Editing Demographics of Turkmenistan

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{redirect|Turkmenistani||Turkmen (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox place demographics
|place=[[Turkmenistan]]
|image=File:Turkmenistan single age population pyramid 2020.png
|image_size=350
|caption=[[Population pyramid]] of Turkmenistan in 2020
|size_of_population=7,057,841 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://turkmenportal.com/tm/blog/64479/ilat-yazuwy--2022-turkmenistanyn-ilaty-7-million-57-mun-841-adama-den-boldy | title=«Ilat ýazuwy — 2022»: Türkmenistanyň ilaty 7 million 57 müň 841 adama deň boldy &#124; Jemgyýet | date=30 June 2023 }}</ref> (2022 est.)
|nation=Turkmenistani
|official=Turkmen
|age_0–14_years=25.44%
|age_65_years=5.38%
|growth=0.99% (2022 est.)
|birth=17.51 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
|death=5.95 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
|net_migration=-1.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
|sr_at_birth=1.05 male(s)/female
|sr_under_15=1.03 male(s)/female
|sr_65_years_over=0.59 male(s)/female
|total_mf_ratio=0.98 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
|infant_mortality=37.62 deaths/1,000 live births
|life=71.83 years
|life_male=68.8 years
|life_female=75 years
|fertility=2.03 children born/woman (2022 est.)}}

The '''Demographics of Turkmenistan''' is about the [[demographics|demographic]] features of the [[population]] of [[Turkmenistan]], including population growth, [[population density]], [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]], education level, health, economic status, [[Religion in Turkmenistan | religious affiliations]], and other aspects of the population. The ethnic majority in Turkmenistan call themselves [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]].
[[File:Population of Turkmenistan.PNG|thumb|right|Population of Turkmenistan (in millions) from 1950 to 2009.]]

==Demographic trends==
{{See also|Turkmenistan#Migration}}
{{Historical populations
| percentages = pagr
|footnote = 
|title       = Census population and growth rate
|1926|1000914
|1939|1251883
|1959|1516375
|1970|2158880
|1979|2764848
|1989|3522717
|1995|4434354
|2022|7057841
}}
[[File:Turkmenistan provinces by total population.png|thumb|Turkmenistan population by region]]
[[File:Turkmenistan Provinces by Population Density.png|thumb|Population density of Turkmenistan by regions.]]
The 17 January 1939 census showed a population of 1,251,883, of which 741.5 thousand Turkmen, 232.9 thousand Russians, 107.4 thousand Uzbeks, 61.4 thousand Kazakhs, 19.5 thousand Tatars, 8,300 Iranians, 5,400 [[Baloch people|Baloch]], and 75.5 thousand other nationalities.<ref name=turkmenistan>{{cite book|title=Туркменистан|language=ru|first=П.|last=Скосырев|date=1948|publisher=Молодая гвардия|place=Moscow|series=Наша Родина|editor-last=Михайлова|editor-first=Н.Н.|chapter=Туркменистан в цифрах}}</ref> The population of Turkmenistan increased from 1.5 million in the 1959 census to 4.5 million in the 1995 census.<ref name=census>''Population census of Turkmenistan 1995'', Vol. 1, State Statistical Committee of Turkmenistan, Ashgabat, 1996.</ref> The population continued growing to over 5 million in 2001–2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/iase/ias05.php?tim=0&cou=146&terr=290&ind=60&Submit=OK |title=Demoscope Weekly - Annex. Information-analytical system. 4 step |website=Demoscope.ru |access-date=2016-02-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192207/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/iase/ias05.php?tim=0&cou=146&terr=290&ind=60&Submit=OK |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> According to opposition media, Turkmenistan's population in 2019 was no more than 3.3 million.<ref name=emigrate /> As of July 2021, anonymous official sources informed opposition news media that the population of Turkmenistan had fallen to between 2.7 and 2.8 million.<ref name=azatlyk2021>{{cite news| url=https://rus.azathabar.com/a/turkmenistan-in-state-of-depopulation-with-under-three-million-people/31338392.html |title=Источники: Туркменистан в состоянии депопуляции. В стране осталось 2,7 миллиона населения |date=2 July 2021 |language=ru |publisher=[[RFE/RL]]}}</ref>

According to some sources, deteriorating economic conditions have led to massive emigration of Turkmenistanis to other countries in search of work, possibly as many as 1,879,413 between 2008 and 2018, inclusive.  Primary destinations are Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine.<ref name=emigrate>{{cite web|url=https://rus.azathabar.com/a/29969698.html|language=ru|title=Источник: За 10 лет из Туркменистана выехало почти 1,9 миллиона человек|date=29 May 2019|publisher=RFE/RL}}</ref> Between 2013 and 2019, the number of emigrants to Russia from Turkmenistan doubled.<ref name=russemigrate>{{cite web|url=https://www.hronikatm.com/2019/07/share-your-stories/|title=Эмиграция. Ваши истории на «Хронике Туркменистана»|work=Хроника Туркменистана|date=20 July 2019|language=ru}}</ref> As one consequence, in 2018 Turkmen authorities began barring some citizens, particularly those younger than 40 years of age, from leaving the country in an apparent effort to stem emigration.<ref name=dw>{{cite web|url=https://p.dw.com/p/30pBk|title=Почему власти Туркмении создают препятствия своим трудовым мигрантам|language=ru|first=Виталий|last=Волков|date=5 July 2018|publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref name=iwpr>{{cite web|url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/rising-emigration-turkmenistan|title=Rising Emigration from Turkmenistan|date=8 October 2012|publisher=Institute for War & Peace Reporting}}</ref><ref name=rferl1>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/escape-from-turkmenistan-almost-2-million-have-fled-but-the-president-won-t-hear-of-it/29987972.html|title=Escape From Turkmenistan: Almost 2 Million Have Fled, But The President Looks The Other Way|date=8 June 2019|first=Farangis|last=Najibullah|publisher=RFE/RL}}</ref><ref name=rferl2>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/turkmenistan-clips-wings-of-citizens-fleeing-economic-woes/29170508.html|title=Turkmenistan Clips Wings of Citizens Fleeing Economic Woes|date=16 April 2018|first=Pete|last=Baumgartner|publisher=RFE/RL}}</ref><ref name=economist>{{cite news|title=Turkmenezuela-Turkmenistan finds a novel solution to mass emigration-It is simply stopping people from leaving|date=5 July 2018|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2018/07/05/turkmenistan-finds-a-novel-solution-to-mass-emigration}}</ref>

A once-in-a-decade national census was conducted 17–27 December 2022. Opposition media reported that many people claimed not to have been interviewed by census workers, or that census workers merely telephoned respondents, and did not visit them to count residents.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2023 |title=Тайная перепись. Как в Туркменистане прошло важнейшее статистическое исследование |language=ru |publisher=[[Turkmen.News]] |url=https://turkmen.news/tajnaya-perepis-kak-v-turkmenistane-proshlo-vazhnejshee-statisticheskoe-issledovanie/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114014723/https://turkmen.news/tajnaya-perepis-kak-v-turkmenistane-proshlo-vazhnejshee-statisticheskoe-issledovanie/ |archive-date=14 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkmenistan: Deaths of despair {{!}} Eurasianet |url=https://eurasianet.org/turkmenistan-deaths-of-despair |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185726/https://eurasianet.org/turkmenistan-deaths-of-despair |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=eurasianet.org |language=en}}</ref> According to the results of the 2022 census, the results of which were published in July 2023, the population of Turkmenistan was 7,057,841.<ref>{{citation| url=https://tdh.gov.tm/ru/post/36778/rasshirennoe-zasedanie-kabineta-ministrov-turkmenistana-17 | title=Расширенное заседание Кабинета Министров Туркменистана |date= 14 July 2023 | language=ru |publisher = Туркменистан сегодня}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url=https://turkmenportal.com/tm/blog/64479/ilat-yazuwy--2022-turkmenistanyn-ilaty-7-million-57-mun-841-adama-den-boldy | title=«Ilat ýazuwy — 2022»: Türkmenistanyň ilaty 7 million 57 müň 841 adama deň boldy |language=tk |date=14 July 2023 |publisher=Turkmenportal}}</ref> However, offshore media disputed that figure, with one source claiming it came out of "thin air".<ref name=rferl2022>{{citation | url=https://www.rferl.org/a/turkmenistan-census-fake-numbers-population-decline/32516559.html |title='Out Of Thin Air': Turkmen Unconvinced By New Census Results Amid Severe Population Decline |date=24 July 2023 |publisher=[[RFE/RL]] }}</ref> Official population estimates are likely too high, given known emigration trends.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moya Flynn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YLeAxHLmgR8C&pg=PA15 |title=Migrant Resettlement in the Russian Federation: Reconstructing 'homes' and 'homelands' |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84331-117-1 |page=15 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203123138/https://books.google.com/books?id=YLeAxHLmgR8C&pg=PA15 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Vital statistics==

===UN estimates===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:80pt;"|Period
! style="width:80pt;"|Live births per year
! style="width:80pt;"|Deaths per year
! style="width:80pt;"|Natural change per year
! style="width:80pt;"|CBR<sup>1</sup>
! style="width:80pt;"|CDR<sup>1</sup>
! style="width:80pt;"|NC<sup>1</sup>
! style="width:80pt;"|TFR<sup>1</sup>
! style="width:80pt;"|IMR<sup>1</sup>
|-
| 1950-1955
| style="text-align:right;"|  55 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  21 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  35 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 43.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 16.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 27.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.00
| style="text-align:right;"| 150.0
|-
| 1955-1960
| style="text-align:right;"|  64 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  23 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  41 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 43.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 27.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.02
| style="text-align:right;"| 140.1
|-
| 1960-1965
| style="text-align:right;"|  78 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  24 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  53 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 44.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 30.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.75
| style="text-align:right;"| 130.3
|-
| 1965-1970
| style="text-align:right;"|  77 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  24 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  54 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 38.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 26.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.34
| style="text-align:right;"| 120.4
|-
| 1970-1975
| style="text-align:right;"|  87 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  24 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  63 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 37.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 26.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.19
| style="text-align:right;"| 110.6
|-
| 1975-1980
| style="text-align:right;"|  95 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  26 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  69 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 35.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 25.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.32
| style="text-align:right;"| 100.7
|-
| 1980-1985
| style="text-align:right;"|  107 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  27 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  81 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 35.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 26.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.79
| style="text-align:right;"| 90.9
|-
| 1985-1990
| style="text-align:right;"|  123 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  28 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  95 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 35.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 27.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.55
| style="text-align:right;"| 81.0
|-
| 1990-1995
| style="text-align:right;"|  128 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  34 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  94 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 32.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 24.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.03
| style="text-align:right;"| 75.5
|-
| 1995-2000
| style="text-align:right;"|  106 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  34 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  73 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 25.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 17.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.03
| style="text-align:right;"| 61.3
|-
| 2000-2005
| style="text-align:right;"|  108 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  36 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  72 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 23.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.76
| style="text-align:right;"| 51.7
|-
| 2005-2010
| style="text-align:right;"|  108 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  38 000
| style="text-align:right;"|  70 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 22.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.50
| style="text-align:right;"| 50.5
|-
| 2010-2015
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 21.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.34
| style="text-align:right;"| 
|-
| 2015-2020
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 20.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.22
| style="text-align:right;"| 
|-
| colspan="9"| <sup>1</sup> <small>CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births</small>
|}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |title=The 2015 Revision of World Population Prospects |website=Esa.un.org |access-date=2016-02-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |archive-date=6 May 2011}}</ref>

===Registered births and deaths===
Note that vital statistics were not published after 1994 by TurkmenStat.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
! style="width:80pt;"|Average population
! style="width:80pt;"|Live births
! style="width:80pt;"|Deaths
! style="width:80pt;"|Natural change
! style="width:80pt;"|Crude birth rate (per 1000)
! style="width:80pt;"|Crude death rate (per 1000)
! style="width:80pt;"|Natural change (per 1000)
|-
| 1950
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,211,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 46,335
| style="text-align:right;"| 12,411
| style="text-align:right;"| 33,924
| style="text-align:right;"| 38.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 28.0
|-
| 1951
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,234,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 46,417
| style="text-align:right;"| 12,707
| style="text-align:right;"| 33,710
| style="text-align:right;"| 37.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 27.3
|-
| 1952
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,260,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 49,306
| style="text-align:right;"| 14,775
| style="text-align:right;"| 34,531
| style="text-align:right;"| 39.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 27.4
|-
| 1953
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,290,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 48,482
| style="text-align:right;"| 15,567
| style="text-align:right;"| 32,915
| style="text-align:right;"| 37.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 25.5
|-
| 1954
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,321,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 51,162
| style="text-align:right;"| 14,650
| style="text-align:right;"| 36,512
| style="text-align:right;"| 38.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 27.6
|-
| 1955
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,356,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 55,171
| style="text-align:right;"| 14,075
| style="text-align:right;"| 41,096
| style="text-align:right;"| 40.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 30.3
|-
| 1956
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,390,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 53,528
| style="text-align:right;"| 11,783
| style="text-align:right;"| 41,745
| style="text-align:right;"| 38.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 30.0
|-
| 1957
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,434,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 55,955
| style="text-align:right;"| 10,940
| style="text-align:right;"| 45,015
| style="text-align:right;"| 39.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 31.4
|-
| 1958
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,487,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 59,235
| style="text-align:right;"| 10,987
| style="text-align:right;"| 48,248
| style="text-align:right;"| 39.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 32.4
|-
| 1959
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,539,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 60,430
| style="text-align:right;"| 10,594
| style="text-align:right;"| 49,836
| style="text-align:right;"| 39.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 32.4
|-
| 1960
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,593,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 67,676
| style="text-align:right;"| 10,433
| style="text-align:right;"| 57,243
| style="text-align:right;"| 42.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 35.9
|-
| 1961
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,653,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 67,790
| style="text-align:right;"| 10,841
| style="text-align:right;"| 56,949
| style="text-align:right;"| 41.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 34.5
|-
| 1962
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,713,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 68,725
| style="text-align:right;"| 11,772
| style="text-align:right;"| 56,953
| style="text-align:right;"| 40.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 33.2
|-
| 1963
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,773,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 70,005
| style="text-align:right;"| 11,098
| style="text-align:right;"| 58,907
| style="text-align:right;"| 39.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 33.2
|-
| 1964
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,833,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 69,777
| style="text-align:right;"| 11,623
| style="text-align:right;"| 58,154
| style="text-align:right;"| 38.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 31.8
|-
| 1965
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,890,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 70,258
| style="text-align:right;"| 13,152
| style="text-align:right;"| 57,106
| style="text-align:right;"| 37.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 30.2
|-
| 1966
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,943,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 73,109
| style="text-align:right;"| 13,036
| style="text-align:right;"| 60,073
| style="text-align:right;"| 37.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 30.9
|-
| 1967
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,001,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 71,062
| style="text-align:right;"| 14,043
| style="text-align:right;"| 57,019
| style="text-align:right;"| 35.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 28.5
|-
| 1968
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,061,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 73,470
| style="text-align:right;"| 14,223
| style="text-align:right;"| 59,247
| style="text-align:right;"| 35.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 28.7
|-
| 1969
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,124,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 72,892
| style="text-align:right;"| 14,754
| style="text-align:right;"| 58,138
| style="text-align:right;"| 34.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 27.4
|-
| 1970
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,188,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 77,080
| style="text-align:right;"| 14,370
| style="text-align:right;"| 62,710
| style="text-align:right;"| 35.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 28.6
|-
| 1971
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,251,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 78,357
| style="text-align:right;"| 15,031
| style="text-align:right;"| 63,326
| style="text-align:right;"| 34.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 28.1
|-
| 1972
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,315,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 78,841
| style="text-align:right;"| 16,680
| style="text-align:right;"| 62,161
| style="text-align:right;"| 34.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 26.8
|-
| 1973
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,380,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 82,111
| style="text-align:right;"| 17,336
| style="text-align:right;"| 64,775
| style="text-align:right;"| 34.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 27.2
|-
| 1974
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,449,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 84,607
| style="text-align:right;"| 17,766
| style="text-align:right;"| 66,841
| style="text-align:right;"| 34.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 27.3
|-
| 1975
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,520,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 87,369
| style="text-align:right;"| 19,876
| style="text-align:right;"| 67,493
| style="text-align:right;"| 34.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 26.8
|-
| 1976
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,588,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 90,765
| style="text-align:right;"| 20,040
| style="text-align:right;"| 70,725
| style="text-align:right;"| 35.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 27.4
|-
| 1977
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,655,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 91,826
| style="text-align:right;"| 20,801
| style="text-align:right;"| 71,025
| style="text-align:right;"| 34.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 26.8
|-
| 1978
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,724,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 93,798
| style="text-align:right;"| 21,847
| style="text-align:right;"| 71,951
| style="text-align:right;"| 34.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 26.4
|-
| 1979
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,792,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 97,511
| style="text-align:right;"| 21,583
| style="text-align:right;"| 75,928
| style="text-align:right;"| 34.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 27.2
|-
| 1980
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,861,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 98,069
| style="text-align:right;"| 23,863
| style="text-align:right;"| 74,206
| style="text-align:right;"| 34.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 25.9
|-
| 1981
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,931,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 100,627
| style="text-align:right;"| 24,883
| style="text-align:right;"| 75,744
| style="text-align:right;"| 34.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 25.8
|-
| 1982
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,003,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 104,340
| style="text-align:right;"| 23,984
| style="text-align:right;"| 80,356
| style="text-align:right;"| 34.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 26.8
|-
| 1983
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,076,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 108,171
| style="text-align:right;"| 26,015
| style="text-align:right;"| 82,156
| style="text-align:right;"| 35.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 26.7
|-
| 1984
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,151,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 111,083
| style="text-align:right;"| 25,760
| style="text-align:right;"| 85,323
| style="text-align:right;"| 35.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 27.1
|-
| 1985
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,229,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 116,285
| style="text-align:right;"| 26,080
| style="text-align:right;"| 90,205
| style="text-align:right;"| 36.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 27.9
|-
| 1986
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,310,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 122,337
| style="text-align:right;"| 27,865
| style="text-align:right;"| 94,472
| style="text-align:right;"| 37.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 28.5
|-
| 1987
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,393,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 126,787
| style="text-align:right;"| 26,802
| style="text-align:right;"| 99,985
| style="text-align:right;"| 37.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 29.5
|-
| 1988
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,479,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 125,887
| style="text-align:right;"| 27,317
| style="text-align:right;"| 98,570
| style="text-align:right;"| 36.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 28.3
|-
| 1989
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,571,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 124,992
| style="text-align:right;"| 27,609
| style="text-align:right;"| 97,383
| style="text-align:right;"| 35.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 27.3
|-
| 1990
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,668,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 125,343
| style="text-align:right;"| 25,755
| style="text-align:right;"| 99,588
| style="text-align:right;"| 34.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 27.2
|-
| 1991
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,772,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 126,248
| style="text-align:right;"| 27,403
| style="text-align:right;"| 98,845
| style="text-align:right;"| 33.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 26.2
|-
| 1992
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,883,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 131,034
| style="text-align:right;"| 27,509
| style="text-align:right;"| 103,525
| style="text-align:right;"| 33.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 26.7
|-
| 1993
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,993,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 130,708
| style="text-align:right;"| 31,171
| style="text-align:right;"| 99,537
| style="text-align:right;"| 32.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 24.9
|-
| 1994
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,096,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 129,700
| style="text-align:right;"| 32,067
| style="text-align:right;"| 97,633
| style="text-align:right;"| 31.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 23.8
|-
| 1995
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 130,200
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
|-
| 1996
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 125,400
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
|-
| 1997
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 126,200
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
|-
| 1998
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 121,900
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
|-
| 1999
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 120,100
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
|-
| 2000
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 119,665
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
|-
| 2001
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 115,400
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
|-
| 2002
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 111,039
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
|-
| 2003
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 111,900
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"|
|-
| 2004
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 115,119
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"|
|-
| 2005
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 116,209
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"|
|-
| 2006
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 116,542
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"|
|-
| 2007
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 103,700
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"|
|-
| 2008
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 114,900
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"|
|-
| 2009
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 129,900
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"|
|-
| 2010
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 144,600
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"|
|}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm#2001 |title=United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics |website=Unstats.un.org |access-date=2016-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr_ed_1935.php |script-title=ru:Естественное движение населения республик СССР, 1935 |trans-title=Natural population growth of the Republics of the USSR, 1935 |language=ru |publisher=Demoscope.ru |access-date=31 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125545/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr_ed_1935.php |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>

===Demographic and Health Surveys===
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR130/FR130.pdf|title=Turkmenistan : 2000 Demographic and Health Survey |website=Dhsprogram.com |access-date=2016-02-14}}</ref>
[[File:Life expectancy in Turkmenistan.svg|thumb|[[Life expectancy]] in Turkmenistan since 1950]]
[[File:Life expectancy by WBG -Turkmenistan -diff.png|thumb|Life expectancy in Turkmenistan since 1960 by gender]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2| Year
! colspan=2| Total
! colspan=2| Urban
! colspan=2| Rural
|-
! CBR !! TFR
! CBR !! TFR
! CBR !! TFR
|-
| 2000
| style="text-align:right;"| 24.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.89 (2.66)
| style="text-align:right;"| 20.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.46 (2.29)
| style="text-align:right;"| 28.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.30 (3.00)
|}

=== Life expectancy ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Period
!Life expectancy in<br />Years
!Period
!Life expectancy in<br />Years
|-
|1950–1955
|51.3
|1985–1990
|62.8
|-
|1955–1960
|53.4
|1990–1995
|62.7
|-
|1960–1965
|55.5
|1995–2000
|63.2
|-
|1965–1970
|57.6
|2000–2005
|64.2
|-
|1970–1975
|59.2
|2005–2010
|65.8
|-
|1975–1980
|60.2
|2010–2015
|67.3
|-
|1980–1985
|61.8
|
|
|}
Source: ''UN World Population Prospects''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|access-date=2017-07-15}}</ref>

==Ethnic groups==
The table shows the ethnic composition of Turkmenistan's population (in percent) between 1926 and 2022.<ref name=census/> There has been a sharp decline in the Slavic ethnic groups (Russians and Ukrainians) and also Kazakhs and Tatars since independence (as captured in the 1979 and 1995 censuses). Uzbeks are now the second largest ethnic group in Turkmenistan, with Russians relegated to the third place. According to data announced in Ashgabat in February 2001, 91% of the population are Turkmen, 3% are Uzbeks, and 2% are Russians. Between 1989 and 2001 the number of Turkmen in Turkmenistan doubled (from 2.5 to 4.9 million), while the number of Russians dropped by two-thirds (from 334,000 to slightly over 100,000).<ref>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/037/evro010.php Ethnic composition of Turkmenistan in 2001], ''Demoscope Weekly'', No. 37-38, 8–21 October 2001.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
'''Population of Turkmenistan according to ethnic group 1926–2022'''
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! rowspan="2" | Ethnic<br />group
! colspan="2" | census 1926<sup>1</sup>
! colspan="2" | census 1939<sup>2</sup>
! colspan="2" | census 1959<sup>3</sup>
! colspan="2" | census 1970<sup>4</sup>
! colspan="2" | census 1979<sup>5</sup>
! colspan="2" | census 1989<sup>6</sup>
! colspan="2" | census 1995<sup>7</sup>
! colspan="2" | census 2022<sup>8</sup>
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
|-
| [[Turkmens]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 719,792
| style="text-align:right;"| 71.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 741,488
| style="text-align:right;"| 59.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 923,724
| style="text-align:right;"| 60.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,416,700
| style="text-align:right;"| 65.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,891,695
| style="text-align:right;"| 68.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,536,606
| style="text-align:right;"| 72.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,403,639
| style="text-align:right;"| 76.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,120,854
| style="text-align:right;"| 86.7
|-
| [[Uzbeks]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 104,971
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 107,451
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 125,231
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 179,498
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 233,730
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 317,333
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 408,259
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 642,476
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.1
|-
| [[Russians in Turkmenistan|Russians]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 75,357
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 232,924
| style="text-align:right;"| 18.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 262,701
| style="text-align:right;"| 17.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 313,079
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 349,170
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 333,892
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 297,319
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 114,447
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.6
|-
| [[Baloch of Turkmenistan|Balochi]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 9,974
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,396
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,626
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 12,374
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 18,584
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 28,280
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 36,428
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 87,503
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.2
|-
| [[Azerbaijanis in Turkmenistan|Azerbaijanis]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 4,229
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 7,442
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 12,868
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 16,775
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 23,548
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 33,365
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 36,586
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 26,576
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.4
|-
| [[Armenians]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 13,859
| style="text-align:right;" | 1.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 15,996
| style="text-align:right;" | 1.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 19,696
| style="text-align:right;" | 1.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 23,054
| style="text-align:right;" | 1.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 26,605
| style="text-align:right;" | 1.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 31,829
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 33,638
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 14,711
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.2
|-
| [[Kazakhs]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 9,471
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 61,397
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 69,522
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 68,519
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 79,539
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 87,802
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 88,752
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 11,825
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.2
|-
| [[Tatars]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,769
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 19,517
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 29,946
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 36,457
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 40,432
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 39,277
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 35,501
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,643
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.1
|-
| [[Ukrainians]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,877
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 21,778
| style="text-align:right;" | 1.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 20,955
| style="text-align:right;" | 1.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 35,398
| style="text-align:right;" | 1.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 37,118
| style="text-align:right;" | 1.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 35,578
| style="text-align:right;" | 1.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 23,064
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,566
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.0
|-
| Others
| style="text-align:right;"| 51,615
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 38,494
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 44,106
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 57,026
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 64,327
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 78,755
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 71,168
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 28,220
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.4
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! style="text-align:left;"| Total
! colspan="2" | 1,000,914
! colspan="2" | 1,251,883
! colspan="2" | 1,516,375
! colspan="2" | 2,158,880
! colspan="2" | 2,764,848
! colspan="2" | 3,522,717
! colspan="2" | 4,434,354
! colspan="2" | 7,057,841
|-
| colspan="19" | <small><sup>1</sup> Source: [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr_nac_26.php]. <sup>2</sup> Source: [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr_nac_39.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121221160751/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr_nac_39.php |date=21 December 2012 }}. <sup>3</sup> Source: [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_59.php]. <sup>4</sup> Source: [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_70.php]. <sup>5</sup> Source: [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_79.php]. <sup>6</sup> Source: [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php]. <sup>7</sup> Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130313015500/http://asgabat.net/turkmenistan/itogi-vseobschei-perepisi-naselenija-turkmenistana-po-nacionalnomu-sostavu-v-1995-godu.html] <sup>8</sup> Source: [https://www.stat.gov.tm/en/population-census]</small>
|}

=== Azerbaijanis in Turkmenistan ===
{{Main|Azerbaijanis in Turkmenistan}}
The significant presence of [[Azerbaijanis]] in Turkmenistan dates from the early twentieth century. A massive influx of Azerbaijanis migrated to Turkmenistan due to the devastating [[1902 Shamakhi earthquake]].

[[Bey]]ler of Shamakhi settled mainly in [[Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan|Krasnovodsk]] and Ashgabad (now known as Turkmenbashi and Ashgabat respectively). The Beyler's wealth spurred a big "investment boom" in [[Turkestan]] (Turkmenistan). Beyler began to build new buildings by using modernized technological equipment. In a short time, a large number of hotels, houses, teahouses, caravanserais, mosques, madrasas, schools, and theaters were built.

Azerbaijanis were also involved in the fight against the [[Bolsheviks]]. Azerbaijanis were found among the [[Basmachi movement|Basmachi]] fighters led by [[Enver Pasha]], and some helped finance the movement. For decades, the fight against the colonial policy of Bolsheviks failed. Most of the members of Basmachi movement were killed in the battles of the independence of Turkestan, the other part were exiled to labor camps of [[Gulag]].

During the 70 years of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] rule, Azerbaijani Bays and warriors were declared as a national enemy and their names were erased from history books. Today they have been rehabilitated.

At the period of the collapse of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], 36,000 Azerbaijanis lived in Turkmenistan, now their population has reached over 52,000.

While living in Turkmenistan, Azerbaijanis have contributed to the culture and art of the country. Musical instruments such as Gaval, [[Nagara (drum)|Nagara]], [[Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)|Tar]], [[Bağlama|Saz]] and [[Kamancheh]] have gained popularity in Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijani dishes like [[dovga]], syabzi-frying, and sweet rice have become favorite dishes of Turkmenistanis. Today, the Azerbaijani community of Turkmenistan has its own mosques, musicians, and dancers.

Some famous Azerbaijanis from Turkmenistan are: the chief of Baku City Executive Power [[Hajibala Abutalybov|Hajibala Abutalibov]], [[Elnur Huseynov]] who represented Azerbaijan twice in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] and the winner of [[The Voice of Turkey]], singer [[Natavan Habibi]], a well-known geologist [[Shamil Azizbayov]], film director Ajdar Ibrahimov, national heroes of Azerbaijan [[Fakhraddin Musayev]] and Tahir Bagirov, the first woman in the oil industry, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1959 to 1983. [[Tahira Tahirova]] also was born in Turkmenistan.<ref name="CBS">{{cite journal |last1=Guseynov |first1=Farhadbey |last2=Nazarov |first2=Bahruz |title=Turkmenistan azerbaijanis |journal=Oil and Industry |date=6 April 2017 |page=62,63 |url=http://www.asoiu.edu.az/az |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-date=10 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410051342/http://www.asoiu.edu.az/az |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Religion==
{{Main|Religion in Turkmenistan}}
*[[Islam in Turkmenistan|Islam]] 95.8%
*[[Christianity]] 1.1%
*[[Irreligion|No Religion]] 3.0%
*Other Religions 0.1% (2020 est.)<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Profiles {{!}} World Religion |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=227c |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=The Association of Religion Data Archives (the ARDA) |language=en-gb}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Demography of Central Asia]]
* [[Religion in Turkmenistan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ethnic groups in Turkmenistan}}
{{Asia in topic|Demographics of}}
{{Asia topic|Ethnic groups in}}

[[Category:Demographics of Turkmenistan| ]]
[[Category:Demographics of Asia by country]]