Editing Doñana National Park

{{short description|National park in Andalucía, southern Spain}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name           = Doñana National Park
| alt_name       = Parque Nacional y Natural de Doñana
| iucn_category  = II
| photo          = Wetlands in Donana.jpg
| photo_caption  = Marshes of Doñana
| image_map          = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=285|frame-height=180|frame-align=center|frame-coordinates={{Coord|39.5|N|3.7|W}}|zoom=4|type=point|title=Doñana|marker=park|marker-color=#228b22|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080|text=Interactive map of Doñana.}}
|map_caption              = Location of Doñana
| location       = [[Province of Huelva|Huelva]], [[Province of Seville|Seville]] and [[Province of Cádiz|Cádiz]] provinces - Andalucía, Spain
| coordinates    = {{coords|37|00|N|6|30|W|region:ES|display=inline, title}}
| area_km2 = 543
| established = 1969
| visitation_num = 392,958
| visitation_year = 2007
| governing_body = [[National Parks Autonomous Agency]] and [[Regional Government of Andalusia]]
| embedded    = 
{{designation list 
   | embed = yes
   | designation1          = WHS
   | designation1_date     = 1994 {{small|(18th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])}}
   | designation1_criteria =  {{UNESCO WHS type|(vii), (ix), (x)}}(vii), (ix), (x)
   | designation1_number   = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/685 685]
   | designation1_free1name = Region
   | designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]]
   | designation1_free2name = Extensions
   | designation1_free2value = 2005
   | designation2 = Ramsar
   | designation2_offname = Doñana
   | designation2_date = 5 April 1982
   | designation2_number = 234<ref>{{Cite web|title=Doñana|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/234|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041414/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/234|archive-date=26 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
}}

'''Doñana National Park''' or '''Parque Nacional y Natural de Doñana''' is a natural reserve in [[Andalusia]], southern [[Spain]], in the provinces of [[Province of Huelva|Huelva]] (most of its territory within the municipality of [[Almonte, Spain|Almonte]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica; Parque Nacional de Doñana|url= https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/donana/area-influencia.html}}</ref>), [[province of Cádiz|Cádiz]] and [[province of Sevilla|Seville]]. It covers {{convert|543|km²|mi2|2|abbr=on}}<!-- {{convert|543|km²|sqmi|2|abbr=on}}, same output -->, of which {{convert|135|km²|mi2|2|abbr=on}} are a protected area.
It is named after {{Interlanguage link multi|Doña Ana de Silva y Mendoza,|es|3=Ana Gómez de Silva y de Mendoza|vertical-align=sup}} wife of the [[Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia|7th Duke of Medina Sidonia]].

The park is an area of marshes, shallow streams, and sand dunes in [[Las Marismas]], the delta where the [[Guadalquivir River]] flows into the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. It was established as a [[nature reserve]] in 1969 when the [[World Wildlife Fund]] joined with the Spanish government and purchased a section of marshes to protect it.<ref>{{cite web|title=For a living planet|url=http://www.wwf.be/_media/wwf_50_years_ddd__lrsm_777081.pdf|publisher=WWF-World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund)|access-date=6 April 2014|author=WWF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621114020/http://www.wwf.be/_media/wwf_50_years_ddd__lrsm_777081.pdf|archive-date=June 21, 2012|location=Gland, Switzerland|date=April 2011|pages=18–19}}</ref> The eco-system has been under constant threat by the draining of the marshes, the use of river water to boost agricultural production by irrigating land along the coast, water pollution by upriver mining, and the expansion of tourist facilities.<ref name=WWF>[http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/who_we_are/history/sixties/index.cfm A History of WWF]</ref> 

Doñana National Park has a [[biodiversity]] that is unique in [[Europe]], although there are some similarities to the [[Parc Naturel Régional de Camargue]] of the [[Camargue]] river delta in France, with which Doñana Park is twinned.{{r|terra}} The park features a great variety of [[ecosystems]] and shelters wildlife, including thousands of European and African migratory [[birds]], [[fallow deer]], [[Iberian red deer|Spanish red deer]], [[wild boar]]s, [[European badger]]s, Egyptian [[mongoose]]s, and endangered species such as the [[Spanish imperial eagle]] and the [[Iberian lynx]].

The Doñana nature reserve includes both the Doñana National Park, established in 1969, and the Natural Park, created in 1989 and expanded in 1997, creating a buffer zone of protection under the management of the regional government. The two parks, national and natural, have since been classified as a single [[natural landscape]]. Due to its strategic location between the continents of Europe and Africa and its proximity to the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], Doñana's large expanse of [[salt marsh]] is a breeding ground as well as a transit point for thousands of European and African birds (aquatic and terrestrial), and hosts many species of migratory waterfowl during the winter, typically up to 200,000 individuals. Over 300 different species of birds may be sighted there annually. Considered the largest nature reserve in Europe, several different scientific institutions have monitoring stations within its boundaries to ensure appropriate development of adjacent lands and conservation of the threatened species that inhabit it. The area was declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[Unesco|UNESCO]] in 1994; in 2006, the park recorded 376,287 visitors.

==Geology and geomorphology==
[[File:Doñana - Vista aérea.jpg|thumb|Doñana - Aerial view of Doñana National Park and surrounding areas]]
The geological profile of Doñana National Park reflects the development over several hundred thousand years of a deep [[aquifer]] and [[geomorphology|geomorphological]] features that have enhanced the [[biodiversity]] of the wildlife [[habitat]]s presently found there. After the end of the [[last glacial period]], the area was covered by freshwater and brackish marshes, ponds and sand dunes,<ref name="Roose2006">{{cite book|author=Antti Roose|title=Managing drought and water scarcity in vulnerable environments: proceedings of the 10th European seminar on the geography of water|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z41KAAAAYAAJ&q=%22aeolian+units%22|year=2006|publisher=University of Tartu, Institute of Geography|isbn=978-9985-4-0497-3|page=32}}</ref> with some marine intrusions caused by high-energy events such as tsunamis and large storms. A period of comparatively rapid rise in global sea level during the first part of the [[Flandrian interglacial]] was associated with the melting of the paleoglaciers, and reached its maximum level 6,500–7,000 years ago. At this time, Doñana National Park and the surrounding areas were flooded, and a lagoon, later called ''Lacus Ligustinus'' by the Romans, was formed. The pace of infilling of the lagoon has increased over the last 6,000 years, along with accelerated growth of [[Spit (landform)|sandspits]] and the creation of new inland marshes and wetlands. The extensive marshes of Doñana National Park now have a flat topography, with some inland depressions occupied by temporary or permanent wetlands, locally called 'lucios'.<ref name="Aritio1988">{{cite book|author=Luis Blas Aritio|title=Parques nacionales españoles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exy4AAAAIAAJ&q=%22los%20lucios%20se%20van%20llenando%22|year=1988|publisher=Anaya|page=64|isbn=9788420729534}}</ref> The whole area is protected by the Doñana spit, a wide sandy littoral barrier with mobile dune systems growing toward the southeast.<ref>{{cite web|title=Visit to Doñana National Park|url=http://www.uhu.es/RCANS_Huelva/index.php?url=trips|work=Regional Committee on Atlantic Neogene Stratigraphy|publisher=Universidad de Huelva|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406194416/http://www.uhu.es/RCANS_Huelva/index.php?url=trips|archive-date=April 6, 2014|date=24–26 September 2013}}</ref>

==History==

===Antiquity===
[[File:Doñana National Park from the river.jpg|thumb|Banks of the River Guadalquivir in Doñana National Park ([[Almonte, Spain|Almonte]])]]
Although the topography of Doñana is a relatively new land feature as measured on the [[geological time scale]], remains of [[Neolithic]] tools have been found in the area. Various ancient civilizations may have had a presence there as long as 2,800 years ago, including the [[Phoenicians]], the [[Phocaea]]n Greeks and the [[Tartessians]], but archaeological remains attesting to such have not been found.<ref name="SheftonLomas2004">{{cite book|author=Adolfo J. Domínguez|editor=Brian Benjamin Shefton |editor2=Kathryn Lomas|title=Greek Identity in the Western Mediterranean: Papers in Honour of Brian Shefton|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-VmL59CfkcC&pg=PA430|year=2004|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-13300-3|pages=430–431|chapter=Greek Identity in the Phocaean Colonies}}</ref><ref name="Thomson2013">{{cite book|author=J. Oliver Thomson|title=History of Ancient Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpP0wKQ1lksC&pg=PA53|date=28 March 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-68992-3|page=53}}</ref><ref name="Dietler2015">{{cite book|author=Michael Dietler|title=Archaeologies of Colonialism: Consumption, Entanglement, and Violence in Ancient Mediterranean France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26owDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|date=22 September 2015|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-28757-0|page=107}}</ref> In 1923, the German archaeologist [[Adolf Schulten]], accompanied by Adolf Lammerer and [[George Edward Bonsor Saint Martin|George Bonsor]], searched for the location of the ancient Tartessian capital in [[Almonte, Spain|Almonte]], where the Doñana dunes are, but found nothing of interest. These excavations were carried out at Cerro del Trigo<ref name="Schulten2006">{{cite book|author=Adolf Schulten|title=Tartessos: contribución a la historia más antigua de Occidente|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ErVFeCm-wvsC&pg=PA12|year=2006|publisher=Editorial Renacimiento|isbn=978-84-8472-240-3|page=12}}</ref><ref name="Bonsor2012">{{cite web|title=Tartessos: El Cerro del Trigo|url=http://www.historiayarqueologia.com/profiles/blogs/jorge-bonsor-tartessos-el-cerro-de-trigo|author=Jorge Bonsor|year=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205035029/http://www.historiayarqueologia.com/profiles/blogs/jorge-bonsor-tartessos-el-cerro-de-trigo|archive-date=February 5, 2014 |publisher=Sonia Barja}}</ref> and funded by the Duke of Tarifa and Denia, then owner of Doñana.<ref>Schulten 2006, p. 20</ref> Nevertheless, in 1978 Schulten found the stele of Villamanrique<ref>{{cite book|title=Madrider Mitteilungen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxppAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Villamanrique%22|year=1997|publisher=F. H. Kerle.|page=50}}</ref> at the nearby town of [[Villamanrique de la Condesa]]. Surveys were made in 2007 in the Hinojos salt marsh, or "[[Marisma de Hinojos]]", of Huelva province, in an effort to discover traces of the mythical city [[Atlantis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Rebecca |date=2011-03-14 |title=Scientists Say They May Have Found Lost City of Atlantis Near Spain |url=https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-03/scientists-say-theyve-found-lost-city-atlantis-swept-away-tsunami/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref> Noteworthy finds included the remains of Roman settlements, dating from the 2nd through the 5th centuries AD, which had been primarily engaged in fishing and fish salting or the preparation of [[garum]]. The [[Guadalquivir Marshes]] (''Las Marismas del Guadalquivir''), an area of marshy lowlands near the left bank of the mouth of the Guadalquivir, was then a large inland lake known as the ''Lacus Ligustinus'' in Latin.<ref name="ManjarrésPlácido1994">{{cite book|author1=Julio Mangas Manjarrés|author2=Domingo Plácido|title=Avieno|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVimXgcW1AwC&pg=PA91|year=1994|publisher=Editorial Complutense|isbn=978-84-89039-00-1|page=91}}</ref> The lake slowly infilled with deposited sediment, gradually giving way to the current marshes.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Cambios Paleoambientales en la desembocadura del río Guadalquivir durante el Holoceno reciente.|journal=Geogaceta|author=F. Ruiz|author2=A. Rodríguez-Ramírez|volume=32|publisher=Sociedad Geológica de España|pages=167–170|url=http://www.sociedadgeologica.es/archivos/geogacetas/Geo31/Art42.pdf|year=2002|display-authors=etal|access-date=2014-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713175829/http://www.sociedadgeologica.es/archivos/geogacetas/Geo31/Art42.pdf|archive-date=2014-07-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Middle Ages===
;Alfonso X the Wise
In 1262, after conquering the vassal kingdom of [[Niebla, Spain|Niebla]], King [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]] established a ''Real Cazadero'' (royal hunting preserve) in the Las Rocinas forest,<ref name="NovoCrawford1997">{{cite book|author1=Francisco García Novo|author2=Robert M. M. Crawford|author3=Mari Cruz Díaz Barradas|title=The Ecology and Conservation of European Dunes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PtIFWx7ZskEC&pg=PA109|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Universidad de Sevilla|isbn=978-84-7405-992-2|page=109}}</ref> between the [[Rio Tinto (river)|Rio Tinto]] and the Guadalquivir, partly due to the abundance of deer there, as well as the small sanctuary of [[Santa Olalla]], since disappeared, on the ''Arroyo de la Rocina''.

In 1297, his son Sancho IV granted [[Alonso Pérez de Guzmán|Guzmán el Bueno]] the Lordship of Sanlúcar, consisting of the territory located behind Arenas Gordas on the left bank of the Guadalquivir estuary, and which remained in the hands of the House of Medina-Sidonia for over six centuries. The noble house was established in 1369, when [[Henry II of Castile]] granted the fourth Lord of Sanlúcar the County of Niebla.<ref name="Pierson1989">{{cite book|author=Peter Pierson|title=Commander of the Armada: The Seventh Duke of Medina Sidonia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BINUUaNkJacC&pg=PA9|date=1 January 1989|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-04408-9|page=9}}</ref> In 1493 the [[Catholic Monarchs]] donated part of the land of the present village of El Rocío to the royal secretary, whose son later sold it to the town of [[Almonte, Spain|Almonte]]. Previously, new breeding stock had been introduced among the local populations of wild boar and deer, while wolf hunting was encouraged for the benefit of cattle and horse ranching.

{{blockquote|text=In the region of Niebla, specifically at Las Rocinas, the land is flat, covered by thickets, and wild boars are always to be found there... ...one may not traverse this ground in the winter, which is generally very wet, except during a drought, nor in summer because it is then so dry and miserably uncomfortable. ~Alfonso XI in his ''Libro de la Montería'' (The Book of Hunting), written between 1342 and 1348}}

===Early modern===
Nearly a century later, [[Alonso Pérez de Guzmán y Sotomayor, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia]] and commander of the Spanish Armada, bought back part of the land. His wife, Ana de Silva y Mendoza, daughter of the Princess of Eboli, moved to a country retreat there called "Coto de Doña Ana" (Doña Ana Game Preserve), which was the origin of the current name "Doñana";<ref name="RileyRiley2005">{{cite book|author1=Laura Riley|author2=William Riley|title=Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-12219-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC/page/n664 417]}}</ref> the house was renovated years later as a palace. Reference to the use of Coto Donana as a hunting lodge is made in the first verses of the ''La Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea'' (Fable of Polyphemus and Galatea), which the lyric poet [[Luis de Góngora]] dedicated to the Count of Niebla, and in which he requests that the nobles suspend their hunting exploits to hear his verses. In 1624, King [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]] stayed at the estate for several days as a guest of the 9th Duke of Medina Sidonia, and joined in some large hunts. He brought with him a great variety of comestibles, which included such luxuries as snow from the mountains for the frequent banquets he held in honor of the duke. In 1797 [[Francisco Goya]] stayed in the palace as a guest of his patrons, the 15th Duke of Medina-Sidonia and his wife, the [[María Cayetana de Silva, 13th Duchess of Alba|13th Duchess of Alba]]. Here Goya created his ''Álbum A'', a collection of drawings, and apparently painted his famous portraits, ''La Maja Vestida'' ("The Clothed Maja") and ''La Maja Desnuda'' ("The Naked Maja"), rumored to portray the duchess.<ref name="RileyRiley2005" /><ref name="Lowe2000">{{cite book|author=Alfonso Lowe|title=The Companion Guide to the South of Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vy_v0vWgkzsC&pg=PA148|year=2000|publisher=Companion Guides|isbn=978-1-900639-33-0|page=148}}</ref>

===Late modern, creation of the National Park===
After 1854, with the publishing of a discussion of the area in a treatise called "Avifauna de Doñana: Catálogo de las aves observadas en algunas provincias andaluzas" ("Avifauna of Doñana: Catalogue of the birds observed in some Andalusian provinces"), by Antonio Machado y Nunez, the public began to appreciate its ecological value for the many different species of wildlife found there. Consequently, it was visited by British naturalists and hunters including Abel Chapman and Walter J. Buck, both of whom wrote books that alerted a wider audience in Europe to the strategic importance of Doñana for migratory birds traveling to Africa. Later, when José Joaquín Álvarez de Toledo y Caro (1865-1915) became the 19th Duke of Medina Sidonia, he inherited large debts and to pay them was forced to sell off various assets, including the Coto de Doñana, which he sold for 750,000 pesetas, finally detaching it from the noble house.

When the sherry baron William Garvey bought Doñana from the Duke in 1901, the estate was abandoned and in a state of ruin. Garvey restored the palace to its former splendor, and upon his death it passed to his brother Joseph and his niece Maria Medina y Garvey, who was married to the Duke of Tarifa, a [[Forester|forest engineer.]] In 1934 it passed to the sister of the Duchess of Tarifa, Blanca Medina and Garvey, who was married to the Marquis of Borghetto. In 1942, the Marquis sold it to a company formed by Salvador Noguera, Manuel Gonzalez and the Marquis of Mérito. Fifty years later the park was consolidated as a natural area.

===Conservation===
[[File:El Acebuche 03.jpg|thumb|View of Doñana National Park from visitors' centre at ''El Acebuche'' ([[Almonte, Spain|Almonte]])<ref name="Centro El Acebuche">{{Cite web |title=Centro de Visitantes El Acebuche |url=https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/medioambiente/portal/web/ventanadelvisitante/detalle-buscador-mapa/-/asset_publisher/Jlbxh2qB3NwR/content/el-acebuche/255035}}</ref>]]
The Spanish businessman [[Mauricio González-Gordon y Díez]], Marquis of Bonanza, whose family owned a large estate in Doñana, became interested in its ecosystems and their birdlife, and invited ornithologists from all over Europe to visit. In 1952, the Spanish ornithologists [[José Antonio Valverde]] and [[Francisco Bernis]] visited the property, with González-Gordon serving as their guide. Valverde and the González-Gordon family saw that the wetlands, with their richly diverse wildlife, were threatened by the Spanish government's proposals to drain them for farming and the planting of eucalyptus trees. Mauricio, together with his father, asked Bernis to try and influence Spanish dictator [[Francisco Franco]] into abandoning the plans.<ref name="SEO">{{Cite web |date=2 October 2013 |title=Co-founder of SEO/BirdLife and saviour of Doñana dies aged 89 |url=http://www.birdlife.org/europe-and-central-asia/news/co-founder-seobirdlife-and-saviour-do%C3%B1ana-dies-aged-89 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184754/http://www.birdlife.org/europe-and-central-asia/news/co-founder-seobirdlife-and-saviour-do%C3%B1ana-dies-aged-89 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 October 2013 |publisher=BirdLife}}</ref> The trio wrote a memorandum which was presented to Franco himself by Mauricio's father Manuel.<ref name="González2012">{{Cite book |last=Luis Mariano González |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qap5axpOZ-4C&pg=PA133 |title=El águila imperial ibérica: el resurgir de una especie amenazada |publisher=Fundacion BBVA |year=2012 |isbn=978-84-92937-38-7 |pages=133–}}</ref> By November 1953 Bernis had finished a report on the status of the Doñana which showed that the area had exceptional ecological value. The group sought and obtained international support for their goals. The efforts of González-Gordon to dissuade Franco exposed him to some danger, but the Franco government conceded and the drainage plans were aborted.<ref name=SEO/>

Valverde led the first organised scientific expedition to the Donana in 1957, joined by the British naturalists [[Guy Mountfort]], [[Roger Tory Peterson]], and Sir [[Julian Huxley]]. A group of European conservation experts – including Guy Mountfort, [[Edward Max Nicholson|Max Nicholson]] and [[Luc Hoffmann]] –then demonstrated the crucial importance of the area as a stopover for birds migrating between the European and African continents. In 1959, the Gonzalez family sold part of their land in Doñana for development of the [[Matalascañas]] resort. This alarmed European conservationists, leading various institutions and anonymous donors to offer to buy part of the property. Valverde, Hoffman, and Nicholson, in partnership with the British Nature Conservancy, formed an association that organised an international drive for funds to expand the park. The campaign raised two million Swiss Francs to buy 7,000 hectares of land for annexation to that already donated by González-Gordon.<ref name="Nash2005">{{Cite book |last=Elizabeth Nash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GC-Nu86-9LcC&pg=PA167 |title=Seville, Cordoba, and Granada : A Cultural History: A Cultural History |date=16 September 2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972537-3 |page=167}}</ref> Finally, in 1963 the Spanish government and WWF bought part of the territory and created the first Doñana preserve, and in 1964 they established the Doñana Biological Station and the [[Spanish National Research Council]] (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - CSIC) to study the biodiversity of Doñana and other Spanish ecosystems.

[[File:El Porrón.jpg|thumb|El Porrón observatory ([[Almonte, Spain|Almonte]])<ref name="Observatorio El Porrón">{{Cite web |title=El Porrón Observatory |url=https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/medioambiente/portal/web/ventanadelvisitante/detalle-buscador-mapa/-/asset_publisher/Jlbxh2qB3NwR/content/porrÓn/255035}}</ref>]]
In 1969, the WWF again joined forces with the Spanish government to purchase another section of the Guadalquivir Delta marshes and establish the Doñana National Park.
That same year the Doñana National Park was created by decree, part of whose territory was owned by the [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Spain)|Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness]] (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad) and part still in private hands. Ten years later the protected area was expanded and the so-called "Preparque Doñana" was created. In 1980, UNESCO recognised the Doñana National Park as a Biosphere Reserve of 77,260 hectares. The Core Zone consists of 50,720 hectares in the National Park of Doñana.<ref name="Zouwen2006">{{Cite book |last=Mariëlle van der Zouwen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MkBwwiVX5T8C&pg=PA108 |title=Nature Policy Between Trends and Traditions: Dynamics in Nature Policy Arrangements in the Yorkshire Dales, Doñana, and the Veluwe |publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. |year=2006 |isbn=978-90-5972-097-8 |pages=105–108}}</ref> The buffer zone is 54,250 hectares in the Natural Park of Doñana. The altitude ranges from sea level to 40 meters above sea level. Unesco considers Doñana of world significance, based on the variety of its ecosystems and the wide number of species they harbor. In 1982 it was included in the list of wetlands of the Ramsar Convention, and in 1989 the [[Regional Government of Andalusia]] converted the Preparque into the Doñana Natural Park. In 1994 it was listed by Unesco as a World Heritage Site, enabling the establishment of programs to preserve and manage the area. Historically, these vital wetlands have been constantly threatened by schemes to increase local agricultural output and tourism. WWF still supports the Doñana, and is fighting proposals to drain the marshes and syphon off water for irrigation of agricultural land along the coast and expansion of tourist facilities.

In 1998, the Aznalcóllar Disaster occurred when a holding dam burst at the Los Frailes mine owned by Boliden-Apirsa (formerly Andaluza de Piritas, S.A.), the Spanish subsidiary of [[Boliden AB|Boliden]], releasing a flood of toxic sludge that entered the River Guadiamar, the main water source for the park. In 2000, after this major environmental catastrophe, the Spanish [[Ministry of Environment (Spain)|Ministry of Environment]] promoted the "Doñana 2005" program, aimed at regenerating the marshes. In 2006 the responsibilities of maintaining the park were transferred to the Government of Andalusia by the Royal Decree of 9 June; the functions and services of the Nature Conservation administration thus transferred to the Andalusian state were widened, and Doñana National Park and the Natural Park became the "Natural area of Doñana", a single territory divided into areas with different levels of environmental protection. In 2008 this park was twinned with the Regional Natural Park Camargue in France, with which it shares anthropological and ethnographic aspects.

During his tenure, the Spanish Prime Minister [[Felipe González]] began using Doñana as a vacation retreat, setting a precedent for his successors. In 2010, 9200 hectares of land on the coastline were expropriated by the former [[Ministry of Environment (Spain)|Ministry of the Environment]] for protection.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rafael Méndez |date=30 August 2010 |title=Medio Ambiente expropia y protege 9.200 hectáreas de la costa de Doñana |url=http://elpais.com/diario/2010/08/30/sociedad/1283119202_850215.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217020332/http://elpais.com/diario/2010/08/30/sociedad/1283119202_850215.html |archive-date=December 17, 2013 |access-date=6 April 2014 |work=El País}}</ref> In July 2012, Unesco approved the extension of the Biosphere Reserve of Doñana from 77,260 hectares to over 255,000 hectares and enabled compliance with the guidelines of the Man and Biosphere Program. This created a transition zone where the socio-economic interests of the various municipalities in the Doñana region are represented. In 2019, the police closed tens of illegal wells operated largely by fruit farmers around the park which had for many years been draining water away from the park's water table. In the same year, the EU commission decided to take Spain to the [[European Court of Justice]] (EJC) for violating EU conservation rules.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2020 |title=Water News Europe |url=waternewseurope.com/spain-taken-to-court-for-over-abstraction-aquifers-coto-donana/ |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=Water News Europe}}</ref> The court ruled in favor of the EU commission, stating that Spain has not fulfilled its obligations concerning the prevention of illegal water extraction as well as failed to take necessary measures to stop significant modifications of the park's landscape.<ref name="Jones">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Sam |date=5 September 2022 |title=Over-consumption and drought reduce lake in vital Spanish wetland to puddle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/05/santa-olalla-lake-dries-up-in-vital-spanish-wetland-blamed-on-overexploitation |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=The Guardian}}</ref>
In 2023 the [[Junta de Andalucia]] sought to approve some of the illegal strawberry cultivation taking place near the park, but was blocked by the central government. The Junta made an effort to mitigate damage to the national park by the acquisition of 7,000 ha of an estate called [[Veta La Palma|Veta la Palma]]. This property includes lagoons which had been used for a failed fishing farming enterprise within the natural park and which at the time of purchase were seen as a potential extension to the national park.<ref name="Sur">{{Cite news |last=Barbotta |date=2024 |title=Moreno presenta la adquisición de Veta la Palma como garantía de la supervivencia de Doñana |url=https://www.diariosur.es/andalucia/moreno-presenta-adquisicion-veta-palma-garantia-supervivencia-20240424203126-nt.html |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=Diario Sur |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="Pais">{{Cite news |date=2023 |title=La Junta andaluza compra 7.500 hectáreas para que las aves permanezcan en Doñana |url=https://elpais.com/clima-y-medio-ambiente/2023-09-12/la-junta-andaluza-compra-7500-hectareas-para-que-las-aves-permanezcan-en-donana.html |work=El País}}</ref>

In January 2024 the bird count was the lowest on record, reflecting low water levels in the National Park.

==Climate==
Doñana Park has a mild, typically Mediterranean climate, characterized by dry summers and relatively wet winters resulting from variations in the [[polar front]] and the [[subtropical ridge]] of high pressure. The rainy seasons are intermediate, occurring in spring and in autumn; autumn especially can produce torrential rains caused by the accumulation during the summer of heat in nearby large bodies of water, and the arrival of polar air masses. In winter, however, thermal [[High-pressure area|anticyclones]] may occur locally. Temperatures are mild throughout the year, with maximum temperatures varying about 17&nbsp;°C from winter to summer. The most significant feature of the climate is the three to five months of dry weather in the summer, when it is dominated by the subtropical anticyclone.

==Flora==
There are many species of flora in the park: trees, including pines, flowers such as roses, and shrubs. Of special interest are the species ''Vulpia fontquerana'', ''Tursica linaria'', ''Juniperus macrocarpa'' (maritime juniper), ''Micropyropsis tuberosa'', ''Hydrocharis morsus-ranae'' or ''Thorella verticillatinundata'', many of them endangered. Non-native species such as eucalyptus, ''Acacia longifolia'', ''Gomphocarpus fruticosus'', ''Nicotiana glauca'' or ''Carpobrotus edulis'' (cat's claw) are removed by the park service.

Other notable species in the park, of the more than 875 indigenous to the Doñana ecosystems are: oleander, oak, the sea wallflower, sweet saltwort, the prickly tumbleweed, [[marram grass]], heather, camarina, lavender, sea holly, reed, carnation, bulrush, common fern, [[Cistus salviifolius|sage-leaved rock rose]], rushes, labiérnago (''[[Phillyrea|Phillyrea angustifolia]]''), sea spurge, mastic, sedge, palm, pine, Scotch broom, rosemary, juniper, gorse, thyme, spurge and  blackberries.

===Flora of the transdunes===
[[File:DonanaBlickAufDieDünen.jpg|right|thumb|Dunes in the park]]
The ecosystem of the mobile dunes, also known as transdunes, which are formed by the prevailing south-west wind, is almost nonexistent elsewhere in the Iberian Peninsula. The harshness of this ecosystem is evident in the adaptations made by some plant species to its special conditions: the dunes of sand and soil are inconsistent. The gradual burial of vegetation, especially of trees that emerge then die, killed by the slow movement of sand, is one of the most well-known phenomena in the beach area of the park.

==Fauna==
Animals recorded within the park include 20 species of freshwater fish, 10 species of amphibians, 13 species of reptiles, 37 species of mammals and 360 non-marine bird species, of which 127 have bred in the park.

===Fish===
Native fish such as eel inhabit Doñana as well as introduced species such as carp, and the gambusia, or pike, which is considered an invasive threat to local ecosystems. Also, you could find the sturgeon in the past because nowadays is extinct.<ref>{{cite web |title=Los peces de Doñana |url=https://www.discoveringdonana.com/es/peces-donana/ |website=Discovering Doñana |date=14 February 2010 |access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref>

===Reptiles===
Reptiles found in Doñana Park include the [[European pond turtle]], [[Spanish pond turtle]], [[spur-thighed tortoise]], [[Iberian worm lizard]], [[Bedriaga's skink]], [[western three-toed skink]], [[common wall gecko]], [[spiny-footed lizard]], [[ocellated lizard]], [[Carbonell's wall lizard]], [[Andalusian wall lizard]], ''[[Psammodromus manuelae]]'', [[Spanish psammodromus]], [[horseshoe whip snake]], [[ladder snake]], [[southern smooth snake]], [[Montpellier snake]], [[false smooth snake]], [[viperine snake]], [[grass snake]], [[Lataste's viper]], [[loggerhead turtle]] and [[leatherback turtle]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Iglesias |first1=José Antonio Sánchez |title=Reptiles of Doñana |url=https://www.discoveringdonana.com/reptiles-donana/ |website=Discovering Doñana |date=8 January 2010 |access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref>

===Birds===
[[File:Ardea purpurea0.jpg|thumb|Purple heron]]
Over 300 species of bird have been recorded in the area, including range-restricted species such as [[Spanish imperial eagle]], [[marbled teal]], [[white-headed duck]] and [[red-knobbed coot]]. Wetland species include [[glossy ibis]], [[western swamphen]], [[ferruginous duck]], [[Eurasian spoonbill]], [[red-crested pochard]], [[little egret|little]] and [[cattle egret]], [[black-crowned night heron|night]] and [[squacco heron]] and [[greater flamingo]], whilst the surrounding areas can have [[Eurasian hoopoe|hoopoe]], [[stone-curlew]], [[Spanish sparrow]], [[Mediterranean short-toed lark]] and [[pin-tailed sandgrouse]]. The site also attracts many summer migrants, which can include [[purple heron]], [[gull-billed tern]], [[greater short-toed lark]], [[short-toed eagle]], [[European roller]], [[western olivaceous warbler]], [[Savi's warbler]], [[little bittern]], [[booted eagle]], [[whiskered tern]] and [[rufous scrub robin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Birds in Coto Donana |url=http://www.easybirder.co.uk/The_Coto_Donana.html |website=Easy Birder |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref>

===Mammals===
38 mammal species have been recorded, including twelve species of bat, [[red deer]], [[European rabbit]], [[European hedgehog]], [[common genet]], [[wildcat]], [[wild boar]], [[Iberian lynx]], [[garden dormouse]], [[Egyptian mongoose]], [[greater white-toothed shrew]], [[Eurasian otter]], [[wood mouse]], [[European polecat]], [[red fox]], [[European badger]], [[Mediterranean pine vole]], [[southwestern water vole]] and [[black rat]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Iglesias |first1=José Antonio Sánchez |title=Mammals of Doñana |url=https://www.discoveringdonana.com/mammals-donana/ |website=Discovering Doñana |date=21 March 2010 |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Linces1.jpg|thumb|[[Iberian lynx]], an emblematic species of the park]]

====Iberian lynx====
{{Main|Iberian lynx}}
The Iberian lynx, whose habitat is restricted to the Iberian Peninsula, is the most endangered of the big cats. Precipitous drops in population counts led to its being declared a protected species in 1966. The only extant colonies of the Iberian lynx are in the Natural Parks of Sierra de Andujar and Cardena, Montoro, and Doñana with its surroundings; the other mainland colonies of former times are considered extinct. In Portugal recovery efforts to preserve its remaining habitat have resulted in the creation of the Sierra Malcata Natural Reserve.

The Acebuche Breeding Centre in Doñana has developed a captive breeding program which has achieved the survival of eleven individuals born in the centre, and of over thirty captured in the park, whose survival was otherwise doubtful. These conservation efforts are threatened by a high mortality rate among the cats and recurring violations of laws prohibiting cars from entering the park or driving on its roads, although, as some agencies have reported, the causes of death are not always clear. The precarious survival situation of this animal has become an emblematic symbol of the park for the general public.

====Horses====
In Doñana there are two indigenous breeds of horse: the [[Marismeño]] and the [[Retuertas]]; the latter is one of the oldest European breeds,<ref>{{cite web|title=Rare Horses Released In Spain As Part Of 'Rewilding' Effort|website=NPR|date=9 January 2014|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2014/01/08/260777584/after-2-000-years-wild-horses-again-roam-western-spain|publisher=National Public Radio (USA) 9 Jan 2014|last1=Frayer|first1=Lauren}}</ref> dating to perhaps 1000 BC, and the only one living in the wild and isolated from other populations.<ref name="ElMundo2016">{{cite news|author1=Olalla Cernuda|title=Identifican en Doñana la raza de caballos más antigua de Europa {{!}} elmundo.es|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/05/30/ciencia/1180521072.html|access-date=29 December 2017|work=www.elmundo.es|publisher=Unidad Editorial S.A|date=1 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625041938/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/05/30/ciencia/1180521072.html|archive-date=June 25, 2016|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/13544/free-as-the-wind-old-as-the-hills |title=Free as the wind, old as the hills by: Samantha Kett, Tuesday, August 7, 2007 |access-date=April 6, 2014 |archive-date=April 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402175916/http://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/13544/free-as-the-wind-old-as-the-hills |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Camels====
During the 19th and 20th centuries, a herd of feral [[dromedaries]] roamed the area. They may have been introduced during the [[Moorish Conquest of Spain]] in the 8th century, or they may have escaped from a herd introduced from the [[Canary Islands]] in 1829 by the [[Marquis de Molina]] as beasts of burden.<ref>{{cite book |title=Wild Spain |last=Chapman |first=Abel |author-link=Abel Chapman |author2=Walter John Buck |year=1893 |publisher=Gurney and Jackson |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/wildspainrecord00buckgoog/page/n154 94]–101 |url=https://archive.org/details/wildspainrecord00buckgoog }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Unexplored Spain |last=Chapman |first=Abel |author-link=Abel Chapman |author2=Walter John Buck |year=1910 |publisher=E. Arnold |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6M4qAAAAYAAJ/page/n346 275]–282 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6M4qAAAAYAAJ }}</ref> By the 1950s, there were only eight individuals left, and these were threatened by poachers.<ref>{{cite book |title=Unknown Europe |last=Meissner |first=Hans Otto |author-link=Hans Otto Meissner |others=trans. Florence and Isabel McHugh |year=1963 |publisher=Blackie & Sons |location=London and Glasgow |pages=100–124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxURAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> By the early 1960s, there were only three, but more were released into the wild after being used in the filming of ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'' in 1962.<ref>{{cite book |title=Spain |last=Morris |first=Jan |author-link=Jan Morris |year=1979 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |page=[https://archive.org/details/spain00morr/page/90 90] |isbn=978-0-19-520169-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/spain00morr|url-access=registration }}</ref>

==Natural Park of Doñana: Preparque==
* '''Abalario–Asperillo.''' The coastal area west of the national park from Matalascañas to Mazagon, forming a rectangle 25&nbsp;km in length and reaching about 5&nbsp;km inland, consists of a field of dunes, several ancient lagoons and wetlands, as well as a large forest of pine and eucalyptus trees. It shelters abundant wildlife, including the Iberian lynx. This zone includes the towns of Matalascañas and Mazagon, as well as the [[El Arenosillo]] test Centre, a rocket launch site for suborbital rockets, but its declaration as a national park blocked the construction of a large urban project west of Matalascañas.
* '''Preparque Norte–Pinares de Hinojos''' (North Preparque Pinewoods of Hinojos) stretches north of the National Park from El Rocío to Hinojos, with areas of marsh and forest. The ''Pinar del Pinto'' of Coto del Rey,<ref name="NovoVicente2007">{{cite book|author1=Francisco García Novo|author2=Ángel Martín Vicente|author3=Julia Toja Santillana|title=La frontera de Doñana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Q3eg89KKvYC&pg=PA214|year=2007|publisher=Universidad de Sevilla|isbn=978-84-472-0950-7|pages=214–215}}</ref> between [[Aznalcázar]] and Villamanrique de la Condesa, is home to several species of raptors.
* '''Preparque Este–Brazo de la Torre-Entremuros'''. An area east of the National Park, between Brazo de la Torre and the Guadalquivir, with marshes and caños (tidal channels that reach into the muddy marsh land). It attracts birds that inhabit Doñana during the summer and during those winters in which drought occurs. Part of the marshes have been converted to rice cultivation.
[[File:Pinar de la algaida sanlúcar de barrameda.jpg|thumb|Pinar de la Algaida]]
* '''Pinar de la Algaida–Marismas de Bonanza.''' An area southeast of the National Park and north of [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]] on the left bank of the River Guadalquivir, that includes a large forest of pines and marshes in Salinas. These marshes are the only ones still flooded by the tides (all the others rely solely on freshwater streams and rain for replenishment), and consequently, flamingos and [[avocet]]s are found in them. "Algaida" is a word of Arabic origin, meaning generally any place covered with trees and bushes.<ref>{{cite book|title=Diccionario de voces españolas geográficas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7psMNWnESAC&pg=PA7|year=1800|publisher=Academia de la Historia|page=7}}</ref> ''El Pinar de la Algaida'' is located near the henarllo, a sanctuary dedicated to the female deity [[Astarte]], and the site of the Roman well of Caveros.<ref>{{cite book|title=Noticiario arqueológico hispánico|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGIfAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Tesorillo%22+%22Caveros%22|year=1952|publisher=La Comisaría|page=127}}</ref>  Restocking has been practised at Algaida since the early 19th century, and it now contains a large colony of [[black kite]]s.<ref name="MonteroAranzana2006">{{cite book|author1=José Antonio Montero|author2=Eduardo de Juana Aranzana|author3=Fernando Barrio|title=Where to Watch Birds in Spain: The 100 Best Sites|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odVFAAAAYAAJ&q=%22kites%22+%22Algaida%22|year=2006|publisher=Lynx Edicions|isbn=978-84-96553-04-0}}</ref>

==Environmental issues==
After the [[Doñana disaster|Aznalcóllar Dam disaster]] of 1998, public awareness of the environmental risks to which the countryside is exposed has increased. Various impact studies and environmental groups have warned repeatedly of problems that threaten the region's flora, fauna, water and soil. While the pressure of urbanization and its various demands on local ecosystems has been a concern throughout the years, this is not the only associated risk factor. UNESCO has reviewed the nomination of the park for inclusion in its "[[List of World Heritage in Danger]]" several times, but has yet to add it.

===Impact of infrastructure===
There have been a number of problems related to infrastructure near the park. A project to build an oil pipeline between Extremadura and the port of Huelva has been criticized by environmental groups, who allege it would significantly increase tanker traffic in the area with an associated risk of oil spills. Frequent dredging of the Guadalquivir to allow passage of ships to the port of Seville has been observed to cause serious disturbances in the biodynamics of the estuary. Adena, the ''Associación de defensa de la naturaleza'' (Association for the defence of nature), [[WWF Spain|the Spanish branch of WWF]], has linked the passage of these boats with the introduction of new animals to the local ecosystems, which occurs when they discharge ballast water containing exotic species.

[[File:Huelva ciudad 019.jpg|thumb|The Port of Huelva]]
The Port of Huelva, a few kilometers from the Natural Park, is one of its major environmental threats. Francisco Bella, PSOE senator and former mayor of the town of Almonte Huelva, considers it absurd that the pipeline project has been approved while the national government and the regional government of Andalusia invest in renewable energy. As mayor of Almonte, he noted the difficulties of implementing policies that promote employment near the park: (translation) "...we know almost everything about the ant and the lynx, but need to know how employment evolves in Doñana." In line with Bella's position regarding the aqueduct, Ginés Morata, a biologist and former president of the ''Consejo de Participación de Doñana'' (Participation Council of Doñana), says that the project, which involves the passage of hundreds of oil tankers per year that would unload their cargoes near Doñana, would lead to an increased possibility of oil spills.

===Overexploitation of water resources===
Another environmental problem is water withdrawals for irrigation, many of them illegal, which have doubled since the late 1980s to maintain water-intensive crops such as cotton, rice and more recently strawberries. The latter are grown in greenhouses, with an estimated area under plastic of between 4,500 and 6,000 hectares in the Doñana area, producing over 90% of the Spanish strawberry crop. The boring of illegal wells to draw irrigation water from underground aquifers has apparently proliferated,<ref>{{cite news|title=Spanish national park could lose Unesco status over illegal boreholes|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jun/28/strawberry-spain-donana-wildlife-iberian-lynx|access-date=23 March 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|date=28 June 2013|author=James Bryce|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908142203/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jun/28/strawberry-spain-donana-wildlife-iberian-lynx|archive-date=8 September 2013|location=Seville|quote=Some producers in the area are accused of using illegal boreholes to draw water from underground aquifers, which the fragile ecosystem is dependent on to support a wide range of species.}}</ref> while the water demands of nearby residential complexes and inappropriate usage of the water resources of nearby rivers may also affect the [[hydrology]] of the park. Other potential risks include salinization resulting from climate change; the intrusion of salt water from the Atlantic would endanger several animal species. On the other hand, desertification could also occur; recently a transfer from the Chanza-Piedras water system was approved by the ''Diputación de Huelva'' (Provincial Council of Huelva) to alleviate this eventuality.<ref>{{cite news|title=La Diputación respalda el trasvase de agua del sistema Chanza-Piedras|url=http://www.huelvainformacion.es/article/provincia/1303517/la/diputacion/respalda/trasvase/agua/sistema/chanzapiedras.html|access-date=23 March 2014|newspaper=Huelva Informacion|date=10 July 2012|author=S.P.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323225511/http://www.huelvainformacion.es/article/provincia/1303517/la/diputacion/respalda/trasvase/agua/sistema/chanzapiedras.html|archive-date=23 March 2014|location=Huelva}}</ref>

===Impact of agriculture===
In 2007, the [[World Wildlife Fund]] warned that strawberry farms surrounding the park, where 95% of Spanish strawberries were produced, threatened to cause catastrophic damage to the park by depleting the surrounding groundwater, notably where illegal boreholes were involved, as well as creating considerable [[pesticide pollution]] and plastic waste which was accumulating in local creeks; AFP further reported that WWF was calling for a boycott of Spanish strawberries,<ref name=BBC>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6460767.stm "Call for Spain strawberry boycott". BBC News, 16/3/07]</ref> but this is contradicted by the remarks of a [[WWF Spain]] spokesperson,<ref name="Independent">"How the thirst for strawberries is draining Spain's precious water". ''The Independent'', 14/2/07: [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/how-the-thirst-for-strawberries-is-draining-spains-precious-water-436317.html]</ref> and it is uncharacteristic of WWF to call for blanket boycotts.

===Aznalcóllar disaster===
{{Main|Doñana disaster}} 
On 25&nbsp;April 1998, a holding dam burst at the '''Los Frailes mine''' operated by the mining company, [[Boliden|Boliden-Apirsa]], near [[Aznalcóllar]], [[Seville Province]], releasing 4–5&nbsp;million cubic metres of mine [[tailings]]. The [[acid]]ic tailings, which contained dangerous levels of several [[heavy metal (chemistry)|heavy metals]], quickly reached the nearby River Agrio, and then its tributary the River [[Guadiamar]], travelling about 40&nbsp;kilometres along these waterways before they could be stopped<ref>{{citation | title = El desastre ecológico de Aznalcóllar | last1 = Aguilar | first1 = J. | last2 = Dorronsoro | first2 = C. | last3 = Fernández | first3 = E. | last4 = Fernández | first4 = J. | last5 = García | first5 = I. | last6 = Martín | first6 = F. | last7 = Ortiz | first7 = I. | last8 = Simón | first8 = M. | url = http://edafologia.ugr.es/Donana/aznal.htm | publisher = University of Granada | access-date = 10 October 2010 | archive-date = 17 March 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110317050659/http://edafologia.ugr.es/donana/aznal.htm | url-status = dead }}.</ref> and advancing as far as the prepark. The cleanup operation took three years, at an estimated cost of €240&nbsp;million.<ref>{{citation | title = El desastre que amenazó Doñana | url = http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/desastre/amenazo/Donana/elpepisoc/20101006elpepisoc_6/Tes | newspaper = El País | date = 6 October 2010  }}.</ref> Although the spill was slowed by levees and diverted by way of the Guadalquivir to the sea, the vulnerability of Doñana's ecosystems to such environmental catastrophes was evident.

To ensure sustainable development both in the countryside and in the surrounding provinces, as well as to counteract future environmental threats, an International Commission of Experts met in 1992 to propose solutions, and produced the ''Plan de Desarrollo Sostenible de Doñana y su Entorno'' (Plan for Sustainable Development of Doñana and its Surroundings), briefly described as:

{{blockquote|text=A plan of action, implemented through the Doñana Operational Programme and funded by the regional government of Andalusia and the Spanish State, as well as the Feder Funds, ESF and EAGGF, to revitalise both the regional infrastructure and social fabric through a new economic model of development compatible with preserving the biodiversity of such an extraordinarily important natural heritage as Doñana.}}

[[File:Las Marismas, Villafranco del Guadalquivir.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Rice field]] in Las Marismas, near [[Isla Mayor]]]]
This effectively became the mission statement of the Doñana 21 Foundation, created in 1997 as a partnership between the Governing Council of the Andalusian Regional Government and the El Monte, San Fernando and Unicaja savings banks. The plan established among its objectives the promotion of actions beneficial to the natural environment, seeking the cooperation of national and European governmental bodies, and the various organizations with an interest in the park, economic or otherwise, for sustainable development of the area (e. g., by encouraging the organic farming of rice).<ref>{{cite news|title=Fundación Doñana 21 presenta mañana su proyecto de arroz 100% ecológico|url=http://www.abcdesevilla.es/20100325/sevilla-economia-economia/doniana-201003251855.html|access-date=23 March 2014|newspaper=ABC Sevilla|date=25 March 2010|location=Sevilla|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129132441/http://www.abcdesevilla.es/20100325/sevilla-economia-economia/doniana-201003251855.html|archive-date=29 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since then, representatives from Council agencies, businesses, trade unions and conservation organizations such as WWF have joined the foundation and collaborated in meeting its goals.

===Pipeline===
In 2013 the construction of a pipeline in the vicinity of the park was authorized by the Spanish [[Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Spain)|Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Autorizada la extracción de gas en el entorno de Doñana|url=http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2013/01/29/actualidad/1359486918_166847.html|access-date=23 March 2014|newspaper=El País|date=20 January 2013|author=Lucía Vallellano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430221916/http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2013/01/29/actualidad/1359486918_166847.html|archive-date=30 April 2013}}</ref>

===Pilgrimage of El Rocío and ecological issues===
{{Main|Romería de El Rocío}}
[[File:Simpecado cruzando el Coto de Doñana, camino de vuelta de El Rocío IMGP3432.JPG|thumb|300px|Wagon bearing a ''Simpecado'' (banner with insignia that proceeds images of the Holy Virgin Mary)<ref name="BrdarGries2011">{{cite book|author1=Mario Brdar|author2=Stefan Thomas Gries|title=Cognitive Linguistics: Convergence and Expansion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-L3_a_7cVAC&pg=PT168|year=2011|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-2386-9|page=168}}</ref> crosses the Coto Doñana on its return from the pilgrimage of El Rocío, in May 2009.]]

The municipality of Almonte, and therefore the park, is situated in an area in which public manifestations of religious fervor have been frequent throughout the centuries. The deities of nature and water were worshiped by the ancient [[Iberians]], as in the goddess cult of [[Cybele]]. The cult rituals, similar in many ways to current Rocieras celebrations, were quickly adapted by the early Christians of these lands to be assimilated in their liturgy. They built a small basilica here, now defunct, but it was mainly after the reconquest of the area in 1262 that the Marian devotions were institutionalized. About 1270–1284, Alfonso X reconstructed the Chapel of St. Mary of Rocinas, and in 1337 [[Alfonso XI of Castile|Alfonso XI]] made the first recorded mention of the Marian cult in the area:

{{blockquote|text=...e señaladamente son los mejores sotos de correr cabo de una Iglesia que dicen de Santa María de las Rocinas.(... and in particular it is said that the best groves proceed from the church of St. Mary of Rocinas.)&nbsp;~Alfonso XI, 1337<ref name="Iglesias2003">{{cite book|author=Francisco Rodríguez Iglesias|title=Proyecto Andalucia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLkWAQAAMAAJ&q=%22se%C3%B1alada%20mjente,%20son%20los%20meiores%20sotos%20de%20correr%20cabo%22|year=2003|publisher=Publicaciones Comunitarias|pages=125–126|isbn=9788493155315}}</ref><ref name="Cruz2000">{{cite book|author=David González Cruz|title=Religiosidad y costumbres populares en Iberoamérica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y54NAAAAYAAJ&q=%22correr%20cabo%20de%20una%20Iglesia%22|year=2000|publisher=Universidad de Huelva|isbn=978-84-95089-49-6|page=241}}</ref>}}

The image of the Virgin at the [[Hermitage of El Rocío]] dates probably from the 13th century, although the current iconography representing the Virgin as a lady of the royal court was adopted in the late 16th century, according to the fashion of the time. The popularity of the cult of the ''Virgen del Rocío'' in modern times has raised concerns about the annual pilgrimage's effect on the natural environment of the park.

The park is used by pilgrims on their way to the [[Romería de El Rocío]]. As this event attracts a million pilgrims annually, it has a significant negative impact on the park's eco-system. The overcrowding of pilgrims around certain dates is evident not only in the village of El Rocío where the shrine is located, but also in places within and outside the park such as the Piara del Acebuchal, the Ajolí Bridge, Boca del Lobo and the Moguer road. This has been a publicity windfall for the park, but requires stepped-up park resources for fire prevention and general monitoring, and also has had a significant negative environmental impact (e.g., increased danger of wildfires, off-road SUVs damaging sensitive ground, etc.) denounced by environmentalists.

Wildfires are a recurrent issue for the park - see {{ill| Doñana fire in 2017|es|Incendio forestal de Doñana de 2017}}.

==Doñana Biological Station==
{{ill|Doñana Biological Station|es|Estación Biológica de Doñana}} (''Estación Biológica de Doñana'') is a centre dedicated to the study of terrestrial ecology. It was created jointly in 1964 by the Spanish government and the World Wildlife Federation to support scientific research on local ecosystems; in the course of this research the status of other national and international ecosystems is also investigated. The EBD, as an administrative and scientific management agency under the aegis of the [[Spanish National Research Council]] (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – CSIC), operates a research centre in Seville, the Doñana Biological Reserve in Almonte, and a Field Station in the Natural Park of Sierras de Cazorla, Segura and Las Villas in the province of Jaén. After the World Wildlife Fund was created in 1961, one of its first actions was to acquire 6,794 hectares of the Doñana estate 'Las Nuevas' in 1963, which it then turned over to the CSIC. The CSIC declared the area to be a ''Reserva Biológica'' (Biological Reserve) and in 1964 built the ''Estación Biológica de Doñana''. WWF bought another section of Doñana in 1968 totaling 3,214 hectares and later called the ''Reserva Biológica de Guadiamar'' (Guadiamar Biological Reserve).<ref name="Zouwen2006" />

== Saca de las Yeguas ==
Another important activity of longstanding association with the park is ''La {{ill|Saca de las Yeguas|es}}'' ("The Gathering of the Mares"), a livestock event from [[Almonte, Spain|Almonte]] pertaining to the indigenous wild horses of the salt marshes of Doñana. On 26 June, after the [[Feast of St. John the Baptist]] is celebrated, mares and new foals among the ''[[marismeño]]s'' are gathered in a traditional roundup.<ref name="Steiguer2011">{{cite book|author=J. Edward De Steiguer|title=Wild Horses of the West: History and Politics of America's Mustangs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SwGdfAVhmSUC&pg=PA57|year=2011|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-2826-4|page=57}}</ref>

==Other points of interest==
[[File:Acebrón palace.jpg|thumb|Acebrón Palace (''Palacio del Acebrón'')]]
* '''Acebrón Palace'''. It was built in the 1960s by Luis Espinosa Fondevilla as a residence and hunting lodge, and currently serves as the park visitors centre.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Galán Martín |first1= José María |year= 2020 |chapter= El Palacio del Acebrón. Una arquitectura simbólica de luz y de rocío |trans-chapter= Palacio del Acebrón. A symbolic architecture of light and dew |editor-last= González Madrid |editor-first= Rafael |title= Doñana y su entorno como zona patrimonial |type= PDF |publisher= E.R.A. Arte, Creación y Patrimonio Iberoamericanos en Redes / [[Pablo de Olavide University|Universidad Pablo de Olavide]] |pages= 369-390 |isbn= 978-84-09-21441-9 |chapter-url= https://rio.upo.es/rest/api/core/bitstreams/9f0f2dad-a859-4fec-a306-515e83562110/content }}</ref>
* '''{{ill|Palace of Lomo del Grullo|es|Palacio del Lomo del Grullo}}''', an old royal house in the north part of the park, also known as ''Palacio del Rey'', ''Palacio de la Dehesa del Rey'' or ''Coto del Rey''.
* '''The Visitors Centre at Acebuche''', located in an old farmhouse, is the point of departure for visits to the park. It has trails and bird observatories on the lake of the same name.
* '''Bajo de Guía Visitors Centre'''. Located in Sanlucar de Barrameda, devised for visitors to Doñana Natural Park.
* '''Ice House Visitors Centre''' (''Centro de Visitantes Fábrica de Hielo''). Located in Sanlucar de Barrameda in the mariners' barrio (neighborhood) of Bajo de Guía, this early 20th century former ice house has been repurposed for receiving visitors to Doñana National Park. Beside it is the dock for the ''Real Fernando'', a boat that takes visitors up the River Guadalquivir to La Plancha.
* '''La Plancha''', a reconstructed antique village with marshland cabins<ref>{{cite web |title= Poblado de la Plancha - P.N. Doñana > Trasiego de Gentes |website= es.wikiloc.com |type= turn the camera to the right to see the landing pier on the Guadalquivir |lang= es |url= https://es.wikiloc.com/rutas-a-pie/sendero-poblado-de-la-plancha-p-n-donana-168772868 |access-date= Feb 3, 2025 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Google maps street camera in La Plancha |website= google.com/maps |url= https://www.google.com/maps/@36.8352928,-6.3593922,2a,75y,329.72h,85.34t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1sQlganaseX8cJxV2tUuNK8Q!2e0!6shttps:%2F%2Fstreetviewpixels-pa.googleapis.com%2Fv1%2Fthumbnail%3Fcb_client%3Dmaps_sv.tactile%26w%3D900%26h%3D600%26pitch%3D4.663008503558203%26panoid%3DQlganaseX8cJxV2tUuNK8Q%26yaw%3D329.72399713481144!7i13312!8i6656?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDEyOS4xIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D }}</ref> on the right bank (west side) of the Guadalquivir, last lived in in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news |last= Fossati Cádiz |first= M. Muñoz |date= 17 May 2015 |title= Regreso al coto |work= Diario de Cádiz |lang= es |url= https://www.diariodecadiz.es/noticias-provincia-cadiz/Regreso-coto_0_917308709.html |access-date= Feb 3, 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date= }}</ref> From La Plancha, one can access the ''Llanos de Velázquez'' (Velázquez Flats) and ''Llanos de la Plancha'' (La Plancha Flats), where there are natural observatories.
* '''Historic Areas of the peoples of the [[Comarca]] (Region)'''.
* '''Matalascañas Dune Park and Marine World Museum''', installed on a [[dune]] system;<ref>{{cite web |title= Marine World Museum, Huelva |website= spanish-architects.com |type= with good photos of the inside and outside, and architect drawings of the setting |url= https://www.spanish-architects.com/en/projects/view/marine-world-museum |access-date= Feb 3, 2025 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= }}</ref> opened in 2002, abandoned since 2012 because of debts aculumulated by the managing partner Fundacion Donaña 21, an agency of the Junta de Andalucia.<ref>{{cite web |last= McMath |first= Dee |title= Matalascañas Marine World |website= andalucia.com |date= |url= https://www.andalucia.com/province/huelva/matalascanas/marineworld.htm |access-date= Feb 3, 2025 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= I explore an abandoned marine world museum |website= youtube.com |lang= es |type= with English subtitles |date= April 2024 |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-OfEOZwJw9s |access-date= Feb 3, 2025 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Sites of Community Importance in Andalusia]]
* [[Costa de la Luz]]
* [[List of Spanish national parks]]
* [[Tartessos]]

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=


<ref name=terra>[s.n.] (2 May 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090803035044/http://noticias.terra.es/2008/local/0502/actualidad/el-hermanamiento-del-espacio-natural-de-donana-y-la-camarga-francesa-permitira-compartir-proyectos-de-gestion.aspx El hermanamiento del Espacio Natural de Doñana y la Camarga francesa permitirá compartir proyectos de gestión] (in Spanish). ''Terra''. Telefónica de España, S.A.U. Archived 3 August 2009.</ref>



}}

== Further reading ==
* <cite>Doñana, Spain's Wildlife Wilderness</cite>, Juan Antonio Fernández, Taplinger Publishing Company, New York, 1974, hardcover, 253 pages, {{ISBN|0-8008-8324-1}}
* [http://www.hbw.com/lynx/ca/lynx-edicions/fondo-editorial/ONS0013-where-watch-birds-donana.html ''Where to watch birds in Doñana'']{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} by Jorge Garzón, Francisco Chiclana. (2006) Published by [Lynx Edicions] {{ISBN|978-84-96553-20-0}}
* [http://www.hbw.com/lynx/en/lynx-edicions/fondo-editorial/ONS0010-where-watch-birds-spain.html''Where to watch birds in Spain. The 100 best sites'']{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} by José Antonio Montero & SEO/BirdLife (2006). Published by [[Lynx Edicions]],{{ISBN|978-84-96553-04-0}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.ebd.csic.es Doñana Biological Station CSIC]
* {{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20071031161654/http://reddeparquesnacionales.mma.es/en/parques/org_auto/red_ppnn/parques/05_donana.htm Parque Nacional de Doñana (Spanish Environment Ministry)]
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/medioambiente/servtc5/ventana/mostrarFicha.do?idEspacio=7419 Doñana: National Park and Natural Park (Regional Government)]
* [http://edition.cnn.com/EARTH/9804/28/spain.spill.ap/ CNN report on the 1998 spill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531013649/http://edition.cnn.com/EARTH/9804/28/spain.spill.ap/ |date=2008-05-31 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191122212500/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/685/ Official UNESCO website entry]

{{World Heritage Sites in Spain}}
{{National parks of Spain}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Donana National Park}}
[[Category:Coastal lagoons]]
[[Category:Lagoons of Europe]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Andalusia]]
[[Category:National parks of Spain]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Spain]]
[[Category:Biosphere reserves of Spain]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in Spain]]
[[Category:Special Protection Areas of Spain]]
[[Category:Geography of the Province of Huelva]]
[[Category:Geography of the Province of Seville]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1969]]
[[Category:Birdwatching sites in Spain]]