Editing Dome of the Rock

{{Short description|Islamic building in Al-Aqsa, Jerusalem}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name                  = Dome of the Rock
| native_name           = Qubbat aṣ-Ṣakhra<br />قبّة الصخرة
| native_name_lang      = ar
| image                 = Palestine-2013(2)-Jerusalem-Temple Mount-Dome of the Rock (SE exposure).jpg
| alt                   = Dome of the Rock
| caption               = The Dome of the Rock on the [[Temple Mount]] ([[Al-Aqsa]]) in the [[Old City of Jerusalem]]
| map_type              = Old Jerusalem
| map_alt               = 
| map_size              = 265
| map_caption           = Location within the Old City of Jerusalem
| coordinates           = {{coord|31.7780|35.2354|type:landmark_region:PS|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| location              = [[Jerusalem]]
| established           = {{circa|685–692}}
| tradition             = <!--this slot is for subdivisions of "affiliation", e.g. Sunni or Shia-->
| administration        = Ministry of Awqaf (Jordan)
| architecture_type     = Shrine
| architecture_style    = [[Umayyad architecture|Umayyad]] (with later [[Ottoman decoration]])
| dome_quantity         = 1
}}
The '''Dome of the Rock''' ({{langx|ar|قبة الصخرة|Qubbat aṣ-Ṣaḵra}}) is an [[Islam]]ic shrine at the center of the [[Al-Aqsa]] mosque compound on the [[Temple Mount]] in the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City of Jerusalem]]. It is the world's oldest surviving work of [[Islamic architecture]], the [[List_of_the_oldest_mosques|earliest archaeologically attested religious structure to be built by a Muslim ruler]] and its inscriptions contain the earliest [[Epigraphy|epigraphic]] proclamations of Islam and of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] Muhammad.{{sfn|Johns|2003|p=416}}<ref name="George 2010 p. ">{{cite book | last=George | first=A. | title=The Rise of Islamic Calligraphy | publisher=Saqi | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-86356-673-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpxEAQAAIAAJ | quote= The answer to this question begins with the oldest surviving Islamic monument : the Dome of the Rock | page=60}}</ref>

Its initial construction was undertaken by the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] on the orders of [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]] during the [[Second Fitna]] in 691–692 CE, and it has since been situated on top of the site of the [[Second Temple|Second Jewish Temple]] (built in {{Circa|516 BCE}} to replace the destroyed [[Solomon's Temple]] and rebuilt by [[Herod the Great]]), which was [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE]]. The original dome collapsed in 1015 and was rebuilt in 1022–23.

Its architecture and mosaics were patterned after nearby [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine churches and palaces]].<ref name="avner43">{{cite book |last= Avner |first= Rina |year= 2010 |chapter= The Dome of the Rock in light of the development of concentric martyria in Jerusalem |title= Muqarnas |volume= 27: An Annual on the Visual Cultures of the Islamic World |publisher= Brill |place= Leiden |isbn= 978-900418511-1 |pages= 31–50 [43–44] |jstor= 25769691 |chapter-url= https://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/9484/original/DTP101967.pdf?1396907242 |access-date= 24 March 2017 |archive-date= 25 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170325025745/https://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/9484/original/DTP101967.pdf?1396907242 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Its outside appearance was significantly changed during the [[Timeline of Palestine region#Ottoman period| Early Ottoman period]], when brightly coloured, mainly blue-and-white [[Iznik tile| Iznik-style tiles]] were applied to the exterior,{{Sfn|Hillenbrand|2000|p=21}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Blair |first1=Sheila S.0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mhIgewDtNkC&pg=PA220 |title=The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800 |last2=Bloom |first2=Jonathan M. |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-300-06465-0 |pages=220 |access-date=}}</ref> and again in the modern period, notably with the addition of the gold-plated roof, in 1959–61 and again in 1993. The octagonal plan of the structure may have been influenced by the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]]-era [[Church of the Seat of Mary]] (also known as ''Kathisma'' in [[Greek language|Greek]] and ''al-Qadismu'' in Arabic), which was built between 451 and 458 on the road between [[Jerusalem]] and [[Bethlehem]].<ref name=avner43/>

The [[Foundation Stone]] (or Noble Rock) that the temple was built over bears great significance in the [[Abrahamic religions]] as the place where [[God in Abrahamic religions|God]] created the world as well as the first human, [[Adam]].<ref name="Delaney">Carol Delaney, ''Abraham on Trial: The Social Legacy of Biblical Myth,'' Princeton University Press 2000 p.120.</ref> It is also believed to be the site where [[Abraham]] attempted [[Binding of Isaac|to sacrifice his son]], and as the place where [[Shekhinah|God's divine presence]] is manifested more than in any other place, towards which [[Jews]] turn during prayer. The site's great significance for [[Muslims]] derives from traditions connecting it to the [[creation myth|creation of the world]] and the belief that the [[Isra and Mi'raj|Night Journey]] of [[Muhammad]] began from [[Foundation Stone#Islamic significance|the rock]] at the centre of the structure.<ref>{{cite journal |author= M. Anwarul Islam and Zaid F. Al-hamad |title= The Dome of the Rock: Origin of its octagonal plan |journal= Palestine Exploration Quarterly |volume= 139 |issue= 2 |year= 2007 |pages= 109–128|doi= 10.1179/003103207x194145 |s2cid= 162578242 |issn = 0031-0328 }}</ref><ref name=Rabbat>{{cite journal |last= Rabbat |first= Nasser |title= The Meaning of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock |pages= 12–21 [13–14] |editor= [[Oleg Grabar]] |journal= Muqarnas |volume= 6 |publisher= E.J. Brill |location= Leiden |year= 1989 |doi= 10.2307/1602276 |jstor= 1602276 |url= http://www.realtechsupport.org/UB/MA/Rabbat_Dome_ofthe_Rock.pdf |access-date= 20 March 2021 |archive-date= 31 May 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210531024516/http://www.realtechsupport.org/UB/MA/Rabbat_Dome_ofthe_Rock.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref>

Designated by [[UNESCO]] as a [[World Heritage Site]], it has been called "Jerusalem's most recognizable landmark"<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2001/01/29/arafats-gift |title=Arafat's Gift |first=Jeffrey |last=Goldberg |author-link=Jeffrey Goldberg |date=29 January 2001 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714192414/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2001/01/29/arafats-gift |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> along with two nearby Old City structures: the [[Western Wall]] and the "Resurrection Rotunda" in the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/148|title=UNESCO World Heritage|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804093930/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/148|archive-date=4 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Its Islamic inscriptions proved to be a milestone, as afterward they became a common feature in Islamic structures and almost always mention Muhammad.{{sfn|Johns|2003|p=416}} The Dome of the Rock remains a "unique monument of [[Islamic culture]] in almost all respects", including as a "work of art and as a cultural and pious document", according to art historian [[Oleg Grabar]].{{sfn|Grabar|1986|p=299}}

==Architecture==
===Structure===
[[File:Dehio 10 Dome of the Rock Section.jpg|thumb|Cross section of the Dome (print from 1887, after the first detailed drawings of the Dome, made by the English artist [[Frederick Catherwood]] in 1833).<ref name= Catherwood>{{cite web |url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/architecture/architecture_features/alternating_currents/collections/domeoftherock/index.html |title= Drawings of Islamic Buildings: Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. |publisher=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]] |quote= Until 1833 the Dome of the Rock had not been measured or drawn; according to [[Victor Wolfgang von Hagen|Victor von Hagen]], 'no architect had ever sketched its architecture, no antiquarian had traced its interior design...' On 13 November in that year, however, [[Frederick Catherwood]] dressed up as an Egyptian officer and accompanied by an Egyptian servant 'of great courage and assurance', entered the buildings of the mosque with his drawing materials... 'During six weeks, I continued to investigate every part of the mosque and its precincts.' Thus, Catherwood made the first complete survey of the Dome of the Rock, and paved the way for many other artists in subsequent years, such as [[William Harvey (artist)|William Harvey]], [[Ernest Richmond]] and [[Carl Friedrich Heinrich Werner]]. |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090309001858/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/architecture/architecture_features/alternating_currents/collections/domeoftherock/index.html |archive-date= 9 March 2009 }}</ref>]]

The Dome of the Rock's basic plan is essentially [[octagon]]al. It is capped at its center by a [[dome]], approximately {{cvt|20|m|ft}} in diameter, mounted on an elevated circular [[tholobate|drum]] standing on 16 supports (4 [[Pier (architecture)|pier]]s and 12 [[column]]s).<ref name=BRIT/> Surrounding this circle is an octagonal arcade of 24 piers and columns.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20041125230355/http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/BuildingDetail/145.php The Dome of the Rock]}}. Glass Steel and Stone.</ref> The inner circular row of drum supports and the octagonal [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]] create an inner [[ambulatory]] that encircles the holy rock. The outer walls are also octagonal. They each measure approximately {{cvt|60|m|ft|}} wide and {{cvt|36|m|ft}} high.<ref name=BRIT /> The inner and outer octagon create a second, outer ambulatorium surrounding the inner one. Both the circular drum and the exterior walls contain many windows.<ref name=BRIT />

===Interior decoration===
The interior of the dome is lavishly decorated with [[mosaic]], [[faience]] and [[marble]], much of which was added several centuries after its completion. The inner colonnade features {{transliteration|ar|[[ablaq]]}} light and dark stone [[voussoir]]s in its arches.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0522">{{Cite book |last=Milwright |first=Marcus |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2014 |isbn=9789004161658 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |language=en |chapter=Dome of the Rock |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett}}</ref> The origins of these marble treatments are controversial, with some scholars theorizing them to be from the original construction, and some saying they were later additions (and differing then as to the dates and identity of the builders).<ref name="Allen">{{cite book |url=http://www.sonic.net/~tallen/palmtree/pisa.dor.htm |title=Pisa and the Dome of the Rock |edition=2nd |first1=Terry |last1=Allen |publisher=Solipsist Press |place=Occidental, California |year=2008 |format=electronic publication |isbn=978-0-944940-08-2|access-date=January 28, 2012}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Evangelatou |first=Maria |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnMvEAAAQBAJ&dq=ablaq+cordoba&pg=PT252 |title=Icons of Space: Advances in Hierotopy |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-000-41086-0 |editor-last=Bogdanović |editor-first=Jelena |pages=171–172 (see note 77) |language=en |chapter=Hierochronotopy: Stepping into timeful space through Bonanno’s twelfth-century door for the Pisa cathedral}}</ref>

It also contains Qur'anic inscriptions. They vary from [[1924 Cairo edition|today's standard text]] (mainly changes from the first to the third person) and are mixed with pious inscriptions not in the [[Quran]].<ref name=RSEQ>Robert Schick, ''Archaeology and the Quran'', [[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]</ref> The dedicatory inscription in [[Kufic]] script placed around the dome contains the date believed to be the year the Dome was first completed, [[Hijri year|AH]] 72 (691/2 CE), while the name of the corresponding [[caliph]] and builder of the Dome, [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]], was deleted and replaced by the name of [[Abbasid]] caliph [[Al-Ma'mun]] ({{reign|813|833}}) during whose reign renovations took place.

===Exterior decoration===
The decoration of the outer walls went through two major phases: the initial [[Umayyad]] scheme comprised marble and mosaics, much like the interior walls.<ref name=ArchnetMain/> 16th-century [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman]] sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] replaced it with [[Ottoman tile decoration]].<ref name=ArchnetMain/> This tilework was of many different styles and techniques, including ''[[cuerda seca]]'' tiles, multi-coloured [[underglaze]] tiles, and [[Blue and white pottery|blue-and-white]] tilework,<ref name=":0" /> resembling the [[Iznik tiles]] that were produced for the Ottoman capital.{{Sfn|Hillenbrand|2000|p=21}} A small number of tiles were actual Iznik productions that were imported to Jerusalem.{{Sfn|Hillenbrand|2000|p=31 (see plate XXIX caption)}} The original tiles were replaced in the 1960s with faithful copies produced in Italy.<ref name=ArchnetMain>{{cite web |title= Qubba al-Sakhra |website= ArchNet |url= https://archnet.org/sites/2814 |access-date= 8 April 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190814082554/http://archnet.org/sites/2814 |archive-date= 14 August 2019 |url-status= live }}</ref>

{{transliteration|ar|[[Surah]] [[Ya-Sin]]}} (the 'Heart of the Quran') is inscribed across the top of the tile work and was commissioned in the 16th century by Suleiman the Magnificent.<ref>Palestine: Masjid al-Aqsa:[https://www.islamiclandmarks.com/palestine-masjid-al-aqsa/the-dome-of-the-rock The Dome of the Rock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115074715/http://www.islamiclandmarks.com/palestine-masjid-al-aqsa/the-dome-of-the-rock |date=15 January 2019 }}, at IslamicLandmarks.com, accessed 18 February 2019</ref> {{transliteration|ar|Surah}} 17, {{transliteration|ar|[[Al-Isra']]}}, which tells the story of the {{transliteration|ar|Isra}} or Night Journey, is inscribed above this.

==History==
===Pre-Islamic background===
{{Main|Temple Mount|Herod's Temple|Aelia Capitolina}}
[[File:Second Temple.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Reconstruction of [[Herod's Temple]] as seen from the east ([[Holyland Model of Jerusalem]], 1966)]]

The Dome of the Rock is situated in the center of the Temple Mount, the site of [[Solomon's Temple]] and the [[Second Temple|Second Jewish Temple]], which had been greatly expanded under [[Herod the Great]] in the 1st century BCE. Herod's Temple was destroyed in 70 CE by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]], and after the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]] in 135 CE, a Roman temple to {{lang|la|[[Church of the Holy Sepulchre#Connection to Roman temple|Jupiter Capitolinus]]}} was built at the site by Emperor [[Hadrian]].<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Aelia Capitolina". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 256. Lester L. Grabbe (2010). An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus. A&C Black. p. 29.</ref>

Jerusalem was ruled by the [[Byzantine Empire]] throughout the 4th to 6th centuries. During this time, [[Christian pilgrimage]] to Jerusalem began to develop.<ref>Davidson, Linda Kay and David Martin Gitlitz [https://books.google.com/books?id=YVYkrNhPMQkC&pg=PP274 ''Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland : an Encyclopedia''] Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, Inc, Santa Barbara, CA 2002, p. 274.</ref> The [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] was built under [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] in the 320s, but the Temple Mount was left undeveloped after a failed project of restoration of the Jewish Temple under Emperor [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]].<ref>"Julian thought to rebuild at an extravagant expense the proud Temple once at Jerusalem, and committed this task to [[Alypius of Antioch]]. Alypius set vigorously to work, and was seconded by the governor of the province, when fearful balls of fire, breaking out near the foundations, continued their attacks, till the workmen, after repeated scorchings, could approach no more: and he gave up the attempt." [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''Res Gestae'', 23.1.2–3.</ref>

In 638 CE, Byzantine Jerusalem was conquered by the Arab armies of [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]],<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Dan Bahat]]|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedatlas00baha|title=The Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem|year=1996|isbn=9789652203489|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedatlas00baha/page/n61 71]|publisher=Carta |url-access=limited}}</ref> second [[Caliphate|Caliph]] of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]]. Umar was advised by [[Ka'b al-Ahbar]], a Jewish rabbi who converted to Islam,<ref>[http://www.alsadiqin.org/en/index.php?title=Yakub_of_Syria_(Ka'b_al-Ahbar)_Last_Jewish_Attempt_at_Islamic_Leadership Yakub of Syria (Ka'b al-Ahbar) Last Jewish Attempt at Islamic Leadership] Committee for Historical Research in Islam and Judaism, © 2004–2012, accessed July 2013. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513011205/http://www.alsadiqin.org/en/index.php?title=Yakub_of_Syria_%28Ka%27b_al-Ahbar%29_Last_Jewish_Attempt_at_Islamic_Leadership|date=13 May 2015}} "He continued to follow Rabbinic tradition such that later Islamic historians questioned whether he ever 'converted' to Islam."</ref> that the site is identical with the site of the former Jewish Temples in Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cohen|first=Hillel|date=2017-01-01|title=The Temple Mount/al-Aqsa in Zionist and Palestinian National Consciousness|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/isr.2017.320102|journal=Israel Studies Review|volume=32|issue=1|pages=1–19|doi=10.3167/isr.2017.320102|issn=2159-0370|quote=The encounter between Jews and Muslims on the Temple Mount/al-Aqsa began at the dawn of Islam and continues to this day. It began with a mixture of cooperation and competition; a Jewish convert to Islam, Ka'ab al-Ahbar, guided Caliph Umar to the site of the Temple.}}</ref> Among the first [[Muslims]], Jerusalem was referred to as {{transliteration|ar|Madinat bayt al-Maqdis}} ('City of the Temple').<ref>Ben-Dov, M. ''Historical Atlas of Jerusalem''. Translated by David Louvish. New York: Continuum, 2002, p. 171</ref>

===Umayyads===
{{see also|History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes}}
====Original construction====
The initial octagonal structure of the Dome of the Rock and its round wooden dome had basically the same shape as it does today.<ref name=BRIT>{{cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030854/Dome-of-the-Rock |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |title= Dome of the Rock |access-date= 4 April 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080615131142/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030854/Dome-of-the-Rock |archive-date= 15 June 2008 |url-status= live }}</ref> It was built by the order of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] caliph [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]] ({{reign|685|705}}).{{sfn|Elad|1999|p=45}} According to [[Sibt ibn al-Jawzi]] (1185–1256), construction started in 685/6, while [[al-Suyuti]] (1445–1505) holds that its commencement year was 688.{{sfn|Elad|1999|p=44–45, notes 98–99}} A dedicatory inscription in [[Kufic]] script is preserved inside the dome. The date is recorded as [[Hijri year|AH]] 72 (691/2 CE), the year most historians believe the construction of the original Dome was completed.{{sfn|Necipoğlu|2008|p=22}} An alternative interpretation of the inscription claims that it indicates the year when construction started.<ref name="Blair">Sheila Blair, "What Is The Date Of The Dome Of The Rock?" in J. Raby & J. Johns (ed.), "Bayt Al-Maqdis: 'Abd al-Malik's Jerusalem", 1992, Part 1, Oxford University Press: Oxford (UK), pp. 59-87.</ref> In this inscription, the name of "al-Malik" was removed and replaced by the name of the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] caliph [[al-Ma'mun]] ({{reign|813|833}}). This alteration of the original inscription was first noted by [[Melchior de Vogüé]] in 1864.{{sfn|Vogüé|1864|p=[https://archive.org/stream/letempledejrusal00vogm#page/85/mode/1up 85]}} Some scholars have suggested that the dome was added to an existing building, built either by [[Muawiyah I]] ({{reign|661|680}}),<ref>Oleg Grabar: ''The Meaning of the Dome of the Rock.''</ref> or indeed a Byzantine building dating to before the Muslim conquest, built under [[Heraclius]] ({{reign|610|641}}).<ref>{{cite journal |last= Busse |first= Heribert |year= 1991 |title= Zur Geschichte und Deutung der frühislamischen Ḥarambauten in Jerusalem |language= de |journal= Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins |volume= 107 |pages= 144–154 |jstor= 27931418}}</ref>

The Dome of the Rock's architecture and mosaics were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces.<ref name="avner43" /> The supervisor and engineer in charge of the project were [[Raja ibn Haywa]], Yazid ibn Salam, and the latter's son Baha.{{sfn|Gil|1997|p=92}}<ref name="avner43" /><ref name="EttinghausenGrabarJenkins20">{{cite book |author1= Richard Ettinghausen |author2= Oleg Grabar |author3= Marilyn Jenkins |title= Islamic Art and Architecture 650–1250 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=l1uWZAzN_VcC |year= 2001 |publisher= Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-08869-4 |page= 20}}</ref> Raja was a Muslim theologian and native of [[Beisan]], and Yazid and Baha were {{transliteration|ar|[[mawla|mawali]]}} (non-Arab, Muslim converts; clients) of Abd al-Malik from Jerusalem. Abd al-Malik was represented in the supervision of the construction by his son [[Sa'id al-Khayr]].{{sfn|Gil|1997|p=92}} The Caliph employed expert works from across his domain, at the time restricted to [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]] and [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]],{{sfn|Gil|1997|p=92}} who were presumably Christians.<ref name="EttinghausenGrabarJenkins20"/> Construction cost was reportedly seven times the yearly tax income of Egypt.{{sfn|Lassner|2006|p=176}} The historian [[K. A. C. Creswell]] noted that those who built the shrine used the measurements of the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]. The diameter of the dome of the shrine is {{cvt|20.20|m|ft}} and its height {{cvt|20.48|m|ft}}, while the diameter of the dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is {{cvt|20.90|m|ft}} and its height {{cvt|21.05|m|ft}}.

====Motivations for construction====
Narratives by the medieval sources about Abd al-Malik's motivations in building the Dome of the Rock vary.{{sfn|Grabar|1986|p=299}} At the time of its construction, the Caliph was engaged in war with Christian Byzantium and its [[Mardaites|Syrian Christian allies]] on the one hand and with the rival caliph [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]], who controlled [[Mecca]], the annual destination of Muslim pilgrimage, on the other hand.{{sfn|Grabar|1986|p=299}}{{sfn|Johns|2003|pp=425–426}} Thus, one series of explanations was that Abd al-Malik intended for the Dome of the Rock to be a religious monument of victory over the Christians that would distinguish Islam's uniqueness within the common [[Abrahamic]] religious setting of Jerusalem, home of the two older Abrahamic faiths, Judaism and Christianity.{{sfn|Grabar|1986|p=299}}{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=60}} The historian [[Shelomo Dov Goitein]] has argued that the Dome of the Rock was intended to compete with the many fine buildings of worship of other religions: "The very form of a rotunda, given to the {{transliteration|ar|Qubbat as-Sakhra}}, although it was foreign to Islam, was destined to rival the many Christian domes"<ref name=SDG>{{cite journal |last= Goitein |first= Shelomo Dov |author-link= Shelomo Dov Goitein |year= 1950 |title= The historical background of the erection of the Dome of the Rock |journal= Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= 70 |issue= 2 |pages= 104–108 |doi= 10.2307/595539 |jstor= 595539 }}</ref> - and more specifically, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, according to others.<ref name= Sonn229>{{cite book |last1= Ahmed |first1=A.S. |last2= Sonn |first2=T. |title= The SAGE Handbook of Islamic Studies |publisher= SAGE Publications |year= 2010 |pages= 229–230 |quote= Questions of visual domination and conversion were among the important factors in the construction of the oldest surviving Islamic monument, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. |isbn=978-1-4739-7168-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qihRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT229}}</ref>

The other main explanation holds that Abd al-Malik, in the heat of the war with Ibn al-Zubayr, sought to build the structure to divert the focus of the Muslims in his realm from the Ka'aba in Mecca, where Ibn al-Zubayr would publicly condemn the Umayyads during the annual pilgrimage to the sanctuary.{{sfn|Grabar|1986|p=299}}{{sfn|Johns|2003|pp=425–426}}{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=60}} Though most modern historians dismiss the latter account as a product of anti-Umayyad propaganda in the traditional Muslim sources and doubt that Abd al-Malik would attempt to alter the sacred Muslim requirement of fulfilling the pilgrimage to the Ka'aba, other historians concede that this cannot be conclusively dismissed.{{sfn|Grabar|1986|p=299}}{{sfn|Johns|2003|pp=425–426}}{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=60}}

===Abbasids and Fatimids===
The building was severely damaged by earthquakes in 808 and again in 846.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Amiran |first1= D.H.K. |last2= Arieh |first2= E. |last3= Turcotte |first3= T. |year=1994 |title= Earthquakes in Israel and adjacent areas: macroseismic observations since 100 B.C.E. |journal= Israel Exploration Journal |volume=44 |issue=3/4 |pages= 260–305 [267] |jstor= 27926357 }}</ref> The dome collapsed in an earthquake in 1015 and was rebuilt in 1022–1023. The mosaics on the drum were repaired in 1027–1028.{{sfn|Necipoğlu|2008|p=31}} The [[1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake|earthquake of 1033]] resulted in the introduction of wooden beams to enforce the dome.<ref name= archpark>{{cite web |title=The Earthquake of 1033 CE |url=http://www.archpark.org.il/article.asp?id=245 |website=archpark.org.il |publisher=The Jerusalem Archaeological Park |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526112427/http://www.archpark.org.il/article.asp?id=245 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Crusaders===
{{Main|Templum Domini}}
[[File:Seal of Templars.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the {{lang|la|Templum Domini}} on the reverse side of the seal of the Knights Templar]]

For centuries Christian pilgrims were able to come and experience the Temple Mount, but escalating violence against pilgrims to Jerusalem ([[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]], who ordered the destruction of the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre|Holy Sepulchre]], was an example) resulted in the [[Crusades]].<ref>Stark, Rodney. ''God's Battalions; a Case for the Crusades''. HarperCollins, NY, 2009, pp. 84–85.</ref> The Crusaders [[siege of Jerusalem (1099)|captured Jerusalem]] in 1099 and the Dome of the Rock was given to the [[Augustinians]], who turned it into a church, while the nearby Al-Aqsa main prayer hall or [[Qibli Mosque]] first became a royal palace for a while, and then for much of the 12th century the headquarters of the [[Knights Templar]]. The Templars, active from {{circa|1119}}, identified the Dome of the Rock as the site of the [[Temple of Solomon]].{{clarify|reason= The Crusaders called al-Aqsa {{lang|la|Templum Solomonis}} and the Dome of the Rock {{lang|la|Templum Domini}}. This apparent contradiction with what's stated here must be dealt with.|date=April 2023}} The {{lang|la|[[Templum Domini]]}}, as they called the Dome of the Rock, featured on the official [[Knights Templar Seal|seals]] of the Order's Grand Masters (such as [[Everard des Barres]] and [[Renaud de Vichiers]]), and soon became the architectural model for [[Round church|round Templar churches]] across Europe.<ref>''The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance,'' Jacob Burckhardt, Peter Murray, James C. Palmes, University of Chicago Press, 1986, p. 81</ref>

===Ayyubids and Mamluks===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2019}}
Jerusalem was recaptured by [[Saladin]] on 2 October 1187, and the Dome of the Rock was reconsecrated as a Muslim shrine. The cross on top of the dome was replaced by a [[crescent]], and a wooden screen was placed around the rock below. Saladin's nephew [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa|al-Malik al-Mu'azzam Isa]] carried out other restorations within the building, and added the porch to the Jami'a Al-Aqsa.

The Dome of the Rock was the focus of extensive royal patronage by the sultans during the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk]] period, which lasted from 1260 until 1516.

===Ottoman period (1517–1917)===
During the [[Ottoman period]], the reign of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] ({{Reign|1520|1566}}) brought Ottoman dynastic patronage to the city, around the same time that the sultan and his wife, [[Roxelana|Haseki Hürrem Sultan (Roxelana)]], were also commissioning works in the holy cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]].{{Sfn|Necipoğlu|2011|pp=225, 278}}{{Sfn|Grabar|2006|p=191}} Suleiman initiated a major renovation of the Dome of the Rock. The most visible legacy of this work was the covering of the exterior with [[Ottoman architectural decoration|Ottoman-style tiles]], which replaced the old Umayyad mosaics.<ref name=":0" /> This was likely part of an effort to impose a visibly Ottoman mark on this major Islamic holy site.{{Sfn|Hillenbrand|2000|p=|pp=2, 8}} Inscriptions on the tiles provide the dates 952 AH (1545–6 CE) and 959 AH (1552 CE), but work continued until the end of Suleiman's reign, if not later.<ref name=":0" /> Documents show repairs were still incomplete by the time of [[Murad III]] ({{Reign|1574|1595}}) and the latter can probably be credited with finishing this work, which included repairs to the lead of the dome.{{Sfn|Goodwin|1971|p=291, 485 (see note 18)}} 

The tiles seem to have been fabricated locally rather than at centers like [[İznik|Iznik]] (famous for its production of [[Iznik pottery]] at this time), although there does not appear to have been a sophisticated ceramic production center in the region.<ref name=":0" /> [[Robert Hillenbrand]] remarks that the workshops that produced the tiles must have been dedicated to this project alone, because there is no evidence that similar tilework was produced for other monuments in Jerusalem during this period.{{Sfn|Hillenbrand|2000|p=21}} The name of one of the craftsmen is recorded in an inscription as Abdallah of [[Tabriz]].<ref name=":0" /> This may indicate that the tiles were commissioned from a workshop of Iranian craftsmen from Tabriz who are thought to have produced many earlier Ottoman tiles.{{Sfn|Carswell|2006|p=73}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Necipoğlu |first=Gülru |date=1990 |title=From International Timurid to Ottoman: A Change of Taste in Sixteenth-Century Ceramic Tiles |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523126 |journal=Muqarnas |volume=7 |pages=137 |doi=10.2307/1523126 |jstor=1523126 |issn=0732-2992}}</ref>

The [[Dome of the Chain]], a free-standing structure next to the Dome of the Rock, was also renovated as part of Suleiman's project, in 1561–2.{{Sfn|Hillenbrand|2000|p=8}} Also nearby, the Ottomans built the [[Dome of the Prophet]] in its current form sometime in the 16th or 17th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pruitt |first=Jennifer A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wE6_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147 |title=Building the Caliphate: Construction, Destruction, and Sectarian Identity in Early Fatimid Architecture |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-300-24682-7 |pages=147 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Necipoğlu|2008|p=99 (see note 200 for related discussion)}}

Further restorations to the building are recorded in 1720–1721, 1742,1754, 1780, 1817–1818, and 1853.{{Sfn|Grabar|2006|p=200}} In another major restoration project undertaken in 1874–1875 during the reign of the Ottoman [[Abdülaziz|Sultan Abdülaziz]], all the tiles on the west and southwest walls of the octagonal part of the building were removed and replaced by copies that had been made in Turkey.{{sfn|Clermont-Ganneau|1899|p=[https://archive.org/stream/archaeologicalre01cler#page/179/mode/1up 179]}}<ref name=laurent1993>{{cite book |last1= St. Laurent |first1= Beatrice |last2= Riedlmayer |first2= András |year= 1993 |chapter= Restorations of Jerusalem and the Dome of the Rock and their political significance, 1537–1928 |editor-last= Necipoğlu |editor-first= Gülru |title= Muqarnas |volume= 10: Essays in Honor of Oleg Grabar |pages= 76–84 |publisher= Brill |doi= 10.2307/1523174 |place= Leiden |jstor= 1523174 |chapter-url= https://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3032/original/dpt0832.pdf?1384770145 |access-date= 23 March 2017 |archive-date= 24 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170324083738/https://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3032/original/dpt0832.pdf?1384770145 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Jérusalem, esplanade du Temple de Salomon, Dôme du Rocher.jpg|The first-ever photograph of the building, 1842–1844
File:Dome of the Rock, from Governor's House, Francis Bedford 1862.jpg|View from the north, [[Francis Bedford (photographer)|Francis Bedford]] (1862)
File:Dome of the Rock, West Front, Francis Bedford 1862.jpg|West front in 1862. By this date many of the 16th century tiles were missing.
File:MosqueOfOmar1914.jpg|Interior showing mosaic decoration (1914)
File:Israel-2013-Jerusalem-Temple Mount-Dome of the Rock-Detail 01.jpg|Tiled façade (2013)
File:Inside the Dome of the Rock.jpg|Interior showing rock (1915)
</gallery>

===British Mandate===
[[File:Jerusalem Dome Rock.JPG|thumb|1920s photograph]]

[[Haj Amin al-Husseini]], appointed Grand Mufti by the British in 1917, along with [[Yaqub al-Ghusayn]], implemented the restoration of the Dome of the Rock and the [[Qibli Mosque|Jami Al-Aqsa]] in Jerusalem.

Parts of the Dome of the Rock collapsed during the 11 July [[1927 Jericho earthquake|1927 earthquake]], and the walls were left badly cracked,<ref>{{cite web |author= Palestine Square |title= And the Land Lurched Forth: Remembering the 1927 Jericho Earthquake |date= 11 July 2016 |publisher= Institute for Palestine Studies (IPS) |url= https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/232270 |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref> damaging many of the repairs that had taken place over previous years.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

===Jordanian rule===
In 1955, an extensive program of renovation was begun by the government of [[Jordan]], with funds supplied by Arab governments and Turkey. The work included replacement of large numbers of tiles dating back to the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, which had become dislodged by heavy rain. In 1965, as part of this restoration, the dome was covered with a durable [[aluminium bronze]] alloy made in Italy that replaced the lead exterior. Before 1959, the dome was covered in blackened [[lead]]. In the course of substantial restoration carried out from 1959 to 1962, the lead was replaced by aluminum-bronze plates covered with [[gold leaf]].

===Israeli rule===
[[File:Cúpula de la Roca (45298221951).jpg|thumb|The Dome of the Rock in 2018]]

A few hours after the [[Israeli flag]] was hoisted over the Dome of the Rock in 1967 during the [[Six-Day War]], Israelis lowered it on the orders of [[Moshe Dayan]] and invested [[Jerusalem Waqf|the Muslim {{transliteration|ar|waqf}}]] (religious trust) with the authority to manage the Temple Mount in order to "keep the peace".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archaeology.org/0111/abstracts/letter.html |title=Letter from Jerusalem: A Fight Over Sacred Turf by Sandra Scham |publisher=Archaeology.org |access-date=4 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119185648/http://www.archaeology.org/0111/abstracts/letter.html |archive-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1993, the golden dome covering was refurbished following a donation of US$8.25{{nbsp}}million by King [[Hussein of Jordan]], who sold one of his houses in London to fund the {{convert|80|kg}} of gold required.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Laurent|first1=Beatrice St.|last2=Riedlmayer|first2=Andras|date=1993|title=Restorations of Jerusalem and the Dome of the Rock and Their Political Significance, 1537-1928|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1523174|journal=Muqarnas|volume=10|pages=76–84|doi=10.2307/1523174|jstor=1523174 |issn=0732-2992}}</ref>

==Accessibility==
[[File:Hebrew domeEntrance sign.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Sign at visitors entrance to Temple Mount]]

The Dome is maintained by the Ministry of [[Awqaf]] in Amman, Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hashemite Restorations of the Islamic Holy Places in Jerusalem |url=http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/islam_restoration.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223104713/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/islam_restoration.html |archive-date=23 February 2008 |access-date=4 April 2012 |website=Kinghussein.gov.jo}}</ref>

Until the mid-20th century, non-Muslims were not permitted in the area. Since 1967, non-Muslims have been permitted limited access; however non-Muslims are not permitted to pray on the Temple Mount, bring prayer books, or wear religious apparel. The Israeli police help enforce this.<ref>[http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC04.php?CID=6 Jerusalem's Holy Places and the Peace Process] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005003142/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC04.php?CID=6 |date=5 October 2006 }} Marshall J. Breger and Thomas A. Idinopulos, [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]], 1998.</ref> Israel restricted access for a short time during 2012 of Palestinian residents of the West Bank to the Temple Mount. West Bank Palestinian men had to be over 35 to be eligible for a permit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Browning |first=Noah |date=15 August 2012 |title=Palestinians flock to Jerusalem as Israeli restrictions eased – Yahoo! News |url=https://news.yahoo.com/palestinians-flock-jerusalem-israeli-restrictions-eased-152403694.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818090425/http://news.yahoo.com/palestinians-flock-jerusalem-israeli-restrictions-eased-152403694.html |archive-date=18 August 2012 |access-date=31 October 2012 |publisher=News.yahoo.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Palestinian residents of Jerusalem, who hold Israeli residency cards, and [[Israeli Arabs|Palestinians with Israeli citizenship]] are permitted unrestricted access.

Some [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] rabbis encourage Jews to visit the site, while most forbid entry to the compound lest there be a violation of Jewish law. Even rabbis who encourage entrance to the Temple Mount prohibit entrance to the actual Dome of the Rock.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zivotofsky |title=Tzarich Iyun: The Har HaBayit – OU Torah |url=https://www.ou.org/torah/machshava/tzarich-iyun/tzarich_iyun_har_habayit/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030002/https://www.ou.org/torah/machshava/tzarich-iyun/tzarich_iyun_har_habayit/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=2015-11-16 |website=OU Torah |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
[[File:Dome of the Rock, 1546.jpg|thumb|The [[Temple in Jerusalem]] depicted as the Dome of the Rock on the [[printer's mark]] of Marco Antonio Giustiniani, Venice 1545–52]]

The location of the Dome of the Rock is believed by many Muslims to be the site mentioned in [[Sura 17]] of the [[Qur'an]], which tells the story of the [[Isra and Mi'raj]], the mythical Night Journey of Muhammad from the [[Great Mosque of Mecca]] to the [[Temple Mount|Masjid Al-Aqsa]] ("the farthest place of prayer") where he prayed, and then to visit [[heaven]] where he leads prayers and rises to heaven to receive instructions from [[God in Islam|Allah]]. Although the city of Jerusalem is not mentioned by any of [[Names of Jerusalem|its names]] in the Qur'an, it is mentioned in [[hadith]]s as the place of Muhammad's Night Journey.<ref>Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (ed.). "Historic Cities of the Islamic World", p. 226.</ref>

Judging though by the early Muslim sources, this does not seem to have been yet a fully formulated part of the beliefs shared by Muslims during the construction of the Dome in the 8th century, and the inscriptions inside the dome attributing the building to Caliph 'Abd al-Malik in the year 691/2 do not refer at all to the Night Journey, but contain only the Quranic view on the [[Jesus#Islam|nature of the prophet Isa]] (Jesus) instead.<ref name="Rabbat" /> The inscription is in a [[mosaic]] [[frieze]] that includes an explicit rejection of the [[God the Son|divinity of Christ]]:

{{Blockquote|text=33. "So peace is upon me the day I was born, and the day I die, and the day I shall be raised alive!" 34. Such is Jesus, son of Mary. It is a statement of truth, about which they doubt. 35. It is not befitting to (the majesty of) Allah that He should take himself a child. Glory be to Him! when He determines a matter, He only says to it, "Be", and it is.|title=Quran|source=19:33–35}}

According to Goitein, the inscriptions decorating the interior clearly display a spirit of polemic against Christianity, whilst stressing at the same time the Qur'anic doctrine that Jesus was a true prophet. The formula {{transliteration|ar|la sharika lahu}} ('God has no companion') is repeated five times; the verses from Sura [[Maryam (sura)|Maryam]] 19:35–37, which strongly reaffirm Jesus' prophethood to God, are quoted together with the prayer: {{transliteration|ar|Allahumma salli ala rasulika wa'abdika 'Isa bin Maryam}} – "O Lord, send your blessings to your Prophet and Servant Jesus son of Mary." He believes that this shows that rivalry with [[Christendom]], together with the spirit of Muslim mission to the Christians, was at work at the time of construction.<ref name="SDG" />

At the beginning of the 8th century, [[Ibn Ishaq]] codified the earliest Arabic source pertaining to the Jerusalem Rock, as part of his {{transliteration|ar|Sirat al-Nabi}}, a biography of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], introducing the notion that right after his [[Isra and Mi'raj|Night Journey]] from [[Mecca]] to Jerusalem ({{transliteration|ar|isra'}}), he set off immediately and specifically from the Rock in his Ascension ({{transliteration|ar|mi'raj}}) to Heaven, where God instructed him in the doctrines of the new religion.<ref name="Rabbat" />

Today, many Muslims believe the Dome serves for the commemoration of Muhammad's Ascension,<ref name="Rabbat" /> in accordance to the views shared by some Islamic scholars, that the Rock is indeed the spot<ref name="Braswell, G 1996. p. 14">Braswell, G. ''Islam – Its Prophets, People, Politics and Power''. Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman Publishers. 1996. p. 14</ref> from which Muhammad ascended to Heaven accompanied by the angel [[Gabriel]]. Further, Muhammad was taken here by Gabriel to pray with [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], and [[Jesus]].<ref>Ali, A. ''The Holy Qur'an – Translation and Commentary''. Bronx, NY: Islamic Propagation Centre International. 1946. pp. 1625–31</ref>

[[File:The rock of the Dome of the Rock Corrected.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Foundation Stone]] viewed from the dome. Photograph was taken between 1900 and 1920, before the removal of the surrounding iron grill. The entrance to the [[Well of Souls]] can be seen on the top-left side.]]

Other Islamic scholars believe that Muhammad ascended to Heaven from the Masjid Al-Aqsa, of which the Dome of the Rock is a part.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al-islam.org/al-miraj/ |title=Me'raj – The Night Ascension |date=27 September 2012 |publisher=Al-islam.org |access-date=31 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114104045/http://www.al-islam.org/al-miraj/ |archive-date=14 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.duas.org/articles/merajarticle.htm |title=Meraj Article |publisher=Duas.org |access-date=31 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025042431/http://www.duas.org/articles/merajarticle.htm |archive-date=25 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In traditional Jewish sources, it is believed to be the place from which the creation of the world began.<ref name="tanhuma">[[Tanhuma]] [[Kedoshim]] 10</ref> Moreover, many Jews believe the site to be where Abraham prepared to [[Binding of Isaac|sacrifice his son Isaac]]. The [[Foundation Stone]] and its surroundings which lie at the center of the dome, are considered the holiest site in Judaism.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} Jews traditionally regard the location of the stone as the holiest spot on Earth, the site of the [[Holy of Holies]] of the [[Solomon's Temple|First]] and the [[Second Temple]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Though Muslims now pray towards the [[Kaaba]] at Mecca, they once faced the Temple Mount as the Jews do; Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad led prayers towards Jerusalem until the 16th or 17th month after [[Hegira|his migration from Mecca to Medina]], when [[God in Islam|Allah]] directed him to instead turn towards the [[Kaaba]] in [[Mecca]].<ref name="17th">{{Cite book|last=Buchanan|first=Allen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bntCSupRlO4C&pg=PA192|title=States, Nations, and Borders: The Ethics of Making Boundaries|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|isbn=0-521-52575-6|author-link=Allen Buchanan}}</ref>

[[The Temple Institute]] wishes to relocate the Dome to another site and replace it with a [[Third Temple]], a vision in line with the [[New Jerusalem]] prophecy.<ref>{{Cite web |last= Raisa |title= 'Third Temple' crowdfunding plan aims to relocate Jerusalem's Dome of the Rock |work= The Stream – Al Jazeera English |format= Text |access-date= 2017-11-25 |date= 2014-07-30 |url= http://ajmn.tv/w8lmp}}{{dead link|date=March 2021}}</ref> Many Israelis are ambivalent about the Movement's wishes.{{weasel inline|date=November 2017}} Some religious Jews, following rabbinic teaching, believe that the Temple should only be rebuilt in the [[messianic era]], and that it would be presumptuous of people to force God's hand. However, some Evangelical Christians consider rebuilding of the Temple to be a prerequisite to [[Eschatology|Armageddon]] and the [[Second Coming]].<ref>Stephen Spector, ''Evangelicals and Israel: The Story of American Christian Zionism'', Oxford University Press, 2008 p. 202.</ref> [[Jeremy Gimpel]], a US-born candidate for [[Habayit Hayehudi|The Jewish Home]] political party in the 2013 Israeli elections, caused a controversy when he was recorded telling a [[Fellowship Church]] evangelical group in Florida in 2011 to imagine the incredible experience that would follow were the Dome to be destroyed and the construction of the Third Temple begun. All evangelicals would immediately rush to go to Israel, he opined.<ref>Andrew Esensten [http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/anglo-file/u-s-born-knesset-candidate-jeremy-gimpel-and-his-dome-of-the-rock-joke.premium-1.494616 U.S.-born Knesset candidate, Jeremy Gimpel, and his Dome of the Rock 'joke'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120180642/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/anglo-file/u-s-born-knesset-candidate-jeremy-gimpel-and-his-dome-of-the-rock-joke.premium-1.494616 |date=20 January 2013 }}, ''[[Haaretz]]'' 20 January 2013.</ref>

==Influence and depiction==
===Homages in art and architecture===
[[File:Raffaello - Spozalizio - Web Gallery of Art.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Raphael, ''The Marriage of the Virgin'']]

It was long believed that the Dome of the Rock echoed the architecture of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]], as can be seen in [[Raphael]]'s [[The Marriage of the Virgin (Raphael)|''The Marriage of the Virgin'']] and in [[Perugino]]'s ''[[Marriage of the Virgin (Perugino)|Marriage of the Virgin]]''.<ref name=JB>{{cite book |last= Burckhardt |first= Jacob |author-link= Jacob Burckhardt |editor=[[Peter Murray (art historian) |Peter Murray]] |translator= James C. Palmes |title= The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance |page= 81 |publisher= University of Chicago Press |year= 1986 |isbn= 0226080498}}</ref>

For the same reason, the Dome of the Rock has inspired the architecture of a number of buildings. These include the 15th-century octagonal [[Church of St. Giacomo]] in Italy, the 19th-century octagonal [[Moorish Revival]]-style [[Rumbach Street Synagogue]] in [[Budapest]],<ref name=JB/> as well as the Mausoleum of Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] in [[Istanbul]] and the [[New Synagogue, Berlin|New Synagogue in Berlin]], Germany.

===On banknotes===
The Dome of the Rock has been depicted on the [[obverse and reverse]] of several [[Middle East]]ern currencies:

<gallery>
File:1000 Iranian Rial Z.jpg|Reverse of a 1,000 [[Iranian rial]] banknote (1992).
File:ONE JD 1959-back.jpg|Reverse of a 1 [[Jordanian dinar]] banknote (1959). Since 1992, the 20 dinar note bears the Dome's depiction.
File:SaudiArabiaP24b-50Riyals-(1983)-donatedth f.jpg|Obverse of a 50 [[Saudi riyal]] banknote (1983).
File:1 pound de Palestine, 1939.jpg|Obverse of a 1 [[Palestinian pound]] banknote (1939).
</gallery>

==Gallery==
{{panorama|image=File:Panorámica de Jerusalén desde el Monte de los Olivos.jpg|height=180|caption=Panorama of the [[Temple Mount]], including [[Qibli Mosque|Jami Al-Aqsa]] and the gold-roofed Dome of the Rock, from the [[Mount of Olives]]}}
{{-}}

<gallery>
File:Panorámica de Jerusalén desde el Monte de los Olivos.jpg|Panorama of the [[Temple Mount]], including [[Qibli Mosque|Al-Aqsa Mosque]] and Dome of the Rock, from the [[Mount of Olives]]

File:Jerusalem-2013(2)-Aerial-Temple_Mount-(south_exposure).jpg|Aerial view

File:Jerusalem (5).JPG|General view with Old City from Mount of Olives

File:Dome of Rock, Temple Mount, Jerusalem.jpg |General view from SW

File:Felsendom photo-2.JPG|[[Stereo card]] of the Dome of Rock (late 19th century)

File:Dome of the rock, 1908 by Samuel Hirszenberg.jpg|''Dome of the rock'', [[Samuel Hirszenberg]], 1908 ([[Tel Aviv Museum of Art]]); with ''qas''

File:Dome of the Rock viewed through Bab al-Qattanin.jpg |View through [[Cotton Merchants' Gate]]

File:Dome of the rock 2012.jpg |On a rainy day, with Dome of the Chain

File:Dom of the Rock-2.JPG |Dome of the Chain: ceiling

File:Dom of the Rock-3.JPG |Dome of the Rock from Dome of the Chain

File:The Dome of the Rock.jpeg |Exterior from N

File:Dom of the Rock-4.JPG |Exterior: northern door

File:Temple Mount.JPG |Exterior from S

File:Dome of the Rock Jerusalem Victor 2011 -1-7.jpg |Exterior: detail southern facade, door, gilded dome

File:Dome of the Rock Jerusalem Victor 2011 -1-5.jpg |Exterior: detail southern facade with door

File:Temple Mount---Hetch in Dome.JPG |Exterior: gilded dome

File:Dome of the Rock Jerusalem Victor 2011 -1-8.jpg |Exterior: detail, Ottoman tiles

File:Dome of the rock close.jpg |Exterior: detail, Ottoman tiles

File:Dom of the Rock-1.JPG |Exterior: detail, Ottoman tiles

File:Dom of the Rock-5.JPG |Exterior: window with tiled lattice

File:Dom of the Rock-6.JPG |Exterior: western entrance vault

Foundation stone on Dome of Rock (2018) 3.jpg |[[Foundation Stone]]

Dome_of_Rock_(Jerusalem_2018)_02.jpg|Interior: inner colonnade, dome

Dome of the Dome of the Rock inside (2018) 1.jpg |Interior: drum and dome

Ornament and writing at Dome of the Dome of the Rock inside 2.jpg |Interior: detail decorated drum and dome

File:Arabischer Maler um 690 001.jpg |Interior: drum mosaic, vessel with floral motif

Ornament and writing at Dome of the Dome of the Rock detail 2.jpg |Interior: detail of the dome
</gallery>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last=Creswell |first=K.A.C. |author-link=K. A. C. Creswell |year=1924 |title=The Origin of the Plan of the Dome of the Rock (2 Volumes) |publisher=British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem |place=London |oclc=5862604 }}
* Peterson, Andrew (1994). ''Dictionary of Islamic Architecture''. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-06084-2}}
* Braswell, G. (1996). ''Islam – Its Prophets, People, Politics and Power''. Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman Publishers.
* {{Cite book |last=Carswell |first=John |title=Iznik Pottery |publisher=British Museum Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780714124414 |edition=Second}}
* {{cite book |last= Clermont-Ganneau |first=Charles |author-link= Charles Clermont-Ganneau |year= 1899 |chapter= Chapter VIII The Kubbet es Sakhra |title= Archaeological Researches in Palestine During the Years 1873–1874 |volume= 1 |publisher= Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund |place= London |pages= 179–227 |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/archaeologicalre01cler#page/179/mode/1up }}
* {{cite book |last1=Elad |first1=Amikam |title=Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship: Holy Places, Ceremonies, Pilgrimage |date=1999 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-10010-5 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDz_yctbQVgC }}
* {{cite book |first= Moshe |last= Gil |year= 1997 |title= A History of Palestine, 634–1099 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC&pg=PA92 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-59984-9 |access-date= 30 August 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170306005128/https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC |archive-date= 6 March 2017 |url-status= live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Goodwin |first=Godfrey |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000good |title=A History of Ottoman Architecture |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=1971 |isbn=0-500-27429-0}}
* {{EI2 |article=Kubbat al-Ṣakhra |last=Grabar |first=O. |authorlink=Oleg Grabar |volume=5 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kubbat-al-sakhra-COM_0533?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Kubbat+al-%E1%B9%A2akhra|pages=298–299}}
* {{cite book |last=Grabar |first=Oleg |author-link=Oleg Grabar |year=2006 |title=The Dome of the Rock |publisher=Belknap Press |place=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-02313-0}}
* {{The First Dynasty of Islam|edition=Second}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hillenbrand |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Hillenbrand |url=https://www.academia.edu/33221398 |title=Ottoman Jerusalem. The Living City: 1517-1917 |publisher=Altajir World of Islam Trust |year=2000 |isbn=1901435032 |editor1=Auld |editor-first=Sylvia J. |location=London |pages=21; ill. XXIX |chapter=Introduction: Structure, style and context in the monuments of Ottoman Jerusalem |access-date=23 June 2024 |editor2=Hillenbrand |editor-first2=Robert |via=academia.edu}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Johns |first1=Jeremy |title=Archaeology and the History of Islam: The First Seventy Years |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |date=January 2003 |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=411–436 |doi=10.1163/156852003772914848 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Lassner |first=Jacob |title=Muslims on the Sanctity of Jerusalem: Preliminary Thoughts on the Search for a Conceptual Framework |journal=Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam |volume=31 |year=2006 |page=176}}
* {{cite book |last= Necipoğlu |first= Gülru |year= 2008 |chapter= The Dome of the Rock as palimpsest: 'Abd al-Malik's grand narrative and Sultan Süleyman's glosses |editor1-last= Necipoğlu |editor1-first= Gülru |editor2-last= Bailey |editor2-first= Julia |title= Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |volume= 25 |publisher= Brill |place= Leiden |pages= 17–105 |isbn= 978-900417327-9 |url= https://archnet.org/publications/6779 |access-date=16 July 2020}}
* {{Cite book |last=Necipoğlu |first=Gülru |url=https://archive.org/details/ageofsinanarchit0000neci/ |title=The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2011 |isbn=9781861892539 |edition=Revised |orig-year=2005}}
* Ali, A. (1946). ''The Holy Qur’an – Translation and Commentary''. Bronx, NY: Islamic Propagation Centre International.
* {{cite journal |last1=Islam |first1=M. Anwarul |last2= Al-Hamad |first2=Zaid |year=2007 |title=The Dome of the Rock: origin of its octagonal plan |journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly |volume=139 |issue=2 |pages=109–128 |doi=10.1179/003103207x194145 |s2cid=162578242 }}
* Christoph Luxenberg: ''Neudeutung der arabischen Inschrift im Felsendom zu Jerusalem.'' In: Karl-Heinz Ohlig / Gerd-R. Puin (Hg.): ''Die dunklen Anfänge. Neue Forschungen zur Entstehung und frühen Geschichte des Islam'', Berlin (Verlag Hans Schiler) 2005, S. 124–147. English version: "A New Interpretation of the Arabic Inscription in Jerusalem's Dome of the Rock". In: Karl-Heinz Ohlig / Gerd-R. Puin (eds.): ''The Hidden Origins of Islam: New Research into Its Early History'', Amherst, N.Y. (Prometheus Books) 2010
* {{cite book |last=Vogüé |first=Melchior de |author-link=Melchior de Vogüé |year=1864 |title=Le Temple de Jérusalem : monographie du Haram-ech-Chérif, suivie d'un essai sur la topographie de la Ville-sainte |publisher=Noblet & Baudry |place=Paris |language=fr |url=https://archive.org/details/letempledejrusal00vogm }}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Flood |first=Finbarr B. |year=2000 |chapter=The Ottoman windows in the Dome of the Rock and the Aqsa Mosque |editor1-last=Auld |editor1-first=Sylvia |editor2-last=Hillenbrand |editor2-first=Robert |title=Ottoman Jerusalem: The Living City: 1517–1917 |volume=1 |publisher=Altajir World of Islam Trust |place=London |isbn=978-1-901435-03-0 |pages=431–463 |chapter-url=http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/fineart/people/faculty/flood_PDFs/Ottoman%20windows.pdf}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kessler |first=Christel |year=1964 |title=Above the ceiling of the outer ambulatory in the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=96 |issue=3/4 |pages=83–94 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00123111 |jstor=25202759 |s2cid=163146618 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Kessler |first=Christel |year=1970 |title='Abd Al-Malik's inscription in the Dome of the Rock: a reconsideration |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume= 102 |issue=1 |pages=2–14 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00127947 |jstor=25203167 |s2cid=162711475 }}
* {{cite book |last=Richmond |first=Ernest Tatham |author-link=Ernest Richmond |year=1924 |title=The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem: A Description of its Structure and Decoration |publisher=Clarendon Press |place=Oxford |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533956 }}<!--Poor scan available from Internet Archive. Richmond died in 1955 so in copyright until end of 2025-->
* {{cite journal |last=St. Laurent |first=Beatrice |year=1998 |title=The Dome of the Rock and the politics of restoration |journal=Bridgewater Review |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=14–20 |url=http://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1422&context=br_rev }}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{cite web |title=Qubba al-Sakhra, Jerusalem |url=https://archnet.org/sites/2814 |publisher=Archnet Digital Archive }}
* {{cite web |last=Allen |first=Terry |year=2014 |title=The Marble Revetment of the Piers of the Dome of the Rock |url=http://www.sonic.net/~tallen/palmtree/dor.piers/dor.piers.htm |publisher=Solipsist Press |place=Occidental, CA |access-date=26 March 2017 }}<!--self published so not suitable as a RS--><!-- Terry Allen has published together with Grabar, is quoted in Brill works, who knows what happened in 2014 -->

{{Temple Mount}}

{{Jerusalem Old City}}
{{Umayyad Caliphate topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in Israel]]
[[Category:7th-century mosques]]
[[Category:Arabic architecture]]
[[Category:Castles and fortifications of the Knights Templar]]
[[Category:Ottoman architecture]]
[[Category:Mosques in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Octagonal buildings]]
[[Category:Shrines in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Temple Mount]]
[[Category:Tiling]]
[[Category:Umayyad architecture in Palestine]]
[[Category:Entering heaven alive]]
[[Category:7th-century establishments in the Umayyad Caliphate]]
[[Category:691 establishments]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in the 690s]]
[[Category:National symbols of Palestine]]