Editing Demographics of Thailand

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox place demographics|place=[[Thailand]]|image=File:Thailand single age population pyramid 2020.png|image_size=350|size_of_population=66,052,615 (December 2023)|nation=Thai|major_ethnic=|growth={{decrease}} −0.14 (2022 est.)|birth=7.0 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)|death=8.7 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)|net_migration=−0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population|age_0–14_years=16.87%
|age_15–64_years=71.20%
|age_65_years=11.93%|sr_at_birth=1.05 male(s)/female|total_mf_ratio=0.95 male(s)/female (2022 est.)|infant_mortality=6.47 deaths/1,000 live births|life=77.66 years|life_male=74.65 years|life_female=80.83 years|fertility=0.9 children per woman (2024 est.)}}

The demographics of [[Thailand]] paint a statistical portrait of the national population. [[Demography]] includes such measures as [[population density]] and distribution, [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]], educational levels, public health metrics, fertility, economic status, religious affiliation, and other characteristics of the populace.

== Population size and structure ==
[[File:Population development in Thailand.jpg|thumb|450px|Thailand's population (1951–2015).]]

===Population===
The population of Thailand is approximately 69.7 million people, with an annual growth rate of about 0.3 percent. In addition to Thais, it includes ethnic Chinese, Malay, Lao, Burmese, Cambodians, and Indians, among others. The 2010 decennial census revealed a population of 65,981,600 (up from 60,916,441 in 2000). Post-census adjustments are being made to lower reporting errors.

Thailand's population is mostly rural. It is concentrated in the rice growing areas of the central, northeastern, and northern regions. Its urban population—principally in greater Bangkok—was 45.7 percent of the total population in 2010 according to [[National Economic and Social Development Board]] (NESDB). Accurate statistics are difficult to arrive at, as millions of Thai migrate from rural areas to cities, then return to their place of origin to help with seasonal field work. Officially they have rural residency, but spend most of the year in urban areas.{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}}

Thailand's successful government-sponsored [[family planning]] program has resulted in a decline in population growth from 3.1 percent in 1960 to around 0.4 percent in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thailand Population Growth Rate 1950–2021|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/THA/thailand/population-growth-rate|access-date=2021-03-09|website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> The [[World Bank]] forecasts a contraction of the working-age population of about 10 percent between 2010 and 2040.<ref name=WB-2016 />{{RP|4,6}} In 1970, an average of 5.7 people lived in a Thai household. At the time of the 2010 census, the figure was down to 3.2. Even though Thailand has one of the better social security systems in Asia, the increasing population of elderly people is a challenge for the country.<ref name=WB-2016>{{cite book|title=Live Long and Prosper; Aging in East Asia and Pacific|date=2016|publisher=World Bank|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-4648-0470-0|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/23133/9781464804694.pdf|access-date=18 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Dombrowski|first1=Katja|title=Modernity has arrived|url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/population-growth-thailand-close-zero-and-average-age-across-nation-rising|access-date=2015-01-05|website=D+C Development and Cooperation|date=2013-10-03}}</ref>

[[Life expectancy]] has risen, a reflection of Thailand's efforts to implement effective public health policies. The Thai [[AIDS]] epidemic had a major impact on the Thai population. In 2022, over 500,000 Thai were HIV or AIDS positive, approximately 1.1% of adult men and 0.9% of adult women. Every year, 30,000–50,000 Thai die from HIV or AIDS-related illnesses. Ninety percent of them are ages 20–24, the youngest range of the workforce. An aggressive public education campaign begun in the early-1990s reduced the number of new HIV infections from 150,000 to under 10,000 annually.<ref name="UNAIDS-2016">{{cite web|title=Country Factsheets: Thailand, 2016|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/thailand|website=[[UNAIDS]]|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref>
The leading cause of death among the age cohort under 15 years of age: drowning. A study by the Child Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Centre of [[Ramathibodi Hospital]] revealed that more than 1,400 youths under 15 years old died from drowning each year, or an average four deaths a day, becoming the top cause of deaths of children, even exceeding that of motorbike deaths. Thailand's Disease Control Department estimates that only 23 percent of Thai children under 15 can swim.<ref>{{cite news|title=More parents send children to learn swimming as drowning topping cause of deaths among youths under 15|url=http://englishnews.thaipbs.or.th/more-parents-send-children-to-learn-swimming-as-drowning-topping-cause-of-deaths-among-youths-under-15-2|access-date=28 Mar 2015|work=ThaiPBS|date=2015-03-16|archive-date=2015-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326033733/http://englishnews.thaipbs.or.th/more-parents-send-children-to-learn-swimming-as-drowning-topping-cause-of-deaths-among-youths-under-15-2|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Public Health (Thailand)|Public Health Ministry]] said that from 2006 to 2015, 10,923 children drowned. Of the 8.3 million children aged 5–14 nationwide, only two million can swim, according to the Public Health Ministry.<ref>{{cite news|title=Water tops child killer list|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1038773/water-tops-child-killer-list|access-date=19 July 2016|work=Bangkok Post|date=19 July 2016}}</ref>

The [[United Nations]] classifies Thailand as an "aging society" (one-tenth of the population above 60), on track to become an "aged society" (one-fifth of the population above 60) by 2025. The [[Ministry of Finance (Thailand)#Dependent departments|Fiscal Policy Office]] projects that the number of Thais aged 60-plus will increase from 14 percent in 2016 to 17.5 percent in 2020, 21.2 percent in 2025, and 25.2 percent in 2030.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Paweewun|first1=Oranan|last2=Sirimai|first2=Pawee|title=Resetting the economy|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/news/1132489/resetting-the-economy|access-date=12 November 2016|work=Bangkok Post|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> {{As of|2016}} it is estimated that there are 94,000 employees aged 60 years or more in the workforce.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Theparat|first1=Chatrudee|title=Somkid presses for Thailand 4.0 labour reforms|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/news/1135549/somkid-presses-for-thailand-4-0-labour-reforms|access-date=15 November 2016|work=Bangkok Post|date=15 November 2016}}</ref>

{{GraphChart
| width = 420
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=year
| yAxisTitle= million
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022

| y1= 57.8, 58.3, 59.1, 59.5, 60.1, 60.8, 61.5, 61.7, 61.9, 62.3, 62.8, 63.1, 62, 62.4, 62.8, 63, 63.4, 63.5, 63.9, 64.1, 64.5, 64.5, 65.1, 65.7, 65.9, 66.2, 66.4, 66.6, 66.2, 66.2, 66.1

| y1Title= population (million)

}}
{{GraphChart
| width = 550
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= ‰
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| hAnnotatonsLine=0
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

| y1= 16.2, 14.5, 14.4, 13.9, 12.2, 11.8, 11.9, 12.5, 12.3, 12.0, 11.6, 11.1, 10.7, 10.1,9.8, 9.6, 6.4, 6.6, 6.7, 6.4, 5.7, 6.7, 6.6, 6.5, 6.4, 6.1, 5.9, 5.5, 5.7, 5.7, 5.0, 4.2, 4.3, 3.4, 3.5, 2.9, 1.7, 1.3, −0.3, −1.4

| y1Title=Natural change (per 1000)
}}

{{GraphChart
| width = 550
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= TFR
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| hAnnotatonsLine=2.1
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| legend=
| type = line

| x = 1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022

| y1= 3.02, 2.70, 2.57, 2.45, 2.35, 2.26, 2.18, 2.11, 2.06, 1.98, 1.89, 1.84, 1.81, 1.85, 1.69, 1.69, 1.51, 1.53, 1.54, 1.53, 1.47, 1.55, 1.55, 1.53, 1.54, 1.51, 1.47, 1.49, 1.55, 1.56, 1.46, 1.41, 1.45, 1.39, 1.38, 1.36, 1.25, 1.18, 1.09, 1.0

| y1Title=Total Fertility Rate
}}

===Age structure===
{{Hidden begin
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2012) (Unrevised data.)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook |website=UN Data |publisher=United Nations |access-date=4 December 2015}}</ref>
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 33 328 645
| align="right" | 34 583 075
| align="right" | 67 911 720
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 2 041 071
| align="right" | 1 938 793
| align="right" | 3 979 864
| align="right" | 5.86
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 2 353 198
| align="right" | 2 270 890
| align="right" | 4 624 088
| align="right" | 6.81
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 2 438 774
| align="right" | 2 327 414
| align="right" | 4 766 188
| align="right" | 7.02
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 2 593 629
| align="right" | 2 473 402
| align="right" | 5 067 031
| align="right" | 7.46
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 2 673 846
| align="right" | 2 563 359
| align="right" | 5 237 205
| align="right" | 7.71
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 2 673 201
| align="right" | 2 588 947
| align="right" | 5 262 148
| align="right" | 7.75
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 2 683 015
| align="right" | 2 637 945
| align="right" | 5 320 960
| align="right" | 7.84
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 2 673 404
| align="right" | 2 759 416
| align="right" | 5 432 820
| align="right" | 8.00
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 2 672 891
| align="right" | 2 870 531
| align="right" | 5 543 422
| align="right" | 8.16
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 2 574 423
| align="right" | 2 769 676
| align="right" | 5 344 099
| align="right" | 7.87
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 2 315 177
| align="right" | 2 503 566
| align="right" | 4 818 743
| align="right" | 7.10
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 1 854 719
| align="right" | 2 052 030
| align="right" | 3 906 749
| align="right" | 5.75
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 1 347 251
| align="right" | 1 534 691
| align="right" | 2 881 942
| align="right" | 4.24
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 963 728
| align="right" | 1 154 984
| align="right" | 2 118 712
| align="right" | 3.12
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 695 434
| align="right" | 908 033
| align="right" | 1 603 467
| align="right" | 2.36
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 451 737
| align="right" | 659 684
| align="right" | 1 111 421
| align="right" | 1.64
|-
| align="right" | 80+
| align="right" | 323 147
| align="right" | 569 714
| align="right" | 892 861
| align="right" | 1.31
|-
! width="50"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 6 833 043
| align="right" | 6 537 097
| align="right" | 13 370 140
| align="right" | 19.69
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 24 061 556
| align="right" | 24 753 563
| align="right" | 48 815 119
| align="right" | 71.88
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 2 434 046
| align="right" | 3 292 415
| align="right" | 5 726 461
| align="right" | 8.43
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

{{Hidden begin
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Data refer to national projections.): <ref>{{cite web | url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2020/ | title=UNSD—Demographic and Social Statistics}}</ref>
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 32 128 245
| align="right" | 34 406 439
| align="right" | 66 534 684
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 1 820 722
| align="right" | 1 738 061
| align="right" | 3 558 783
| align="right" | 5.35
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 1 928 856
| align="right" | 1 842 729
| align="right" | 3 771 584
| align="right" | 5.67
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 1 994 908
| align="right" | 1 899 797
| align="right" | 3 894 705
| align="right" | 5.85
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 2 173 180
| align="right" | 2 087 943
| align="right" | 4 261 123
| align="right" | 6.40
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 2 318 425
| align="right" | 2 248 622
| align="right" | 4 567 047
| align="right" | 6.86
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 2 328 514
| align="right" | 2 291 449
| align="right" | 4 619 964
| align="right" | 6.94
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 2 195 078
| align="right" | 2 192 481
| align="right" | 4 387 559
| align="right" | 6.59
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 2 285 522
| align="right" | 2 332 154
| align="right" | 4 617 676
| align="right" | 6.94
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 2 519 395
| align="right" | 2 633 740
| align="right" | 5 153 134
| align="right" | 7.75
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 2 556 501
| align="right" | 2 723 677
| align="right" | 5 280 178
| align="right" | 7.94
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 2 605 281
| align="right" | 2 844 482
| align="right" | 5 449 763
| align="right" | 8.19
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 2 320 628
| align="right" | 2 612 319
| align="right" | 4 932 947
| align="right" | 7.41
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 1 879 079
| align="right" | 2 222 128
| align="right" | 4 101 207
| align="right" | 6.16
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 1 397 242
| align="right" | 1 777 088
| align="right" | 3 174 330
| align="right" | 4.77
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 855 143
| align="right" | 1 207 640
| align="right" | 2 062 783
| align="right" | 3.10
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 508 729
| align="right" | 825 715
| align="right" | 1 334 444
| align="right" | 2.01
|-
| align="right" | 80–84
| align="right" | 269 850
| align="right" | 508 932
| align="right" | 778 781
| align="right" | 1.17
|-
| align="right" | 85–89
| align="right" | 126 009
| align="right" | 284 038
| align="right" | 410 047
| align="right" | 0.62
|-
| align="right" | 90–94
| align="right" | 37 824
| align="right" | 103 801
| align="right" | 141 625
| align="right" | 0.21
|-
| align="right" | 95–99
| align="right" | 6 640
| align="right" | 25 425
| align="right" | 32 066
| align="right" | 0.05
|-
| align="right" | 100+
| align="right" | 719
| align="right" | 4 219
| align="right" | 4 938
| align="right" | 0.01
|-
! width="50"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 5 744 486
| align="right" | 5 480 587
| align="right" | 11 225 073
| align="right" | 16.87
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 23 181 603
| align="right" | 24 188 994
| align="right" | 47 370 597
| align="right" | 71.20
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 3 202 156
| align="right" | 4 736 858
| align="right" | 7 939 014
| align="right" | 11.93
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

==Vital statistics==
===Registered births and deaths===
Although the UN classifies the birth and death registration of the National Statistics Office as incomplete the figures below clearly show the decreasing fertility in Thailand since the end of the 1950s. As of 2024 natural growth in Thailand is negative, which means that the number of deaths exceeds the number of births.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
! style="width:50pt;"| Year
! style="width:50pt;"| Population<ref name=NSO-2013>{{cite web|title=Population from Registration Record by Sex, 1988–2012|url=http://web.nso.go.th/en/pub/e_book/YEARBOOK_2013/#/75/zoomed|website=Statistical Yearbook Thailand 2013|publisher=National Statistical Office Thailand|access-date=17 Feb 2015|archive-date=1 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401215757/http://web.nso.go.th/en/pub/e_book/YEARBOOK_2013/#/75/zoomed|url-status=dead}}</ref>
! style="width:50pt;"| Live births
! style="width:50pt;"| Deaths
! style="width:50pt;"| Natural change
! style="width:50pt;"| Crude birth rate (per 1000)
! style="width:50pt;"| Crude death rate (per 1000)
! style="width:50pt;"| Natural change (per 1000)
! style="width:50pt;"| Total Fertility Rate
|-
|1957
|24,148,000
|777,436
|218,124
|559,294
|32.2
|9.0
|23.2
|
|-
|1958
|24,873,000
|970,155
|208,866
|761,289
|39.0
|8.4
|30.6
|
|-
|1959
|25,619,000
|801,380
|style="color: blue" |206,129
|595,254
|31.3
|8.0
|23.3
|
|-
|1960
|26,388,000
|915,538
|221,853
|693,685
|34.7
|8.4
|26.3
|
|-
|1961
|
|813,805
|210,709
|603,096
|
|
|
|
|-
|1962
|
|973,634
|221,157
|752,477
|
|
|
|
|-
|1963
|
|1,020,051
|233,192
|786,859
|
|
|
|
|-
|1964
|
|1,119,715
|231,095
|888,620
|
|
|
|
|-
|1965
|
|1,117,698
|216,830
|900,868
|
|
|
|
|-
|1966
|
|1,085,594
|236,243
|849,351
|
|
|
|
|-
|1967
|
|1,116,424
|230,622
|855,802
|
|
|
|
|-
|1968
|
|1,200,131
|232,116
|968,015
|
|
|
|
|-
|1969
|
|1,133,526
|243,444
|890,082
|
|
|
|
|-
|1970
|39,100,000
|1,145,293
|223,899
|921,394
|
|
|
|
|-
|1971
|39,760,000
| style="color: blue" | 1,221,228
|227,990
| style="color: blue" | 992,238
|
|
|
|
|-
|1972
|40,420,000
|1,189,950
|248,676
|941,274
|
|
|
|
|-
|1973
|41,080,000
|1,167,272
|293,151
|874,121
|
|
|
|
|-
|1974
|41,740,000
|1,185,869
|246,459
|939,410
|
|
|
|
|-
|1975
|42,400,000
|1,132,416
|234,550
|897,966
|
|
|
|
|-
|1976
|43,213,706
|1,166,292
|237,062
|929,230
|27.0
|5.5
|21.5
| style="color: blue" | 4.15
|-
|1977
|44,272,693
|1,079,331
|236,854
|842,477
|24.3
|5.3
|19.0
| style="color: blue" | 3.90
|-
|1978
|45,221,625
|1,040,218
|241,146
|799,072
|23.0
|5.3
|17.7
| style="color: blue" | 3.66
|-
|1979
|46,113,756
|1,073,436
|214,111
|859,325
|23.2
|4.6
|18.6
| style="color: blue" | 3.51
|-
|1980
|46,961,338
|1,077,300
|247,970
|729,320
|22.9
|5.3
|17.6
| style="color: blue" | 3.36
|-
|1981
|47,875,002
|1,062,238
|239,423
|822,815
|22.2
|5.0
|17.2
| style="color: blue" | 3.18
|-
|1982
|48,846,927
|1,075,632
|247,402
|828,230
|22.0
|5.0
|17.0
| style="color: blue" | 3.00
|-
| 1983
| 49,515,074
| 1,055,802
| 252,592
| 803,210
| style="color:blue;" | 21.3
| 5.1
| style="color: blue" |16.2
| style="color:blue;" |3.02
|-
| style="text-align:right;" | 1984
| style="text-align:right;" | 50,583,105
| style="text-align:right;" | 956,680
| style="text-align:right;" | 225,282
| style="text-align:right;" | 731,398
| style="text-align:right;" | 19.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 4.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 14.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.70
|-
| style="text-align:right;" | 1985
| style="text-align:right;" | 51,795,651
| style="text-align:right;" | 973,624
| style="text-align:right;" | 225,088
| style="text-align:right;" | 748,536
| style="text-align:right;" | 18.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 4.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 14.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.57
|-
| style="text-align:right;" | 1986
| style="text-align:right;" | 52,969,204
| style="text-align:right;" | 945,827
| style="text-align:right;" | 218,025
| style="text-align:right;" | 727,802
| style="text-align:right;" | 18.0
| style="color: blue" | 4.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 13.9
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 2.45
|-
| style="text-align:right;" | 1987
| style="text-align:right;" | 53,873,172
| style="text-align:right;" | 884,043
| style="text-align:right;" | 232,968
| style="text-align:right;" | 651,075
| style="text-align:right;" | 16.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 4.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 12.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 2.35
|-
| style="text-align:right;" | 1988
| style="text-align:right;" | 54,960,917
| style="text-align:right;" | 873,842
| style="text-align:right;" | 231,227
| style="text-align:right;" | 642,615
| style="text-align:right;" | 16.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 4.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 11.8
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 2.26
|-
| style="text-align:right;" | 1989
| style="text-align:right;" | 55,888,393
| style="text-align:right;" | 905,837
| style="text-align:right;" | 246,570
| style="text-align:right;" | 659,267
| style="text-align:right;" | 16.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 4.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 11.9
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 2.18
|-
| style="text-align:right;" | 1990
| style="text-align:right;" | 56,303,273
| style="text-align:right;" | 956,237
| style="text-align:right;" | 252,512
| style="text-align:right;" | 703,725
| style="text-align:right;" | 17.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 4.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 12.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 2.11
|-
| style="text-align:right;" | 1991
| style="text-align:right;" | 56,961,030
| style="text-align:right;" | 960,556
| style="text-align:right;" | 264,350
| style="text-align:right;" | 696,206
| style="text-align:right;" | 17.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 4.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 12.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 2.06
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 1992
| style="text-align:right;"| 57,788,965
| style="text-align:right;"| 964,557
| style="text-align:right;"| 275,313
| style="text-align:right;"| 689,244
| style="text-align:right;"| 16.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.8
| style="text-align:right;"|12.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.98
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 1993
| style="text-align:right;"| 58,336,072
| style="text-align:right;"| 957,832
| style="text-align:right;"| 285,731
| style="text-align:right;"| 672,101
| style="text-align:right;"| 16.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.9
| style="text-align:right;"|11.6
| style="text-align:right;"|1.89
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 1994
| style="text-align:right;"| 59,095,419
| style="text-align:right;"| 960,248
| style="text-align:right;"| 305,526
| style="text-align:right;"| 654,722
| style="text-align:right;"| 16.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.2
| style="text-align:right;"|11.1
| style="text-align:right;"|1.84
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 1995
| style="text-align:right;"| 59,460,382
| style="text-align:right;"| 963,678
| style="text-align:right;"| 324,842
| style="text-align:right;"| 638,836
| style="text-align:right;"| 16.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.7
| style="text-align:right;"|1.81
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 1996
| style="text-align:right;"| 60,116,182
| style="text-align:right;"| 983,395
| style="text-align:right;"| 315,467
| style="text-align:right;"| 667,928
| style="text-align:right;"| 16.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.1
| style="text-align:right;"|1.85
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 1997
| style="text-align:right;"| 60,816,227
| style="text-align:right;"| 880,028
| style="text-align:right;"| 279,090
| style="text-align:right;"| 600,938
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.9
| style="text-align:right;"|1.69
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 1998
| style="text-align:right;"| 61,466,178
| style="text-align:right;"| 862,260
| style="text-align:right;"| 344,210
| style="text-align:right;"| 518,050
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.4
| style="text-align:right;"|1.69
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 1999
| style="text-align:right;"| 61,661,701
| style="text-align:right;"| 774,349
| style="text-align:right;"| 315,550
| style="text-align:right;"| 382,271
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.4
| style="text-align:right;"|1.51
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2000
| style="text-align:right;"| 61,878,746
| style="text-align:right;"| 773,009
| style="text-align:right;"| 365,741
| style="text-align:right;"| 407,268
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.6
| style="text-align:right;"|1.53
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2001
| style="text-align:right;"| 62,308,887
| style="text-align:right;"| 790,425
| style="text-align:right;"| 369,493
| style="text-align:right;"| 420,932
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.7
| style="text-align:right;"|1.54
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2002
| style="text-align:right;"| 62,799,872
| style="text-align:right;"| 782,911
| style="text-align:right;"| 380,364
| style="text-align:right;"| 402,547
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.4
| style="text-align:right;"|1.53
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2003
| style="text-align:right;"| 63,079,765
| style="text-align:right;"| 742,183
| style="text-align:right;"| 384,131
| style="text-align:right;"| 358,052
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.7
| style="text-align:right;"|1.47
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2004
| style="text-align:right;"| 61,973,621*
| style="text-align:right;"| 813,069
| style="text-align:right;"| 393,592
| style="text-align:right;"| 419,477
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.7
| style="text-align:right;"|1.55
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2005
| style="text-align:right;"| 62,418,054
| style="text-align:right;"| 809,485
| style="text-align:right;"| 395,374
| style="text-align:right;"| 414,111
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.6
| style="text-align:right;"|1.55
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2006
| style="text-align:right;"| 62,828,706
| style="text-align:right;"| 793,623
| style="text-align:right;"| 391,126
| style="text-align:right;"| 402,497
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.5
| style="text-align:right;"|1.53
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2007
| style="text-align:right;"| 63,038,247
| style="text-align:right;"| 797,588
| style="text-align:right;"| 393,255
| style="text-align:right;"| 404,333
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.54
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2008
| style="text-align:right;"| 63,389,730
| style="text-align:right;"| 784,256
| style="text-align:right;"| 397,326
| style="text-align:right;"| 386,930
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.51
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2009
| style="text-align:right;"| 63,525,062
| style="text-align:right;"| 765,047
| style="text-align:right;"| 393,916
| style="text-align:right;"| 371,131
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.47
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2010
| style="text-align:right;"| 63,878,267
| style="text-align:right;"| 761,689
| style="text-align:right;"| 411,331
| style="text-align:right;"| 350,358
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.49
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2011
| style="text-align:right;"| 64,076,033
| style="text-align:right;"| 782,198
| style="text-align:right;"| 414,670
| style="text-align:right;"| 367,528
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.7
| style="text-align:right;"|1.55
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2012
| style="text-align:right;"| 64,456,695
| style="text-align:right;"| 780,975
| style="text-align:right;"| 415,141
| style="text-align:right;"| 365,834
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.7
| style="text-align:right;"|1.56
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2013
| style="text-align:right;"| 64,785,909
| style="text-align:right;"| 748,081
| style="text-align:right;"| 426,065
| style="text-align:right;"| 322,016
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.46
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2014
| style="text-align:right;"| 65,124,716
| style="text-align:right;"| 711,081
| style="text-align:right;"| 435,624
| style="text-align:right;"| 275,457
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.41
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2015<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kijsanayotin |first1=Boonchai |url=http://www.this.or.th/files/77.pdf |title=Review of National Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Systems: A case study of Thailand |last2=Ingun |first2=Pianghatai |last3=Sumputtanon |first3=Kanet |date=Mar 2003 |publisher=Thai Health Information Standards Development Center (THIS) |isbn=978-616-11-1913-3 |location=Bangkok |page=12 |access-date=15 Feb 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125081406/https://www.this.or.th/files/77.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=4. Vital statistics summary and life expectancy at birth: 2010–2014 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2014/Table04.pdf |access-date=26 January 2016 |website=UNstats |publisher=United Nations}}</ref>
| style="text-align:right;"| 65,729,098
| style="text-align:right;"| 679,502
| style="text-align:right;"| 445,964
| style="text-align:right;"| 233,538
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.45
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2016
| style="text-align:right;"| 65,931,550
| style="text-align:right;"| 666,207
| style="text-align:right;"| 469,085
| style="text-align:right;"| 197,122
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.39
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2017<ref name="NESDB-2019">{{cite web |date=11 February 2019 |title=Population, birth and death throughout the Kingdom, 1993 – 2018 |url=http://social.nesdb.go.th/SocialStat/StatReport_Final.aspx?reportid=68&template=2R1C&yeartype=M&subcatid=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904063820/http://social.nesdb.go.th/SocialStat/StatReport_Final.aspx?reportid=68&template=2R1C&yeartype=M&subcatid=1 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |access-date=23 September 2019 |website=National Economic and Social Development Board}}</ref>
| style="text-align:right;"| 66,188,503
| style="text-align:right;"| 656,570
| style="text-align:right;"| 458,010
| style="text-align:right;"| 198,560
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.38
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2018<ref name="NESDB-2019" />
| style="text-align:right;"| 66,413,979
| style="text-align:right;"| 628,450
| style="text-align:right;"| 461,818
| style="text-align:right;"| 166,632
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.36
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Economic and Social Development Council |url=https://www.nesdc.go.th/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=3507 |access-date=3 August 2020 |format=XLS}}</ref>
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 66,558,935
| style="text-align:right;"| 596,736
| style="text-align:right;"| 494,339
| style="text-align:right;"| 102,397
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.25
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2020
| style="text-align:right;"| 66,186,727
| style="text-align:right;"| 569,338
| style="text-align:right;"| 489,717
| style="text-align:right;"| 79,621
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.18
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2021
| style="text-align:right;"| 66,171,439
| style="text-align:right;"| 544,570
| style="text-align:right;"| 563,650
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| −19,080
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.4
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| −0.3
| style="text-align:right; "| 1.16
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2022
| style="text-align:right;"| 66,090,475
| style="text-align:right;"| 502,107
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| 595,965
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| −93,858
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.6
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| 9.0
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| −1.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.07
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2023
| style="text-align:right;"| 66,052,615
| style="text-align:right;"| 517,934
| style="text-align:right;"| 565,992
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| −48,058
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.5
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| −0.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.10(e)
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 2024
| style="text-align:right;"| 65,951,210
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| 462,240
| style="text-align:right;"| 571,646 
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| −109,406
| style="text-align:right; color:red; "| 7.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.7
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| −1.7
| style="text-align:right; color:red;"| 0.98(e)
|}

===Current vital statistics===
<ref>{{cite web |title=Population statistics of the civil registration (monthly) |url=https://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/statMONTH/statmonth/#/mainpage}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-
! Period
! Live births
! Deaths
! Natural increase
|-
| '''January—April 2024'''
| 149,751
| 199,276
| −49,525
|-
| '''January—April 2025'''
| 134,919
| 193,070
| −58,151
|-
| '''Difference'''
| {{decrease}} −14,832 (−9.90%)
| {{decreasepositive}} -6,206 (-3.11%)
| {{decrease}} −8,626
|}

===UN estimates===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|+Statistics for births and deaths: all figures are per year
! style="width:50pt;"|Period
! style="width:60pt;"|Live<br>births
! style="width:60pt;"|Deaths
! style="width:60pt;"|Natural<br>change
! style="width:30pt;"|CBR<sup>1</sup>
! style="width:30pt;"|CDR<sup>1</sup>
! style="width:30pt;"|NC<sup>1</sup>
! style="width:30pt;"|TFR<sup>1</sup>
! style="width:30pt;"|IMR<sup>1</sup>
|-
| 1950–1955
| 940 000
| 344 000
| 596 000
| 42.5
| 15.6
| 27.0
| 6.14
| 130.3
|-
| 1955–1960
| 1 093 000
| 348 000
| 745 000
| 43.0
| 13.7
| 29.3
| 6.14
| 108.7
|-
| 1960–1965
| style="text-align:right;"| 1 249 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 353 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 896 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 42.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 30.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.13
| style="text-align:right;"| 90.5
|-
| 1965–1970
| 1 386 000
| 362 000
| 1 025 000
| 40.4
| 10.5
| 29.8
| 5.99
| 75.5
|-
| 1970–1975
| 1 371 000
| 355 000
| 1 016 000
| 34.6
| 8.9
| 25.6
| 5.05
| 63.2
|-
| 1975–1980
| style="text-align:right;"| 1 297 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 338 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 959 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 28.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 21.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.92
| style="text-align:right;"| 50.4
|-
| 1980–1985
| style="text-align:right;"| 1 201 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 300 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 901 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 24.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 18.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.95
| style="text-align:right;"| 38.9
|-
| 1985–1990
| style="text-align:right;"| 1 113 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 266 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 848 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 20.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.30
| style="text-align:right;"| 29.1
|-
| 1990–1995
| style="text-align:right;"| 1 050 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 313 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 737 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 18.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.99
| style="text-align:right;"| 22.6
|-
| 1995–2000
| style="text-align:right;"| 955 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 373 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 582 000
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.77
| style="text-align:right;"| 18.6
|-
| 2000–2005
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.60
| style="text-align:right;"| 
|-
| 2005–2010
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.56
| style="text-align:right;"| 
|-
| 2010–2015
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.53
| style="text-align:right;"| 
|-
| 2015–2020
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.53
| style="text-align:right;"|
|-style="background:#FFFF80;"
| 2020–2025
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.46
| style="text-align:right;"|
|-style="background:#FFFF80;"
| 2025–2030
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.1
| style="text-align:right;"| −0.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.42
| style="text-align:right;"|

|}
<sup>1</sup> <small>CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births</small>. Sources:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/ |title=Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision}}</ref><br>
Figures highlighted in yellow are projections.

=== Life expectancy at birth ===
[[File:Life expectancy in Thailand.svg|thumb|Life expectancy in Thailand since 1937]]
[[File:Life expectancy by WBG -Thailand -diff.png|thumb|Life expectancy in Thailand since 1960 by gender]]
Average [[life expectancy at birth]] of the total population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations – [Filter:] Thailand|url=https://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=PopDiv&f=variableID%3A68#PopDiv|access-date=2020-12-05|website=esa.un.org}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Period
!Life<br>expectancy<br />(years)
!Period
!Life<br>expectancy<br />(years)
|-
|1950–1955
|50.8
|1985–1990
|69.8
|-
|1955–1960
|53.3
|1990–1995
|70.2
|-
|1960–1965
|56.1
|1995–2000
|70.3
|-
|1965–1970
|58.2
|2000–2005
|71.2
|-
|1970–1975
|60.7
|2005–2010
|73.2
|-
|1975–1980
|63.3
|2010–2015
|75.2
|-
|1980–1985
|65.8
|2015–2020
|76.8
|-
|}

=== Total fertility rate ===
Thailand’s population declined by 100,000 in 2024 to 65.95 million in 2024.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2025 |title=Thailand's population drops below 66 million as births hit 75-year low |url=https://www.khaosodenglish.com/featured/2025/01/17/thailands-population-drops-below-66-million-as-births-hit-75-year-low/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118055652/https://www.khaosodenglish.com/featured/2025/01/17/thailands-population-drops-below-66-million-as-births-hit-75-year-low/ |archive-date=18 Jan 2025 |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=Khaosod}}</ref> Annual births fell below 500,000 for the first time since 1949.<ref name=":1" /> In 2024, 462,240 births versus 571,646 deaths were recorded.<ref name=":1" /> Thailand’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) declined to 1.0, which is lower than Japan’s 1.2.<ref name=":1" /> This makes Thailand an ultra-low fertility country like South Korea and Singapore.<ref name=":1" /> Demographic projections predict that the population could shrink to 40 million in 50 years.<ref name=":1" /> This would be a decrease of 25 million or 1 million people per 2 years.<ref name=":1" /> A survey with over 1,000 Thais showed that 71% regard the low birthrate as a national crisis, while only 35.8% of fertile people plan to have children.<ref name=":1" /> The government's “Having Children for the Nation” campaign proves to be ineffective.<ref name=":1" />

=== Marriages and divorce ===
In 2024, the marriage registry had 263,087 new couples, while 147,621 couples divorced.<ref name=":1" />

===Demographic and Health Surveys===
[[Total fertility rate]] (TFR) in Thailand by region and year:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Summary Results |url=http://web.nso.go.th/en/survey/popchan/data/Summary%20Results.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105161134/http://web.nso.go.th/en/survey/popchan/data/Summary%20Results.pdf |archive-date=2016-11-05}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Region !! 2005–06 !! 1995–96 !! 1985–86
|-
| '''Thailand (total)''' || 1.471 || 2.022 || 2.730
|-
| ''Urban'' || 1.033 || 1.332 || 1.766
|-
| ''Rural'' || 1.727 || 2.285 || 2.962
|-
| [[Bangkok]] Metropolis || 0.878 || 1.261 || 1.735
|-
| [[Central Thailand|Central Region]]<ref>excluding Bangkok</ref> || 1.190 || 1.664 || 2.494
|-
| [[Northern Thailand|Northern Region]] || 1.575 || 1.894 || 2.248
|-
| [[Northeastern Thailand|Northeastern Region]] || 2.038 || 2.435 || 3.096
|-
| [[Southern Thailand|Southern Region]] || 1.524 || 2.851 || 4.049
|}

[[Total fertility rate]] (TFR) in Thailand by [[provinces of Thailand|province]] as of 2010:<ref>[http://thailand.unfpa.org/en/publications/state-thailand%E2%80%99s-population-report-2015 The State of Thailand’s Population Report 2015: Features of Thai Families in the Era of Low Fertility and Longevity] (UNFPA)</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! [[Provinces of Thailand|Province]] !! [[Total fertility rate|Total<br>fertility<br>rate]]
|-
| [[Bangkok]] Metropolis || 0.89
|-
| [[Samut Prakan]] || 0.86
|-
| [[Nonthaburi Province|Nonthaburi]] || 1.03
|-
| [[Pathum Thani Province|Pathum Thani]] || 0.78
|-
| [[Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province|Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya]] || 1.54
|-
| [[Ang Thong Province|Ang Thong]] || 1.64
|-
| [[Lopburi Province|Lopburi]] || 1.66
|-
| [[Sing Buri Province|Sing Buri]] || 1.71
|-
| [[Chai Nat Province|Chai Nat]] || 1.63
|-
| [[Saraburi Province|Saraburi]] || 1.87
|-
| [[Chonburi Province|Chonburi]] || 0.60
|-
| [[Rayong Province|Rayong]] || 1.23
|-
| [[Chanthaburi Province|Chanthaburi]] || 1.40
|-
| [[Trat Province|Trat]] || 1.42
|-
| [[Chachoengsao Province|Chachoengsao]] || 1.34
|-
| [[Prachinburi Province|Prachinburi]] || 1.48
|-
| [[Nakhon Nayok Province|Nakhon Nayok]] || 1.67
|-
| [[Sa Kaeo Province|Sa Kaeo]] || 2.16
|-
| [[Nakhon Ratchasima Province|Nakhon Ratchasima]] || 1.65
|-
| [[Buriram Province|Buriram]] || 2.07
|-
| [[Surin Province|Surin]] || 2.26
|-
| [[Sisaket Province|Sisaket]] || 2.09
|-
| [[Ubon Ratchathani Province|Ubon Ratchathani]] || 1.65
|-
| [[Yasothon Province|Yasothon]] || 1.88
|-
| [[Chaiyaphum Province|Chaiyaphum]] || 1.88
|-
| [[Amnat Charoen Province|Amnat Charoen]] || 1.86
|-
| [[Bueng Kan Province|Bueng Kan]] || 2.06
|-
| [[Nong Bua Lamphu Province|Nong Bua Lamphu]] || 1.95
|-
| [[Khon Kaen Province|Khon Kaen]] || 1.47
|-
| [[Udon Thani Province|Udon Thani]] || 1.56
|-
| [[Loei Province|Loei]] || 1.60
|-
| [[Nong Khai Province|Nong Khai]] || 1.65
|-
| [[Maha Sarakham Province|Maha Sarakham]] || 1.50
|-
| [[Roi Et Province|Roi Et]] || 2.06
|-
| [[Kalasin]] || 1.73
|-
| [[Sakon Nakhon]] || 1.66
|-
| [[Nakhon Phanom]] || 1.94
|-
| [[Mukdahan]] || 1.63
|-
| [[Chiang Mai]] || 1.22
|-
| [[Lamphun]] || 1.26
|-
| [[Lampang]] || 1.45
|-
| [[Uttaradit]] || 1.80
|-
| [[Phrae]] || 1.66
|-
| [[Nan Province|Nan]] || 1.77
|-
| [[Phayao]] || 1.45
|-
| [[Chiang Rai]] || 1.59
|-
| [[Mae Hong Son]] || 1.66
|-
| [[Nakhon Sawan]] || 1.69
|-
| [[Uthai Thani]] || 1.31
|-
| [[Kamphaeng Phet]] || 1.86
|-
| [[Tak Province|Tak]] || 1.94
|-
| [[Sukhothai Province|Sukhothai]] || 1.83
|-
| [[Phitsanulok]] || 1.70
|-
| [[Phichit]] || 1.98
|-
| [[Phetchabun]] || 1.90
|-
| [[Ratchaburi]] || 1.37
|-
| [[Kanchanaburi]] || 1.81
|-
| [[Suphan Buri]] || 1.72
|-
| [[Nakhon Pathom]] || 1.04
|-
| [[Samut Sakhon]] || 0.98
|-
| [[Samut Songkhram]] || 1.58
|-
| [[Phetchaburi]] || 1.37
|-
| [[Prachuap Khiri Khan]] || 1.52
|-
| [[Nakhon Si Thammarat]] || 1.78
|-
| [[Krabi]] || 1.68
|-
| [[Phang Nga]] || 1.70
|-
| [[Phuket]] || 0.88
|-
| [[Surat Thani]] || 1.30
|-
| [[Ranong]] || 1.29
|-
| [[Chumphon]] || 1.40
|-
| [[Songkhla]] || 1.47
|-
| [[Satun]] || 1.92
|-
| [[Trang Province|Trang]] || 1.53
|-
| [[Phatthalung]] || 1.82
|-
| [[Pattani Province|Pattani]] || 1.80
|-
| [[Yala Province|Yala]] || 1.84
|-
| [[Narathiwat]] || 2.00
|}

== Ethnic groups ==
{{Further|Ethnic groups in Thailand}}
[[File:Thailand ethnic map.svg|thumb|450px|Ethnological map of Thailand, 1974]]

[[Thailand]]'s ethnic origins are diverse and continue to evolve. The nation's ethnic makeup is obscured by the pressures of [[Thaification]], [[Thai nationalism]], and social pressure, which is intertwined with a [[caste]]-like mentality assigning some groups higher social status than others. In its report to the United Nations for the ''[[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]]'', the Thai government officially recognized 62 ethnic communities.<ref name="CERD/C/THA/1-3">{{cite book|title=International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; Reports submitted by States parties under article 9 of the Convention: Thailand|date=28 July 2011|publisher=United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination|url=http://www.rlpd.go.th/rlpdnew/images/rlpd_1/HRC/CERD%201_3.pdf|access-date=8 October 2016|language=en, th|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009184727/http://www.rlpd.go.th/rlpdnew/images/rlpd_1/HRC/CERD%201_3.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{RP|3}} Twenty million Central Thai (together with approximately 650,000 [[Khorat Thai]]) make up approximately 20,650,000 million (34.1 percent) of the nation's population of 60,544,937<ref>{{Cite web|title=Population, total – Thailand &#124; Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=TH|access-date=2023-02-06|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> at the time of completion of the Mahidol University ''Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand'' data (1997).<ref name="EMT">{{cite book|title=Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand|date=2004|publisher=Office of the National Culture Commission|url=http://www.newmandala.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Thailand-Ethnolinguistic-Maps.pdf|access-date=8 October 2016|language=th}}</ref>

Thailand's report to the UN provided population numbers for [[Hill tribe (Thailand)|mountain peoples]] and ethnic communities in the northeast. Thus, though over 3.288 million people in the northeast alone could not be categorised, the population and percentages of other ethnic communities c. 1997 are known and constitute minimum populations. In descending order, the largest (equal to or greater than 400,000) are:
# Lao (15,080,000, 24.9%) consisting of the Thai Lao<ref name="DraperKamnuansilpa">{{cite journal |last1=Draper |first1=John |last2=Kamnuansilpa |first2=Peerasit |date=2016 |title=The Thai Lao Question: The Reappearance of Thailand's Ethnic Lao Community and Related Policy Questions |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=19 |pages=81–105 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2016.1258300 |s2cid=151587930}}</ref> (14 million) and other smaller Lao groups, namely the Thai Loei (400–500,000), Lao Lom (350,000), Lao Wiang/Klang (200,000), Lao Khrang (90,000), Lao Ngaew (30,000), and Lao Ti (10,000)
# 6 million Khon Muang (9.9%, also called Northern Thais)
# 4.5 million Pak Tai (7.5%, also called Southern Thais)
# 1.4 million Khmer Leu (2.3%, also called Northern Khmer)
# 900,000 Malay (1.5%)
# 500,000 Nyaw (0.8%)
# 470,000 Phu Thai (0.8%)
# 400,000 Kuy/Kuay (also known as Suay) (0.7%)
# 350,000 Karen (0.6%).<ref name="CERD/C/THA/1-3" />{{RP|7–13}}

Thailand's Ministry of Social Development and Human Security's 2015 ''Master Plan for the Development of Ethnic Groups in Thailand 2015–2017''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.harvardasia.co.th/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/503.pdf|title=แผนแม่บท การพัฒนากลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ในประเทศไทย(พ.ศ.2558–2560)|publisher=Ministry of Social Development and Human Security|year=2015|location=Bangkok|language=th|trans-title=Master Plan for the Development of Ethnic Groups in Thailand 2015–2017|access-date=2019-11-10|archive-date=2021-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312033022/http://www.harvardasia.co.th/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/503.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> omitted the larger, ethnoregional ethnic communities, including the Central Thai majority; it therefore covers only 9.7% of the population.<ref name=":0" />

There is a significant number of Thai-Chinese in Thailand. However, Chinese origins as evidenced by surname were erased in the 1920s by royal decree, about one-sixth of Thais may have Chinese origins.<ref name="West">Barbara A. West (2009), Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Facts on File, p. 794</ref> One scholar estimated that the Sino-Thai population, itself around 14 per cent of the total, was composed of around 56 percent [[Teochew people|Teochew]], 16 percent [[Hakka]], 12 percent [[Hainan people|Hainanese]], 7 percent [[Hokkien]], 7 percent [[Cantonese]] and 2 percent other.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=Benedict|title=RIDDLES OF YELLOW AND RED|journal=New Left Review|date=January–February 2016|volume=97|url=https://newleftreview.org/II/97/benedict-anderson-riddles-of-yellow-and-red|access-date=13 January 2018|quote=Taken from George William Skinner, ''Chinese Society in Thailand: An Analytical History'', New York 1957.}}</ref> Significant intermixing has taken place such that there are few pure ethnic Chinese, and those of partially mixed Chinese ancestry account for as much as a third to a half of the Thai population. Those assigned Thai ethnicity in the census process made up the vast majority of the population in 2010 (95.9 percent); two percent were Burmese, 1.3 percent other, and 0.9 percent unspecified.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|title=EAST & SOUTHEAST ASIA: THAILAND|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/|website=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA| access-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> Thus, the ethnosocial and genetic makeup situation is very different from that which is reported or self-claimed.

The vast majority of the [[Isan]] people, one-third of Thailand's population, are of ethnic [[Lao people#Lao in Thailand|Lao]]<ref name="DraperKamnuansilpa"/> with some belonging to the [[Khmer Empire|Khmer]] minority. They speak the [[Isan language]]. Additionally there have been more recent waves of immigration from Vietnam and Cambodia across porous borders due to wars and subsequent poverty over the last few decades, whose immigrants have tried to keep a low profile and blend in.

In more recent years the Isan people began mixing with the rest of the nation as urbanization and mobility increase. Myanmar's numerous ethnic wars between the army and tribes who speak more than 40 languages and control large [[fiefdom]]s or states, has led to waves of immigrants seeking refuge or work in Thailand. The makeup of [[Demographics of Myanmar|Myanmar nationals]] is complex and includes, for example, people of Nepali ethnicity who escaped Nepal, entered Myanmar, and then emigrated to Thailand.

Following the [[2014 Thai coup d'état]], Thailand's Department of Employment released figures showing that 408,507 legal workers from Myanmar, Laos, and Cambodia worked in Thailand. An additional 1,630,279 Myanmar nationals of all ethnicities, 40,546 Laotians, and 153,683 Cambodians were without legal work authorization, but also worked and resided in Thailand.<ref>{{cite news|title=Junta: No crackdown on foreign workers|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Junta-No-crackdown-on-foreign-workers-30236412.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618220449/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Junta-No-crackdown-on-foreign-workers-30236412.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 18, 2014|access-date=9 October 2016|work=The Nation|date=2014-06-17}}</ref> Some 180,000 Cambodians were said to have left Thailand post-coup due to crackdown rumors, indicating government figures were an under count.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thailand, Cambodia to quash 'rumours' after worker exodus|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/archive/thailand-cambodia-to-quash-rumours-after-worker-exodus/415847|access-date=9 October 2016|work=Bangkok Post|agency=Agence France Presse|date=2014-06-17}}</ref> These statistics are merely a single snapshot and hardly authoritative as there is constant movement and much eluding of authority.

The language of the central Thai population is the educational and administrative language. Other dialects of Thai exist, most notably the [[Southern Thai language]]. Several other small [[Tai peoples|Tai]] (not [[Thai people|Thai]]) groups include the [[Shan people|Shan]], [[Lu people|Lue]], and [[Phu Thai language|Phu Thai]].

Malay- and Yawi-speaking Muslims of the south are another significant minority group (2.3 percent), yet there are a substantial number of ethnic Malays who speak only Thai. Other groups include the [[Khmer people|Khmer]]; the [[Mon (ethnic group)|Mon]], who are substantially assimilated with the Thai, and the [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]].

Smaller [[Hill tribe (Thailand)|mountain-dwelling tribes]], such as the [[Hmong people|Hmong]] and [[Mien people|Mien]], as well as the [[Karen people|Karen]], number about 788,024. Some 300,000 Hmong were to have received citizenship in 2010.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

Thailand is also home to more than 200,000 foreigners—retirees, extended tourists, and workers from, for example, Europe, North America, and elsewhere.<ref name=Bickerstaff>{{cite web|last1=Bickerstaff|first1=Bruce|title=An Attempt to Quantify the Number of Foreigners Living in Thailand|url=http://www.burning-bison.com/expats.htm|website=Burning Bison|access-date=1 Mar 2015|date=Feb 2013|archive-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914024441/http://www.burning-bison.com/expats.htm|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

== Languages ==
{{Further|Languages of Thailand|Nationality, religion, and language data for the provinces of Thailand}}
[[Thailand]] is dominated by languages of the [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern Tai]] family. [[Karen languages]] are spoken along the border with Burma, [[Khmer language|Khmer]] is spoken near Cambodia (and previously throughout central Thailand), and [[Malay language|Malay]] in the south near Malaysia.

The [[Thai hill tribes]] speak numerous small languages, many Chinese retain varieties of Chinese, and there are half a dozen [[sign language]]s. Thailand has 73 living languages.<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web|title=Thailand| url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TH|website=Ethnologue|access-date=9 October 2016}}</ref>

The following table shows first languages in Thailand with 400,000 or more speakers according to the Royal Thai Government's 2011 Country Report to the Committee Responsible for the ''[[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]]''.<ref name="CERD/C/THA/1-3" />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Official first languages of Thailand with 400,000 or more speakers<ref name="CERD/C/THA/1-3" />
! Language !! Speakers !! Language Family
|-
| [[Thai language|Central Thai]] || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20.0}} million || [[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]]
|-
| [[Lao language|Lao]] || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15.2}} million || [[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]]
|-
| [[Northern Thai language|Kam Mueang]] || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6.0}} million || [[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]]
|-
| [[Southern Thai language|Pak Tai]] || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4.5}} million || [[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]]
|-
| [[Northern Khmer language|Northern Khmer]] || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1.4}} million || [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]
|-
| [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Yawi]] || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1.4}} million || [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]
|-
| [[Ngaw]] || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:0.5}} million || [[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]]
|-
| [[Phu Thai]] || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:0.5}} million || [[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]]
|-
| [[Karen languages|Karen]] || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:0.4}} million || [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
|-
| [[Kuy]] || style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:0.4}} million || [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]
|-
|}
The following table employs 2010 census data. Caution should be exercised with Thai census data on first language. In Thai censuses, the four largest Tai-Kadai languages of Thailand (in order, [[Thai language|Central Thai]], [[Isan language|Isan]] (majority [[Lao language|Lao]]), [[Northern Thai language|Kam Mueang]], [[Southern Thai language|Pak Tai]]) are not provided as options for language or ethnic group. People declaring one of these as a first language, including Lao, are assigned to "Thai".<ref>Luangthongkum, Theraphan. (2007). "The Position of Non-Thai Languages in Thailand". In Lee Hock Guan & L. Suryadinata (eds.), ''Language, Nation and Development in Southeast Asia'' (pp. 181–194). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.</ref> This explains the disparity between the two tables. For instance, self-reporting as Lao has been prohibited, due to the prohibition of the Lao ethnonym in the context of describing Thai citizens for approximately one hundred years.<ref>Breazeale, Kennon. (1975). ''The Integration of the Lao States''. PhD dissertation, Oxford University.</ref><ref>Grabowsky, Volker. (1996). "The Thai census of 1904: Translation and analysis". ''Journal of the Siam Society'', ''84''(1): 49–85.</ref> This was due to the promotion of "Thai" national identity to cement Siamese claims over the Lao city-states of what is now northern and northeast Thailand following the [[1893 Franco-Siamese crisis]] and subsequent threats posed by French Indochina to the Lao tributary states of Siam. The birth of a homogenizing Thai ethnocentric national identity sufficient to begin transforming Siam from an absolute monarchy into a modern nation-state was achieved by assimilating the Lao with this Thai "identity", equivalent to what is now known as the [[Tai-Kadai language family|Tai–Kadai languages]], under a "Greater Thai Empire", and can be traced back to at least 1902.<ref>Streckfuss, D. (1993). "The mixed colonial legacy in Siam: Origins of Thai Racialist Thought, 1890–1910". In L. J. Sears (ed.), ''Autonomous histories, particular truths: Essays in Honor of John R. W. Smail'' (pp.123–154). Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin.</ref> This homogenization began affecting the Thai census from 1904 onwards. The 2011 UN report data is therefore more comprehensive and better differentiates between the large Tai-Kadai languages of Thailand. As a country submission to a UN convention ratified by Thailand, it is also arguably more authoritative.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Population of Thailand above the age of 5 by language (UN statistics 2010)<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNdata &#124; record view &#124; Population by language, sex and urban/rural residence|url=http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=POP&f=tableCode:27|access-date=5 July 2013|website=data.un.org}}</ref>
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! Language
! Language family
! No. of speakers
|-
| [[Thai language|Thai]]
| [[Tai-Kadai]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 59,866,190
|-
| [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
| [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 827,713
|-
| [[Southwestern Tai languages|Tai]]
| [[Tai-Kadai]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 787,696
|-
| [[Karen language|Karen]]
| [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 441,114
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 323,779
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 111,866
|-
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| [[Japonic languages|Japonic]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 70,677
|-
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 22,938
|-
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
| [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,281
|-
| [[Malay language|Malay]]
| [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,913
|-
| colspan="2" | Others
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,518,502
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"| '''Total'''
| style="text-align:right;"| '''65,981,659'''
|}

==Religion==
{{Further|Religion in Thailand}}
[[Theravada Buddhism]] is the official religion of Thailand. 93.5 percent are estimated to be Buddhist; 5.4 percent Muslim; 1.1 percent Christian; and 0.1 percent other or have no religion.<ref name="2018census">{{cite web|url=http://statbbi.nso.go.th/nso/nso_center/project/table/files/S-soc-health/2561/000/00_S-soc-health_2561_000_000000_00100.xls|title=Population by religion, region and area, 2018|publisher=NSO|access-date=9 March 2021|archive-date=24 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424172255/http://statbbi.nso.go.th/nso/nso_center/project/table/files/S-soc-health/2561/000/00_S-soc-health_2561_000_000000_00100.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In addition to Malay and Yawi speaking Thai and other southerners who are Muslim, the Muslim [[Cham (Asia)|Cham]] of Cambodia in recent years began a large scale influx into Thailand. The government permits religious diversity, and other major religions are represented, though there is much social tension, especially in the Muslim south. [[Spirit worship]] and [[animism]] are widely practiced.

==Migration==
===Immigration===
The largest foreign community are the Burmese, followed by the Cambodians and Laotians.<ref name=IPSR/>

{{As of|March 2018}}, Thai government data showed that over 770,900 Cambodian migrants, meaning five percent of the total population of Cambodia, currently live in Thailand. Some NGOs estimate that the actual number may be up to one million.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wangkiat |first1=Paritta |title=Migrants face changing climate |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/special-reports/1495430/migrants-face-changing-climate |access-date=1 July 2018 |work=Bangkok Post |date=1 July 2018}}</ref>

Laotians are particularly numerous considering the small size of Laos' population, about seven million, due to the lack of a language barrier. The Chinese expatriate employee population in Thailand, mostly Bangkok, has doubled from 2011 to 2016, making it the largest foreign community in Thailand not originating in a neighbouring country. Chinese hold 13.3 percent of all work permits issued in Thailand, an increase of almost one-fifth since 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Songwanich|first1=Suwatchai|title=Chinese expat community swells in Thailand|url=https://www.nationthailand.com/news/opinion/30303702|access-date=9 January 2017|work=The Nation|department=Opinion|date=9 January 2017|archive-date=9 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109125053/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/news/opinion/30303702|url-status=live}}</ref> Japanese expats are on the decline, and now rank sixth, behind Chinese and British. One in every four foreigners working in Thailand formerly were Japanese, and the figure has now dropped slightly to 22.8 percent of the foreign workforce as of late 2016.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pitchon|first1=James|title=Changing Expat Profile Presents Challenges|url=http://www.cbre.co.th/en/News/Article/Changing-Expat-Profile-Presents-Challenges|website=CBRE Thailand|access-date=9 January 2017|date=16 November 2016}}</ref>

Foreign residents in Thailand, according to the 2010 Census. It was found that there were 2,581,141 of foreign origins, composing around 3.87 percent of Thailand's population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Population of Thailand in 2010| url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/thailand-population/|work=worldometers.info|access-date=June 30, 2017}}</ref> Migrants from [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]] and [[Myanmar]], the most prevalent, accounted for 1.8 million foreigners.<ref name=IPSR>{{Cite web|title=ชาวต่างชาติในเมืองไทยเป็นใครบ้าง? (Foreigners in Thailand)|url=http://www.ms.ipsr.mahidol.ac.th/ConferenceXI/Download/Book/447-IPSR-Conference-A12-fulltext.pdf|work=Institute for Population and Social Research – Mahidol University|first=Patama|last=Vapattanawong|access-date=June 30, 2017|archive-date=April 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412025602/http://www.ms.ipsr.mahidol.ac.th/ConferenceXI/Download/Book/447-IPSR-Conference-A12-fulltext.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Research by [[Kasikorn Bank]] estimated that in 2016, there were 68,300 foreigners over 50 years old—the minimum age for a retirement visa—holding long-stay visas living in Thailand, a 9% increase over the preceding two years. In 2018, Thailand issued almost 80,000 retirement visas, an increase of 30% from 2014, with Britons accounting for the majority of the new visas.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Styllis |first1=George |title=Thailand's foreign retirees see their good life slip away |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Thailand-s-foreign-retirees-see-their-good-life-slip-away |access-date=6 March 2020 |work=Nikkei Asian Review |date=5 March 2020}}</ref>

In 2010 there were 27,357 Westerners living in the northeastern region, 90 percent living with Thai spouses, according to research by the College of Population Studies at [[Chulalongkorn University]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Clinic opens for Isan/farang matches |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1527422/clinic-opens-for-isan-farang-matches |access-date=24 August 2018 |work=Bangkok Post |date=24 August 2018}}</ref>

As of 2016, up to 145,000 Taiwanese expatriates live in Thailand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ocac.gov.tw/OCAC/File/Attach/313/File_82347.pdf|script-title=zh:2016僑務統計年報|trans-title=Statistical Yearbook of the Overseas Community Affairs Council|publisher=Overseas Community Affairs Council|date=2017-09-01|access-date=2017-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016175222/http://www.ocac.gov.tw/OCAC/File/Attach/313/File_82347.pdf|archive-date=2017-10-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Foreign residents by country of origin 2010<ref name=IPSR/>
! Nationality!! Population !! Percentage
|-
| {{Flag icon|Myanmar}} [[Burmese in Thailand|Myanmar]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,292,686
| {{percentage bar|50.08}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Cambodia}} [[Cambodia]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 281,292
| {{percentage bar|10.90}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Laos}} [[Laos]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 222,432
| {{percentage bar|8.62}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|China}} [[China]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 141,553
| {{percentage bar|5.48}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 85,836
| {{percentage bar|3.33}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Japan}} [[Japanese migration to Thailand|Japan]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 80,898
| {{percentage bar|3.13}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|India}} [[Indians in Thailand|India]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 46,326
| {{percentage bar|1.80}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|United States}} [[United States]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 40,230
| {{percentage bar|1.56}}
|-
|{{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 25,000
| {{percentage bar|1.34}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Germany}} [[Germany]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 24,383
| {{percentage bar|0.94}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|France}} [[France]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 22,486
| {{percentage bar|0.87}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Vietnam}} [[Vietnam]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 17,662
| {{percentage bar|0.68}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Philippines}} [[Philippines]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 17,574
| {{percentage bar|0.68}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysia]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 8,182
| {{percentage bar|0.32}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Norway}} [[Norway]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,952
| {{percentage bar|0.11}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,952
| {{percentage bar|0.11}}
|-
| Others
| style="text-align: right;" | 174,236
| {{percentage bar|6.75}}
|-
| Stateless
| style="text-align: right;" | 117,315
| {{percentage bar|4.54}}
|-
| Unknown
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,147
| {{percentage bar|0.08}}
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | Total population
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,581,141
| {{percentage bar|100.00}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|+ Foreign Expats by regions 2010<ref name=IPSR/>
|-
! scope="col" | Region
! scope="col" | Population
! scope="col" | Percentage
|-
| [[Southeast Asia]]
| style="text-align: right; | 1,845,788
| {{percentage bar|71.51}}
|-
| [[East Asia]]
| style="text-align: right; | 249,204
| {{percentage bar|9.65}}
|-
| [[Europe]]
| style="text-align: right; | 200,564
| {{percentage bar|7.77}}
|-
| [[South Asia]]
| style="text-align: right; | 78,454
| {{percentage bar|3.04}}
|-
| [[Northern America]]
| style="text-align: right; | 46,279
| {{percentage bar|1.79}}
|-
| [[Australia]] and [[Oceania]]
| style="text-align: right; | 13,233
| {{percentage bar|0.51}}
|-
| [[Central and South America]]
| style="text-align: right; | 10,608
| {{percentage bar|0.41}}
|-
| [[Africa]]
| style="text-align: right; | 8,166
| {{percentage bar|0.32}}
|-
| [[Western Asia]]
| style="text-align: right; | 6,634
| {{percentage bar|0.26}}
|-
| [[Central Asia]]
| style="text-align: right; | 2,749
| {{percentage bar|0.11}}
|-
| Stateless
| style="text-align: right;" | 117,315
| {{percentage bar|4.54}}
|-
| Unknown
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,147
| {{percentage bar|0.08}}
|-
! style="text-align: left" | Total population
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,581,141
| {{percentage bar|100.00}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/thailand World Bank: Thailand]

{{Ethnic groups in Thailand}}
{{Thailand topics}}
{{Asia in topic|Demographics of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics Of Thailand}}
[[Category:Demographics of Thailand| ]]
[[Category:Demographics of Asia]]