Editing Deobandi movement

{{Short description|Sunni revivalist movement in South Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.-->
{{Infobox Religious group
| group = Deobandi Movement
| image               = 
{{multiple image
| border                 = infobox
| total_width            = 264
| image_style            = border:1;
| perrow                 = 1/2/2/1
| image1 = Darul Uloom Deoband.jpg
| image2 = Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (cropped).jpg
| image3 = Hussain Ahmad Madani (cropped).jpg
| image4 = Sabbir Ahmad Usmani (cropped).jpg
| image5 = Taqi Usmani (cropped).jpg
| image6 = Shah Ahmad Shafi.jpg
}}
| caption       = Clockwise from top: [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Taqi Usmani]], [[Shah Ahmad Shafi]], [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}
{{Islam}}{{Sunni Islam}}
The '''Deobandi movement''' or '''Deobandism''' is a [[Islamic revival|revival]]ist movement within [[Sunni Islam]] that adheres to the [[Hanafi school]] of [[madhhab|jurisprudence]]. It was formed in the late 19th century around the [[Darul Uloom Deoband|Darul Uloom]] [[Madrassa]] in [[Deoband]], India, from which the name derives, by [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]], [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] and [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]] after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion of 1857–58]]. They opposed the influence of non-Muslim cultures on the Muslims living in South Asia. The movement pioneered education in religious sciences through the ''Dars-i-Nizami'' associated with the [[Lucknow]]-based {{Transliteration|ar|[[ulama]]}} of [[Firangi Mahal]] with the goal of preserving traditional Islamic teachings from the influx of modernist and secular ideas during [[British Raj|British colonial rule]]. The Deobandi movement's Indian clerical wing, [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], was founded in 1919 and played a major role in the [[Indian independence movement]] through its participation in the [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamist]] [[Khilafat Movement|''Khilafat'' movement]] and propagation of the doctrine of [[composite nationalism]].

In terms of [[Fiqh|jurisprudence]], the Deobandis uphold the doctrine of ''{{Transliteration|ar|[[taqlid]]}}'' (conformity to a [[Madhhab|school of thought]]) and adhere to the Hanafi school. Founders of the Deobandi school Nanautavi and Gangohi drew inspiration from the religious and political doctrines of the South Asian [[Ulama|Islamic scholar]], [[Salafi movement|Salafi]]-oriented [[Sufism|Sufi]] and [[Theology|theologian]] [[Shah Ismail Dehlvi|Ismail Dehlawi]] (26 April 1779 – 6 May 1831).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Rehan |date=3 February 2020 |title=Shah Ismail Dehlawi, a Grandson of Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, Represented a Fusion of Sufism with Salafism |url=https://www.newageislam.com/islamic-personalities/rehan-khan/shah-ismail-dehlawi-grandson-shah-waliullah-dehlawi-represented-fusion-sufism-with-salafism/d/121025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509084123/https://www.newageislam.com/islamic-personalities/rehan-khan/shah-ismail-dehlawi-grandson-shah-waliullah-dehlawi-represented-fusion-sufism-with-salafism/d/121025 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |website=New Age Islam}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Maslak of Ulama-e-Deoband – Darul Uloom Deoband – India |url=https://darululoom-deoband.com/en/the-track/}}</ref> In its early years, Deobandi scholars engaged in theological debates with [[Christianity in India|Christian]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] scholars; with the objective of defending Islamic faith, and to form a popular struggle to overthrow British colonialism. Deobandi theologians of Jamiat Ulema e-Hind, in particular, discussed multiculturalism and [[opposition to the partition of India]], with a strategic vision to safeguard the religious freedom of [[Muslims in India]].

The movement has spread from India, Pakistan and [[Bangladesh]] to the [[Islam in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], and has a presence in [[Islam in South Africa|South Africa]]. The Pakistani branch and the original Indian seminaries have far less contact since the [[Partition of India]], for political reasons related to the India–Pakistan border. Followers of the Deobandi movement are extremely diverse; some advocate for non-violence and others are [[Militant Islamism|militant]].

== Foundation and expansion ==
{{Deobandi}}[[British Raj|British colonialism]] in [[colonial India|India]]<ref name="Luv Puri">{{cite journal |last=Puri |first=Luv |date=3 November 2009 |title=The Past and Future of Deobandi Islam |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/the-past-and-future-of-deobandi-islam/ |url-status=dead |journal=[[CTC Sentinel]] |location=West Point, New York |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center]] |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=19–22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121211544/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/the-past-and-future-of-deobandi-islam/ |archive-date=21 January 2022 |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> was seen by a group of Indian scholars—consisting of [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], [[Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi]], Shah Rafi al-Din, [[Sayyid Muhammad Abid]], Zulfiqar Ali, [[Fazlur Rahman Usmani]] and [[Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi]]—to be corrupting Islam.<ref>
{{cite web |title=The Six Great Ones |publisher=Darul Uloom Deoband |url=http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/english/introulema/founders1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308214818/http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/english/introulema/founders1.htm |archive-date=8 March 2016}}
</ref> The group founded an Islamic seminary (''[[madrassa]]'') known as [[Darul Uloom Deoband]],<ref name="Luv Puri"/><ref name="Jawad Syed et al.">
{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-94965-6 |editor1-last=Syed |editor1-first=Jawad |location=[[Basingstoke]] |page=139 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3 |lccn=2016951736 |quote=Some prominent founders of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], such as [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]] and [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], drew further inspiration from the religiopoliticial concept of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi|Shah Waliullah]] and they set up an Islamic seminary at [[Deoband]] in [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] on 30 May 1866 |editor2-last=Pio |editor2-first=Edwina |editor3-last=Kamran |editor3-first=Tahir |editor4-last=Zaidi |editor4-first=Abbas}}</ref><ref name="Ira M. Lapidus p 626">Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, p. 626. {{ISBN|0521779332}}</ref><ref name="Urban Terrorism">{{cite book |last1=Asthana |first1=N. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA66 |title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities |last2=Nirmal |first2=Anjali |publisher=Shashi Jain for Pointer Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-7132-598-6 |location=[[Jaipur]] |page=66}}</ref> where the [[Islamic revival]]ist and [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] ideology of the Deobandis began to develop. In time, the Darul Uloom Deoband became the second largest focal point of Islamic teaching and research after the [[Al-Azhar University]], [[Cairo]]. Towards the time of the [[Indian independence movement]] and afterward in post-colonial India, the Deobandis advocated a notion of [[composite nationalism]] by which Muslims and Hindus were seen as one nation who were asked to be [[Hindu–Muslim unity|united in the struggle]] against the British rule.<ref name="Ali2011"/>

In 1919, a large group of Deobandi scholars formed the political party [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] and [[Opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]].<ref name="Ali2011" /> Deobandi scholar [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] helped to spread these ideas through his text ''[[Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam]]''.<ref name="Ali2011">{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Asghar |title=Islamic identity in secular India |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/900-islamic-identity-in-secular-india-part-i |work=[[The Milli Gazette]] |date=9 April 2011|quote=The Ulama of Deoband opposed partition and stood by united nationalism. Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani, then chief of Jami’at-ul-Ulama-i-Hind, wrote a tract Muttahida Qaumiyyat aur Islam i.e., the Composite Nationalism and Islam justifying composite nationalism in the light of Qur’an and hadith and opposing Muslim League’s separate nationalism. While the educated elite were aspiring for power and hence wanted their exclusive domain; the Ulama’s priority was an independent India where they could practice Islam without fear or hindrance.}}</ref> A group later dissented from this position and joined [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]'s [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], including [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], [[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]] and [[Muhammad Shafi]], who formed the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]] in 1945.<ref>''A History of Pakistan and Its Origins'', Christophe Jaffrelot, p. 224</ref>

Through the organisations such as Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and [[Tablighi Jamaat]],<ref name="Ali2011" /><ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Burki |first=Shireen Khan |date=2013 |title=The Tablighi Jama'at: Proselytizing Missionaries or Trojan Horse? |journal=Journal of Applied Security Research|location=London |publisher=[[Routledge]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=98–117 |doi=10.1080/19361610.2013.738407 |s2cid=144466130 |issn=1936-1629}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Kuiper |first=Matthew J. |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0250.xml |title=Tablighi Jamaʿat—Oxford Islamic Studies Online |date=22 February 2018 |website=www.oxfordbibliographies.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303040002/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0250.xml |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Deobandi movement began to spread.<ref>Lloyd Ridgeon (2015). ''Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age''. Bloomsbury Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1472532237}}. p. 191.</ref><ref>Youssef Aboul-Enein ''Militant Islamist Ideology: Understanding the Global Threat'' Naval Institute Press, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1612510156}} p. 223.</ref> Graduates of Darul Uloom Deoband in India from countries such as South Africa, China, and [[Malaysia]] opened thousands of ''madaaris'' throughout the world.<ref name="Abbas2011">{{cite book |last=Abbas |first=Tahir |title=Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-57224-8 |location=London |pages=33–34 |chapter=Islamic political radicalism: origins and destinations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdC90uc8PfQC&pg=PA33}}</ref>

=== India ===
The Deobandi movement in India is managed and spread by Darul Uloom Deoband<ref name="Luv Puri" /><ref name="Jawad Syed et al." /><ref name="Ira M. Lapidus p 626" /><ref name="Urban Terrorism" /> and the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind.<ref name="Ali2011" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Pakistan ===
{{further|Islamism in Pakistan|Sectarian violence in Pakistan}}
Of Pakistan's estimated 230 million Muslims, some 40-50% or 80-100 million [[Pakistani Muslims]] consider themselves Deobandi, forming majority in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Balochistan|Balochistan,]] [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punab]] and [[Sindh]]. It is the most followed Movement among [[Pashtuns]], [[Baloch people|Balochs]], [[Punjabis]] and [[Sindhis]]<ref name="RohanBedi">{{citation|first1=Rohan |last1=Bedi |url=http://www.pvtr.org/pdf/RegionalAnalysis/SouthAsia/Madrassa%20_IDSS%20_%20_FINAL_.pdf |title=Have Pakistanis Forgotten Their Sufi Traditions? |place=Singapore |publisher=International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at [[Nanyang Technological University]] |date=April 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091018/http://www.pvtr.org/pdf/RegionalAnalysis/SouthAsia/Madrassa%20_IDSS%20_%20_FINAL_.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2013|page=3 }}.<br />This estimates that 15% of Pakistani Muslims are Deobandi and 20% Shia, which equates to about 19% of Pakistan's Sunni Muslims being Deobandi.</ref> According to Heritage Online, nearly 65% of the total seminaries ([[Madrasah]]) in Pakistan are run by Deobandis, whereas 25% are run by [[Barelvi]]s, 6% by [[Ahl-i Hadith]] and 3% by various [[Shia]] organizations. The Deobandi movement in Pakistan was a major recipient of funding from Saudi Arabia from the early 1980s up until the early 2000s, where after this funding was diverted to the rival Ahl-i Hadith movement.<ref name="Sushant Sareen">{{cite book |first=Sushant |last=Sareen |title=The Jihad Factory: Pakistan's Islamic Revolution in the Making |page=282 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Har Anand Publications |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSxZhFenUusC|isbn=978-8124110751 }}</ref> Having seen Deoband as a counterbalance to Iranian influence in the region, Saudi funding is now strictly reserved for the Ahl-i Hadith.<ref name="Sushant Sareen" />

Deobandi-affiliated groups such as the [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|TTP]], [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan|SSP]], [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|Let]], etc. have a militant character<ref name="deobandi1">{{cite book |editor1-last=Syed |editor1-first=Jawad |editor2-last=Pio |editor2-first=Edwina |editor3-last=Kamran |editor3-first=Tahir |editor4-last=Zaidi |editor4-first=Abbas |year=2016 |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA371 |location=London |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |page=371 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3 |isbn=978-1-349-94965-6 |lccn=2016951736 }}</ref> and have [[Persecution of Sufis|attacked and destroyed Sufi sites]] holy to Sunni Muslims of the Barelvi movement, such as [[Data Darbar]] in [[Lahore]], [[Abdullah Shah Ghazi]]'s tomb in [[Karachi]], Khal Magasi in Balochistan, and [[Rahman Baba]]'s tomb in [[Peshawar]].<ref name="deobandi1"/>

=== Afghanistan ===
Deobandi Islam is the most popular movement in [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="Sushant Sareen" /><ref name="Luv Puri" /> Moreover, prominent [[Afghans|Afghan]] and Pakistani [[Taliban]] leaders have studied in Deobandi seminaries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/the-past-and-future-of-deobandi-islam/ |title=The Past and Future of Deobandi Islam |date=3 November 2009 |website=Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121211544/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/the-past-and-future-of-deobandi-islam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== South Africa ===
{{Main|Deobandi movement in South Africa}}
The Deobandi Movement has an international presence today, with its full-fledged manifestation in South Africa, a country where the movement was initiated through the Indian [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] merchant class.<ref>{{Citation |last=Moosa |first=Ebrahim |title=Deobandīs in Africa |date=2015 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/deobandis-in-africa-COM_27718?s.num=1&s.au=%22Moosa,+Ebrahim%22 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE |publisher=Brill |language=en |access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref> The Islamic education system of the Deobandi movement, as well as the necessary components of social and political organizations such as the Tablighi Jamat and [[Jamiatul Ulama South Africa]] are fully functioning effectively in South Africa, as they do in India. Madrasas in South Africa provide Islamic higher education and are now centers for Islamic education for foreigners who are interested in receiving a Deobandi-style education. Many of their graduates, especially from Western countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, are Western students. Some of South African madrasas are recognized globally, providing [[fatwa]] services. South Africa is now known for producing exceptional Islamic literature through translation and compilation. Similarly, the Tabligh Jamaat is a hub in South Africa that spreads throughout South and East Africa. Graduates of South African madrassas spend their time in service of the Tablighi Jamaat, among them are [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]], [[Masihullah Khan]], [[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]]<ref name="Jawad Syed et al." /> and [[Asad Madni]]. South African Deobandi Muslims have many important and influential educational and socio-political organizations that educate the people and play an important role in religious and social activities. Among them are [[Jamiatul Ulama South Africa]] and the [[Muslim Judicial Council]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khalili |first=Muhammadullah |author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi |date=2016 |title=Influence of Deoband School of Thought In South Africa |url=https://www.academia.edu/34768122 |url-status=live |journal=[[University of KwaZulu-Natal]] |page=15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029023652/https://www.academia.edu/34768122/Influence_of_Deoband_School_of_Thought_In_South_Africa |archive-date=29 October 2022 |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref>

=== Iran ===
{{Main|Deobandi movement in Iran}}
Students from various regions, including [[Sistan and Baluchestan province|Sistan and Baluchestan]] in Iran, attended Deoband, which led to the spread of its founders ideas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Durani |first=Abdul Gufur |date=2013 |title=Advent of Deobandi Thinking in India and Its Impact on Iranian Baluchistan |url=https://jsr.usb.ac.ir/article_848.html?lang=en |journal=Journal of Subcontinent Researches |volume=4 |pages=22 |doi=10.22111/jsr.2013.848|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 }}</ref> This movement had a significant impact on some of the new generation of Iranian intellectuals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>{{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/islam-in-iran-xiii-islamic-political-movements-in-20th-century-iran|title=Islam In Iran Xiii. Islamic Political Movements In 20th Century Iran|first=Ashraf|last=Ahmad|year=2000|access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref> After entering Iran, the students of this school continued to expand this thinking and with the formation of missionary groups. These thoughts have been strengthened on one hand due to the cultural relationships between the [[Baloch people|Baloch tribes]] and on the other hand due to the connection of Sistan and Baluchestan's Iran and India's Hanafi religious leaders in Iran.{{Sfn|Durani|2013|p=22}} Today, Deobandi thinking is one of the intellectual currents in Sistan and Baluchestan and preaching groups are active in different cities and villages. Its playing a crucial role in Iran's political landscape. The Deobandis aimed to homogenize religious schools and were opposed to certain popular practices. The [[Naqshbandi]] order played an important role for the Deobandi movement in the Persian-speaking world.<ref name=":dawn">{{Cite news |last=Salman |first=Peerzada |date=21 May 2015 |title=The role of Deobandi school of thought in Iran discussed |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1183212}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
{{further|Islamism in the United Kingdom}}
In the 1970s, Deobandis opened the first British-based Muslim religious seminaries (Darul-Ulooms), educating imams and religious scholars.<ref name=Who/> Deobandis "have been quietly meeting the religious and spiritual needs of a significant proportion of British Muslims, and are perhaps the most influential British Muslim group."<ref name=Who>{{citation |url=http://www.onreligion.co.uk/who-are-britains-muslims/ |title=Who are Britain's Muslims? |date=12 August 2016 |work=On Religion magazine |first1=Abdul-Azim |last1=Ahmed |access-date=9 August 2018 |archive-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809154515/http://www.onreligion.co.uk/who-are-britains-muslims/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2015 [[Ofsted]] highlighted the Deobandi seminary in [[Holcombe, Greater Manchester|Holcombe]] as a good example of a school "promoting British values, preventing radicalisation and protecting children".<ref name=Ofsted201415>{{citation |title=The Annual Report of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Services and Skills 2014/15 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/483347/Ofsted_annual_report_education_and_skills.pdf |date=1 December 2015 |publisher=House of Commons |pages=95–96}} [https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/24830/2/Ofsted_annual_report_education_and_skills_Redacted.pdf Alternative URL].</ref> The journalist, [[Andrew Norfolk]], did not agree with this assessment.<ref name=AndrewNorfolk19April2016>{{citation |title=Prisons chief praises extreme Islamic sect |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/religion/article/prisons-chief-praises-islamic-sect-that-warns-of-repulsive-christian-women-srjb6cdc6 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=19 April 2016 |first1=Andrew |last1=Norfolk |author-link =Andrew Norfolk}}</ref>

According to a 2007 report by Andrew Norfolk, published in ''[[The Times]]'', about 600 of Britain's nearly 1,500 mosques were under the control of "a hardline sect", whose leading preacher loathed Western values, called on Muslims to "shed blood" for Allah and preached contempt for Jews, Christians and Hindus. The same investigative report further said that 17 of the country's 26 Islamic seminaries follow the ultra-conservative Deobandi teachings which ''The Times'' said had given birth to the Taliban. According to ''The Times'', almost 80% of all domestically trained [[Ulema]] were being trained in these hardline seminaries.<ref name=Hardline>{{cite news |title=Hardline takeover of British Masjid |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=7 September 2007 |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/hardline-takeover-of-british-mosques-khdjz2cjpnc |first1=Andrew |last1=Norfolk |author-link =Andrew Norfolk}}</ref> An opinion column in ''[[The Guardian]]'' described this report as "a toxic mixture of fact, exaggeration and outright nonsense".<ref>{{citation |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/sep/07/atoxicmixoffactandnonsense |title=A toxic mix of fact and nonsense |first1=Inayat |last1=Bunglawala |date= 7 September 2007 }}</ref>

In 2014 it was reported that 45 per cent of Britain's mosques and nearly all the UK-based training of Islamic scholars are controlled by the Deobandis, the largest single Islamic group.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2014/06/who-runs-our-mosques/ |title=Who runs our mosques? |newspaper= [[The Spectator]] |date =14 June 2014 |first1=Innes |last1=Bowen}}</ref>

==Beliefs==
The Deobandi movement sees itself as a scholastic tradition that grew out of the Islamic scholastic traditions of the pre-colonial [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Afghanistan]], and it considers its visionary forefather to be [[Shah Ismail Dehlvi|Ismail Dehlawi]] (26 April, 1779 – 6 May, 1831).<ref name=":4" /><ref name="britannica">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ranjit-Singh-Sikh-maharaja Profile of Sikh ruler Ranjit Singh on Encyclopedia Britannica] Retrieved 16 August 2018</ref><ref name="GoogleBooks">[https://books.google.com/books?id=LFaIp-8BEDoC&dq=shah+ismail+shaheed&pg=PT4 Profile of Dehlvi on books.google.com website] Retrieved 16 August 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinan Siyech |first=Mohammed |date=4 February 2020 |title=What Makes a Movement Violent: Comparing the Ahle Hadith (Salafists) in India and Pakistan |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/what-makes-movement-violent-comparing-ahle-hadith-salafists-india-and-pakistan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418223600/https://www.mei.edu/publications/what-makes-movement-violent-comparing-ahle-hadith-salafists-india-and-pakistan |archive-date=18 April 2021 |website=MEI}}</ref> Dehlawi was a contemporary of [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]], and they studied in [[Medina]] under some of the same teachers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bokhari |first=Kamran |date=23 November 2021 |title=The Long Shadow of Deobandism in South Asia |url=https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-deobandism-in-south-asia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123222852/https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-deobandism-in-south-asia/ |archive-date=23 November 2021 |website=Newslines Magazine}}</ref> [[Muhammad Iqbal]] said: "The Deobandi movement is neither a creed (Aqidah) nor a denomination (Tayifa) – terms by which its antagonists try to incite the masses against it – but it is a comprehensive picture and a complete edition of the tack of the Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama’ah in which all the offshoots of the Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama’ah are seen joined with their root."<ref>"History of Darul Uloom Deoband", Vol.1, 1980</ref>

=== Theology ===
Deobandis follow the [[Maturidi]] school of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Islamic theology]].<ref name="Spevack 2014 49"/><ref>David Emmanuel Singh, Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response, p 167.</ref><ref name="deoband.org">{{cite web |author=ibnummabd on 19 February 2009 at 6:04 pm |url=http://www.deoband.org/about-2/ |title=About |publisher=Deoband.org |date=2009-02-19 |access-date=29 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060851/http://www.deoband.org/about-2/ |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Their schools teach a short text on beliefs known as ''[[al-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya]]'' by the Hanafi-Maturidi scholar [[Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi]].<ref name="Bruinessen, Stefano Allievi p 100">Martin van Bruinessen, Stefano Allievi, Producing Islamic Knowledge: Transmission and Dissemination in Western Europe, p 100. {{ISBN|1136932860}}</ref>

The official Deobandi book, ''[[al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad]]'' (The Sword on the Disproved), also known as: ''al-Tasdiqat li-Daf' al-Talbisat'' (Endorsements Repelling Deceits), is a work that summarizes the beliefs generally held by the Deobandis. It was authored by [[Khalil Ahmad al-Saharanpuri]] (d. 1346/1927) in order to defend and remit the Deobandis from the charge of [[kufr]] (unbelief or blasphemy) levied against them by their opponents.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brannon D. Ingram|title=Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkFyDwAAQBAJ|date=2018|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=9780520970137|page=254}}</ref>

According to Brannon D. Ingram, Deobandis differ from Barelvis on three theological positions.<ref name="kizb3">{{citation |last1=Ingram |first1=Brannon D. |title=Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam |pages=7, 64, 100, 241 |year=2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOVvDwAAQBAJ&q=Imkan-i+Kizb |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520298002}}</ref> Gangohi stated that God has the ability to lie.<ref name="rag2">{{citation |last1=Ingram |first1=Brannon D. |title=Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism |journal=The Muslim World |volume=99 |issue=3 |page=484 |year=2009 |url=https://www.academia.edu/282790 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x}}</ref> This doctrine is called ''Imkan-i Kizb''.<ref name="kizb3" /><ref name="rag2" /> According to this doctrine, because God is omnipotent, God is capable of lying.<ref name="kizb3" /> Gangohi also supported the doctrine that God has the ability to make additional prophets after Muhammad (''Imkan-i Nazir'') and other prophets equal to Muhammad.<ref name="kizb3" /><ref name="rag2" /> Gangohi clarifies that although God has the ability to make prophets on "par" with Muhammad, he "would never do so".<ref name="kizb3" />

===Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)===
{{Main|Deobandi fiqh}}
Deobandis are strong proponents of the doctrine of ''[[Taqlid]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara Daly |title=Islamic revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-566049-8 |edition=3rd impression. |location=New Delhi |page=141}}</ref><ref>
{{citation |last=Commins |first=David |title=The Mission and the Kingdom: Wahhabi Power behind the Saudi throne |page=144 |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQN6q16dIjAC |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9781838609528 |quote=That tendency [of reviving the community of believers] emerged in a town north of Delhi called Deoband and it is therefore known as the Deobandi movement. While they shared the Wahhabis' dedication to ritual correctness, their scrupulous adherence to the Hanafi legal school clearly set them apart from the Arabian Hanbalis. |orig-year=2006}}</ref><ref name="Ingram 2018">{{cite book |last=Ingram |first=Brannon D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOVvDwAAQBAJ |title=Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0520298002 |location=[[Oakland, California|Oakland]] |lccn=2018014045}}</ref> In other words, they believe that a Deobandi must adhere to one of the four schools ([[madhhabs]]) of Sunni Islamic Law and discourage inter-school eclecticism.<ref>Martin Van Bruinessen, Julia Day Howell, Sufism and the 'Modern' in Islam, p 130, {{ISBN|1850438544}}</ref> They themselves claim to be the followers of the Hanafi school.<ref name="Spevack 2014 49">{{cite book |first=Aaron |last=Spevack |title=The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri |page=49 |publisher=State University of New York Press |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4384-5370-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htx8BAAAQBAJ&q=Hanafi}}</ref><ref>[http://essays.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/metcalf.htm Metcalf, Barabara. ''"Traditionalist" Islamic Activism: Deoband, Tablighis, and Talibs''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901024438/http://essays.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/metcalf.htm |date=1 September 2009 }}. "These orientations – "Deobandi," "Barelvi" or "Ahl-i Hadith" – would come to define sectarian divisions among Sunni Muslims of South Asian background to the present."</ref> Students at madrasas affiliated with the Deobandi movement study the classic books of Hanafi Law such as ''Nur al-Idah'', ''Mukhtasar al-Quduri'', ''Sharh al-Wiqayah'', and ''Kanz al-Daqa’iq'', culminating their study of the madhhab with the ''Hidayah'' of ''al-Marghinani''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haque |first=Ziaul |title=Muslim Religious Education in Indo-Pakistan |journal=Islamic Studies |year=1975 |volume=14 |issue=4 |page=284 |publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad |quote=The following books and subjects are studied ... Fiqh: Hidayah, Quduri, Nur al-Idah, Sharh-i Waqayah, Kanz al-Daqa'iq}}</ref>

With regard to views on ''Taqlid'', one of their main opposing reformist groups are the [[Ahl-i Hadith|Ahl-i-Hadith]], also known as the ''[[Ghair Muqallid]]'', the nonconformists, because they eschewed ''taqlid'' in favor of the direct use of Quran and Hadith.<ref>{{cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara Daly |title=Islamic revival in British India : Deoband, 1860–1900 |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=0-19-566049-8 |page=141 |edition=3rd impression.}}</ref> They often accuse those who adhere to the rulings of one scholar or legal school of blind imitation'','' and frequently demand scriptural evidence for every argument and legal ruling.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Khan |first=Fareeha |title=Traditionalist Approaches to Shari'ah Reform: Mawlana Ashraf 'Ali Thanawi's Fatwa on Women's Right to Divorce |year=2008 |page=59 |publisher=University of Michigan |quote=Polemicists from among the Ahl-i Hadith were especially being targeted in Thanawi's explanation, since they accused those who adhered to the rulings of one scholar or legal school of "blind imitation". It was the practice of the Ahl-i Hadith to demand and provide proofs for every argument and legal ruling.}}</ref> Almost since the very beginnings of the movement, Deobandi scholars have generated a copious amount of scholarly output in an attempt to defend their adherence to a ''madhhab'' in general. In particular, Deobandis have penned much literature in defense of their argument that the Hanafi madhhab is in complete accordance with the ''[[Quran]]'' and ''[[Hadith]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaman |first=Muhammad Qasim |title=The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change |year=2002 |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=24 |quote=The Deobandi sensitivity to the Ahl-i Hadith challenge is indicated by the polemics they engaged in with the Ahl-i Hadith and by the large commentaries on classical works of hadith written specifically to refute them}}</ref>

=== Hadith ===
{{See also |Hadith studies}}
In response to this need to defend their ''[[madhhab]]'' in the light of scripture, Deobandis became particularly distinguished for their unprecedented salience to the study of ''[[Hadith]]'' in their madrasas. Their ''[[madrasa]]'' curriculum incorporates a feature unique among the global arena of Islamic scholarship, the ''Daura-e Hadis'', the capstone year of a student's advanced madrasa training, in which all six canonical collections of the Sunni Hadith (the [[Kutub al-Sittah|''Sihah Sittah'']]) are reviewed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaman |first=Muhammad Qasim |title=The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change |year=2002 |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=39 |quote=...gave a new and, in the Indian context, unprecedented salience to the study of hadith in their madrasas. Hadith had, of course, been studied in precolonial Indian madrasas, but the Deobandis instituted the practice of studying (or, more exactly, "reviewing") all six of the Sunni canonical collections of hadith in the course of a single year; this practice has come to serve in Indian and Pakistani madrasas as the capstone of a student’s advanced madrasa}}</ref>

In a Deobandi madrasa, the position of ''Shaykh al-Hadith'', or the resident professor of [[Sahih Bukhari]], is held in much reverence. Their views were widely shared by a broad range of [[Islah|Islamic reform]] movements of the colonial period.<ref name="Luv Puri" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Metcalf |first=B.D. |date=2002 |title=Traditionalist' Islamic Activism:Deoband, Tablighis, and Talibs |url=https://hdl.handle.net/1887/10068 |journal=International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World |pages=5–6 |hdl=1887/10068 |via=Leiden University Scholarly Publications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=L. Esposito |first=John |title=The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern Islamic world Volume 1 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-19-509612-6 |location=New York |pages=362 |quote="DEOBANDIS... It was a pioneer effort to transmit the religious sciences, specifically the dars-i-nizami identified with the Lucknow-based 'ulama' of Farangi Mahal.. The goal of the school was to preserve the teachings of the faith in a period of non-Muslim rule and considerable social change..."}}</ref>

=== Sufism ===
{{see also |Persecution of Sufis|Sufi–Salafi relations}}
[[Khalil Ahmad al-Saharanpuri]] outlined the creedal beliefs of Deobandis in his ''[[Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad]]'' where he stated that

{{Quote frame|Our way is following the greatest Imam, [[Abu Hanifa al-Nu'man]] – Allah Exalted is He be pleased with him – in the peripherals; and followers of the noble Imam [[Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari]] and the noble Imam [[Abu Mansur al-Maturidi]] (Allah be pleased with them) in creed and the fundamentals; and that we are adherents to the following Sufi ways: the most distinguished way of the [[Naqshbandi]] masters, the most pure way of the [[Chishti]] masters, the most glorious way of the [[Qadiri]] masters, and the most radiant way of the [[Suhrawardiyya|Suhrawardi]] masters (Allah be pleased with them all).
— Al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad (Questions One and Two)}}

However, Deobandis are strictly opposed to [[Mawlid|celebrating the birthday]] of the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]], the celebration of ''[[Urs]]'', and the [[Mourning of Muharram|''Mourning of Ashura'']].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Deoband.org |date=2010-07-18 |title=A call to Deobandi-Barelwi unity? Fatwas from two leading Deobandi institutes |url=https://www.deoband.org/2010/07/theology-rulings/a-call-to-deobandi-barelwi-unity-fatwas-from-two-leading-deobandi-institutes/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Deoband.org |language=en-US}}</ref>''<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name="db" /><ref name="sas" />''
Deobandis also reject the building of structures over graves, [[Ziyarat|visitation to the shrines]] of [[Saints in Islam|Sufi saints]], as well as the practice of loud ''[[Dhikr]], [[Qawwali]], [[Wajd]]'' and ''[[Sama (Sufism)|Sama]] -'' seeing them as too "[[Bid'ah|innovative]]" in nature''.''<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA377 |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-94965-6 |editor1-last=Syed |editor1-first=Jawad |location=London |page=377 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3 |lccn=2016951736 |editor2-last=Pio |editor2-first=Edwina |editor3-last=Kamran |editor3-first=Tahir |editor4-last=Zaidi |editor4-first=Abbas}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{citation |author=Gregory C. Kozlowski |title=Muslim Endowments and Society in British India |date=21 November 1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CuWLhmn4JmYC&pg=PA76 |page=76 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0521259866}}</ref><ref name="db">{{citation |last1=Ingram |first1=Brannon D. |title=Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism |url=https://www.academia.edu/282790 |journal=The Muslim World |volume=99 |issue=3 |page=480 |year=2009 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x}}</ref><ref name="sas">{{citation |author=Elizabeth Sirriyeh |title=Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defence, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8BmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 |page=49 |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge Curzon |isbn=978-1136812767}}</ref> Deobandis oppose various forms of Tawassul and Istighatha,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-08 |title=Various Forms of Tawassul and Istighatha and their Rulings |url=https://daruliftaa.com/aqidah-belief/various-forms-of-tawassul-and-istighatha-and-their-rulings/ |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=Darul Iftaa |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-02-16 |title=TAWASSUL OR WASEELAH – The Majlis |url=https://themajlis.co.za/questions-and-answers/tawassul-or-waseelah/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> which they label as [[Apostasy in Islam|Kufr]] and [[Shirk (Islam)|Shirk]].<ref name=":3" />

Deoband's curriculum combined the study of [[Islamic holy books|Islamic holy scriptures]] ([[Quran]], [[hadith]] and [[Sharia|law]]) with rational subjects ([[Islamic logic|logic]], [[Islamic philosophy|philosophy]] and [[Islamic attitudes towards science|science]]). At the same time it was hugely Sufi in orientation and affiliated with the [[Chishti Order|Chishti order]].<ref name="Ira M. Lapidus p 626" /> [[Taqi Usmani]] - the most famous Deobandi scholar was trained in the Chishti order as were the four founders of the Deoband madrassa. [[Mahmood Ashraf Usmani]], the former head of Darul Ulum Karachi, defended the concept of [[Tariqa]] and [[Bay'ah]] based on the [[Pledge of the Tree]] incident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-20 |title=The Silsilahs of Tasawwuf and the Reality of Bay'ah {{!}} IlmGate |url=https://www.ilmgate.org/the-silsilahs-of-tasawwuf-and-the-reality-of-bayah/ |access-date=2022-12-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] graduated from Darul Uloom Deoband and was widely considered a preeminent Sufi of modern India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-01 |title=Ashraf 'Ali Thanawi's Conception of Islamic Mysticism {{!}} IlmGate |url=https://www.ilmgate.org/ashraf-ali-thanawi%e2%80%99s-conception-of-islamic-mysticism/ |access-date=2022-12-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> 

Founders of the Deobandi school, [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]] and [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], were inspired by the doctrine of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi|Shah Waliullah]]<ref name="Jawad Syed et al." /> amongst other sources of inspiration. Gangohi studied under the Sufi shaykh [[Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]], although he differed with his views in many ways.<ref name="BrannonIngram479">{{citation |last1=Ingram |first1=Brannon D. |title=Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism |url=https://www.academia.edu/282790 |journal=The Muslim World |volume=99 |issue=3 |page=479 |year=2009 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x}}</ref> However Gangohi's ''Fatawa-yi Rashidiyya'' opposed traditional Sufi practices such as loud ''dhikr'', visiting the tombs of Sufi saints, celebrating ''Urs'', visualizing or contemplating on a Sufi master (''tasawwur-e-shaykh''), reciting the ''[[Fatihah]]'' on special occasions, and engaging in ''Sema''.<ref name="db" />

Gangohi opposed the [[Sufi]] doctrine that Muhammad has knowledge of the unseen (''ilm e ghaib'').<ref name="rag">{{citation |last1=Ingram |first1=Brannon D. |title=Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism |journal=The Muslim World |volume=99 |issue=3 |page=484 |year=2009 |url=https://www.academia.edu/282790 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x}}</ref><ref name="kizb">{{citation |last1=Ingram |first1=Brannon D. |title=Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam |pages=7, 64, 100, 241 |year=2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOVvDwAAQBAJ&q=Imkan-i+Kizb |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520298002}}</ref> This belief of the Deobandis conflicts with traditional [[Sufi]] views of Muhammad having unparalleled and unequal knowledge that encompasses the unseen realm.<ref name="rag" /><ref name="kizb" /> Gangohi also issued multiple fatwas against the [[Mawlid]] and stated it is an innovation (''bidah''),<ref name="kizb2">{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOVvDwAAQBAJ&q=Imkan-i+Kizb |title=Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam |pages=66 |first1=Brannon D. |last1=Ingram |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520298002 |year=2018}}</ref> and opposed the practice of standing up in honour of Muhammad during Mawlid.<ref name="kizb2" />

[[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]], noted hadith scholar and Sufi Shaykh of Deobandis, says that, {{blockquote|The reality of "tasawwuf" is merely correction of intention. It begins with "actions are only according to intentions" and ends with "that you worship Him ([[Allah]]) as if you see Him."<ref name="aamir">{{cite journal |author1=Amir Bashir |editor1-last=Muhammad Anwar Khan Qasmi |title=Deobandi Sūfi Doctrine: Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of Tasawwuf within the Context of Tawhīd and Sunnah |journal=Islamic Literature Review |date=December 2015 |volume=2 |issue=2 |page=2 |publisher=Deoband Institute of Islamic Thought |location=Deoband |issn=2349-1795}}</ref>}}

== Scholarship ==
=== Deobandi fiqh ===
{{Main|Deobandi fiqh}}
[[File:Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband.jpg|thumb|188x188px|Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Deobandi fiqh]], originating from the Hanafi school of Islamic law, is a distinctive school of [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]] that highly values the strict adherence to the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, also known as [[Taqlid]].<ref name=":MKM">{{Cite thesis |last=Mas’ūd |first=Muḥammad Khālid |url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/ng451k789 |title=Trends in the interpretation of Islamic law as reflected in the Fatāwá literature of Deoband School: a study of the attitudes of the 'Ulamā' of Deoband to certain social problems and inventions |publisher=[[McGill University]] |year=1969 |location=Canada |language=en |degree=MA |page=25 |access-date=17 February 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101071755/https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/ng451k789 |url-status=live }}</ref> Deobandi scholars view Taqlid as a crucial means of ensuring the proper interpretation and application of Islamic law, especially for individuals without the necessary knowledge and expertise to engage in [[Ijtihad]]. However, Ijtihad is also recognized as necessary for the evolution of [[Sharia|Islamic law]], but it should be approached with caution and respect for Islamic scholarship traditions.{{Sfn|Mas’ūd|1969|p=25}} Darul Uloom Deoband established the first Department of Fatwa, or Darul Ifta, in 1892, followed by other [[List of Deobandi madrasas|Deobandi madrasas]] and organizations such as the [[Islamic Fiqh Academy (India)]], which constitute the bedrock for the development of the Deobandi fiqh.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Wani |first=Bilal Ahmad |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159343947.pdf |title=Contribution of Darul 'Ulum Deoband to the Development of Tafsir |date=2012 |isbn=978-3-659-56556-4 |edition= |location=India |oclc=892098479 |degree=M.Phil. |pages=53–54 |publisher=Shah-i-Hamadan Institute of Islamic Studies, [[University of Kashmir]]}}</ref> [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]] is considered the founder of Deobandi fiqh, with [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] and [[Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani]] regarded as key figures.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ullah |first=Mohammed |title=The Contribution of Deoband School to Hanafi Fiqh A Study of Its Response to Modern Issues and Challenges |publisher=Centre for Federal Studies, [[Jamia Hamdard]] |year=2018 |page= |location=India |language=en |hdl=10603/326073 |degree=PhD |pages=152}}</ref> The earliest text of Deobandi fiqh is ''[[Fatawa-e-Rashidiya]]'', with other important texts including ''[[Imdad-ul-Fatawa]]'' and ''[[Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband]]''.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=104, 152}} Deobandi fiqh plays a vital role in [[Judiciary of Afghanistan|Afghanistan's judiciary]] system,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ibrahim |first=Arwa |date=23 August 2021 |title=Explainer: The Taliban and Islamic law in Afghanistan |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/23/hold-the-taliban-and-sharia-law-in-afghanistan |url-status=live |access-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129083909/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/23/hold-the-taliban-and-sharia-law-in-afghanistan |archive-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> with [[Taqi Usmani]] and [[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]] recognized as prominent contemporary [[Faqīh|faqihs]] of the Deobandi school.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=166, 169}} Digital initiatives such as [[Darulifta-Deoband.com]] and [[Askimam]] demonstrate the digitization of Deobandi fiqh.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=105–106}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Questioning guidelines at Askimam |url=https://askimam.org/page/ask-question |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421014917/http://www.askimam.org/page/ask-question |archive-date=21 April 2015 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=askimam.org}}</ref> A significant [[fatwa]] in Deobandi fiqh is the ''[[Fatwa of Peace for Humanity]]'', issued by [[Farid Uddin Masood]] in 2016, endorsed by over 100,000 Islamic scholars from Bangladesh, declaring terrorism as [[haram]] or forbidden, based on Islamic scripture and tradition.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hussain |first=Maaz |date=21 June 2016 |title=Anti-Terror Fatwa Endorsed by 100,000 Bangladeshi Islamic Scholars |work=[[Voice of America]] |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/fatwa-endorsed-by-bangladeshi-islamic-scholars-aims-to-curb-terrorism/3384976.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022202905/https://www.voanews.com/amp/fatwa-endorsed-by-bangladeshi-islamic-scholars-aims-to-curb-terrorism/3384976.html |archive-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>

== Politics ==
{{Main|Deobandi politics}}

=== Deobandi jihadism ===
[[File:Sami-ul-Haq.jpg|left|thumb|203x203px|Sami ul Haq]]{{Main|Deobandi jihadism}}[[Deobandi jihadism]] pertains to a [[militant]] interpretation of Islam that draws upon the teachings of the Deobandi movement. The Deobandi movement underwent three waves of armed conflict. The first wave resulted in the establishment of an Islamic territory centered on [[Thana Bhawan]] by the movement's elders during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]],<ref name="Luv Puri" /><ref name="Urban Terrorism" /><ref name="Ingram 2009">{{cite journal |last=Ingram |first=Brannon D. |date=June 2009 |title=Sufis, Scholars, and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism |url=https://www.academia.edu/282790 |journal=The Muslim World |location=Chichester, West Sussex |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=478–501 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x |via=Academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=1991 |isbn=90-04-07026-5 |editor1-last=Lewis |editor1-first=B. |edition=2nd |volume=2 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=205 |editor2-last=Pellat |editor2-first=Ch. |editor3-last=Schacht |editor3-first=J. |editor3-link=Joseph Schacht |orig-year=1965}}</ref> prior to the founding of Darul Uloom Deoband.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammad Yahya |first=Abul Fatah |url=https://archive.org/download/IslamiBoi/Deoband_Andolon.pdf |title=দেওবন্দ আন্দোলন: ইতিহাস ঐতিহ্য অবদান |publisher=Al-Amin Research Academy Bangladesh |year=1998 |location=Dhaka |pages=156 |language=bn |trans-title=Deoband Movement: History, Tradition and Contribution}}</ref> [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]] served as the [[Amir al-Mu'minin]] of this Islamic territory, [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]] as the [[Chief justice]], and [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]] as the [[Commander-in-chief]].{{Sfn|Muhammad Yahya|1998|p=156}} However, following the British victory over the Deobandi forces in the [[Battle of Shamli]], the territory fell. After the establishment of Darul Uloom Deoband, [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] initiated the second wave. He attempted to mobilize an armed resistance against the British through various initiatives, including the formation of the Samratut Tarbiat. When the British uncovered his [[Silk Letter Movement]], they arrested him and held him captive in Malta. Following his release, he and his followers entered mainstream politics and actively participated in the democratic process. In the late 1970s, the [[Durand Line|Pakistan–Afghan border]] became the epicenter of the Deobandi jihadist movement's third wave, which was fueled by the [[Soviet–Afghan War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moj |first1=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Crg1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 |title=The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies |date=March 2015 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-78308-390-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Luv Puri" /> Under the auspices of President [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]], its expansion occurred through various madrasas, such as [[Darul Uloom Haqqania]] and [[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]], with political support provided by [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (S)]]. Trained militants from the Pakistan–Afghan border participated in the Afghan jihad and later formed various organizations, including the [[Taliban]]. The most prominent example of Deobandi jihadism is the Taliban, who established [[Sharia|Islamic rule]] in Afghanistan. [[Sami-ul-Haq]], the head of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (S), is regarded as the "father of the Taliban."
==Organizations==
{{main|List of Deobandi organisations}}

===Jamiat Ulema-I-Hind===
{{Main article|Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind}}
Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind is one of the leading Deobandi organizations in India. It was founded in British India in 1919 by [[Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi]], [[Sanaullah Amritsari]] and several other scholars including [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]] who was elected its first interim president.{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=45}} The Jamiat has propounded a theological basis for its nationalistic philosophy. Their thesis is that Muslims and non-Muslims have entered upon a mutual contract in India since independence, to establish a secular state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding the Attraction of Salafi and Wahhabi Movements {{!}} IPCS |url=https://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=4755 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=www.ipcs.org}}</ref> The Constitution of India represents this contract.<ref>{{citation |last=Smith |first=Donald Eugene |title=India as a Secular State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zXWCgAAQBAJ |year=1963 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7778-2 |at=p.&nbsp;144, note&nbsp;7}}</ref>

===Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam===
[[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]] (JUI) is a Deobandi organization, part of the Deobandi movement.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2411683.stm |work=BBC News |title=Profile: Maulana Fazlur Rahman |date=2002-11-06 |first=Haroon |last=Rashid}}</ref> The '''JUI''' formed when members broke from the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] in 1945 after that organization backed the [[Indian National Congress]] against the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]'s lobby for a separate Pakistan.{{cn|date=May 2024}} The first president of the JUI was [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]].

===Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam===
[[Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam]] ({{langx|ur|مجلس احرارلأسلام}}), also known in short as '''Ahrar''', was a conservative Deobandi political party in the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the [[British Raj]] (prior to the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]]) founded 29 December 1929 at [[Lahore]]. [[Chaudhry Afzal Haq]], [[Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari]], [[Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi]], [[Mazhar Ali Azhar]], [[Zafar Ali Khan]] and [[Dawood Ghaznavi]] were the founders of the party.<ref>Ahmad, Syed N. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wzm36rEol3sC Origins of Muslim consciousness in India: a world-system perspective]''. New York u.a: Greenwood Press, 1991. p. 175</ref> The Ahrar was composed of Indian Muslims disillusioned by the [[Khilafat Movement]],<ref name="Barbhuiya2020">{{cite book |last1=Barbhuiya |first1=Atiqur Rahman |title=Indigenous People of Barak Valley |publisher=Notion Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-64678-800-2 |quote=Muslim politics in India opened a new chapter after the formation of Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in 1919 A.D. under the initiative of [[Ulema]] of [[Deoband]]. It was founded by the dedicated freedom fighter Sheikh-Ul-Hindi Maulana Mahmudul Hasan of Darul-Uloom, Deoband. Jamiat played a very active role in India's freedom struggle.}}</ref><ref name="McDermottGordonEmbreeDalton2014">{{cite book |title=Sources of Indian Traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-231-13830-7 |editor1-last=McDermott |editor1-first=Rachel Fell |edition=3rd |series=Introduction to Asian Civilizations |volume=2 |location=New York |page=457 |chapter=To Independence and Partition |jstor=10.7312/mcde13830.15 |editor2-last=Gordon |editor2-first=Leonard A. |editor3-last=Embree |editor3-first=Ainslie T. |editor4-last=Pritchett |editor4-first=Frances W. |editor5-last=Dalton |editor5-first=Dennis |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8qJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA457}}</ref><ref name="Ali2011" /> which cleaved closer to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]].<ref name="jaf">Christophe Jaffrelot. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&q=militia&pg=PA243 A history of Pakistan and its origins]''. Anthem Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-84331-149-2}}</ref>{{page needed |date=August 2014}} The party was associated with opposition to [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and against establishment of an independent [[Pakistan]] as well as criticism of the [[Ahmadiyya]] movement.<ref>{{cite book |first=Kalim |last=Bahadur |title=Democracy in Pakistan: crises and conflicts |page=176 |publisher=Har Anand Publications |year=1998}}</ref> After the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, Majlis-e-Ahrar divided in two parts. Now, Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam is working for the sake of Muhammad{{vague|date=February 2014}}, nifaaz '''Hakomat-e-illahiyya''' and Khidmat-e-Khalq. In Pakistan, Ahrar secretariat is in [[Lahore]] and in India it is based in [[Ludhiana]].

=== Tablighi Jamaat ===
[[Tablighi Jamaat]], a non-political Deobandi missionary organisation, began as an offshoot of the Deobandi movement.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Political Islam: a Critical Reader |last=Volpi |first=Frederic |year=2001 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1134722075 |oclc=862611173}}{{Page needed|date=February 2018}}</ref> Its inception is believed to be a response to Hindu reform movements, which were considered a threat to vulnerable and non-practising Deobandi Muslims. It gradually expanded from a local to a national organisation, and finally to a transnational movement with followers in over 200 countries. Although its beginnings were from the Deobandi movement, it has now established an independent identity though it still maintains close ties with Deobandi ulema in many countries with large South Asian Muslim populations such as the UK.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Timol |first1=Riyaz |title=Structures of Organisation and Loci of Authority in a Glocal Islamic Movement: The Tablighi Jama'at in Britain |journal=Religions |date=14 October 2019 |volume=10 |issue=10 |page=573 |doi=10.3390/rel10100573 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Associated organizations===
* [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]]
* [[Jamiatul Ulama South Africa]]
* [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Britain]]
* [[Jami'yyatul Ulama Canada]]
* [[Jamiat-Ul-Ulama of Mauritius]]
* [[Majlisul Ulama Zimbabwe]]
* [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]]
* [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Bangladesh]]
* [[Jamiat Ulama-Nepal]]
* [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam]]
* [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan]]
* [[Islami Andolan Bangladesh]]
* [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh]]
* [[Muslim Union Party]]
* [[All Ceylon Jamiyyathul Ulama]]
* [[Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat]]

===Associated militant organizations===

====Lashkar-e-Jhangvi====
[[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]] (LJ) (Army of [[Haq Nawaz Jhangvi|Jhangvi]]) was a Deobandi militant organization.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Templin |first=James D. |date=June 2015 |title=Religious Education of Pakistan's Deobandi Madaris and Radicalisation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26351354 |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |location=[[Nanyang Technological University]], Singapore |publisher=[[S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies|International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research]] |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=15–21 |jstor=26351354 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> Formed in 1996, it operated in [[Pakistan]] as an offshoot of [[Sipah-e-Sahaba]] (SSP). [[Riaz Basra]] broke away from the SSP over differences with his seniors.<ref name="roul20050602">{{Cite journal |last=Roul |first=Animesh |title=Lashkar-e-Jhangvi: Sectarian Violence in Pakistan and Ties to International Terrorism |journal=Terrorism Monitor |volume=3 |issue=11 |publisher=Jamestown Foundation |date=2 June 2005 |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=497&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=180&no_cache=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903120850/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=497&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=180&no_cache=1 |archive-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> The group, now practically defunct since the unsuccessful [[Operation Zarb-e-Azab]], is considered a [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist group]] by [[Pakistan]] and the United States,<ref name=bbc20030130>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2711239.stm |title=Pakistani group joins US terror list |publisher=BBC News South Asia |date=30 January 2003}}</ref> It was involved in attacks on civilians and protectors of them.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ahmad, Tufail |date=21 March 2012 |url=http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/6208.htm |title=Using Twitter, YouTube, Facebook and Other Internet Tools, Pakistani Terrorist Group Lashkar-e-Jhangvi Incites Violence against Shi'ite Muslims and Engenders Antisemitism |publisher=The Middle East Media Research Insititue, memri.org |access-date=22 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-quetta-bombing-idUSBRE91I0Q420130219 |title=Pakistani Shi'ites call off protests after Quetta bombing arrests |date=19 February 2013 |work=Reuters}}</ref> Lashkar-e-Jhangvi is predominantly [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan Shias killed in Gilgit sectarian attack |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-19280339 |work=BBC News |date=16 August 2012 |quote=A predominantly Punjabi group, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi is linked with the 2002 murder of US reporter Daniel Pearl and other militant attacks, particularly in the southern city of Karachi.}}</ref> The group has been labelled by intelligence officials in Pakistan as a major security threat.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/politics/105710-iran-condemns-terrorist-attacks-in-pakistan |title=Iran condemns terrorist attacks in Pakistan |newspaper=Tehran Times |date=17 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904022747/http://www.tehrantimes.com/politics/105710-iran-condemns-terrorist-attacks-in-pakistan |archive-date=4 September 2014}}</ref>

====Taliban====
The [[Taliban]] ("students"), alternative spelling Taleban,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/144382.stm |title=Analysis: Who are the Taleban? |date=2000-12-20 |work=BBC News}}</ref> is an [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] political and [[militant]] movement in [[Afghanistan]]. It spread into Afghanistan and formed a government, ruling as the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] from September 1996 until December 2001, with [[Kandahar]] as the capital.
While in power, it enforced its strict interpretation of [[Sharia|Sharia law]].<ref name=Abrams>{{cite book |last=Abrams |first=Dennis |title=Hamid Karzai |year=2007 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-7910-9267-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hamidkarzai0000abra/page/14 14] |quote=As soon as it took power though, the Taliban imposed its strict interpretation of Islamic law on the country |url=https://archive.org/details/hamidkarzai0000abra/page/14 }}</ref> While many leading Muslims and Islamic scholars have been highly critical of the Taliban's interpretations of Islamic law,<ref name=Skain>{{cite book |last=Skain |first=Rosemarie |title=The women of Afghanistan under the Taliban |year=2002 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-1090-3 |page=41}}</ref> the Darul Uloom Deoband has consistently supported the Taliban in Afghanistan, including their 2001 destruction of the [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]],<ref name="Abbas2011"/> and the majority of the Taliban's leaders were influenced by Deobandi fundamentalism.<ref name=Maley2>{{cite book |last=Maley |first=William |title=Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban |year=2001 |publisher=C Hurst & Co |isbn=978-1-85065-360-8 |page=14}}</ref> [[Pashtunwali]], the Pashtun tribal code, also played a significant role in the Taliban's legislation.<ref name=Shaffer>{{cite book |last=Shaffer |first=Brenda |title=The limits of culture: Islam and foreign policy |year=2006 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-69321-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/limitsofculturei0000unse/page/277 277] |edition=illustrated |quote=The Taliban's mindset is, however, equally if not more deaned by Pashtunwali |url=https://archive.org/details/limitsofculturei0000unse/page/277 }}</ref> The Taliban were condemned internationally for their brutal [[Taliban treatment of women|treatment of women]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-nov-18-mn-5602-story.html |date=18 November 2001 |author1=James Gerstenzan |author2=Lisa Getter |title=Laura Bush Addresses State of Afghan Women |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/a-woman-among-warlords/womens-rights-in-the-taliban-and-post-taliban-eras/66/ |date=11 September 2007 |title=Women's Rights in the Taliban and Post-Taliban Eras |work=A Woman Among Warlords |publisher=[[PBS]] }}</ref>

====Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan====
[[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (the TTP), alternatively referred to as the Pakistani Taliban, is an [[umbrella organization]] of various [[Islamist]] militant groups based in the northwestern [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] along the [[Durand Line|Afghan border]] in Pakistan. In December 2007 about 13 groups united under the leadership of [[Baitullah Mehsud]] to form the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.<ref name=Bajoria/><ref name=abbash/> Among the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan's stated objectives are resistance against the Pakistani state, enforcement of their interpretation of [[sharia]] and a plan to unite against [[NATO]]-led forces in Afghanistan.<ref name=Bajoria>{{cite web |last=Bajoria |first=Jayshree |title=Pakistan's New Generation of Terrorists |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=6 February 2008 |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1%26hide%3D1%26id%3D13611%26filter%3D456 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514060717/http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1&hide=1&id=13611&filter=456 |archive-date=14 May 2009}}</ref><ref name=abbash>{{cite journal |last=Abbas |first=Hassan |title=A Profile of Tehrik-I-Taliban Pakistan |journal=CTC Sentinel |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=1–4 |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center]] |location=West Point, NY |date=January 2008 |url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17868/profile_of_tehrikitaliban_pakistan.html |access-date=5 July 2013 |archive-date=1 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101073222/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17868/profile_of_tehrikitaliban_pakistan.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=gall2009327>{{cite news |author=Carlotta Gall |author2=Ismail Khan |author3-link=Pir Zubair Shah |author3=Pir Zubair Shah |author4=Taimoor Shah |title=Pakistani and Afghan Taliban Unify in Face of U.S. Influx |work=The New York Times |date=26 March 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/27/world/asia/27taliban.html |author-link=Carlotta Gall }}</ref>

The TTP is not directly affiliated with the Afghan Taliban movement led by [[Mullah Omar]], with both groups differing greatly in their histories, strategic goals and interests although they both share a primarily Deobandi interpretation of Islam and are predominantly [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]].<ref name=gall2009327/><ref name=scott>{{cite news |first=Scott |last=Shane |title=Insurgents Share a Name, but Pursue Different Goals |date=2009-10-22 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/23/world/asia/23taliban.html |work=The New York Times }}</ref>

====Sipah-e-Sahaba====
[[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan]] (SSP) is a banned Pakistani militant organization, and a formerly registered Pakistani political party. Established in the early 1980s in [[Jhang]] by the militant leader [[Haq Nawaz Jhangvi]], its stated goal is primarily to deter major [[Shiite]] influence in Pakistan in the wake of the [[Iranian Revolution]].<ref name="Raman"/><ref name="UNHCR"/> The organization was banned by President [[Pervez Musharraf]] in 2002 as being a [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist group]] under the [[Anti-terrorism legislation#Pakistan|Anti-Terrorism Act of 1997]].<ref name="Raman">B. Raman, [http://isianalysis.blogspot.com/2009/04/musharrafs-ban-analysis-18-1-2002.html "Musharraf's Ban: An Analysis"], ''South Asia Analysis Group '', Paper no. 395, 18 January 2002</ref><ref name="UNHCR">[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,,PAK,,440ed73f34,0.html "Pakistan: The Sipah-e-Sahaba (SSP), including its activities and status"], Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 26 July 2005</ref>
In October 2000 [[Masood Azhar]], another militant leader, and founder of [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JeM), was quoted as saying that "Sipah-e-Sahaba stands shoulder to shoulder with Jaish-e-Muhammad in Jehad."<ref name=satp>{{Cite web |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/Ssp.htm |title=Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, Terrorist Group of Pakistan |website=www.satp.org}}</ref> A leaked U.S. diplomatic cable described JeM as "another SSP breakaway Deobandi organization."<ref name=cable>{{cite news |title=2009: Southern Punjab extremism battle between haves and have-nots |date=2011-05-22 |work=Dawn |location=Pakistan |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/05/22/2009-southern-punjab-extremism-battle-between-haves-and-have-nots.html }}</ref>

==Institutions==
{{main|List of Deobandi madrasas}}
Right after [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], the main center of Deobandism throughout the world, [[Mazahir Uloom, Saharanpur]] is the second known Deobandi madrassa in India, which produced the scholars like [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]. [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]]'s established [[Madrasa Shahi, Moradabad]], the alma of scholars like [[Mufti Mahmud]] and [[Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi]] has its position. [[Darul Uloom Karachi]], founded by [[Muhammad Shafi]], [[Jamia Binoria]] and [[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]] in [[Pakistani]] are top Deobandi institutions there. [[Darul Uloom Bury]], [[Holcombe, Greater Manchester|Holcombe]], established by [[Yusuf Motala]] during 1970s is the first Deobandi madrassa of the West<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Hamid |title=The Dars-e-Nizami and the Transnational Traditionalist Madaris in Britain |year=2012 |pages=7, 17 |url=http://hamidmahmood.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/the-dissertation.pdf |quote=In the UK the Dār al-'Ulūm al-'Arabiyyah al-Islāmiyyah (Bury madrasa) and Jāmi’at ta’līm al-Islām (Dewsbury madrasa) are considered the 'Oxbridge' of the traditional madrasa world....The need for leadership and imams increased alongside the increasing number of Mosques and in 1975 the first madrasa was established in a village called Holcombe situated near Bury – known as Dār al-'Ulūm Bury or Bury Madrasa.}}</ref> In South Africa,<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Reetz |author-first=Dietrich |title=Muslim Schools and Education in Europe and South Africa |publisher=Waxmann Verlag |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-8309-7554-0 |editor1-last=Tayob |editor1-first=Abdulkader |location=[[Münster]] |pages=85–88 |chapter=The Tablīghī Madrassas in Lenasia and Azaadville: Local Players in the Global 'Islamic Field' |editor2-last=Niehaus |editor2-first=Inga |editor3-last=Weisse |editor3-first=Wolfram |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWqjAoRGxUcC&pg=PA85}}</ref><ref name="Timol 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Timol |first1=Riyaz |date=14 October 2019 |title=Structures of Organisation and Loci of Authority in a Glocal Islamic Movement: The Tablighi Jama'at in Britain |journal=[[Religions (journal)|Religions]] |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=10 |issue=10 |page=573 |doi=10.3390/rel10100573 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Darul Ulum [[Newcastle, South Africa|Newcastle]], was founded in 1971 by [[Cassim Sema|Cassim Mohammed Sema]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mohamed |first=Yasien |journal=ISIM Newsletter |year=2002 |volume=9 |page=30 |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/17556/ISIM_9_Islamic_Education_in_South_Africa.pdf?sequence=1 |quote=opportunities for studies were created locally when in 1971 the first Darul-Ulum was established in Newcastle, Kwazulu Natal. This Darul-Ulum was based on the Darsi-Nizami course from Deoband, India. |title=Islamic Education in South Africa }}</ref> and [[Darul Uloom Zakariyya|Dar al-Ulum Zakariyya]] in [[Lenasia]],<ref name="Eds. 85, 101">{{cite book |display-editors=etal |editor=Abdulkader Tayob |title=Muslim schools and education in Europe and South Africa |year=2011 |publisher=Waxmann |location=Münster; München [u.a.] |isbn=978-3-8309-2554-5 |pages=85, 101 |url=http://www.zmo.de/dietrich/Reetz%202011%20South%20Africa.pdf |quote=It became clear through field research by the author that Deobandi schools in several countries increasingly rely on graduates from Azaadville and Lenasia. The two schools and their graduates are functioning as network multiplicators between Deobandi schools worldwide. |access-date=27 November 2013 |archive-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116105719/http://www.zmo.de/dietrich/Reetz%202011%20South%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |display-editors=etal |editor=Abdulkader Tayob |title=Muslim schools and education in Europe and South Africa |year=2011 |publisher=Waxmann |location=Münster; München [u.a.] |isbn=978-3-8309-2554-5 |pages=85, 101 |url=http://www.zmo.de/dietrich/Reetz%202011%20South%20Africa.pdf |quote=The Islamic schools in Lenasia and Azaadville in South Africa represent prominent examples of schools that provide religious education in a format which is firmly rooted in traditions and interpretations of Islam originating outside South Africa. Established by the Muslim minority community of the country, the schools follow the Deobandi interpretation of Islam from South Asia. |access-date=27 November 2013 |archive-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116105719/http://www.zmo.de/dietrich/Reetz%202011%20South%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="zmo.de">{{cite book |display-editors=etal |editor=Abdulkader Tayob |title=Muslim schools and education in Europe and South Africa |year=2011 |publisher=Waxmann |location=Münster; München [u.a.] |isbn=978-3-8309-2554-5 |pages=85, 101 |url=http://www.zmo.de/dietrich/Reetz%202011%20South%20Africa.pdf |quote=For the Tablighi Jama’at, the two schools are important switchboards for their preaching activities in South Africa, in Africa proper and around the world. |access-date=27 November 2013 |archive-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116105719/http://www.zmo.de/dietrich/Reetz%202011%20South%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Madrasah In'aamiyyah]], [[Camperdown, KwaZulu-Natal|Camperdown]] is known for its Dar al-Iftaa (Department of Fatwa Research and Training) which runs the popular online fatwa service, Askimam.org.<ref name="themuslim500.com 2012">{{cite book |url=http://www.themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/TheMuslim500-2012-low.pdf |title=The 500 Most Influential Muslims |publisher=[[Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding]] |year=2012 |edition=4th |isbn=978-9957-428-37-2 |editor-last=Schleifer |editor-first=S. Abdallah |editor-link=Abdallah Schleifer |location=Jordan |page=110 |editor-last2=Al-Meheid |editor-first2=Minwer |editor-link2=:de:Minwer al-Meheid |editor-last3=Al-Rawadieh |editor-first3=AlMahdi |editor-last4=Ahmed |editor-first4=Aftab |editor-last5=Asfour |editor-first5=Zeinab |department=[[Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913223248/http://www.themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/TheMuslim500-2012-low.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam]] is the first established Deobandi madrassa in [[Bangladesh]], which produced the scholars like [[Shah Ahmad Shafi]], [[Junaid Babunagari]]. [[Al-Rashid Islamic Institute]], Ontario, Canada, [[Darul Uloom Al-Madania]] in [[Buffalo, New York]], [[Jamiah Darul Uloom Zahedan]] in Iran and [[Darul Uloom Raheemiyyah]] are some top Deobandi institutions.

==Notable members==
{{Main page|List of Deobandis}}
* [[Mahmud Deobandi]] (died 1886) – First teacher of Darul Uloom Deoband.<ref name="david">{{citation |author1=David Emmanuel Singh |title=The Independent Madrasas of India: Dar al-'Ulum, Deoband and Nadvat al-'Ulama, Lucknow |url=http://www.ocms.ac.uk/docs/madrasas_deoband.pdf |publisher=[[Oxford Centre for Mission Studies]] |access-date=4 September 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124071539/http://www.ocms.ac.uk/docs/madrasas_deoband.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] (1851–1920) – Popularly known as "Shaykh al-Hind".<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Shoayb |title=Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century |year=2006 |publisher=Al-Kawthar Publications |pages=35–37 |quote=He began teaching the basic subjects and was regularly promoted until he became the head-teacher and the Shaykh al-Hadith. He served the Darul Uloom until 1914 (1333)...The Shaykh was very active politically as well. A movement known as Reshmi Roomal was formed in India to remove the British. He played a major role in advancing this movement.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Abu Ghuddah |first=Abd al-Fattah |script-title=ar:تراجم ستة من فقهاء العالم الإسلامي في القرن الرابع عشر وآشارهم الفقهية |year=1997 |publisher=Dar al-Basha'ir al-Islamiyyah |location=Beirut |page=15 |language=ar |quote=وكان أكبر كبارها وشيخ شيوخها الشيخ محمود حسن الديوبندي الملقب بشيخ العالم، والمعروف بشيخ الهند، وكان في الحديث الشريف مسند الوقت ورحلة الأقطار الهندية. (Trans. And the greatest of its [Dar al-Ulum Deoband's] great ones, and the shaykh of its shaykhs was Shaykh Mahmud Hasan al-Deobandi, who is entitled (al-mulaqqab) Shaykh al-'Aalam, and popularly known (al-ma'ruf bi) as Shaykh al-Hind. In regards to the noble Hadith, he was the authority of his time (musnid al-waqt), whom students traveled from all parts of India [to study with].}}</ref>
* [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] (1863–1943)<ref>{{cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara Daly |title=Perfecting women : Maulana Ashraf ọAlī Thanawi's Bihishti zewar : a partial translation with commentary |year=1992 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-08093-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/perfectingwomenm00ashr/page/3 3–4] |quote=The Bihishti Zewar was written by Maulana Ashraf 'Ali Thanawi (1864–1943), a leader of the Deobandi reform movement that crystallized in north India in the late nineteenth century...Maulana Thanawi was an extraordinary successful exponent of reform. |url=https://archive.org/details/perfectingwomenm00ashr/page/3 }}</ref>
* [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]] (1863–1943) – [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] activist and Life Member of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].
* [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]] (1875–1933)<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Shoayb |title=Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century |year=2006 |publisher=Al-Kawthar Publications |pages=68–70 |quote=This great Hafiz of Hadith, excellent Hanafi jurist, legist, historian, linguist, poet, researcher and critic, Muhammad Anwar Shah Kashmiri...He went to the biggest Islamic University inIndia, the Darul Uloom al-Islamiyah in Deoband...He contributed greatly to the Hanafi Madhab...He wrote many books, approximately 40...Many renowned and erudite scholars praised him and acknowledged his brilliance...Many accomplished scholars benefited from his vast knowledge.}}</ref>
* [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] (1879–1957)<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Shoayb |title=Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century |year=2006 |publisher=Al-Kawthar Publications |pages=215–216 |quote=After Shaykh al-Hind's demise, he was unanimously acknowledged as his successor. ..He was the President of the Jamiat Al-Ulama-Hind for about twenty years...He taught Sahih Al-Bukhari for about thirty years. During his deanship, the strength of the students academically impred...About 4483 students graduated and obtained a continuous chain of transmission (sanad) in Hadith during his period.}}</ref>
* [[Muhammad Ilyas al-Kandhlawi]] (1884–1944) – Founder of [[Tablighi Jamaat]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reetz |first=Dietrich |title=Keeping Busy on the Path of Allah: The Self-Organisation (Intizam) of the Tablighi Jama'at |journal=Oriente Moderno |year=2004 |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=295–305 |quote=In recent years, the Islamic missionary movement of the Tablighi Jama'at has attracted increasing attention, not only in South Asia, but around the globe...The Tablighi movement came into being in 1926 when Muhammad Ilyas (1885–1944) started preaching correct religious practices and observance of rituals...Starting with Ilyas' personal association with the Dar al-Ulum of Deoband, the movement has been supported by religious scholars, 'ulama', propagating the purist teachings of this seminary located in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. |doi=10.1163/22138617-08401018 }}</ref>
* [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] (1887–1949)<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Shoayb |title=Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century |year=2006 |publisher=Al-Kawthar Publications |pages=167–170 |quote=He completed his formal education [from Deoband] in 1907 (1325) with specialization in Hadith. Thereafter he taught for some time at the Dar al-Uloom Deoband...He supported the resolution for the independence of Pakistan and assisted Muhammad Ali Jinnah...He was given the task of hoisting the flag of Pakistan...Due to his tremendous effort, the first constitution of Pakistan was based on the Quraan and Sunnah...Fath Al-Mulhim bi Sharh Sahih Muslim. Even though he passed away before being able to complete the book it was accepted and praised by many renowned scholars. These include Shaykh Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari and Shaykh Anwar Shah Kashmiri.}}</ref>
* [[Uzair Gul Peshawari]] (1886–1989), Indian independence activist and former head of Madrasa Rahmania in [[Roorkee]].
* [[Muhammad Shafi]] (1897–1976)<ref>{{cite web |last=Usmani |first=Muhammad Taqi |title=Shaykh Mufti Muhammad Shafi': The Grand Mufti of Pakistan |url=http://www.deoband.org/2011/12/history/biographies-of-scholars/shaykh-muhammad-shafi%E2%80%98-the-mufti-of-pakistan/ |work=Deoband.org |access-date=6 November 2013 |translator-first=Zameelur |translator-last=Rahman |date=December 2011 |quote=The scholar of great learning, Shaykh Mufti Muhammad Shafi' (Allah Almighty have mercy on him), is counted amongst the leading 'ulama of India and Pakistan...He completed his studies in the year 1325 H, and because he was from the advanced students in the period of his studies, the teachers of the Dar al-'Ulum selected him to become a teacher there...the teachers appointed him as the head of the Fatwa Department at Dar al-'Ulum...Ma‘arif al-Qur’an. This is a valuable exegesis of the Noble Qur’an which Shaykh [Muhammad Shafi'] compiled in the Urdu language in 8 large volumes.}}</ref>
* [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]] (1898–1982)<ref>{{cite book |last=Bashir |first=Aamir |title=Shari'at and Tariqat: A Study of the Deobandi Understanding and Practice of Tasawwuf |year=2013 |publisher=Dar al-Sa'adah Publications |page=117 |url=http://ilmresources.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/shariat-tariqat-study-of-deobandi-understanding-practice-of-tasawwuf.pdf |quote=Muhammad Zakariyya can be termed as the "Reviver of Deobandi tasawwuf." He is the last in the long line of prominent scholar Sufis who epitomized Deobandi characteristics. |access-date=5 November 2013 |archive-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116105809/https://ilmresources.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/shariat-tariqat-study-of-deobandi-understanding-practice-of-tasawwuf.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Zayn al-Abidin Sajjad Meerthi]] (1910–1991), former head of the Islamic studies department of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].
* [[Abdul Matin Chowdhury (scholar)|Abdul Matin Chowdhury]] (1915–1990)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=al-Mahmud |first1=A.H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Syed Mahmudul |title=সননাতে নববীর মরত পরতীক: মাওলানা আবদল মতিন চৌধরী শাযখে ফলবাডী রাহ |year=2008 |pages=78–81 |url=https://archive.org/details/AllamaFulbari/page/n79 }}</ref>
* [[Fazlul Karim (scholar)|Fazlul Karim]] (1935–2006)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-05 |title=পীর সাহেব চরমোনাই |trans-title=Pir Saheb Charmonai |url=http://www.pirsahebcharmonai.com/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305225117/http://www.pirsahebcharmonai.com/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Shah Ahmad Shafi]] (1916–2020), former Chief of [[Hefajat-e-Islam Bangladesh]], rector of [[Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam Hathazari]] and also the chairman of [[Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shah Ahmed Shafi, chief of Bangladesh Islamist group Hifazat-e Islam, dies |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2020/09/18/shah-ahmed-shafi-chief-of-bangladesh-islamist-group-hifazat-e-islam-dies |work=bdnews24.com}}</ref>
* [[Abdur Rahman Bangladeshi]] (1920–2015) – ''He was the founder director of [[Islamic Research Center Bangladesh]], [[Dhaka]] & Many Deobandi school.'' Ex chairman of the ''Shariah Council'' of Many [[Islamic banking and finance|Islamic Bank]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Noted Islamic scholar Mufti Abdur Rahman passes away |work=BD Chronicle |url=http://www.bdchronicle.com/detail/news/32/25208 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112173257/http://www.bdchronicle.com/detail/news/32/25208 |archive-date=12 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Muhammad Abdul Wahhab]] (1923–2018) – former Amir of the [[Tablighi Jamaat]] Pakistan Chapter.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims |year=2012 |publisher=The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre |location=Amman |isbn=<!--978-9975-428-37-2 ISBN is invalid--> |page=69 |editor=S. Abdallah Schleifer |quote=Leader of the Pakistan chapter of the Tablighi Jamaat [...] Hajji Abd al-Wahhab is a prominent Pakistani scholar with a significant following in South Asia and the United Kingdom...Abd al-Wahhab's work[...] stems from the prominent Islamic institution Darul Uloom Deoband, in India, where the latter studied before establishing a following in Pakistan.}}</ref>
* [[Nur Uddin Gohorpuri]] (1924–2005)<ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:আললামা গহরপরী পরিচিতি |language=bn |url=http://jamiagohorpur.com/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190817162703/http://jamiagohorpur.com/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A/ |website=jamiagohorpur.com |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=17 August 2019}}</ref>
* [[Allama Khalid Mahmood|Khalid Mahmood]] (1925–2020) – UK. He was the founder and Director of The Islamic Academy of Manchester.<ref>[http://www.islamicacademy.eu Islamic Academy of Manchester] The Islamic Academy of Manchester</ref> which was established in 1974. He served formerly as a Professor at Murray College Sialkot and also at MAO College Lahore. He obtained a PhD in Comparative Religion from [[University of Birmingham]] in 1970. He has authored over 50 books, and has served as the Justice of Supreme court of Pakistan (Shariat Appellate Bench).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_3-12-2003_pg7_27 |title=SC Shariat Bench to hear appeal on presidential remissions today |last=Kamran |first=Mohammad |date=3 December 2003 |work=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020155016/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_3-12-2003_pg7_27 |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Muhammad Yunus Jaunpuri|Muhammad Yunus Jownpuri]] (1937-2017) – Senior Hadith Scholar and former Shaykh al-Hadith of Mazahir Uloom, Saharanpur. He was among the senior students and disciples of [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]].
* [[Usman Mansoorpuri]] (1944-2021) – First National President of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]'s Mahmood faction.
* [[Yusuf Motala]] (1946–2019) – UK; Founder and senior lecturer at Dar al-Ulum Bury, one of the oldest Deobandi Madrasas in the West; "He is a scholar's scholar – many of the United Kingdom's young Deobandi scholars have studied under his patronage."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims |year=2012 |publisher=The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre |location=Amman |isbn=<!--978-9975-428-37-2 ISBN is invalid--> |page=114 |editor=S. Abdallah Schleifer}}</ref>
* [[Nur Hossain Kasemi]] (1945–2020) – Former Secretary General of [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-14 |title=Nur Hossain Kasemi passes away at 75 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/nur-hossain-kasemi-passes-away-75-2010981 |work=The Daily Star }}</ref>
* [[Ebrahim Desai]], South Africa – Mufti and founder of [[Askimam]] fatwa portal (1963–2021).<ref name="themuslim500.com 2012" />
* [[Taha Karaan]], South African scholar and jurist (1969–2021).

===Contemporary Deobandis===
* [[Mahmudul Hasan (scholar)|Mahmudul Hasan]], Bangladesh – President of [[Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh]] and [[Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh]], Chancellor of [[:bn:জামিযা ইসলামিযা দারল উলম মাদানিযা|Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Madania]], Amir of Majlis-e-Dawatul Haq Bangladesh.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |date=2020-10-03 |title=Mahmudul Hasan new chairman of Qawmi Madrasa Education Board |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/news/mahmudul-hasan-new-chairman-qawmi-madrasa-education-board-1971733 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] }}</ref>
* [[Syed Rezaul Karim]] Vice President of [[Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh]] and [[Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh]], [[Emir|Amir]] of [[Islami Andolan Bangladesh]], President of the Bangladesh Mujahid Committee and Bangladesh Quran Education Board.
* [[A F M Khalid Hossain]] – Bangladeshi Islamic Scholar.
* [[Abdul Halim Bukhari]], Bangladesh – Chancellor of [[Al Jamia Al Islamia Patiya]].
* [[Junaid Babunagari]], Bangladeshi Islamic Scholar, He is serving as the assistant director of [[Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam Hathazari]], and secretary general of [[Hefajat-e-Islam Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Babunagari denounces government's claim of no death in Hefazat's 2013 protest |work=Dhaka Tribune |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/2018/11/05/babunagari-denounces-government-s-claim-of-no-death-in-hefazat-s-2013-protest |date= 5 November 2018 }}</ref>
* [[Syed Faizul Karim]] Senior Vice President of Islami Andolan Bangladesh. He is also the Vice President of Bangladesh Mujahid Committee and Bangladesh Quran Education Board and Central Member of Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh
* [[Mamunul Haque]] – Secretary General of [[Bangladesh Khelafat Majlish]] and President of [[Bangladesh Khelafat Majlish|Bangladesh Khelafat Youth Majlish]].<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ খেলাফত মজলিসের নতন কমিটি গঠন |trans-title=Formation of new committee of Bangladesh Khilafah Majlis |url=https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/politics/385310/বাংলাদেশ-খেলাফত-মজলিসের-নতন-কমিটি-গঠন |website=Daily Naya Diganta |language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Muhibbullah Babunagari]], Chief advisor of [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh]] (born 1935)
* [[Rafi Usmani]], Pakistan – Former President and senior lecturer of [[Darul Uloom Karachi]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rahman |first=Azizur- |title=Introducing Darul-'Uloom Karachi |publisher=Public Information Department: Darul Uloom Karachi |page=21 |url=http://www.darululoomkarachi.edu.pk/ucms/books/Taaruf/(03)%20Taaruf%20English.pdf |editor=(Translated by Muhammad Shameem) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124133538/http://www.darululoomkarachi.edu.pk/ucms/books/Taaruf/(03)%20Taaruf%20English.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Taqi Usmani]], Pakistan – Vice-president of Dar al-Ulum Karachi, Former judge on the Shariah Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, Deputy Chairman of the Islamic Fiqh Academy of the OIC, leading scholar of Islamic Finance,<ref>{{cite web |title=Mufti Taqi Usmani |url=http://www.albalagh.net/taqi.shtml |work=Albalagh |access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> and often considered to be a leading scholar and figurehead of the Deobandi movement.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims |year=2012 |publisher=The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre |location=Amman |isbn=<!--978-9975-428-37-2 ISBN is invalid--> |page=89 |editor=S. Abdallah Schleifer |quote=Leading scholar for the Deobandis...Usmani is very important as a figurehead in the Deobandi movement}}</ref>
* [[Maulana Fazlur Rehman]], Pakistan – President of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]] (F).
* [[Nurul Islam Jihadi]], Secretary General of [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh]]. (born 1948)
* [[Allama Nurul Islam Olipuri]] – [[Mufassir]] from Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sylhet: Renowned Islamic scholar Allama Nurul Islam Olipuri speaking at the first day of the three daylong Tafsirul Quran Mahfil as Chief Guest in Sylhet organised by Khademul Quran Parishad, Sylhet recently. |work=The New Nation |url=http://thedailynewnation.com/news/46221/sylhet---renowned--islamic-scholar-allama-nurul-islam-olipuri-speaking-at-the--first-day-of-the-three-daylong-tafsirul-quran-mahfil-as-chief-guest-in-sylhet--organised-by-khademul-quran-parishad-sylhet-recently.html}}</ref>
* [[Tariq Jameel]], Pakistan – Prominent scholar and preacher in the Tablighi Jama'at.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims |year=2012 |publisher=The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre |location=Amman |isbn=<!--978-9975-428-37-2 ISBN is invalid--> |page=134 |editor=S. Abdallah Schleifer |quote=He has been very effective in influencing all types of the communities ranging from businessmen and landlords to ministers and sports celebrities.}}</ref>
* [[Ismail ibn Musa Menk]], Zimbabwean scholar.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Chimp Corps|date=28 April 2021|title=Kyankwanzi: President Museveni, Mufti Menk Discuss 'Unity in Diversity'|url=https://chimpreports.com/kyankwanzi-president-museveni-mufti-menk-discuss-unity-in-diversity/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428073826/https://chimpreports.com/kyankwanzi-president-museveni-mufti-menk-discuss-unity-in-diversity/|archive-date=28 April 2021|access-date=13 June 2021|website=ChimpReports|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Abdur Rahman ibn Yusuf Mangera]], Mufti and founder of Whitethread Institute and Zamzam Academy.
* [[Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi]], current rector of [[Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband]].
* [[Rahmatullah Mir Qasmi]], founder and rector of [[Darul Uloom Raheemiyyah]].
* [[Mahfuzul Haque]], secretary general of [[Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh]].
* [[Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari]], founder and chief-Mufti of Darul Ifta Leicester.
* [[Abdolhamid Ismaeelzahi]], Iraninan Sunni Scholar who is regarded as a "spiritual leader for Iran’s Sunni Muslim population".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-06 |title=Iranian Sunni cleric says executions may inflame regional tensions |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-executions-idUSKCN10H0A8 |access-date=2023-01-26}}</ref>
* [[Yasir Nadeem al Wajidi]], Chicago-based Indian Scholar and the founder of Darul Uloom Online.
* [[Zulfiqar Ahmad Naqshbandi|Zulfiqar Ahmad]], [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] Islamic scholar and [[Sufi]] Shaykh.<ref name="deoband2">{{cite web |date=9 April 2011 |title=Pir Zulfiqar Naqshbandi Visits Darul Uloom Deoband |url=http://www.deoband.net/blogs/pir-zulfiqar-naqdhbandi-to-visit-deoband-in-april |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=deoband.net}}</ref>

== Publications about Deobandism ==
{{Main|Bibliography of Deobandi Movement}}
* ''[[Islamic Revival in British India]]''
* ''[[Revival from Below]]''
* ''[[The Deoband School And The Demand For Pakistan]]''
* ''A Special Issue on The Deoband Madrasa'', The Muslim World<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Issue:A Special Issue on The Deoband Madrasa |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14781913/2009/99/3}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Index of Deobandi movement–related articles]]

==References==
===General citations===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last1=Wasif Dehlavi |first1=Hafizur Rahman |author1-link=Hafizur Rahman Wasif Dehlavi |title=Jamī'at-i Ulamā par ek tārīk̲h̲ī tabṣirah |trans-title= A Historical Review the Jamiat Ulama|date=1970 |language=ur|oclc=16907808}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Deobandi movement}}
{{Darul Uloom Deoband}}
{{Islam topics}}
{{Islamism}}
{{Maturidi}}
{{Islamic theology|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Deobandi movement]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:Islam in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sunni Islamic movements]]
[[Category:Sunni Islamic branches]]
[[Category:1866 establishments in India]]
[[Category:State ideologies]]