Page%20089%20%28f%C3%A9vrier%201996%29.jpg-->}}</ref>
<ref name="FTUDreview">{{cite magazine |title=See You In Hell, My Friend |magazine=Fusion |last=Hummer |first=Sadie |page=80 |date=September 1995 |volume=1 |issue=2 |publisher=Decker Publications |issn=1083-1118 <!--|url=https://retrocdn.net/images/a/a6/Fusion_US_0102.pdf-->}}</ref>
<ref name="GSTUDreview">{{cite web |last=Scisco |first=Peter |date=May 1, 1996 |title=The Ultimate Doom Review |url=http://www.gamespot.com/pc/action/ultimatedoom/review.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907042421/http://www.gamespot.com:80/pc/action/ultimatedoom/review.html |archive-date=September 7, 2011 |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=[[GameSpot]] |publisher=SpotMedia Communications}}</ref>

<ref name="VGJAGreview">{{cite magazine |title=Doom |magazine=[[VideoGames]] |last=Loftus |first=Jim |date=January 1995 |issue=72 |page=76 |publisher=[[Larry Flynt Publications]] |issn=1059-2938 |url=https://archive.org/details/Video_Games_The_Ultimate_Gaming_Magazine_Issue_72_January_1995/page/n75/mode/2up}}</ref>
<ref name="GPJAGreview">{{cite magazine |title=Doom—Jaguar |magazine=[[GamePro]] |author=Peteroo |date=January 1995 |issue=66 |pages=92–93 |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |issn=1042-8658 <!--|url=https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3AGamePro_US_066.pdf&page=110-->}}</ref>
<ref name="CVGJAG32review">{{cite magazine |title=Doom versus Doom |magazine=[[Computer and Video Games]] |date=January 1995 |issue=158 |pages=72–74 |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |issn=0261-3697 <!--|url=https://retrocdn.net/images/8/84/CVG_UK_158.pdf-->}}</ref>
<ref name="GP32review">{{cite magazine |title=Doom—32X |magazine=[[GamePro]] |author=Toxic Tommy |date=February 1995 |issue=67 |page=58 |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |issn=1042-8658 <!--|url=https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3AGamePro_US_067.pdf&page=60-->}}</ref>
<ref name="HCPSreview">{{cite magazine |title=Doom |magazine=[[HobbyConsolas]] |last=Lorente |first=Roberto |date=June 1996 |issue=57 |pages=94–95 |language=es |publisher=[[Axel Springer SE]] |issn=1134-6582 <!--|url=https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3AHobbyConsolas_ES_057.pdf&page=86-->}}</ref>
<ref name="GPPSreview">{{cite magazine |title=Doom: Special PlayStation Edition |magazine=[[GamePro]] |author=Major Mike |date=December 1995 |issue=77 |pages=58–59 |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |issn=1042-8658 <!--|url=https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3AGamePro_US_077.pdf&page=60-->}}</ref>
<ref name="MAXPSreview">{{cite magazine |title=Doom |magazine=Maximum |date=November 1995 |issue=2 |pages=148–149 |publisher=[[Ascential|EMAP]] |issn=1360-3167 |url=https://archive.org/details/maximum-the-video-game-magazine-issue-2-november-1995-uk/page/148/mode/2up}}</ref>
<ref name="CVGSNESreview">{{cite magazine |title=Doom |magazine=[[Computer and Video Games]] |last1=Lord |first1=Gary |last2=Patterson |first2=Mark |date=October 1995 |issue=167 |pages=82–83 |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |issn=0261-3697 <!--|url=https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3ACVG_UK_167.pdf&page=83-->}}</ref>
<ref name="GPSNESreview">{{cite magazine |title=Doom–Super NES |magazine=[[GamePro]] |author=The Axe Grinder |date=October 1995 |issue=68 |page=66 |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |issn=1042-8658 <!--|url=https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3AGamePro_US_075.pdf&page=68-->}}</ref>
<ref name="NGSNESreview">{{cite magazine |title=Doom |magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]] |date=October 1995 |volume=1 |issue=10 |pages=126, 128 |publisher=[[Imagine Media]] |issn=1078-9693 <!--|url=https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3ANextGeneration_US_10.pdf&page=130-->}}</ref>
<ref name="GP3DOreview">{{cite magazine |title=Quick Hits: Doom—3DO |magazine=[[GamePro]] |date=May 1996 |issue=92 |page=72 |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |issn=1042-8658 <!--|url=https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3AGamePro_US_092.pdf&page=74-->}}</ref>
<ref name="MAX3DOreview">{{cite magazine |title=Doom for the 3DO? |magazine=Maximum |date=February 1996 |issue=4 |pages=160–161 |publisher=[[Ascential|EMAP]] |issn=1360-3167 |url=https://archive.org/details/maximum-the-video-game-magazine-issue-4-february-1996-uk/page/160/mode/2up}}</ref>
<ref name="MMSATreview">{{cite magazine |title=Doom |magazine=[[Mean Machines]] |date=March 1997 |issue=53 |pages=66–68 |publisher=[[EMAP]] |issn=0960-4952 |url=https://archive.org/details/mean-machines-sega-magazine-53/page/n65/mode/2up}}</ref>
<ref name="SSMSATreview">{{cite magazine |title=Doom |magazine=[[Sega Saturn Magazine]] |last=Leadbetter |first=Rich |date=February 1997 |issue=16 |pages=72–73 |publisher=[[EMAP]] |issn=1360-9424 <!--|url=https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3ASSM_UK_16.pdf&page=72-->}}</ref>

<!-- Legacy -->

<ref name="Father1">{{cite web |title=The Greatest Games of All Time: Doom |url=http://uk.gamespot.com/features/the-greatest-games-of-all-time-doom-6143094/ |date=2012 |last=Shoemaker |first=Brad |website=[[GameSpot]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=June 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011173849/http://uk.gamespot.com/features/the-greatest-games-of-all-time-doom-6143094/ |archive-date=October 11, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Father2">{{cite web |title=Most Impactful FPS Games of All Time |url=https://in.ign.com/playerunknowns-battlegrounds/134891/feature/most-impactful-fps-games-of-all-time |date=May 9, 2019 |last=Dastoor |first=Vaspaan |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |access-date=June 13, 2023 |archive-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614023708/https://in.ign.com/playerunknowns-battlegrounds/134891/feature/most-impactful-fps-games-of-all-time |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Father3">{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2016/02/headshot-a-visual-history-of-first-person-shooters/ |title=Headshot: A visual history of first-person shooters |last=Moss |first=Richard |publisher=[[Ars Technica]] |date=February 14, 2016 |access-date=October 14, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015044747/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2016/02/headshot-a-visual-history-of-first-person-shooters/ |archive-date=October 15, 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="SDF157159">[[#CITEREFScaryPinchbeck|Pinchbeck]], pp. 157–159</ref>
<ref name="PCG123">{{cite magazine |title=Ten Years of PC Gamer Magazine |magazine=[[PC Gamer|PC Gamer US]] |date=May 2004 |issue=123 |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |issn=1080-4471}}</ref>
<ref name="SDF165">[[#CITEREFScaryPinchbeck|Pinchbeck]], p. 165</ref>
<ref name="PCG2024">{{Cite web |last=Lane |first=Rick |date=January 31, 2024 |title=Doom is eternal: The immeasurable impact of gaming's greatest FPS |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/doom-is-eternal-the-immeasurable-impact-of-gamings-greatest-fps/ |access-date=February 7, 2024 |work=[[PC Gamer]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]]}}</ref>
<ref name="DreamersCh15">[[#CITEREFDreamersKingBorland|King; Borland]], ch. 15: "The Doom Connection"</ref>
<ref name="DreamersCh12">[[#CITEREFDreamersKingBorland|King; Borland]], ch. 12: "id and Ego"</ref>
<ref name="Fluxranking">{{cite magazine |date=April 1995 |title=Top 100 Video Games |url=https://archive.org/details/flux-issue-4/page/n23/mode/2up |magazine=[[Flux (magazine)|Flux]] |publisher=Harris Publications |issue=4 |pages=25 |issn=1074-5602}}</ref>
<ref name="cgw199611best">{{cite magazine |date=November 1996 |title=150 Best Games of All Time |magazine=[[Computer Gaming World]] |issue=148 |pages=64–80 |issn=0744-6667 <!--|url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1996&pub=2&id=148-->}}</ref>
<ref name="cgw199611mostinnovative">{{cite magazine |date=November 1996 |title=The 15 Most Innovative Computer Games |magazine=[[Computer Gaming World]] |issue=148 |page=102 |issn=0744-6667 <!-- |url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1996&pub=2&id=148 -->}}</ref>
<ref name="DoomRealism">{{cite magazine |date=April 1995 |title=The Games |magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]] |publisher=[[Imagine Media]] |issue=4 |page=53 |issn=1078-9693}}</ref>
<ref name="gamespy20010701">{{cite web |date=July 2001 |title=GameSpy's Top 50 Games of All Time |url=http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/july01/top50index/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710152120/http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/july01/top50index/ |archive-date=July 10, 2010 |access-date=November 15, 2005 |website=[[GameSpy]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]}}</ref>
<ref name="GameSpot2000">{{cite web |title=GameSpot's 100 Games of the Millennium |url=http://www.gamespot.co.uk/pc.gamespot/features/gotm_uk/02.html |website=[[GameSpot]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=September 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001009113744/http://www.gamespot.co.uk/pc.gamespot/features/gotm_uk/02.html |archive-date=October 9, 2000 |date=January 2, 2000}}</ref>
<ref name="gttopten">{{cite web |date=July 28, 2009 |title=GT Top Ten Breakthrough PC Games |url=http://www.gametrailers.com/video/top-10-gt-countdown/52509 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107111924/http://www.gametrailers.com/video/top-10-gt-countdown/52509 |archive-date=January 7, 2012 |access-date=July 27, 2011 |website=[[GameTrailers]] |publisher=[[IGN]]}}</ref>
<ref name="gi_best">{{cite magazine |date=December 2009 |title=The Top 200 Games of All Time |magazine=[[Game Informer]] |publisher=[[GameStop]] |issue=200 |pages=44–79 |issn=1067-6392}}</ref>
<ref name="GameInformer">{{cite magazine |last=Cork |first=Jeff |date=November 16, 2009 |title=Game Informer's Top 100 Games of All Time (Circa Issue 100) |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2009/11/16/game-informer-s-top-100-games-of-all-time-circa-issue-100.aspx |magazine=[[Game Informer]] |publisher=[[GameStop]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111051919/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2009/11/16/game-informer-s-top-100-games-of-all-time-circa-issue-100.aspx |archive-date=November 11, 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="GamesMaster1994">{{cite magazine |title=The All Time Top 100 Ever |magazine=[[GamesMaster (magazine)|GamesMaster]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |date=September 1994 |issue=21 |issn=0967-9855}}</ref>
<ref name="Hyper1995">{{cite magazine |title=Top 100 Video Games of All Time |magazine=[[Hyper (magazine)|Hyper]] |date=February 1995 |issue=15 |publisher=[[Nextmedia]] |issn=1320-7458}}</ref>
<ref name="TheIndependent1999">{{cite web |title=The 50 Best Video games: A Legend In Your Own Living-Room |website=[[The Independent]] |date=February 6, 1999 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/the-50-best-video-games-a-legend-in-your-own-livingroom-1068932.html |access-date=May 5, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134016/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/the-50-best-video-games-a-legend-in-your-own-living-room-1068932.html |archive-date=October 18, 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="EW2003">{{cite magazine |title=We rank the 100 greatest videogames |date=May 13, 2003|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2003/05/13/we-rank-100-greatest-videogames/ |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |publisher=[[Dotdash Meredith]] |access-date=March 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309120251/http://www.ew.com/article/2003/05/13/we-rank-100-greatest-videogames/ |archive-date=March 9, 2018 |url-status=live |issn=1049-0434}}</ref>
<ref name="GTM2010">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[GamesTM]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |title=GamesTM Top 100 |date=October 2010 |issue=100 |issn=1478-5889}}</ref>
<ref name="Jeuxvideo2011">{{cite web |title=Les 100 meilleurs jeux de tous les temps |url=http://www.jeuxvideo.com/dossiers/00014196/les-100-meilleurs-jeux-de-tous-les-temps.htm |website=[[Jeuxvideo.com]] |publisher=[[Webedia]] |language=fr |access-date=March 5, 2019 |date=March 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627150823/http://www.jeuxvideo.com/dossiers/00014196/les-100-meilleurs-jeux-de-tous-les-temps.htm |archive-date=June 27, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Gamereactor2017">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamereactor.dk/artikler/438333/Gamereactors+Top+100+bedste+spil+nogensinde+101/ |title=Gamereactor's Top 100 bedste spil nogensinde |date=January 16, 2017 |language=da |website=[[Gamereactor]] |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528114503/https://www.gamereactor.dk/artikler/438333/Gamereactors+Top+100+bedste+spil+nogensinde+101/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Time2016">{{cite magazine |date=August 23, 2016 |url=https://time.com/4458554/best-video-games-all-time/ |title=The 50 Best Video Games of All Time |access-date=August 30, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830154639/http://time.com/4458554/best-video-games-all-time/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |publisher=[[Time Inc.]] |archive-date=August 30, 2016 |last1=Peckham |first1=Matt |last2=Eadicicco |first2=Lisa |last3=Fitzpatrick |first3=Alex |last4=Vella |first4=Matt |last5=Patrick Pullen |first5=John |last6=Raab |first6=Josh |last7=Grossman |first7=Lev |issn=0040-781X}}</ref>
<ref name="Polygon2017">{{cite web |title=The 500 Best Video Games of All Time|url=https://www.polygon.com/features/2017/11/27/16158276/polygon-500-best-games-of-all-time-500-401 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |access-date=December 1, 2017 |date=November 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303210843/https://www.polygon.com/features/2017/11/27/16158276/polygon-500-best-games-of-all-time-500-401 |archive-date=March 3, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TheTimes2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.thetimes.com/life-style/article/20-best-video-games-of-all-time-ranked-by-an-expert-jury-l5zgrxmw8 |title=20 best video games of all time — ranked by an expert jury |website=[[The Times]] |date=February 26, 2023 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230226011652/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/20-best-video-games-of-all-time-ranked-by-an-expert-jury-l5zgrxmw8 |archive-date=February 26, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="DoomNextGen">{{cite magazine |last=Zachary |first=George |date=September 1996 |title=Generator: How a Little Game Called Doom May Have Changes the Business World Forever |magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]] |publisher=[[Imagine Media]] |issue=21 |page=20 |issn=1078-9693}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTcanon">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/12/arts/design/12vide.html?ex=1331352000&en=380fc9bb18694da5&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |title=Is That Just Some Game? No, It's a Cultural Artifact |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Heather |last=Chaplin |date=March 12, 2007 |page=E7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204212137/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/12/arts/design/12vide.html?ex=1331352000&en=380fc9bb18694da5&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |archive-date=December 4, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Joystiqcanon">{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/03/12/10-most-important-video-games-of-all-time-as-judged-by-2-design/ |title=10 most important video games of all time, as judged by 2 designers, 2 academics, and 1 lowly blogger |last=Ransom-Wiley |first=James |work=[[Joystiq]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=March 12, 2007 |access-date=March 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314183628/http://www.joystiq.com/2007/03/12/10-most-important-video-games-of-all-time-as-judged-by-2-design/ |archive-date=March 14, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="LOCcanon">{{cite web |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/thesignal/2012/09/yes-the-library-of-congress-has-video-games-an-interview-with-david-gibson/ |title=Yes, The Library of Congress Has Video Games: An Interview with David Gibson |date=September 26, 2012 |work=The Signal |first=Trevor |last=Owens |access-date=March 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308134428/http://blogs.loc.gov/digitalpreservation/2012/09/yes-the-library-of-congress-has-video-games-an-interview-with-david-gibson/ |archive-date=March 8, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="HallofFame">{{cite web |title=Doom |url=https://www.museumofplay.org/games/doom/ |access-date=May 6, 2022 |website=[[The Strong National Museum of Play]] |publisher=[[The Strong]] |archive-date=May 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506144811/https://www.museumofplay.org/games/doom/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="GShistoriography">{{cite journal |last=Therrien |first=Carl |date=2015 |title=Inspecting Video Game Historiography Through Critical Lens: Etymology of the First-Person Shooter Genre |journal=Game Studies: The International Journal of Computer Game Research |volume=15 |issue=2 |url=https://www.gamestudies.org/1502/articles/therrien |access-date=August 20, 2023 |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601232600/https://www.gamestudies.org/1502/articles/therrien |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Replay261262">[[#CITEREFReplayDonovan|Donovan]], pp. 261–262</ref>
<ref name="ResearchMachine1">{{cite conference |first1=A. |last1=Kanervisto |first2=J. |last2=Pussinen |first3=V. |last3=Hautamäki |title=Benchmarking End-to-End Behavioural Cloning on Video Games |conference=[[IEEE Transactions on Games|2020 IEEE Conference on Games]], Osaka, Japan |date=2020 |pages=558–565 |doi=10.1109/CoG47356.2020.9231600|arxiv=2004.00981 }}</ref>
<ref name="ResearchMachine2">{{cite conference |first1=S. |last1=Alvernaz |first2=J. |last2=Togelius |title=Autoencoder-augmented neuroevolution for visual doom playing |conference=2017 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games, New York, NY, USA |date=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1109/CIG.2017.8080408|arxiv=1707.03902 }}</ref>
<ref name="ResearchAesth">{{cite journal |last=Hutchison |first=Andrew |date=2008 |title=Making the water move: techno-historic limits in the game aesthetics of Myst and Doom |journal=Game Studies: The International Journal of Computer Game Research |volume=8 |issue=1 |url=http://gamestudies.org/0801/articles/hutch |access-date=August 20, 2023 |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325071101/https://gamestudies.org/0801/articles/hutch |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="ResearchViolence">{{cite journal |title=A Meta-Analysis on the Longitudinal, Age-Dependent Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggression |first1=Johanna |last1=Burkhardt |first2=Wolfgang |last2=Lenhard |journal=Media Psychology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=499–512 |date=2022 |doi=10.1080/15213269.2021.1980729|s2cid=239233862 }}</ref> 
<ref name="ResearchMemory">{{cite journal |title=The Effects of Video Games in Memory and Attention |first=Chrysovalantis |last=Kefalis |journal=International Journal of Educational Psychology |volume=10 |issue=1 |date=2020 |page=51 |doi=10.3991/ijep.v10i1.11290|s2cid=211535998 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<!-- Clones -->

<ref name="DoomChildren">{{cite web |title=The Complete History Of First-Person Shooters |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-complete-history-of-first-person-shooters |last=Jensen |first=K. Thor |date=October 11, 2017 |website=[[PC Gamer]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |access-date=May 31, 2022 |archive-date=June 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612062316/https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-complete-history-of-first-person-shooters |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="pcgtop50">{{cite journal |date=October 1998 |title=The 50 Best Games Ever |journal=[[PC Gamer US]] |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=86–130 |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |issn=1080-4471}}</ref>
<ref name="DoomClones1">{{cite web |title=Attacking the clones: indie game devs fight blatant rip-offs |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2012/03/attacking-the-clones-indie-game-devs-fight-blatant-rip-offs/ |last=Orland |first=Kyle |date=March 7, 2012 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |access-date=June 13, 2023 |archive-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614035525/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2012/03/attacking-the-clones-indie-game-devs-fight-blatant-rip-offs/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DoomClones2">{{cite web |last1=Turner |first1=Benjamin |last2=Bowen |first2=Kevin |url=http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/december03/doom/clones/index.shtml |title=Bringin' in the Doom Clones |website=[[GameSpy]] |publisher=[[IGN]] |date=December 11, 2003 |access-date=February 19, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712042757/http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/december03/doom/clones/index.shtml |archive-date=July 12, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="DoomClones3">{{cite magazine |title=Q&A: Doom's Creator Looks Back on 20 Years of Demonic Mayhem |url=https://www.wired.com/2013/12/john-carmack-doom/ |last=Kohler |first=Chris |date=December 10, 1993 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |access-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422161322/https://www.wired.com/2013/12/john-carmack-doom/ |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DoomChex">{{cite web |last=House |first=Michael L. |title=Chex Quest – Overview |url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=14300&tab=overview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117060730/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=14300&tab=overview |archive-date=November 17, 2014 |access-date=July 27, 2011 |website=[[AllGame]] |publisher=All Media Network}}</ref>
<ref name="DarkForces">{{cite magazine |last=Turi |first=Tim |title=Doom Clone Troopers – The Story Behind Star Wars: Dark Forces |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2015/02/27/doom-clone-troopers-the-20th-anniversary-of-star-wars-dark-forces.aspx |date=February 27, 2015 |magazine=[[Game Informer]] |publisher=[[GameStop]] |access-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620181438/https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2015/02/27/doom-clone-troopers-the-20th-anniversary-of-star-wars-dark-forces.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="BuildEngine">{{cite web |last1=Zak |first1=Robert |title=Blood, Sweat & Laughter: The Beauty Of The Build Engine |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/build-engine-duke-nukem-blood-shadow-warrior |date=April 13, 2016 |website=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |publisher=[[Gamer Network]] |access-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-date=May 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528091743/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/build-engine-duke-nukem-blood-shadow-warrior |url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- Sequel and franchise -->

<ref name="MOD180182">[[#CITEREFMODKushner|Kushner]], pp. 180–182</ref>
<ref name="Doom2sales1">{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-03-23-fi-46298-story.html |title=News Analysis: Playing the Interactive Game |last=Pitta |first=Julia |date=March 23, 1995 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902121050/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-03-23/business/fi-46298_1_interactive-game/2 |archive-date=September 2, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Doom2sales2">[[#CITEREFGenEOConnell|O'Connell]], p. 50</ref>
<ref name="DoomMaster">{{cite web |url=http://store.steampowered.com/app/9160/Master_Levels_for_Doom_II/ |title=Master Levels for Doom II |work=[[Steam (service)|Steam]] |publisher=[[Valve Corporation|Valve]] |access-date=January 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707223316/http://store.steampowered.com/app/9160/Master_Levels_for_Doom_II |archive-date=July 7, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="FinalDoom1">{{cite magazine |title=Final Doom |magazine=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]] |issue=87 |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |date=October 1996 |page=55 |issn=1058-918X}}</ref>
<ref name="FinalDoom2">{{cite magazine |title=Review Crew: Final Doom |magazine=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]] |issue=89 |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |date=December 1996 |page=88 |issn=1058-918X}}</ref>
<ref name="Compilation1">{{cite web |title=Tech Support: Commander Keen |url=http://legacy.3drealms.com/tech/keen.html |last=Siegler |first=Joe |publisher=[[3D Realms]] |date=2000 |access-date=June 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602081303/http://legacy.3drealms.com/tech/keen.html |archive-date=June 2, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="IGNDoom3Versions">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/games/doom-3/pc-14934 |title=Doom 3 – PC |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |access-date=January 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430183104/http://www.ign.com/games/doom-3/pc-14934 |archive-date=April 30, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="IGNDoom4">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/games/doom-4/pc-14252444 |title=Doom – PC |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |access-date=January 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213013544/http://www.ign.com/games/doom-4/pc-14252444 |archive-date=December 13, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DOOMEternal-release">{{cite web |title=Doom Eternal pushed to March 2020 |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/doom-eternal-pushed-to-march-2020/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[Red Ventures]] |date=March 18, 2020 |last=Gonzales |first=Oscar |access-date=March 21, 2022 |archive-date=October 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008143748/https://www.cnet.com/news/doom-eternal-pushed-to-march-2020/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DOOMspinoffs">{{cite web |title=Let's Rank All The Doom Games, From Worst To Best |url=https://kotaku.com/lets-rank-all-the-doom-games-from-worst-to-best-1846753672 |last=Zwiezen |first=Zack |date=April 24, 2021 |website=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[G/O Media]] |access-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620181438/https://kotaku.com/lets-rank-all-the-doom-games-from-worst-to-best-1846753672 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Novels">{{cite web |title=Doom may be a classic, but were the novels? |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/crap-shoot-doom-the-novels/ |last=Cobbett |first=Richard |date=January 4, 2020 |website=[[PC Gamer]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |access-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620181438/https://www.pcgamer.com/crap-shoot-doom-the-novels/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Boardgame">{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/doom-the-board-game-the-kotaku-review-1792205571 |title=Doom: The Board Game: The Kotaku Review |last=Plunkett |first=Luke |website=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[G/O Media]] |date=February 13, 2017 |access-date=November 15, 2021 |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115215154/https://kotaku.com/doom-the-board-game-the-kotaku-review-1792205571 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Films">{{cite web |title=Doom makers distance themselves from Doom: Annihilation movie |url=https://www.vg247.com/doom-id-not-involved-doom-annihilation-movie |last=Nunneley-Jackson |first=Stephany |date=March 12, 2019 |website=[[VG247]] |publisher=[[Gamer Network]] |access-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-date=June 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621034739/https://www.vg247.com/doom-id-not-involved-doom-annihilation-movie |url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- Controversy -->

<ref name="DoomMature">{{cite web |date=September 16, 2014 |title=The ESRB is Turning 20 – IGN |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/09/16/the-esrb-is-turning-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216091339/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/09/16/the-esrb-is-turning-20 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]}}</ref>
<ref name="MOD171">[[#CITEREFMODKushner|Kushner]], p. 171</ref>
<ref name="DoomViolence">{{cite web |website=[[Entertainment Software Rating Board]] |title=ESRB Game Ratings: Search Results: Doom |url=http://www.esrb.org/search_results.asp?key=doom&x=0&y=0&type=game |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216031317/http://www.esrb.org/search_results.asp?key=doom&x=0&y=0&type=game |archive-date=February 16, 2006 |url-status=dead |access-date=December 4, 2004}}</ref>
<ref name="GermanyBan">{{cite magazine |title=Germany Lifts 17-Year Ban on Demon-Blaster Doom |url=https://www.wired.com/2011/09/germany-ban-doom/ |last=Brown |first=Mark |date=September 1, 2011 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |access-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620181438/https://www.wired.com/2011/09/germany-ban-doom/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="DoomKillology">{{cite web |last1=Irvine |first1=Reed |last2=Kincaid |first2=Cliff |year=1999 |title=Video Games Can Kill |url=http://www.aim.org/media_monitor/A3327_0_2_0_C/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005011325/http://www.aim.org/media_monitor/A3327_0_2_0_C/ |archive-date=October 5, 2007 |access-date=November 15, 2005 |website=[[Accuracy in Media]]}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTColumbine">{{cite news |title=Game Makers on the Defensive After the Columbine Shootings |last=Richtel |first=Matt |date=April 29, 1999 |page=G3 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/29/technology/news-watch-game-makers-on-the-defensive-after-the-columbine-shootings.html |access-date=June 15, 2023 |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620181439/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/29/technology/news-watch-game-makers-on-the-defensive-after-the-columbine-shootings.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EscapistColumbine">{{cite web |title=8 of the Most Controversial Videogames Ever Made |last1=Whitaker |first1=Ron |url=https://www.escapistmagazine.com/8-of-the-most-controversial-videogames-ever-made/ |date=June 1, 2015 |website=[[The Escapist (magazine)|The Escapist]] |publisher=[[Gamurs]] |access-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620233506/https://www.escapistmagazine.com/8-of-the-most-controversial-videogames-ever-made/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="SnopesHarrisLevels">{{cite web |last=Mikkelson |first=Barbara |date=January 1, 2005 |title=Columbine Doom Levels |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/the-harris-levels/ |access-date=June 11, 2020 |website=[[Snopes]] |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122174955/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/the-harris-levels/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- Community -->

<ref name="community1">{{cite web |title=The Greatest Games of All Time: Doom |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/the-greatest-games-of-all-time-doom/1100-6143094/ |last=Shoemaker |first=Brad |date=February 2, 2006 |website=[[GameSpot]] |publisher=SpotMedia Communications |access-date=June 21, 2023 |archive-date=October 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009203503/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/the-greatest-games-of-all-time-doom/1100-6143094/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Community2">{{cite web |author=Gestalt |date=December 29, 1999 |title=Games of the Millennium |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2000_3 |access-date=June 16, 2015 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=[[Gamer Network]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122828/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2000_3 |archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="MOD167169">[[#CITEREFMODKushner|Kushner]], pp. 167–169</ref>
<ref name="ESCModHistory">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Doom Mapping |url=https://www.escapistmagazine.com/a-brief-history-of-doom-mapping/ |last=Hrodey |first=matt |date=February 11, 2019 |website=[[The Escapist (magazine)|The Escapist]] |publisher=[[Gamurs]] |access-date=June 19, 2023 |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620020200/https://www.escapistmagazine.com/a-brief-history-of-doom-mapping/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="RPSModHistory">{{cite web |title=A People's History Of The FPS, Part 1: The WAD |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/a-peoples-history-of-the-fps-part-1-the-wad |last=Yang |first=Robert |date=September 19, 2012 |website=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |publisher=[[Gamer Network]] |access-date=June 19, 2023 |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620020151/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/a-peoples-history-of-the-fps-part-1-the-wad |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Cacowards19">{{cite web |title=The best Doom mods of 2019 |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/modder-superior-best-mods-classic-doom-2019 |last=Tarason |first=Dominic |date=November 25, 2019 |website=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |publisher=[[Gamer Network]] |access-date=June 19, 2023 |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620020153/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/modder-superior-best-mods-classic-doom-2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Dragon217">{{cite magazine |author1=Jay |author2=Dee |date=May 1995 |title=Eye of the Monitor: D!Zone |magazine=[[Dragon (magazine)|Dragon]] |publisher=[[TSR, Inc.|TSR]] |issue=217 |pages=67–74 |issn=1062-2101 <!--|url=http://annarchive.com/files/Drmg217.pdf#page=69-->}}</ref>
<ref name="MOD212">[[#CITEREFMODKushner|Kushner]], p. 212</ref>
<ref name="NewLevels">{{cite web |date=April 26, 2016 |title=John Romero's new Doom level is a tease for his next project |url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/4/26/11512788/john-romero-new-doom-level-free-download |last=Frank |first=Allegra |access-date=July 15, 2016 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704014611/http://www.polygon.com/2016/4/26/11512788/john-romero-new-doom-level-free-download |archive-date=July 4, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="RomeroLevels">{{cite web |date=January 15, 2016 |title=You can download John Romero's first new Doom level in 21 years right now |url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/1/15/10776094/john-romero-doom-level-free-download |last=Frank |first=Allegra |access-date=October 14, 2016 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014193709/http://www.polygon.com/2016/1/15/10776094/john-romero-doom-level-free-download |archive-date=October 14, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Sigil1">{{cite web |date=May 31, 2019 |title=Download Sigil |url=https://romero.com/sigil |access-date=July 24, 2020 |website=Romero Games |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122071151/https://romero.com/sigil |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Sigil2">{{cite web |last=Wales |first=Matt |date=May 31, 2019 |title=John Romero's free, unofficial fifth Doom episode Sigil is finally here |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/john-romeros-unofficial-fifth-doom-episode-sigil-is-finally-out |website=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=[[Gamer Network]] |access-date=June 19, 2023 |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620020150/https://www.eurogamer.net/john-romeros-unofficial-fifth-doom-episode-sigil-is-finally-out |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="SigilII">{{cite web |date=December 10, 2023 |title=Download Sigil II with Thorr Soundtrack |url=https://romero.com/shop/p/sigil-ii-thorr |access-date=December 10, 2023 |website=Romero Games}}</ref>
<ref name="SnyderBook">[[#CITEREFSpeedrunningSnyder|Snyder]] pp. 34–36</ref>
<ref name="wired culture">{{cite magazine |last=Lenti |first=Erica |date=July 10, 2021 |title=Why Do Gamers Love Speedrunning So Much Anyway? |url=https://www.wired.com/story/why-gamers-love-speedrunning/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710110824/https://www.wired.com/story/why-gamers-love-speedrunning/ |archive-date=July 10, 2021 |access-date=July 10, 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="SpeedrunOrigin1">{{cite web |last=Paez |first=Danny |date=March 10, 2020 |title=Coined: How "speedrunning" became an Olympic-level gaming competition |url=https://www.inverse.com/gaming/speedrun-meaning-definition-origin-gaming-coined |access-date=March 18, 2022 |website=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]] |publisher=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle Digital Group]] |archive-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026231911/https://www.inverse.com/gaming/speedrun-meaning-definition-origin-gaming-coined |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="SpeedrunOrigin2">{{cite web |last=Turner |first=Benjamin |date=August 10, 2005 |title=Smashing the Clock |url=http://www.1up.com/do/feature?cId=3142599&did=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220042/http://www.1up.com/do/feature?cId=3142599&did=1 |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=August 13, 2005 |website=[[1Up.com]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]}}</ref>
<ref name="SpeedrunLongevity1">{{cite web |title=Insanely Difficult Doom Record Beaten After 20 Years |url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2019/04/doom-speedrun-world-record-broken-after-20-years/ |last=Walker |first=Alex |date=April 9, 2019 |website=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[G/O Media]] |access-date=June 21, 2023 |archive-date=April 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423024018/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2019/04/doom-speedrun-world-record-broken-after-20-years/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="SpeedrunLongevity2">{{cite web |title=22-year-old Doom E1M1: Hangar speedrun record finally broken |url=https://www.shacknews.com/article/111159/22-year-old-doom-e1m1-hangar-speedrun-record-finally-broken |last=Hawkins |first=Josh |date=April 10, 2019 |website=[[Shacknews]] |publisher=Gamerhub |access-date=June 21, 2023 |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028090350/https://www.shacknews.com/article/111159/22-year-old-doom-e1m1-hangar-speedrun-record-finally-broken |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="SpeedrunLongevity3">{{cite web |title=This Doom 'speedrun' took more than three weeks |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/this-doom-speedrun-took-more-than-three-weeks/ |last=Stanton |first=Rich |date=September 7, 2022 |website=[[PC Gamer]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |access-date=June 21, 2023 |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622015925/https://www.pcgamer.com/this-doom-speedrun-took-more-than-three-weeks/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Consalvo |first=Mia |title=Atari to Zelda: Japan's Videogames in Global Contexts |date=2016 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-03439-5 |ref=CITEREFContextsConsalvo}}
* {{cite book |last=Donovan |first=Tristan |title=[[Replay: The History of Video Games]] |date=2010 |publisher=Yellow Ant |isbn=978-0-9565072-0-4 |ref=CITEREFReplayDonovan}}
* {{cite book |last=Dunnigan |first=James F. |title=Wargames Handbook: How to Play and Design Commercial and Professional Wargames |edition=3rd |date=2000 |publisher=[[Writers Club Press]] |author-link=Jim Dunnigan |isbn=978-0-595-15546-0 |ref=CITEREFWargamesDunnigan}}
* {{cite book |last=Hawken |first=Kieren |title=The A-Z of Atari Jaguar Games – Volume 1 |date=2017 |publisher=Andrews UK |isbn=978-1-78538-734-0 |ref=CITEREFJaguarHawken}}
* {{cite book |last1=King |first1=Brad |last2=Borland |first2=John |title=Dungeons & Dreamers: A Story of how Computer Games Created a Global Community |date=2014 |publisher=[[ETC Press]] |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-9912227-2-8 |ref=CITEREFDreamersKingBorland}}
* {{cite book |last=Kushner |first=David |author-link=David Kushner (writer) |title=Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture |title-link=Masters of Doom |date=2004 |publisher=[[Random House]] |isbn=978-0-8129-7215-3 |ref=CITEREFMODKushner}}
* {{cite book |last=Mendoza |first=Jonathan |url=https://archive.org/details/officialdoomsurv00mend |title=The Official DOOM Survivor's Strategies and Secrets |date=1994 |publisher=[[Sybex]] |isbn=978-0-7821-1546-8 |url-access=registration |ref=CITEREFStrategyMendoza}}
* {{cite book |last1=O'Connell |first1=Brian |title=Gen E: Generation Entrepreneur is Rewriting the Rules of Business |date=1999 |publisher=[[Entrepreneur Press]] |isbn=978-1-891984-07-5 |ref=CITEREFGenEOConnell}}
* {{cite book |last=Pinchbeck |first=Dan |title=Doom: Scarydarkfast |date=2013 |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn=978-0-472-05191-5 |ref=CITEREFScaryPinchbeck}}
* {{cite book |last=Romero |first=John |author-link=John Romero |title=Doom Guy: Life in First Person |date=2023 |publisher=[[Abrams Books|Harry N. Abrams]] |isbn=978-1-4197-5811-9 |ref=CITEREFDoomguyRomero}}
* {{cite book |last=Slaven |first=Andy |title=Video Game Bible, 1985-2002 |date=2002 |publisher=[[Trafford Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-55369-731-2 |ref=CITEREFBibleSlaven}}
* {{cite book |last=Snyder |first=David |title=Speedrunning: Interviews with the Quickest Gamers |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4766-3076-2 |ref=CITEREFSpeedrunningSnyder}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{MobyGames|id=/1068/doom/|name=''Doom''}}
* [https://www.gamers.org/docs/FAQ/doomfaq/ The "Official" Doom FAQ]
* [https://github.com/id-Software/DOOM Source code] for ''Doom'' on GitHub

{{Doom series|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1993 video games]]
[[Category:32X games]]
[[Category:3DO games]]
[[Category:Acorn Archimedes games]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) games]]
[[Category:Atari Jaguar games]]
[[Category:Censored video games]]
[[Category:Classic Mac OS games]]
[[Category:Commercial video games with freely available source code]]
[[Category:Cooperative video games]]
[[Category:Doom (franchise) games]]
[[Category:Doom engine games]]
[[Category:DOS games]]
[[Category:Fiction set on Mars' moons]]
[[Category:First-person shooter multiplayer online games]]
[[Category:First-person shooters]]
[[Category:Game Boy Advance games]]
[[Category:Games commercially released with DOSBox]]
[[Category:GT Interactive games]]
[[Category:Id Software games]]
[[Category:Imagineer games]]
[[Category:IOS games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer null modem games]]
[[Category:Nintendo Switch games]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in video games]]
[[Category:PlayStation (console) games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 5 games]]
[[Category:Science fantasy video games]]
[[Category:Sega Saturn games]]
[[Category:Shareware games]]
[[Category:Split-screen multiplayer games]]
[[Category:Sprite-based first-person shooters]]
[[Category:Super FX games]]
[[Category:Super Nintendo Entertainment System games]]
[[Category:Video games about demons]]
[[Category:Video games about Satanism]]
[[Category:Video games designed by John Romero]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]
[[Category:Video games scored by Bobby Prince]]
[[Category:Video games set in hell]]
[[Category:Video games set on Mars]]
[[Category:Video games with 2.5D graphics]]
[[Category:Video games with digitized sprites]]
[[Category:Williams video games]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:World Video Game Hall of Fame]]
[[Category:Xbox 360 games]]
[[Category:Xbox 360 Live Arcade games]]
[[Category:Xbox Cloud Gaming games]]
[[Category:Xbox One games]]
[[Category:Xbox Series X and Series S games]]