Editing Dionysius of Halicarnassus

{{Short description|1st-century BC Greek historian and teacher}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Dionysius of Halicarnassus
| image              = Dionigi di Alicarnasso.jpg
| image_size         = 
| caption            = An image of Dionysius of Halicarnassus from the [[Codices Ambrosiani]].
| birth_date         = {{circa|lk=no}} 60 BC
| birth_place        = [[Halicarnassus]], [[Asia (Roman Province)|Asia]], [[Roman Republic]]<br />(now [[Bodrum]], [[Muğla Province|Muğla]], [[Turkey]])
| death_date         = {{circa|lk=no}} 7 BC (aged around 53)
| death_place        = [[Rome]], [[Roman Empire]]<br />(now [[Rome]], [[Italy]])
| citizenship        = [[Roman citizenship|Roman]]
| occupation         = {{hlist|Historian|Rhetoric|Writer}}
| notable_works      = ''Roman Antiquities''
}}
'''Dionysius of Halicarnassus''' ({{langx|grc|Διονύσιος Ἀλεξάνδρου Ἁλικαρνασσεύς}}, 
{{Langx|grc|Dionýsios Alexándrou Halikarnasseús|lit='Dionysios (son of Alexandros) of Halikarnassos'|label=none|italic=yes}}; {{circa|&nbsp;60&nbsp;BC }} – after 7&nbsp;BC) was a [[Hellenic historiography|Greek historian]] and teacher of [[rhetoric]], who flourished during the reign of Emperor [[Augustus]].<ref>Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ''Roman Antiquities'' Book I, Chapter 6</ref> His literary style was [[Atticism|''atticistic'']] – imitating [[Classical language|Classical]] [[Attic Greek]] in its prime.

He is known for his work ''Rhōmaikē Archaiologia'' (Roman Antiquities), which describes the history of Rome from its beginnings until the outbreak of the [[First Punic War]] in 264 BC. Out of twenty books, only the first nine have survived.<ref name="Sandys-1894" /> Dionysius' opinion of the necessity of a promotion of [[paideia]] within education, from true knowledge of [[Ancient Greek literature#Classical and pre-classical antiquity|classical sources]], endured for centuries in a form integral to the identity of the Greek elite.<ref name=Hidber-2013/>

==Life==
He was a [[Halicarnassus|Halicarnassian]].<ref name=Hidber-2013>{{cite book |last=Hidber |first=T. |date=31 Oct 2013 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece |page=229 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1136787997 |editor-last=Wilson |editor-first=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TzjAQAAQBAJ&q=Dionysius+of+Halicarnissus+5th+book&pg=PA229 |access-date=2015-09-07}}</ref> At some time after the end of the civil wars he moved to [[Rome]], and spent twenty-two years studying [[Latin]] and literature and preparing materials for his history.<ref name=Sandys-1894>{{cite book |first=J.E. |last=Sandys |year=1894 |title=A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities |place=London, GB |page=190}}</ref> During this period, he gave lessons in [[rhetoric]], and enjoyed the society of many distinguished men. The date of his death is unknown.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Dionysius Halicarnassensis |volume=8 |pages=285–286}}</ref> In the 19th century, it was commonly supposed that he was the ancestor of [[Aelius Dionysius|Aelius Dionysius of Halicarnassus]].<ref>
{{cite book
  |last = Schmitz  |first = Leonhard  |author-link = Leonhard Schmitz
  |contribution = Dionysius, Aelius
  |editor-last = Smith
  |editor-first = William
  |editor-link = William Smith (lexicographer)
  |title = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
  |volume = 1
  |pages = 1037
  |place = Boston
  |year = 1867
  |contribution-url = http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1043.html
  |title-link = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
}}
</ref>

==Works==
===Roman Antiquities===
His major work, entitled '''''Roman Antiquities''''' ({{langx|grc|Ῥωμαϊκὴ Ἀρχαιολογία}}, ''Rhōmaikē Archaiologia''), frequently abbreviated '''''Ant. Rom.''''' ({{langx|la|Antiquitates Romanae}}), narrates the history of Rome from the mythical period to the beginning of the [[First Punic War]] in twenty books, of which the first nine remain extant while the remaining books only exist as fragments,<ref name=Sandys-1894/> in the excerpts of the Roman emperor [[Constantine VII|Constantine Porphyrogenitus]] and an epitome discovered by [[Angelo Mai]] in a [[Milan]] manuscript. Dionysius is the first major historian of early Roman history whose work is now extant. Several other ancient historians who wrote of this period, almost certainly used Dionysius as a source for their material. The works of [[Appian]], [[Plutarch]] and [[Livy]] all describe similar people and events of Early Rome as Dionysius.{{citation needed|reason=little of Dionysius' Camillus narrative survives|date=April 2017}}

In the preamble to Book&nbsp;I, Dionysius states that the Greek people lack basic information on Roman history, a deficiency he hopes to fix with the present work.

:;Book I &nbsp; (1300?)–753&nbsp;BC: Mythic early history of Italy and its people. Book I also narrates the history of [[Aeneas]] and his progeny as well as Dionysius' telling of the [[Romulus and Remus|Romulus and Remus myth]], ending with the death of [[Remus]].

:;Book II &nbsp; 753–673&nbsp;BC: The Roman monarchy's first two Kings, [[Romulus]] and [[Numa Pompilius]]. Romulus formulates customs and laws for Rome. [[Roman–Sabine wars|Sabine war]]- as in subsequent parts of the history, this early conflict is described as involving numerous categories of officer, thousands of infantry, and cavalry combatants. This is highly unlikely, but is a common anachronism found in ancient historians.

:;Book III &nbsp; 673–575&nbsp;BC: Kings [[Tullus Hostilius]] through [[Lucius Tarquinius Priscus]].

:;Book IV &nbsp; 575–509&nbsp;BC: Last of the Roman kings and end of the monarchy with overthrow of [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus]].

:;Book V &nbsp; 509-497&nbsp;BC: Start of [[Roman Republic]] and [[Roman consul#Consular dating|Consular years]].

:;Book VI &nbsp; 496–493&nbsp;BC: Includes the first instance of [[Secessio plebis|Plebeian secession]].

:;Book VII &nbsp; 492–490&nbsp;BC: This book describes at length the background leading to the Roman [[Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus|Coriolanus]]' trial, ending in his exile. Much of the book is a debate between supporters of the oligarchy and the plebeians.

:;Book VIII &nbsp; 489–482&nbsp;BC: Coriolanus, now exiled, allies with Rome's current primary enemy, the [[Volsci]]ans. Coriolanus leads the Volscian army on a successful campaign against Roman allies and finally is near to capturing Rome itself. Coriolanus' mother intercedes for the Roman state and manages to end the military campaign. Coriolanus then is treacherously murdered by the Volscians. The remaining part of the book covers the military campaigns to recover land from the Volscians.

:;Book IX &nbsp; 481–462&nbsp;BC: Various military campaigns of mixed fortune in foreign matters. Domestically the plebeians and patricians argue and the [[conflict of the orders]] continues. The number of [[Tribune]]s is raised from 5 to 10. Book&nbsp;IX ends with the first two years of the [[decemviri|decemvirate]] and the creation of the first Roman Law Tables.

:;Book X &nbsp; 461–449&nbsp;BC: The [[decemviri|decemvirate]] continued.

::;''Note'': The last ten books are fragmentary, based on excerpts from medieval Byzantine history compilations. Book&nbsp;XI is mostly extant at around 50&nbsp;pages (Aeterna Press, 2015&nbsp;edition), while the remaining books, have only 12–14&nbsp;pages per book.

:;Book XI &nbsp; 449–443&nbsp;BC: ''fragments''

:;Book XII &nbsp; 442–396&nbsp;BC: ''fragments''

:;Book XIII &nbsp; 394–390&nbsp;BC: ''fragments''

:;Book XIV &nbsp; 390&nbsp;BC: [[Gauls]] [[Sack of Rome (387 BC)|sack of Rome]].

:;Book XV: [[First Samnite War|First]] and [[Second Samnite war|Second Samnite War]].

:;Book XVI–XVII: [[Third Samnite War]].

:;Book XIX: The beginnings of conflicts between Rome and the warlord [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]]. Threatened by Roman expansion into southern Italy, the city of [[Taranto|Tarentum]] asks Pyrrhus to protect them.

:;Book XX: Roman-[[Pyrrhic war]], with Pyrrhus's second invasion of Italy.

Because his prime objective was to reconcile the Greeks to [[Roman Republic|Roman]] rule, Dionysius focused on the good qualities of their conquerors, and also argued that – based on sources ancient in his own time – the Romans were genuine descendants of the older Greeks.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Roman Antiquities of Dionysius of Halicarnassus |date=March 29, 2018 |orig-year=1937 |series=[[Loeb Classical Library]] |volume=I |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] |place=Chicago, IL |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/1B*.html |via=Penelope, [[University of Chicago|U. Chicago]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gabba |first=E. |year=1991 |title=Dionysius and the History of Archaic Rome |place=Berkeley, CA}}</ref> According to him, history is philosophy teaching by examples, and this idea he has carried out from the point of view of a Greek rhetorician. But he carefully consulted the best authorities, and his work and that of [[Livy]] are the only connected and detailed extant accounts of early Roman history.<ref name=Usher-1969>{{cite book |first=S. |last=Usher |year=1969 |title=The Historians of Greece and Rome |place=London, GB |pages=239–241}}</ref>{{rp|pages=240–241}}

===Other works===
Dionysius was also the author of several rhetorical treatises, in which he shows that he had thoroughly studied the best Attic models:
:'''''The Art of Rhetoric''''' ({{Langx|grc|Τέχνη ῥητορική|translit=Tékhnē rhētorikḗ|label=none}}: a collection of essays on the theory of rhetoric, incomplete, and certainly not all his work;
:'''''The Arrangement of Words'''''  ({{Langx|grc| Περὶ συνθέσεως ὀνομάτων |translit=Perì sunthéseōs onomátōn|label=none}}, {{Langx|la|De compositione verborum}}): on the combination of words according to the different styles of oratory;
:[[Dionysian imitatio|'''''On Imitation''''']] ({{Langx |grc|Περὶ μιμήσεως |translit=Perì mimḗseōs |label=none}}): on the best models in the different kinds of literature and the way in which they are to be imitated—a fragmentary work;
:'''''Commentaries on the Attic Orators''''' ({{Langx |grc|Περὶ τῶν Ἀττικῶν ῥητόρων |translit=Perì tôn Attikôn rhētórōn|label=none}}: which covers [[Lysias]], [[Isaeus]], [[Isocrates]], and by way of supplement, [[Dinarchus]];
:'''''On the Admirable Style of [[Demosthenes]]''''' ({{Langx |grc|Περὶ λεκτικῆς Δημοσθένους δεινότητος |translit=Perì lektikês Dēmosthénous deinótētos |label=none}})
:'''''On the Character of Thucydides''''' ({{Langx |grc|Περὶ Θουκιδίδου χαρακτῆρος |translit=Perì Thoukidídou kharaktêros|label=none}})

The last two treatises are supplemented by letters to [[Pompey|Gn. Pompeius]] and [[Ammaeus]] (two, one of which is about Thucydides).<ref name="EB1911"/>

===Dionysian ''imitatio''===
{{main article|Dionysian imitatio}}
''Dionysian imitatio'' is the [[literary method]] of imitation as formulated by Dionysius, who conceived it as the [[rhetoric]]al practice of emulating, adapting, reworking, and enriching a source text by an earlier author.<ref name="Ruthven79">Ruthven (1979) pp. 103–104</ref><ref name="Jansen">Jansen (2008)</ref> It shows marked similarities with [[Quintilian]]'s view of imitation, and both may derive from a common source.<ref>S F Bonner, ''The Literary Treatises of Dionysius of Halicarnassus'' (2013) p. 39</ref>

Dionysius' concept marked a significant departure from the concept of ''[[mimesis]]'' formulated by [[Aristotle]] in the 4th century BC, which was only concerned with "imitation of nature" and not "imitation of other authors."<ref name="Ruthven79"/> Latin orators and rhetoricians adopted Dionysius' method of ''imitatio'' and discarded Aristotle's ''mimesis''.<ref name="Ruthven79"/>

==History in the Roman Antiquities, and the Foundation Myth==
Dionysius carried out extensive research for his Roman history, selecting among authorities, and preserving (for example) details of the [[Servian constitution|Servian Census]].<ref name=Usher-1969/>{{rp|page=239}}

His first two books present a unified account of the supposed Greek origin for Rome, merging a variety of sources into a firm narrative: his success, however, was at the expense of concealing the primitive Roman actuality (as revealed by archaeology).<ref name=Usher-1969/>{{rp|page=241}} Along with [[Livy]],<ref>J Burrow, ''A History of Histories'' (Penguin 2009) p. 101 and 116</ref> Dionysius is thus one of the primary sources for the accounts of the Roman foundation myth, and that of [[Romulus and Remus]], and was relied on in the later publications of [[Plutarch]], for example.  He writes extensively on the myth, sometimes attributing direct quotations to its figures.  The myth spans the first 2 volumes of his ''Roman Antiquities'', beginning with Book I chapter 73 and concluding in Book II chapter 56.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

===Romulus and Remus===

====Origins and survival in the wild====
Dionysius claims that the twins, Romulus and Remus, were born to a [[Vestal virgins|vestal]] named [[Rea Silvia|Ilia Silvia]] (sometimes called Rea), descended from [[Aeneas]] of Troy and the daughter of [[Latinus|King Latinus]] of the [[Latins (Italic tribe)|Original Latin tribes]], thus linking Rome to Trojans and Latins both.  Dionysius lays out the different accounts of her pregnancy and the twins' conception, but declines to choose one over the others.

Citing [[Fabius]], [[Lucius Cincius Alimentus|Cincius]], [[Cato the Elder|Porcius Cato]], and [[Calpurnia gens#Calpurnii Pisones|Piso]], Dionysius recounts the most common tale, whereby the twins are to be tossed into the [[Tiber]]; are left at the site of the [[ficus Ruminalis]]; and rescued by a she-wolf who [[Breastfeeding|nurses]] them in front of her lair (the ''[[Lupercal]]'') before being adopted by [[Faustulus]].<ref>Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ''Roman Antiquities'' Book I, Chapter 79</ref> Dionysius relates an alternate, "non-fantastical" version of Romulus and Remus' birth, survival and youth. In this version, [[Numitor]] managed to switch the twins at birth with two other infants.<ref>Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ''Roman Antiquities'' Book I, Chapter 84</ref> The twins were delivered by their grandfather to Faustulus to be fostered by him and his wife, Laurentia, a former [[Prostitution in ancient Rome|prostitute]].  According to Plutarch, ''lupa'' (Latin for "wolf") was a common term for members of her profession and this gave rise to the she-wolf legend.

====Falling out and Foundation of Rome====
The twins receive a proper [[Education in ancient Rome|education]] in the city of [[Gabii]], before eventually winning control of the area around where Rome would be founded. Dispute over the particular hill upon which Rome should be built, the [[Palatine Hill]] or the [[Aventine Hill]] for its strategic advantages saw the brothers fall out and Remus killed.

When the time came to actually construct the city of Rome, the two brothers disputed over the particular hill upon which Rome should be built, Romulus favoring the [[Palatine Hill]] and Remus favoring what later came to be known as [[Remoria]] (possibly the [[Aventine Hill]]). Eventually, the two deferred their decision to the gods at the advice of their grandfather. [[Augury|Using the birds as omens]], the two brothers decided "he to whom the more favourable birds first appeared should rule the colony and be its leader."<ref>Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ''Roman Antiquities'' Book I, Chapter 85</ref> Since Remus saw nine vultures first, he claimed that the gods chose him and Romulus claimed that since he saw a greater (the "more favorable") number of vultures, the gods chose him. Unable to reach a conclusion, the two brothers and their followers fought, ultimately resulting in the death of Remus. After his brother's death, a saddened Romulus buried Remus at the site of Remoria, giving the location its namesake.<ref>Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ''Roman Antiquities'' Book I, Chapter 87</ref>

Before the actual construction of the city began, [[Romulus]] made sacrifices and received good omens, and he then ordered the populace to ritually atone for their guilt. The city's fortifications were first and then housing for the populace.  He assembled the people and gave them the choice as to what type of government they wanted - monarchy, democracy, or oligarchy - for its constitution.<ref>T P Wiseman, ''Remembering the Roman Republic'' (2011) p. xviii-ix</ref>  After his address, which extolled bravery in war abroad and moderation at home, and in which Romulus denied any need to remain in power, the people decided to remain a kingdom and asked him to remain its king.  Before accepting he looked for a sign of the approval of the gods. He prayed and witnessed an auspicious lightning bolt, after which he declared that no king shall take the throne without receiving approval from the gods.

====Institutions====

Dionysus then provided a detailed account of the 'Romulus' constitution, most probably based on the work of [[Terentius Varro]].<ref name="P Wiseman, 2011">T P Wiseman, ''Remembering the Roman Republic'' (2011) p. xviii</ref> Romulus supposedly divides Rome into 3 [[Roman tribe|tribes]], each with a [[Tribune]] in charge. Each tribe was divided into 10 [[Curia]], and each of those into smaller units. He divided the kingdom's land holdings between them, and Dionysus alone among our authorities insists that this was done in equal lots.<ref name="P Wiseman, 2011"/>  The [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|Patrician]] class was separated from the [[Pleb]]eian class; while each curiae was responsible for providing soldiers in the event of war.

[[File:Bernard van Orley - Romulus Gives Laws to the Roman People - WGA16696.jpg|thumb|left|400px|[[Bernard van Orley]], ''Romulus Gives Laws to the Roman People'' – WGA16696]]

A system of [[Patronage in ancient Rome|patronage]] (''clientela''), a [[Roman senate|senate]] (attributed by Dionysius to Greek influence) and a personal bodyguard of 300 of the strongest and fittest among the nobles were also established: the latter, the ''celeres'', were so-named either for their quickness, or, according to [[Valerius Antias]], for their commander.<ref>T P Wiseman, ''Remembering the Roman Republic'' (2011) p. ii</ref>

A [[Separation of powers|separation of power]] and measures to increase manpower were also instituted, as were Rome's religious customs and practices, and a variety of legal measures praised by Dionysius.

Again, Dionysius thoroughly describes the laws of other nations before contrasting the approach of Romulus and lauding his work.  The Roman law governing marriage is, according to his ''Antiquities'', an elegant yet simple improvement over that of other nations, most of which he harshly derides. By declaring that wives would share equally in the possessions and conduct of their husband, Romulus promoted virtue in the former and deterred mistreatment by the latter.  Wives could inherit upon their husband's death.  A wife's adultery was a serious crime, however, drunkenness could be a mitigating factor in determining the appropriate punishment. Because of Romulus' laws, Dionysius claims that not a single Roman couple divorced over the following five centuries.

Romulus' laws governing parental rights, in particular, those that allow fathers to maintain power over their adult children were also considered an improvement over those of others; while Dionysius further approved of how, under the laws of Romulus, native-born free Romans were limited to two forms of employment: farming and the army. All other occupations were filled by slaves or non-Roman labor.

Romulus used the trappings of his office to encourage compliance with the law. His court was imposing and filled with loyal soldiers and he was always accompanied by the [[lictor|12 lictors]] appointed to be his attendants.

====The Rape of the Sabine Women and death of Romulus====
[[File:The Intervention of the Sabine Women.jpg|thumb|right|300px|''The Intervention of the Sabine Women'', by [[Jacques-Louis David]], 1799]]
Following his institutional account, Dionysus described the famous [[Bride kidnapping|abducting]] of the Sabine women and suggesting thereby that the abduction was a pretext for alliance with the [[Sabines]].<ref>R Hexter ed., Innovations of Antiquity (2013) p. 164</ref> Romulus wished to cement relations with neighboring cities through intermarriage, but none of them found the fledgling city of Rome worthy of their daughters. To overcome this, Romulus arranged a festival in honor of Neptune (the [[Consualia]]) and invited the surrounding cities to attend. At the end of the festival, Romulus and the young men [[The Rape of the Sabine Women|seized all the virgins]] at the festival and planned to marry them according to their customs.<ref>Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ''Roman Antiquities'' Book II, Chapter 12</ref><ref>G Miles, Livy (2018) p. 197</ref> In his narrative, however, the cities of [[Caenina (town)|Caecina]], [[Crustumerium]], and [[Antemnae]] petition for [[Tatius]], king of the [[Sabines]] to lead them to war; and it is only after the famous intervention of the Sabine women that the nations agreed to become a single kingdom under the joint rule of Romulus and Tatius, both declared ''[[Quirites]]''.<ref>Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ''Roman Antiquities'' Book II, Chapter 46</ref>

After the death of Tatius, however, Romulus became more dictatorial, until he met his end, either through actions divine or earthly. One tale tells of a "darkness" that took Romulus from his war camp to his father in heaven.<ref name=":0">Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ''Roman Antiquities'' Book II, Chapter 56</ref> Another source claims that Romulus was killed by his Roman countrymen after releasing hostages, showing favoritism, and excessive cruelty in his punishments.<ref name=":0" />

== Impact ==
It is widely accepted that [[Josephus]]' ''[[Antiquities of the Jews]]'' was influenced by Dionysius' ''Roman Antiquities''. In recent years, this view has been contested by several scholars.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cowan |first=J. Andrew |date=2018-06-14 |title=A Tale of Two Antiquities: A Fresh Evaluation of the Relationship between the Ancient Histories of T. Flavius Josephus and Dionysius of Halicarnassus |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jsj/49/4-5/article-p475_2.xml |journal=Journal for the Study of Judaism |volume=49 |issue=4-5 |pages=475–497 |doi=10.1163/15700631-12493228 |issn=1570-0631}}</ref>{{Clear}}

==Editions==
* Collected Works edited by [[Friedrich Sylburg]] (1536–1596) (parallel Greek and Latin) (Frankfurt 1586) ([https://books.google.com/books?id=PMgaIq4TBZEC available at Google Books])
* Complete edition by [[Johann Jakob Reiske]] (1774–1777){{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
* ''Archaeologia'' by [[A. Kiessling]] (1860-1870) ([https://books.google.com/books?id=Tnc-AAAAcAAJ vol. 1], [https://books.google.com/books?id=U3c-AAAAcAAJ vol. 2], [https://books.google.com/books?id=RQ8MAAAAYAAJ vol. 3], [https://books.google.com/books?id=x5tAAAAAcAAJ vol. 4]) and [[V. Prou]] (1886) and [[C. Jacoby]] (1885–1925) ([https://archive.org/details/dionysihalicarna01dioniala vol. 1], [https://archive.org/details/dionysihalicarna02dioniala vol. 2], [https://archive.org/details/dionysihalicarna03dioniala vol. 3], [https://archive.org/details/dionysihalicarna04dioniala vol. 4], [https://archive.org/details/dionysihalicarna05dioniala supplementum]){{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
* ''[https://archive.org/details/dionysiihalicarn01dion Opuscula]'' by [[Hermann Usener]] and [[Ludwig Radermacher]] (1899-1929){{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} in the [[Teubner]] series (vol. 1 contains ''Commentaries on the Attic Orators'', ''Letter to Ammaeus'', ''On the Admirable Style of Demosthenes'', ''On the Character of Thucydides'', ''Letter to Ammaeus about Thucydides'', vol. 2 contains ''The Arrangement of Words'', ''On Imitation'', ''Letter to Gn. Pompeius'', ''The Art of Rhetoric'', ''Fragments'')
* ''Roman Antiquities'' by [[V. Fromentin]] and [[J. H. Sautel]] (1998–), and ''Opuscula rhetorica'' by [[Germaine Aujac|Aujac]] (1978–), in the [[Collection Budé]]
* English translation by [[Edward Spelman]] (1758) ([https://books.google.com/books?id=NwEMAAAAYAAJ available at Google Books])
* Trans. [[Earnest Cary]], [[Harvard University Press]], [[Loeb Classical Library]]:
** ''Roman Antiquities, I'', 1937.
** ''Roman Antiquities, II'', 1939.
** ''Roman Antiquities, III'', 1940.
** ''Roman Antiquities, IV'', 1943.
** ''Roman Antiquities, V'', 1945.
** ''Roman Antiquities, VI'', 1947.
** ''Roman Antiquities, VII'', 1950.
* Trans. [[Stephen Usher]], ''Critical Essays, I'', Harvard University Press, 1974, {{ISBN|978-0-674-99512-3}}
* Trans. Stephen Usher, ''Critical Essays, II'', Harvard University Press, 1985, {{ISBN|978-0-674-99513-0}}

==See also==
* [[Diodorus Siculus]]
* [[Historic recurrence]]

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Further reading==
* Bonner, S. F. 1939. ''The literary treatises of Dionysius of Halicarnassus: A study in the development of critical method.'' Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
* Damon, C. 1991. ''Aesthetic response and technical analysis in the rhetorical writings of Dionysius of Halicarnassus.'' Museum Helveticum 48: 33–58.
* Dionysius of Halicarnassus. 1975. ''On Thucydides.'' Translated, with commentary, by W. Kendrick Pritchett. Berkeley and London: Univ. of California Press.
* Gabba, Emilio. 1991. ''Dionysius and the history of archaic Rome.'' Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
* Gallia, Andrew B. 2007. ''Reassessing the 'Cumaean Chronicle': Greek chronology and Roman history in Dionysius of Halicarnassus.'' Journal of Roman Studies 97: 50–67.
* Jonge, Casper Constantijn de. 2008. ''Between Grammar and Rhetoric: Dionysius of Halicarnassus On Language, Linguistics and Literature.'' Leiden: Brill.
* Jonge, Casper C. de, and [[Richard L. Hunter]] (ed.). 2018. ''Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Augustan Rome''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* {{cite book |last1=Palla |first1=Alessandra |title=La seconda epistola ad Ammeo di Dionigi di Alicarnasso: studi sulla tradizione manoscritta |date=2023 |publisher=Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag |location=Wiesbaden |isbn=9783954905379}}
* Sacks, Kenneth. 1986. ''Rhetoric and speeches in Hellenistic historiography.'' Athenaeum 74: 383–95.
* Usher, S. 1974–1985. ''Dionysius of Halicarnassus: The critical essays.'' 2 vols. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard Univ. Press.
* Wiater, N. 2011. ''The ideology of classicism: Language, history and identity in Dionysius of Halicarnassus.'' Berlin and New York: De Gruyter.
* Wooten, C. W. 1994. ''The Peripatetic tradition in the literary essays of Dionysius of Halicarnassus.'' In: Peripatetic rhetoric after Aristotle. Edited by W. W. Fortenbaugh and D. C. Mirhady, 121–30. Rutgers University Studies in Classical Humanities 6. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
{{Library resources box |by=yes |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Dionysius of Halicarnassus
  |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
*[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/home.html English translation of the Antiquities] (at LacusCurtius)
*[https://archive.org/details/dionysiouhalikar00dion 1586 Edition with the original Greek from the Internet Archive]
*[http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/denys/index.htm Greek text and French translation]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dionysius Of Halicarnassus}}
[[Category:Ancient Greek educators]]
[[Category:Greek-language historians from the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Ancient Greeks in Rome]]
[[Category:Ancient Halicarnassians]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Romans]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Greek writers]]
[[Category:1st-century BC historians]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman antiquarians]]
[[Category:Atticists (rhetoricians)]]
[[Category:Rhetoric theorists]]
[[Category:Historians from Roman Anatolia]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:60s BC births]]
[[Category:0s BC deaths]]
[[Category:Greek Latinists]]