Editing Dignitatis humanae

{{Short description|Catholic Declaration on Religious Freedom}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Social teachings of the popes}}
{{Separation of church and state in the history of the Catholic Church|expanded = documents}}

'''''Dignitatis humanae'''''{{efn|The document is known by its ''[[incipit]]'', the first words of the document in the original [[Latin]] text, as is customary for similar [[Catholic Church]] documents.}}{{efn|{{IPA|la|d̪iɲˈɲiː.t̪ä.t̪is ˈuː.mä.ne}}}} (''Of the Dignity of the Human Person'') is the [[Second Vatican Council]]'s '''Declaration on Religious Freedom'''.<ref>The full text of a translation into English is available from the [https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651207_dignitatis-humanae_en.html Holy See's website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211202206/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651207_dignitatis-humanae_en.html |date=February 11, 2012 }}</ref> In the context of the council's stated intention "to develop the doctrine of recent popes on the inviolable rights of the human person and the constitutional order of society", ''Dignitatis humanae'' spells out the church's support for the protection of religious liberty. It set the ground rules by which the church would relate to secular states.

The passage of this measure by a vote of 2,308 to 70 is considered by many to be one of the most significant events of the council.<ref>"Thus, during the final vote on the morning of December 7 (when the fathers had to choose between a simple approval or disapproval of the last draft), Lefebvre was one of the 70&nbsp;— about 3 percent of the total&nbsp;— who voted against the schema." [http://www.catholicculture.org/docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=857 Marcel Lefebvre: Signatory to ''Dignitatis humanae''], by Brian Harrison</ref> This declaration was promulgated by Pope Paul VI on December 7, 1965.

''Dignitatis humanae'' became one of the key points of dispute between the Vatican and [[Traditionalist Catholicism|traditionalist Catholics]] such as Archbishop [[Marcel Lefebvre]] who argued that the council document was incompatible with previous authoritatively stated Catholic teaching.

==Background==

===Earlier Catholic view===
{{further|Modernism in the Catholic Church|Error has no rights}}

Historically, the ideal of Catholic political organization was a tightly interwoven structure of the Catholic Church and secular rulers generally known as [[Christendom]], with the Catholic Church having a favoured place in the political structure.<ref>{{Cite book|title = A Concise History of the Catholic Church|last = Bokenkotter|first = Thomas J|publisher = Doubleday|year = 2004|location = New York}}</ref> In 1520, [[Pope Leo X]] in the papal bull ''[[Exsurge Domine]]'' had [[Theological censure|censured]] the proposition "That heretics be burned is against the will of the Spirit" as one of a number of errors that were "either heretical, scandalous, false, offensive to pious ears, or seductive of simple minds and against Catholic truth".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.papalencyclicals.net/leo10/l10exdom.htm|title=Exsurge Domine|date=15 June 1520}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Swinburne|first1=Richard|title=Revelation: From Metaphor to Analogy|date=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191519529|pages=216|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yhEAPsPQbMUC&pg=PA216|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Beinert|first1=Wolfgang|title=Verbindliches Zeugnis|date=1992|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|isbn=9783451236259|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FPssCvqPkoC&pg=PA196|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hoose|first1=Bernard|title=Received Wisdom?: Reviewing the Role of Tradition in Christian Ethics|date=1994|publisher=Geoffrey Chapman|isbn=9780225667394|pages=21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gfXAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref>

=== Late modern pre-Conciliar teaching ===
Following the [[French Revolution]], the Papacy had found itself in a bitter clash against [[liberalism]] and revolutionary ideas: harsh [[Anti-clericalism|anti-clerical]] measures such as the [[Civil Constitution of the Clergy]] had drawn harsh condemnation from the [[Holy See]].<ref>[[Pope Pius VI]], ''[[Quod aliquantum]]'', 1791</ref> The [[Magisterium]] was particularly concerned with the rise of [[indifferentism]] and [[relativism]] and the ideas of [[religious pluralism]] and [[freedom of conscience]] were seen as expression of both and were strongly rejected by several Pontiffs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pope Leo XII |first= |author-link=Pope Leo XII |date=1824 |title=Ubi Primum |url=https://www.papalencyclicals.net/leo12/l12ubipr.htm |access-date= |website=Papal Encyclicals |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pope Gregory XVI |first= |author-link=Pope Gregory XVI |date=1832 |title=Mirari Vos |url=https://www.papalencyclicals.net/greg16/g16mirar.htm |access-date= |website=Papal Encyclicals |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pope Pius IX |first= |author-link=Pope Pius IX |date=1864 |title=Quanta Cura |url=https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius09/p9quanta.htm |access-date= |website=Papal Encyclicals |language=en}}</ref> 

[[Pope Leo XIII|Leo XIII]], [[Pope Pius XI|Pius XI]] and [[Pope Pius XII|Pius XII]], while reiterating traditional Catholic teaching, had also argued that “every man in the State may follow the will of God and, from a consciousness of duty and free from every obstacle, obey His commands”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pope Leo XIII |first= |author-link=Pope Leo XIII |date=1888 |title=Libertas Praestantissimum |url=https://www.papalencyclicals.net/leo13/l13liber.htm |access-date= |website=Papal Encyclicals |language=en}}</ref> and that "laws which impede this profession and practice of Faith are against natural law".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pope Pius XI |first= |author-link=Pope Pius XI |date=1937 |title=Mit Brennender Sorge |url=https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius11/p11brenn.htm |access-date= |website=Papal Encyclicals |language=en}}</ref> [[Pope John XXIII|John XXIII]] had made a distinction between “error as such” and the person in error, who preserves his dignity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pope John XXIII |first= |author-link=Pope John XXIII |date=1963 |title=Pacem In Terris |url=https://www.papalencyclicals.net/john23/j23pacem.htm |access-date= |website=Papal Encyclicals |language=en}}</ref>

==Vatican II and religious freedom==

===Third session (1964)===
The debate on a separate Declaration on Religious Liberty was held on September 23&nbsp;– September 25, as promised by Pope Paul the year before. However, in October an attempt was made by the Curial party to return this declaration to review by a special commission, which contained many hostile members and was outside the jurisdiction of the [[Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity]].<ref>"It was suddenly announced that the document on Religious Liberty would be handed to a new commission for revision&nbsp;– a commission that included some of the most moss-backed of the moss-backed conservatives (to borrow a phrase from Archbishop Connolly!), including Archbishop Lefebvre, who later established the schismatic Society of St. Pius X." [http://www.stjames-cathedral.org/Prayer/vatican2-4.htm Vatican II, Part 4: The Third Session] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904074425/http://www.stjames-cathedral.org/Prayer/vatican2-4.htm |date=September 4, 2007 }}, Corinna Laughlin, St. James Cathedral, Seattle</ref> Protest by bishops to Pope Paul resulted in the declaration staying under Unity with a different working commission which reviewed and amended it.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,897340,00.html |title=Roman Catholics: Cum Magno Dolore |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=October 23, 1964 |quote=The bishops' letter apparently proved effective. In interviews with Bea and Frings, Paul VI agreed that the Christian Unity office would bear the major responsibility for revising the two declarations, said also that the bishops themselves could decide whether a fourth session was necessary.}}</ref> 

===Fourth session (1965)===
This re-revised text was approved by the council on October 25, with only minor amendments allowed afterward (including some disliked by Murray). The final vote was taken and the declaration was promulgated at the end of council on December 7, 1965. The claim by some that this overwhelming majority was due to intense lobbying by the reformist wing of Council Fathers among those [[prelate]]s who initially had reservations or even objections.<ref>''Der Rhein fliesst in den Tiber: eine Geschichte des Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzils'', Wiltgen, Ralph M., [[Feldkirch, Vorarlberg|Feldkirch]]. Lins. cop. 1988. p. 316</ref>

=={{anchor|Society of St. Pius X critique}}Traditionalist Catholic reception==
Archbishop [[Marcel Lefebvre]] cited this document as one of the fundamental reasons for his difficulties with the Second Vatican Council. It remains a focus for attacks from Traditionalists in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Egan|first1=Philip A.|title=Philosophy and Catholic Theology: A Primer|date=2009|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=9780814656617|pages=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gmvvzTWIX8C&pg=PA56|language=en}}</ref> The Vatican's position that the SSPX must acknowledge ''Dignitatis humanae'' and ''[[Nostra aetate]]'' as authoritative remained {{as of|2017|April|lc=y}} a key point of difference between the two.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pope Francis' Approval of SSPX Marriages Offers Hopeful Step to Unity|url=http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/pope-francis-approval-of-sspx-marriages-offers-hopeful-step-to-unity|work=National Catholic Register|date=17 April 2017}}</ref>

The Society of St. Pius X criticized how ''Dignitatis humanae'' approached religious freedom with an argument from history:  
{{Quote|The saints have never hesitated to break idols, destroy their temples, or legislate against pagan or heretical practices. The Church&nbsp;– without ever forcing anyone to believe or be baptized&nbsp;– has always recognized its right and duty to protect the faith of her children and to impede, whenever possible, the public exercise and propagation of false cults. To accept the teaching of Vatican II is to grant that, for two millennia, the popes, saints, Fathers and Doctors of the Church, bishops, and Catholic kings have constantly violated the natural rights of men without anyone in the Church noticing. Such a thesis is as absurd as it is impious.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sspx.org/en/religious-liberty-contradicts-tradition|title=Religious liberty contradicts Tradition|date=December 3, 2012|website=District of the USA}}</ref>}}

On the contradictions some see between ''Dignitatis humanae'' and [[Pope Pius IX]]'s ''[[Syllabus of Errors]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sspx.org/sspx_faqs/q6_vaticanII.htm |title= What Are Catholics to Think of Vatican II? |access-date= 3 May 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110307190118/http://www.sspx.org/sspx_faqs/q6_vaticanII.htm |archive-date= 7 March 2011 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Brian Mullady has argued that:
{{Quote|the religious freedom condemned in the ''Syllabus of Errors'' refers to religious freedom looked at from the point of view of the action of the intellect, or freedom respecting the truth; whereas the [[freedom of religion]] guaranteed and encouraged by ''Dignitatis humanae'' refers to religious freedom looked at from the point of view of the action of the will in morals. In other words, those who see in these different expressions a change in teaching are committing the fallacy of univocity of terms in logic. The terms "freedom" refer to two very different acts of the soul.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Brian Mullady|title=Religious Freedom: Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Development?|journal=The Thomist|url=http://www.thomist.org/jourl/1994/941aMull.htm|year=1994|volume=58|pages=93–108|doi=10.1353/tho.1994.0044|s2cid=171194888|access-date=3 May 2011|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313172455/http://www.thomist.org/jourl/1994/941aMull.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

==International Theological Commission, 2019==
On 21 March 2019, [[Pope Francis]] approved the publication of a document produced by the [[International Theological Commission]] called "Religious freedom for the good of all: Theological approach to contemporary challenges". It attempts to update ''Dignitatis humanae'' in the light of the increasing diversity and secularization seen since the Council: "the cultural complexity of today's civil order".<ref>{{cite news | work= [[Commonweal (magazine)|Commonweal]] | title = A Postscript to Dignitatis Humanae | url= https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/postscript-dignitatis-humanae | date= 9 May 2019| access-date= 10 May 2019 | first= Massimo | last= Faggioli}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | access-date = 10 May 2019 | title= La Libertà Religiosa per il Bene di Tutti, Approcio Teologico alle Sfide Contemporanee | publisher= International Theological Commission, Subcommission on Religious Freedom |language= it | via= [[Holy See]] | url= https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_cti_20190426_liberta-religiosa_it.html }} The official text is available only in Italian.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism|Christianity}}
* [[Relations between the Catholic Church and the state]]
* [[Christian state]]
* ''[[Res publica Christiana]]''
* ''[[Quanta cura]]''
* ''[[Mirari vos]]''

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
<!-- Before adding a link to this section, please discuss it first in the talk page (see "Further reading & External links" section) making sure that any link is within the letter and spirit of both WP:ELNO and WP:ELREG.  Thank you.

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*Stüssi, Marcel (2012). ''Models of Religious Freedom: Switzerland, the United States, and Syria by Analytical, Methodological, and Eclectic Representation'', 375 ff. {{ISBN|978-3643801180}}<!-- Before adding a link to this book, please make sure that such a link is not in breach of either WP:ELNO or WP:ELREG -->

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651207_dignitatis-humanae_en.html Holy See: Archive: Documents of the II Vatican Council: ''Dignitatis humanae''] (full text in English)
{{Second Vatican Council}}

[[Category:Documents of the Second Vatican Council]]
[[Category:Documents of the Catholic Social Teaching tradition]]
[[Category:1965 documents]]
[[Category:1965 in Christianity]]