Editing Desmond Morris

{{Short description|English zoologist, ethologist and artist (born 1928)}}
{{About||the rugby player|Des Morris|the athlete|Desmond Morris (athlete)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Desmond Morris
| image             = Desmond Morris (1969).jpg
| caption           = Morris in 1969
| honorific_suffix  = [[Linnean Society of London|FLS ''hon. caus.'']]
| birth_name        = Desmond John Morris
| birth_date        = {{birth date and age|1928|1|24|df=y}}
| birth_place       = [[Purton]], England
| death_date        = 
| death_place       = 
| alma_mater        = {{ublist|[[University of Birmingham]]|[[University of Oxford]]}}
| thesis_title      = The reproductive behaviour of the ten-spined stickleback
| thesis_url        = http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:LSCOP_OX:oxfaleph020307817
| thesis_year       = 1954
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Niko Tinbergen]]
| nationality       = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->
| fields            = [[Zoology]]
| known_for         = ''[[The Naked Ape]]'' (1967)
| spouse            = {{marriage|Ramona Baulch|1952|2018|end=d}}
| children          = 1
| occupation        = Zoologist and ethologist
}}

'''Desmond John Morris''' [[Linnean Society of London|FLS ''hon. caus.'']] (born 24 January 1928) is an English [[zoologist]], [[ethologist]] and [[surrealist]] painter, as well as a popular author in human [[sociobiology]]. He is known for his 1967 book ''[[The Naked Ape]]'', and for his television programmes such as ''Zoo Time''.

==Early life and education==
Morris was born in [[Purton]], [[Wiltshire]], to Marjorie (née Hunt) and children's fiction author Harry Morris. In 1933, the Morrises moved to [[Swindon]] where Desmond developed an interest in [[natural history]] and writing. He was educated at [[Dauntsey's School]], a boarding school in Wiltshire.<ref name="dmbiography">{{cite web| author=Williams, D.| title=Desmond Morris Biography| url=http://www.desmond-morris.com/biography.php| publisher=Desmond-morris.com| access-date=28 November 2012| archive-date=22 February 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222221221/http://www.desmond-morris.com/biography.php| url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1946, Morris joined the [[British Army]] for two years of [[national service]], becoming a lecturer in [[fine arts]] at the [[Chiseldon|Chiseldon Army College]] in [[Wiltshire]]. After being demobilised in 1948, he held his first one-man show of his own paintings at the [[Swindon Arts Centre]], and studied [[zoology]] at the [[University of Birmingham]]. In 1950 he held a surrealist art exhibition with [[Joan Miró]] at the London Gallery. He held many other exhibitions in later years.<ref name="dmbiography"/> Also in 1950, Desmond Morris wrote and directed two surrealist films, ''Time Flower'' and ''The Butterfly and the Pin''.<ref name="Howlett">{{cite web |last1=Howlett |first1=Andy |title=A lost film took Brum's surrealist past with it. Could it be found? |url=https://www.birminghamdispatch.co.uk/lost-birmingham-surrealist-film-desmond-morris/ |website=The Dispatch |access-date=4 May 2025 |date=3 May 2025}}</ref> In 1951 he began a doctorate at the [[Department of Zoology, University of Oxford]], in [[animal behaviour]].<ref name="dmbiography"/> In 1954, he earned a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] for his work on the reproductive behaviour of the [[ten-spined stickleback]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/sep/24/the-naked-ape-at-50-desmond-morris-four-experts-assess-impact|title=The Naked Ape at 50|last=Dunbar|first=Robin|date=24 September 2017|website=The Guardian|access-date=19 July 2019|archive-date=2 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102084748/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/sep/24/the-naked-ape-at-50-desmond-morris-four-experts-assess-impact|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Morris stayed at Oxford, researching the reproductive behaviour of birds. In 1956 he moved to London as Head of the [[Granada TV]] and Film Unit for the [[Zoological Society of London]], and studied the picture-making abilities of apes.<ref name="dmbiography"/> The work included creating programmes for film and television on animal behaviour and other zoology topics. He hosted Granada TV's weekly ''Zoo Time'' programme until 1959, scripting and hosting 500 programmes, and 100 episodes of the show ''Life in the Animal World'' for [[BBC Two|BBC2]].<ref name="dmbiography"/> In 1957 he organised an exhibition at the [[Institute of Contemporary Arts]] in London, showing paintings and drawings composed by [[common chimpanzee]]s. In 1958 he co-organised an exhibition, ''The Lost Image'', which compared pictures by infants, human adults, and apes, at the [[Royal Festival Hall]] in London. In 1959 he left ''Zoo Time'' to become the [[Zoological Society of London|Zoological Society]]'s Curator of Mammals.<ref name="dmbiography"/> In 1964, he delivered the [[Royal Institution Christmas Lectures|Royal Institution Christmas Lecture]] on ''Animal Behaviour''. In 1967 he spent a year as executive director of the London [[Institute of Contemporary Arts]].<ref name="dmbiography"/>

Morris's books include ''[[The Naked Ape|The Naked Ape: A Zoologist's Study of the Human Animal]]'',{{sfn|Morris|1967|p=}} published in 1967. The book sold well enough for Morris to move to [[Malta]] in 1968 to write a sequel and other books. In 1973 he returned to Oxford to work for the ethologist [[Niko Tinbergen]].<ref>[[Horace Romano Harré|Harré, R.]] (2006). "Chapter 5: The Biopsychologists". ''Key Thinkers in Psychology'', pp. 125–132. London: Sage.</ref> From 1973 to 1981, Morris was a Research Fellow at [[Wolfson College, Oxford]].<ref name="sirc">{{cite web | url=http://www.sirc.org/about/desmond_morris.html | title=Desmond Morris | publisher=[[Social Issues Research Centre]] | access-date=1 December 2016 | archive-date=8 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208162512/http://www.sirc.org/about/desmond_morris.html | url-status=live }}</ref> In 1979 he undertook a television series for [[Thames TV]], ''The Human Race'', followed in 1982 by ''Man Watching in Japan'', ''The Animals Road Show'' in 1986 and then several other series.<ref name="dmbiography"/> Morris wrote and presented the BBC documentary ''[[The Human Animal (TV series)|The Human Animal]]'' and its accompanying book in 1994. [[National Life Stories]] conducted an oral history interview (C1672/16) with Morris, in 2015, for its Science and Religion collection held by the [[British Library]].<ref name=oralhistory>[http://sounds.bl.uk/Oral-history/Science/021M-C1672X0016XX-0001V0 National Life Stories, 'Morris, Desmond (1 of 2) National Life Stories Collection: Science and Religion', The British Library Board, 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818061828/https://sounds.bl.uk/Oral-history/Science/021M-C1672X0016XX-0001V0 |date=18 August 2021 }}.  Retrieved 9 October 2017</ref>

Morris is a Fellow ''honoris causa'' of the [[Linnean Society of London]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linnean.org/our-fellows/royal-patrons-and-honorary-fellows|title=Royal Patrons and Honorary Fellows|publisher=The Linnean Society}}</ref>

Parallel to his academic and media career, Morris continued to create paintings in a Surrealist style. His art career spanned 70 years of his long life, though for decades his paintings were not widely known. But gradually they featured in exhibitions and were bought by public galleries, including the Tate in London. In 2017 his paintings were the subject of a BBC Four documentary ''The Secret Surrealist''.  Morris continued to paint Surrealist artworks quite prolifically into his nineties. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-13 |title=Desmond Morris - related-content {{!}} The Redfern Gallery |url=https://www.redfern-gallery.com/artists/211-desmond-morris/ |access-date=2025-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113004725/https://www.redfern-gallery.com/artists/211-desmond-morris/ |archive-date=13 January 2025 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Morris's father suffered lung damage in [[World War I]], and died when Morris was 14. He was not allowed to go to the funeral and said later; "It was the beginning of a lifelong hatred of the establishment. The church, the government and the military were all on my hate list and have remained there ever since."<ref>{{cite news | title=My family values: Desmond Morris interview | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/nov/01/desmond-morris-family-values | access-date=28 November 2012 | first=Alice | last=Douglas | date=1 November 2008 | archive-date=12 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212094442/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/nov/01/desmond-morris-family-values | url-status=live }}</ref> His grandfather William Morris, an enthusiastic [[Victorian era|Victorian]] naturalist and founder of the Swindon local newspaper,<ref name="dmbiography"/> greatly influenced him during his time living in Swindon.

In July 1952, Morris married Ramona Baulch; they had one son, Jason.<ref name="dmbiography"/> In 1978 Morris was elected vice-chairman of [[Oxford United F.C.|Oxford United]].<ref name=":0" /> While a director of the club, he designed its ox-head badge based on a [[Minoan]]-style bull's head, which remains in use to this day.<ref>{{cite news | title=The history of the United Badge | url=https://www.oufc.co.uk/news/2015/june/the-history-of-the-united-badge/ | access-date=5 July 2023 }}</ref>

Morris lived in the same house in [[North Oxford]] as the 19th-century lexicographer [[James Murray (lexicographer)|James Murray]] who worked on the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''.<ref name="guardian07">{{cite news | title=We'd be better off if women ran everything | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/dec/18/scienceandnature.science | access-date=1 December 2016 | first=Stephen | last=Moss | date=18 December 2007 | archive-date=2 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202102907/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/dec/18/scienceandnature.science | url-status=live }}</ref> He has exhibited at the Taurus Gallery in [[North Parade]], Oxford, close to where he lived.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.taurusgallery.com/ | title=Taurus Gallery | access-date=1 December 2016 | archive-date=2 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202165729/http://www.taurusgallery.com/ | url-status=live }}</ref> He is the patron of the Friends of [[Swindon Museum and Art Gallery]] and gave a talk to launch the charity in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Administrator|title=Get Involved|url=http://www.swindonmuseumandartgallery.org.uk/info/6/get-involved/6/get-involved-1/2|access-date=2022-01-03|website=swindonmuseumandartgallery.org.uk}}</ref> Since the death of his wife in 2018 he has lived with his son and family in Ireland.<ref>{{cite news |title=Desmond Morris on the Irish |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/desmond-morris-on-the-irish-there-s-a-humour-there-and-a-love-of-the-eccentric-1.4213915?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fdesmond-morris-on-the-irish-there-s-a-humour-there-and-a-love-of-the-eccentric-1.4213915 |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404083318/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/desmond-morris-on-the-irish-there-s-a-humour-there-and-a-love-of-the-eccentric-1.4213915?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fdesmond-morris-on-the-irish-there-s-a-humour-there-and-a-love-of-the-eccentric-1.4213915 |url-status=live| last = Mulcahy | first = Miriam | date = 4 April 2020}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{Incomplete list|date=September 2018}}

===Books===
* {{cite book |title=The Biology of Art: a Study of the Picture-making Behaviour of the Great Apes and Its Relationship to Human Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QO4NAAAAQAAJ |publisher=[[Knopf]] |year=1963}}
* ''The Big Cats'' (1965) – part of [[The Bodley Head]] Natural Science Picture Books, looking at the habits of the five [[Big cat|Big Cats]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=moreTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=BLL01002554695&indx=1&recIds=BLL01002554695&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&dscnt=1&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&frbg=&tab=local_tab&dstmp=1432370059550&srt=rank&mode=Basic&vl(488279563UI0)=any&dum=true&tb=t&vl(freeText0)=desmond%20morris%20the%20big%20cats&vid=BLVU1 |title=The Big Cats ... Illustrated by Barry Driscoll. |publisher=The British Library Board |access-date=23 May 2015 |year=1965 |series=Bodley Head Natural Science Picture Books. |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818061927/https://l.sharethis.com/sc?event=pview&version=buttons.js&lang=en&sessionID=1629267564926.99624&hostname=explore.bl.uk&location=%2Fprimo_library%2Flibweb%2Faction%2Fdisplay.do&product=widget&fcmp=false&fcmpv2=false&publisher=ad1af46f-5d2b-4f49-aa8c-10f1ffaecf51&bsamesite=true&consent_cookie_duration=948&consent_duration=948&gdpr_domain=.consensu.org&gdpr_method=cookie&url=http%3A%2F%2Fexplore.bl.uk%2Fprimo_library%2Flibweb%2Faction%2Fdisplay.do%3Ftabs%3DmoreTab%26ct%3Ddisplay%26fn%3Dsearch%26doc%3DBLL01002554695%26indx%3D1%26recIds%3DBLL01002554695%26recIdxs%3D0%26elementId%3D0%26renderMode%3DpoppedOut%26displayMode%3Dfull%26frbrVersion%3D%26dscnt%3D1%26scp.scps%3Dscope%253A(BLCONTENT)%26frbg%3D%26tab%3Dlocal_tab%26dstmp%3D1432370059550%26srt%3Drank%26mode%3DBasic%26vl(488279563UI0)%3Dany%26dum%3Dtrue%26tb%3Dt%26vl(freeText0)%3Ddesmond%2Bmorris%2Bthe%2Bbig%2Bcats%26vid%3DBLVU1&title=The%20Big%20Cats%20...%20Illustrated%20by%20Barry%20Driscoll.%20-%20British%20Library&sop=false&samesite=None |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''The Mammals: A Guide to the Living Species'' (1965) – a listing of mammal genera, non-rodent non-bat species, and additional information on select species.
* ''Men and Pandas'' (1966) with Ramona Morris – third volume in the Ramona and Desmond Morris animal series.
* {{cite book|title-link=The Naked Ape|title=The Naked Ape: A Zoologist's Study of the Human Animal|date=1967|first=Desmond |last=Morris|display-authors=0|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill}} – a look at the humanity's animalistic qualities and its similarity with other apes. In 2011, ''Time'' magazine placed it on its list of the 100 best or most influential non-fiction books written in English since 1923.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://entertainment.time.com/2011/08/30/all-time-100-best-nonfiction-books/slide/the-naked-ape-by-desmond-morris/|title=All-Time 100 Nonfiction Books|last=Schrobsdorff|first=Susanna|magazine=Time|access-date=3 March 2017|issn=0040-781X|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402200937/http://entertainment.time.com/2011/08/30/all-time-100-best-nonfiction-books/slide/the-naked-ape-by-desmond-morris/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Men and Snakes'' (1968) with Ramona Morris – an exploration of the various complex relationships between humans and snakes
* ''[[The Human Zoo (book)|The Human Zoo]]'' (1969) – a continuation of ''The Naked Ape'', analysing human behaviour in big modern societies and their resemblance to animal behaviour in captivity.
* ''Patterns of Reproductive Behavior'' (1970)
* ''Intimate Behaviour'' (1971) – A study of the human side of intimate behaviour, examining how natural selection shaped human physical contact.
* ''Manwatching: A Field Guide to Human Behaviour'' (1978) – includes discussion of topic "[[Tie signs]]"
* ''Gestures: Their Origin and Distribution'' (1979)
* ''Animal Days'' (1979) 
* ''The Soccer Tribe'' (1981)
* ''Pocket Guide to Manwatching'' (1982)
* ''Inrock'' (1983)
* ''Bodywatching – A Field Guide to the Human Species'' (1985) 
* ''The Book of Ages: Who Did What When'' (1985)
* ''The Art of Ancient Cyprus (1985)
* ''Catwatching and Cat Lore'' (1986) 
* ''Dogwatching'' (1986) 
* ''Horsewatching'' (1989) 
* ''Animalwatching'' (1990)
* ''Babywatching'' (1991)
* ''Christmas Watching'' (1992)
* ''Bodytalk'' (1994)
* ''[[The Human Animal (TV series)|The Human Animal]]'' (1994) – book and BBC documentary TV series
* ''The Human Sexes'' (1997) – Discovery/BBC documentary TV series
* ''Cat World: A Feline Encyclopedia'' (1997)
* ''The Secret Surrealist: The Paintings of Desmond Morris'' (1999)
* ''Body Guards: Protective Amulets and Charms'' (1999)
* ''The Naked Eye'' (2001)
* ''[[iarchive:isbn 9781570762192|Dogs: The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds]]'' (2001)
* ''Peoplewatching: The Desmond Morris Guide to Body Language'' (2002)
* ''[[The Naked Woman|The Naked Woman: A Study of the Female Body]]'' (2004)
* ''Linguaggio muto (Dumb Language)'' (2004)
* ''The Nature of Happiness'' (2004)
* ''Watching'' (2006)  – autobiography
* ''Fantastic Cats'' (2007)
* ''The Naked Man: A Study of the Male Body'' (2008)
* ''Baby: A Portrait of the First Two Years of Life'' (2008)
* ''Planet Ape'' (2009) (co-authored with [Steve Parker])
* ''Owl'' (2009) – Part of the ''[[Reaktion Books]]'' ''Animal'' series
* ''The Artistic Ape'' (2013)
* ''Monkey'' (2013) – Part of the ''[[Reaktion Books]]'' ''Animal'' series
* ''Leopard'' (2014) – Part of the ''[[Reaktion Books]]'' ''Animal'' series
* ''Bison'' (2015) – Part of the ''[[Reaktion Books]]'' ''Animal'' series
* ''Cats in Art'' (2017) – Part of the ''[[Reaktion Books]]'' ''Animal'' series
* ''The Lives of the Surrealists'' (2018)
* ''Postures: Body Language in Art'' (2019)
* ''The British Surrealists'' (2022)
*  "101 Surrealists" (2024)

===Book reviews===
{|class='wikitable sortable' width='90%'
|-
!|Year
!class='unsortable'|Review article
!class='unsortable'|Work(s) reviewed
|-
|1994
|{{cite journal|date=3 November 1994 |title=CATS |journal=The New York Review of Books |volume=41 |issue=18 |pages=16–17}}
|{{cite book |author=Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall |author-link=Elizabeth Marshall Thomas |title=The Tribe of Tiger: Cats and Their Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/tribeoftigercats00thom |url-access=registration |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year= 1994|isbn=978-0671799656 }}
|}

==Filmography==
{{div col}}
* ''Time Flower'' (1950)
* ''The Butterfly and the Pin'' (1950)
* ''Zootime'' (Weekly, 1956–67)
* ''Life'' (1965–67)
* ''The Human Race'' (1982)
* ''The Animals Roadshow'' (1987–89)
* ''The Animal Contract'' (1989)
* ''Animal Country'' (1991–96)
* ''[[The Human Animal (TV series)|The Human Animal]]'' (1994)
* ''The Human Sexes'' (1997)
{{div col end}}

== Criticism ==
Some of Morris's theories have been criticised as untestable. For instance, geneticist [[Adam Rutherford]] writes that Morris commits "the scientific sin of the 'just-so' story – speculation that sounds appealing but cannot be tested or is devoid of evidence".{{sfn|Rutherford|2019|p=71}}

Morris is also criticised for suggesting that [[gender role]]s have an evolutionary rather than a purely cultural background.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Moss |first1=Stephen |title='We'd be better off if women ran everything' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/dec/18/scienceandnature.science |work=The Guardian |date=18 December 2007 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=2 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202102907/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/dec/18/scienceandnature.science |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Rutherford|first=Adam|title=Humanimal: How Homo sapiens Became Nature's Most Paradoxical Creature – A New Evolutionary History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldqCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71|year=2019|publisher=The Experiment|isbn=978-1615195312|access-date=31 August 2020|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818061916/https://books.google.com/books?id=ldqCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

=== Further reading ===

* {{cite book |first=Silvano |last=Levy |title=Desmond Morris: 50 Years of Surrealism |publisher= Barrie & Jenkins |date=1997 |isbn= 978-0712672986}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{official|http://www.desmond-morris.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|606493}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150722180324/http://faraxabooks.com/2015/04/30/new-release-dinjet-il-qattus-catlore/ Dinjet il-Qattus/Catlore by Desmond Morris], translated into Maltese by Toni Aquilina, D es Litt.
* {{NPG name|name=Desmond Morris}}
{{ethology}}
{{Founding members of the World Cultural Council}}
{{Surrealism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morris, Desmond}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Wiltshire]]
[[Category:20th-century British Army personnel]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century British artists]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:21st-century English painters]]
[[Category:21st-century English writers]]
[[Category:English contemporary artists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham]]
[[Category:English curators]]
[[Category:English painters]]
[[Category:English science writers]]
[[Category:English television presenters]]
[[Category:English zoologists]]
[[Category:Ethologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Zoological Society of London]]
[[Category:Fellows of Wolfson College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Founding members of the World Cultural Council]]
[[Category:Human evolution theorists]]
[[Category:People educated at Dauntsey's School]]
[[Category:People from Purton]]
[[Category:English surrealist artists]]
[[Category:The New York Review of Books people]]
[[Category:British Army soldiers]]