Editing Desmothoracid

{{Short description|Family of single-celled organisms}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Museum Histoire Naturelle Geneva Blaschka Clathrulina elegans 21102014.jpg
| image_caption = [[Blaschka]] glass model of ''Clathrulina elegans'' 
| parent_authority = [[Richard Hertwig|Hertwig]] & [[Edmund Lesser|Lesser]], 1874 emend. Honigberg et al. 1964
| taxon = Clathrulinidae
| authority = [[Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Claus|Claus]], 1874
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms =
* Cryptaxohelida
* Desmothoraca <small>Hertwig & Lesser 1874</small>
* Clathrulinida <small>Starobogatov 1980</small>
}}

Order '''Desmothoracida''', the '''desmothoracids''', are a group of [[heliozoa]]n [[protist]]s, usually sessile and found in freshwater environments. The adult is a spherical cell around 10-20 μm in diameter surrounded by a perforated organic [[Lorica (biology)|lorica]], or shell, with many radial [[pseudopod]]s projecting through the holes to capture food. These are supported by small bundles of [[microtubule]]s that arise near a point on the [[nuclear membrane]].  Unlike other heliozoans, the microtubules are not in any regular geometric array, there does not appear to be a microtubule organizing center, and there is no distinction between the outer and inner [[cytoplasm]].

Reproduction takes place by the budding-off of small motile cells, usually with two [[flagella]].  Later these are lost, and the pseudopods and lorica are formed. Typically, a single lengthened pseudopod will secrete a hollow stalk that attaches the cell to the substrate.  The form of the flagella, the tubular cristae within the [[mitochondrion|mitochondria]], and other characters have led to the suggestion that the desmothoracids belong among what is now the [[Cercozoa]]. This was later confirmed by genetic studies.

As of the year 2000, the order Desmothoracida contained five [[genus|genera]] with a total of 10 species.<ref name=mikr>Mikrjukov, K. A. (2000). [http://www.rcin.org.pl/Content/13538/WA488_17724_P1825-T39-nr2_AP.pdf Taxonomy and phylogeny of Heliozoa. 1. The order Desmothoracida Hertwig et Lesser, 1874.] ''Acta Protozoologica'' 39(2) 81-97.</ref>

* Order '''Desmothoracida''' <small>Hartwig & Lesser 1874 emend. Honigberg et al. 1964</small>
** Family '''Clathrulinidae''' <small>Claus 1874</small><ref>{{cite journal | website=Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement | title=Part 1- Virae, Prokarya, Protists, Fungi | url=http://mave.tweakdsl.nl/tn/genera1.html | display-authors=etal | access-date=30 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814234049/http://mave.tweakdsl.nl/tn/genera1.html | archive-date=14 August 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*** Genus ''[[Clathrulina]]'' <small>Cienkowski 1867</small> [''[[Podosphaera]]'' <small>Archer 1868 non Kunze 1823</small>; ''[[Elaster]]'' <small>Grimm 1872</small>; ''Eleaster'' <small>(sic) Schmidt 1913</small>; ''[[Orbulinella]]'' <small>Entz 1877</small>]
**** Species ''[[Clathrulina elegans]]'' <small>Cienkowski 1867</small> [''Clathrulina ovalis'' <small>(von Daday 1885) Deflandre, 1926</small>; ''Clathrulina cienkowskii ovalis'' <small>von Daday 1885</small>; ''Clathrulina cienkowskii'' <small>Mereschkowsky 1879</small>; ''Clathrulina stuhlmanni'' <small>Schaudinn 1897</small>; ''Podosphaera haeckeliana'' <small>Archer 1868</small>; ''Elaster greeffi'' <small>Grimm 1872</small>]
**** Species ''[[Clathrulina smaragdea]]'' <small>(Entz 1877) Mikrjukov 2000</small> [''Orbulinella smaragdea'' <small>Entz 1877</small>; ''Orbulinella salina'' <small>Labbe 1924</small>]
*** Genus ''[[Hedriocystis]]'' <small>Hertwig & Lesser 1874</small>
**** Species ''[[Hedriocystis pellucida]]'' <small>Hertwig & Lesser 1874</small>
**** Species ''[[Hedriocystis minor]]'' <small>Siemensma 1991</small>
**** Species ''[[Hedriocystis zhadani]]'' <small>Mikrjukov 2000</small>
*** Genus ''[[Penardiophrys]]'' <small>Mikrjukov 2000</small>
**** Species ''[[Penardiophrys reticulata]]'' <small>(Penard 1904) Mikrjukov 2000</small> [''Hedriocystis reticulata'' <small>Penard 1904</small>]
**** Species ''[[Penardiophrys spinifera]]'' <small>(Brown 1918) Mikrjukov 2000</small> [''Hedriocystis spinifera'' <small>Brown 1918</small>]
*** Genus ''[[Cienkowskya]]'' <small>Schaudinn 1896 non Regel & Rach 1859 non Solms 1867</small> [''[[Cienkowskia]]'' <small>Weldon & Hickson 1909 non Rostafinski 1873 non Schweinfurth 1867 non Solms 1867</small>; ''[[Wagneria]]'' <small>Cienkowsky 1881 non Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 non Gistl 1848 non Alenitzin 1873 non Lemaire 1857 non Hesse 1912 non Heilprin 1887 non McCook 1895 non Jedlicka 1935 non Denier 1933 non Meladze 1967</small>; ''[[Monomastigocystis]]'' de Saedeleer 1930]
**** Species ''[[Cienkowskya mereschkovckii]]'' <small>(Cienkowsky 1881) Schaudinn 1896</small> [''Wagneria mereschkowskyi'' <small>Cienkowsky 1881</small>]
**** Species ''[[Cienkowskya brachypous]]'' <small>(De Saedeleer 1930) Mikrjukov 2000</small> [''Monomastigocystis brachypous'' <small>de Saedeleer 1930</small>; ''Hedriocystis brachypous'' <small>(De Saedeleer 1930) Siemensma 1991</small>]
*** Genus ''[[Actinosphaeridium]]'' Zacharias 1893 [''Actinopshaeridium'' (sic)]
**** Species ''[[Actinosphaeridium pedatus]]'' <small>Zacharias 1893</small> [''Nuclearia caulescens'' <small>Penard 1903</small>]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Wikispecies|Desmothoracida}}
* {{cite journal
 | author = Nikolaev, S.I.
 | title = Genetic relationships between desmothoracid Heliozoa and gymnophryid amoebas as evidenced by comparison of 18S rRNA genes
 | journal = Doklady Biological Sciences
 | year = 2003 | volume = 393 | issue = 1–6
 | pages = 553–6
 | doi = 10.1023/B:DOBS.0000010322.33294.9f
 | pmid = 14994549
 | display-authors = 1
 | last2 = Berney
 | first2 = S.
 | last3 = Fahrni
 | first3 = J.
 | last4 = Mylnikov
 | first4 = A. P.
 | last5 = Petrov
 | first5 = N. B.
 | last6 = Pawlowski
 | first6 = J.
| s2cid = 21189865
 }}

{{Rhizaria}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q151237|from2=Q33181010}}

[[Category:Filosa]]
[[Category:Amoeboids]]