Editing Demographics of Portugal

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is a legitimate description when the title is already adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox place demographics
|place=[[Portugal]]
|image=Portugal population pyramid.svg
|image_size=350
|caption=[[Population pyramid]] of Portugal as of 2023
|size_of_population={{increase}} 10,639,726 (2023)
|growth=1.2% (2023)
|birth=8.1 births/1,000 population (2023)
|death=11.1 deaths/1,000 population (2023)
|life=82.5 years (2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rr.pt/noticia/politica/2025/03/14/esperanca-de-vida-sobe-na-ue-e-em-portugal-em-2023-e-passa-niveis-pre-covid-19/417520/|title=Esperança de vida sobe na UE e em Portugal em 2023 e passa níveis pré-Covid-19|website=rr.pt|publisher=Rádio Renascença|access-date=16 March 2025|date=14 March 2025}}</ref>
|life_male=79.5 years (2023)
|life_female=85.3 years (2023)
|fertility={{increase}} 1.44 children (2023)
|infant_mortality=2.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2023)
|net_migration=14.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023)
|sr_at_birth=1.05 male(s)/female (2022)
|total_mf_ratio=0.9 male(s)/female (2022)
|nation=[[Portuguese nationality law|Portuguese citizen]]
|major_ethnic = [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]
|minor_ethnic = {{unbulleted list
|{{Tree list}}
* [[Afro-Portuguese people|Afro-Portuguese]]
* Others
{{tree list/end}}
}}
|official = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
|spoken   = [[Languages of Portugal]]
|age_0–14_years=12.8% (2023)|age_15–64_years=63.1% (2023)|age_65_years=24.1% (2023)}}

[[Demography|Demographic]] features of the population of [[Portugal]] include [[population density]], [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]], education level, health of the populace, economic status, [[Religion in Portugal|religious affiliations]] and other aspects of the population.

As of 2023, Portugal had an estimated population of '''10,639,726''' inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=645507713&DESTAQUESmodo=2|title=População residente ultrapassa os 10,6 milhões - 2023|website=ine.pt|publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]]|access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref> Its population density, at {{convert|115.4|PD/km2}}, is slightly higher than that of most [[Member state of the European Union|EU countries]], moderately surpassing the EU average of {{convert|105.4|PD/km2}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Portugal population density |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&userLoadSave=Load&userTableOrder=9959&tipoSeleccao=1&contexto=pq&selTab=tab1&submitLoad=true&xlang=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population density across the EU |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00003/default/table?lang=en}}</ref> However, the distribution of the population is widely uneven; the most densely populated areas are the [[Lisbon metropolitan area]] (which contains well above a quarter of the country's population), the metropolitan areas of [[Porto metropolitan area|Porto]] and the [[Geography of Portugal|Atlantic coast]], while other vast areas are very sparsely populated, like the plateaus of [[Alentejo]], the [[Trás-os-Montes]] and [[Serra da Estrela]] highlands, and the lesser islands of the [[Azores|Azores archipelago]].

The population of the country almost doubled during the twentieth century (+91%), but the pattern of growth was extremely uneven due to large-scale internal migration from the rural [[North Region, Portugal|North]] to the industrial cities of Lisbon and Porto, a phenomenon which happened as a consequence of the [[Economic history of Portugal|robust economic growth and structural modernisation, owing to a liberalisation of the economy]] of the 1960s. 

High fertility and birth rates persisted until the 1980s, after which they started to dramatically decline, leading to rapid population aging. At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, almost one in five [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] was over 65 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |title=População residente: total e por grupo etário |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/populacao+residente+total+e+por+grupo+etario-10}}</ref> Lately, Portugal has been experiencing a short growth in birth rates. The total fertility rate has climbed from an all-time low of 1.21 children per woman in 2013 to 1.43 in 2022, still well below [[Sub-replacement fertility|replacement level]].

Due to decrease in [[Portuguese diaspora|emigration]] and increase in [[Immigration to Portugal|immigration]] in the late 1990s and early 2000s the total population reached its peak in December 2009, standing at 10,573,479. Since then, due to the 2008 financial crisis, immigration (that was- in some years - surpassed by emigration) could not offset a shrinking population size, mainly due to the low birthrate but, also due to aging, the rising mortality. After having decreased by 2.27% by 2018, the total population of Portugal started to grow again, mainly sustained by growing immigration and slightly increasing birth rates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=População residente: total e por sexo |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/populacao+residente+total+e+por+sexo-6 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=www.pordata.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics Portugal - Web Portal |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0008273 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=www.ine.pt}}</ref> By 2023, the total population had already surpassed the 2009 peak.

Portugal is a fairly linguistically and religiously homogeneous country. Ethnically, the Portuguese people form a big majority of the total population in Portugal. The [[Portuguese people]] are mainly a combination of ancient paleolithic populations, and the [[proto-Celtic]], [[Celts|Celtic]], and the para-Celtic [[Lusitanians]]. Some other groups, like the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] ([[Visigoths]], [[Suevi]], [[Buri tribe|Buri]], [[Alans]] and [[Vandals]]) and later the [[Moors|Moorish]] ([[Arabs]] and [[Berbers|Berber]]), [[Sephardic Jewish]], and the [[French people|French]] also passed through the country.

Today, [[Brazilians in Portugal|Brazilians]], Britons, [[Indians in Portugal|Indians]], Italians, French, [[Ukrainians in Portugal|Ukrainians]], [[Nepalis in Portugal|Nepalis]] and [[Afro-Portuguese people|countries members of PALOP]] ([[Portuguese-speaking African countries]]) are the main immigrants and form the major foreign communities in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-06-23 |title=Quase 800 mil estrangeiros vivem em Portugal e 30% são brasileiros |url=https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/quase-800-mil-estrangeiros-vivem-em-portugal-e-30-sao-brasileiros-16577792.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics Portugal - Web Portal |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpgid=ine_main&xpid=INE |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.ine.pt}}</ref> 

Portuguese is spoken throughout the country, with only some villages near the northern municipality of [[Miranda do Douro]] speaking [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]], locally recognised as a co-official language.

==Total fertility rate==
===Total fertility rate from 1850 to 1899===
[[File:Portugal population pyramid from 1950 to 2020.gif|thumb|Population pyramid from 1950 to 2020]]

The [[total fertility rate]] is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: [[Our World In Data]] and [[Gapminder Foundation]].<ref name="ourworldindata.org">{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=PRT|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|author=Max Roser|date=2014|work=[[Our World In Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !!1850!!1851!!1852!!1853!!1854!!1855!!1856!!1857!!1858!!1859!!1860<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| align="left"|Total Fertility Rate in Portugal||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.5||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.47||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.44||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.41||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.38||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.35||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.33||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.3||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.27||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.24||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.21
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !!1861!!1862!!1863!!1864!!1865!!1866!!1867!!1868!!1869!!1870<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| align="left"|Total Fertility Rate in Portugal||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.18||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.15||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.12||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.09||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.1||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.11||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.12||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.14||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.15||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.16
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !!1871!!1872!!1873!!1874!!1875!!1876!!1877!!1878!!1879!!1880<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| align="left"|Total Fertility Rate in Portugal||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.17||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.18||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.19||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.2||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.21||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.22||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.23||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.24||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.23||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.22
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !!1881!!1882!!1883!!1884!!1885!!1886!!1887!!1888!!1889!!1890<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| align="left"|Total Fertility Rate in Portugal||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.91||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.19||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.18||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.17||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.16||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.15||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.38||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.3||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.38||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.24
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !!1891!!1892!!1893!!1894!!1895!!1896!!1897!!1898!!1899<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| align="left"|Total Fertility Rate in Portugal||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.16||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.06||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.15||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.86||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.9||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.9||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.95||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.93||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.89
|}

{{GraphChart
| width = 700
| height = 200
| xAxisTitle=year
| yAxisTitle= million
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022

| y1= 5.4, 5.5, 5.5, 5.6, 5.6, 5.7, 5.7, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.9, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.2,6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7, 7.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.8, 7.9, 8, 8, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.5, 8.5, 8.6, 8.6, 8.6, 8.7, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 8.9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 8.9, 8.9, 8.8, 8.8, 8.7, 8.6, 8.6, 8.6, 8.9, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 9.9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 9.9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.4, 10.5, 10.5, 10.5, 10.5, 10.6, 10.6, 10.6, 10.6, 10.6, 10.5, 10.4, 10.4, 10.4, 10.3, 10.3, 10.3, 10.4, 10.4, 10.4, 10.5
| y1Title= population (million)

}}

{{GraphChart
| width = 700
| height = 200
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= ‰
| yAxisMax= 25
| yAxisMin= -25
⊄| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| legend=
| hAnnotatonsLine=0
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| type = line
| x = 1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

| y1= 10.2,10.4,12.4,12.8,12.7,11.8,10.2,11.0,10.2,10.8,12.6,16.6,14.8,11.9,12.0,12.0,10.7,9.0,-11.6,2.2,9.9,11.7,12.6,10.4,12.8,14.3,13.8,12.2,13.1,12.2,12.8,13.0,12.8,11.8,11.8,11.2,11.8,10.9,11.2,10.9,8.8,6.4,7.8,9.7,10.3,11.6,10.5,11.0,13.7,11.4,12.2,12.1,13.0,12.3,12.0,12.8,11.1,12.6,13.8,13.1,13.3,13.2,13.7,12.6,13.2,12.6,11.7,11.7,11.0,9.7,9.9,9.6,9.8,8.9,8.6,9.0,9.1,9.0,7.5,7.0,6.5,5.7,5.9,4.9,4.6,3.3,3.1,2.8,2.4,2.2,1.3,1.2,1.4,0.8,1.0,0.3,0.3,0.8,0.7,0.8,1.4,0.7,0.7,0.3,0.7,0.2,0.3,-0.1,0.0,-0.4,-0.5,-0.5,-1.7,-2.3,-2.2,-2.3,-2.2,-2.3,-2.5,-2.5,-3.8, -4.4

| y2= , -1.2, -6.9, -0.3, -5.6, -1.2, -4.9, -4, 0.1, -0.4, -5.7, -4.9, -14.8, -10.2, -10.5, -10.5, -8.9, -9.1, 15, -2.2, -6.6, -6.7, 3.6, 0.7, -1.8, -4.9, 2.1, 0.6, -2.6, 2.7, -0.3, -4.8, 2.7, 0.8, 0.8, 1.3, 0.3, 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, 4.4, 0.6, -0.1, 0.5, -1.5, -1.7, -3.1, -1.2, -3.8, -2.9, -3.6, -5.7, -8.7, -7.8, -7.8, -8.2, -6.8, -8.8, -8.7, -1.6, -9, -6, -6.5, -8.5, -13, -16.7, -19.6, -18.3, -15.7, -19.1, -21.1, -14.1, -8.4, -9.7, 19.6, 37.3, 1.2, 2, 3.1, 3.8, 4.3, 0.8, -0.2, -1.2, -0.5, -1.9, -2.7, -3.8, -3.5, -4.1, -3.9, -3.3, -0.9, 1.1, 2.4, 3.1, 3.7, 4.1, 4.5, 5.3, 6.5, 5.4, 4, 2.4, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 2.1, 0.9, 1.5, 0.4, -2.3, -3.6, -3.5, -2.9, -1, -0.8, 0.5, 1.1, 4.3, 4, 9.9

| y1Title=Natural change (per 1000)
| y2Title=Crude migration change (per 1000)
}}
<ref>Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.</ref>

{{GraphChart
| width = 700
| height = 200
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= TFR
| yAxisMin=
⊄| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| legend=
| hAnnotatonsLine=2.1
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| type = line
| x = 1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

| y1= 3.96,4.07,4.16,4.29,4.11,4.13,4.17,3.99,3.94,3.89,4.12,5.02,4.54,4.22,4.09,4.24,4.17,4.08,3.86,3.59,4.37,4.21,4.3,4.32,4.26,4.24,4.36,4.03,4.15,3.89,3.86,3.86,3.89,3.88,3.74,3.59,3.45,3.39,3.34,3.28,3.22,3.12,3.14,3.27,3.28,3.39,3.29,3.14,3.42,3.23,3.1,3.1,3.1,3.1,3.1,3.1,3.11,3.12,3.13,3.15,3.16,3.18,3.18,3.19,3.19,3.18,3.16,3.13,3.09,3.05,2.99,2.94,2.88,2.83,2.77,2.71,2.65,2.57,2.48,2.39,2.29,2.18,2.07,1.97,1.87,1.78,1.71,1.65,1.60,1.53,1.51,1.43,1.49,1.54,1.42,1.37,1.45,1.48,1.48,1.49,1.57,1.45,1.47,1.44,1.40,1.40,1.36,1.33,1.37,1.32,1.37,1.30,1.28,1.21,1.23,1.30,1.36,1.37,1.41,1.42,1.40, 1.34

| y1Title=Total Fertility Rate

}}

==Vital statistics==
===Vital statistics since 1900===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
!<ref>B.R. Mitchell. European historical statistics, 1750–1975.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybsets/1948%20DYB.pdf|title=United Nations. Demographic Yearbook 1948|website=Unstats.un.org|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_main|title=Statistics Portugal|website=Ine.pt|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pordata.pt/Portugal/Popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o+residente+total+e+por+sexo-6|title=PORDATA – População residente: total e por sexo|website=Pordata.pt|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0008272&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2|title=População residente (N.º) por Local de residência (NUTS - 2013), Sexo e Grupo etário (Por ciclos de vida); Anual|publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]] |website=ine.pt |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref>
! width="80pt"|Average population (December 31)
! width="80pt"|Live births
! width="80pt"|Deaths
! width="80pt"|Natural change
! width="80pt"|Crude birth rate (per 1000)
! width="80pt"|Crude death rate (per 1000)
! width="80pt"|Natural change (per 1000)
! width="80pt"|Crude migration change (per 1000)
! width="80pt"|[[Total Fertility Rate|Total fertility rates]]{{refn|group=fn|In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases. }}<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf11/2011population-data-sheet_eng.pdf|title=2011 WORLD POPULATION DATA SHEET|website=Prb.org|access-date=3 October 2017|archive-date=18 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118162350/http://www.prb.org/pdf11/2011population-data-sheet_eng.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://portuguese-american-journal.com/2012-birth-rate-negative-decreases-further-portugal/|title=2012 – Negative birth rate decreases further – Portugal – Portuguese American Journal|website=Portuguese-american-journal.com|date=2 January 2013|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref name ="cia.gov"/>
|-
| 1900
| align="right" | 5,410,000
| align="right" | 165,245
| align="right" | 110,330
| align="right" | 54,915
| align="right" | 30.5
| align="right" | 20.3
| align="right" | 10.2 
|
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.96
|-
| 1901
| align="right" | 5,460,000
| align="right" | 170,773
| align="right" | 114,130
| align="right" | 56,643
| align="right" | 31.3
| align="right" | 20.9
| align="right" | 10.4 
| -1.2
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.07
|-
| 1902
| align="right" | 5,490,000
| align="right" | 176,029
| align="right" | 108,378
| align="right" | 67,651
| align="right" | 32.0
| align="right" | 19.7
| align="right" | 12.4 
| -6.9
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.16
|-
| 1903
| align="right" | 5,560,000
| align="right" | 183,138
| align="right" | 111,685
| align="right" | 71,453
| align="right" | 33.0
| align="right" | 20.1
| align="right" | 12.9 
| -0.1
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.29
|-
| 1904
| align="right" | 5,600,000
| align="right" | 176,726
| align="right" | 105,572
| align="right" | 71,154
| align="right" | 31.6
| align="right" | 18.9
| align="right" | 12.7 
| -5.5
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.11
|-
| 1905
| align="right" | 5,660,000
| align="right" | 179,746
| align="right" | 112,756
| align="right" | 66,990
| align="right" | 31.8
| align="right" | 20.0
| align="right" | 11.8 
| -1.1
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.13
|-
| 1906
| align="right" | 5,690,000
| align="right" | 182,920
| align="right" | 125,243
| align="right" | 57,677
| align="right" | 32.1
| align="right" | 22.0
| align="right" | 10.1 
| -4.8
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.17
|-
| 1907
| align="right" | 5,730,000
| align="right" | 176,417
| align="right" | 113,254
| align="right" | 63,163
| align="right" | 30.7
| align="right" | 19.7
| align="right" | 11.0 
| -4.0
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.99
|-
| 1908
| align="right" | 5,790,000
| align="right" | 175,268
| align="right" | 115,876
| align="right" | 59,392
| align="right" | 30.3
| align="right" | 20.0
| align="right" | 10.2 
| 0.3
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.94
|-
| 1909
| align="right" | 5,850,000
| align="right" | 174,753
| align="right" | 112,421
| align="right" | 62,332
| align="right" | 29.9
| align="right" | 19.2
| align="right" | 10.8 
| -0.3
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.89
|-
| 1910
| align="right" | 5,890,000
| align="right" | 186,953
| align="right" | 113,161
| align="right" | 73,792
| align="right" | 31.7
| align="right" | 19.2
| align="right" | 12.5 
| -5.7
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.12
|-
| 1911
| align="right" | 5,960,000
| align="right" style="color: blue"  | 230,033
| align="right" | 130,900
| align="right" | 99,133
| style="color: blue" | 38.6
| align="right" | 22.0
| style="color:blue;" | 16.6 
| -4.7
|style="color:blue;"|5.02
|-
| 1912
| align="right" | 5,960,000
| align="right" | 207,870
| align="right" | 119,578
| align="right" | 88,292
| align="right" | 34.9
| align="right" | 20.1
| align="right" | 14.8 
| -14.8
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.54
|-
| 1913
| align="right" | 5,970,000
| align="right" | 193,906
| align="right" | 123,054
| align="right" | 70,852
| align="right" | 32.5
| align="right" | 20.6
| align="right" | 11.9 
| -10.2
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.22
|-
| 1914
| align="right" | 5,980,000
| align="right" | 188,479
| align="right" | 115,526
| align="right" | 72,953
| align="right" | 31.5
| align="right" | 19.3
| align="right" | 12.0 
| -10.3
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.09
|-
| 1915
| align="right" | 5,990,000
| align="right" | 195,225
| align="right" | 122,513
| align="right" | 72,712
| align="right" | 32.6
| align="right" | 20.5
| align="right" | 12.0 
| -10.3
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.24
|-
| 1916
| align="right" | 6,000,000
| align="right" | 192,780
| align="right" | 129,389
| align="right" | 63,391
| align="right" | 32.1
| align="right" | 21.6
| align="right" | 10.7 
| -9.0
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.17
|-
| 1917
| align="right" | 6,000,000
| align="right" | 188,391
| align="right" | 134,082
| align="right" | 54,309
| align="right" | 31.4
| align="right" | 22.3
| align="right" | 9.1 
| -9.1
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.08
|-
| 1918
| align="right" | 6,020,000
| align="right" | 178,687
| align="right" style="color: red" | 248,978
| align="right" style="color: red" |  -70,291
| align="right" | 29.7
| style="color: red" | 41.4
| align="right" style="color: red" | -11.6 
| 14.9
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.86
|-
| 1919
| align="right" | 6,020,000
| align="right" | 166,162
| align="right" | 152,856
| align="right" | 13,306
| align="right" | 27.6
| align="right" | 25.4
| align="right" | 2.2 
| -2.2
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.59
|-
| 1920
| align="right" | 6,040,000
| align="right" | 202,908
| align="right" | 142,862
| align="right" | 60,046
| align="right" | 33.6
| align="right" | 23.7
| align="right" | 9.9 
| -6.6
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.37
|-
| 1921
| align="right" | 6,070,000
| align="right" | 197,022
| align="right" | 126,316
| align="right" | 70,706
| align="right" | 32.4
| align="right" | 20.8
| align="right" | 11.7 
| -6.7
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.21
|-
| 1922
| align="right" | 6,170,000
| align="right" | 203,727
| align="right" | 125,747
| align="right" | 77,980
| align="right" | 33.1
| align="right" | 20.4
| align="right" | 12.6 
| 3.9
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.3
|-
| 1923
| align="right" | 6,240,000
| align="right" | 207,172
| align="right" | 141,775
| align="right" | 65,397
| align="right" | 33.2
| align="right" | 22.7
| align="right" | 10.5 
| 0.8
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.32
|-
| 1924
| align="right" | 6,310,000
| align="right" | 207,440
| align="right" | 126,052
| align="right" | 81,388
| align="right" | 32.8
| align="right" | 20.0
| align="right" | 12.8 
| -1.6
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.26
|-
| 1925
| align="right" | 6,370,000
| align="right" | 208,434
| align="right" | 117,413
| align="right" | 91,021
| align="right" | 32.6
| align="right" | 18.4
| align="right" | 14.3 
| -4.8
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.24
|-
| 1926
| align="right" | 6,470,000
| align="right" | 214,633
| align="right" | 127,959
| align="right" | 86,674
| align="right" | 33.5
| align="right" | 19.8
| align="right" | 13.4 
| 2.3
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.36
|-
| 1927
| align="right" | 6,550,000
| align="right" | 199,399
| align="right" | 123,382
| align="right" | 76,017
| align="right" | 31.0
| align="right" | 18.8
| align="right" | 11.6 
| 0.8
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.03
|-
| 1928
| align="right" | 6,620,000
| align="right" | 211,314
| align="right" | 124,088
| align="right" | 87,226
| align="right" | 31.9
| align="right" | 18.7
| align="right" | 13.2 
| -2.5
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.15
|-
| 1929
| align="right" | 6,720,000
| align="right" | 200,874
| align="right" | 118,824
| align="right" | 82,050
| align="right" | 29.9
| align="right" | 17.7
| align="right" | 12.2 
| 2.9
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.89
|-
| 1930
| align="right" | 6,804,000
| align="right" | 202,529
| align="right" | 116,352
| align="right" | 86,177
| align="right" | 29.7
| align="right" | 17.1
| align="right" | 12.7 
| -0.2
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.86
|-
| 1931
| align="right" | 6,860,000
| align="right" | 204,120
| align="right" | 115,225
| align="right" | 88,895
| align="right" | 29.7
| align="right" | 16.8
| align="right" | 13.0
| -4.8 
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.86
|-
| 1932
| align="right" | 6,968,000
| align="right" | 208,062
| align="right" | 118,895
| align="right" | 89,167
| align="right" | 29.9
| align="right" | 17.1
| align="right" | 12.8 
| 2.9
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.89
|-
| 1933
| align="right" | 7,057,000
| align="right" | 204,315
| align="right" | 120,996
| align="right" | 83,319
| align="right" | 28.9
| align="right" | 17.2
| align="right" | 11.8 
| 1.0
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.88
|-
| 1934
| align="right" | 7,147,000
| align="right" | 203,158
| align="right" | 118,539
| align="right" | 84,619
| align="right" | 28.4
| align="right" | 16.6
| align="right" | 11.8 
| 1.0
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.74
|-
| 1935
| align="right" | 7,237,000
| align="right" | 203,943
| align="right" | 123,051
| align="right" | 80,892
| align="right" | 28.2
| align="right" | 17.0
| align="right" | 11.2 
| 1.4
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.59
|-
| 1936
| align="right" | 7,326,000
| align="right" | 205,615
| align="right" | 119,003
| align="right" | 86,612
| align="right" | 28.1
| align="right" | 16.2
| align="right" | 11.8 
| 0.5
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.45
|-
| 1937
| align="right" | 7,416,000
| align="right" | 198,217
| align="right" | 117,291
| align="right" | 80,926
| align="right" | 26.7
| align="right" | 15.8
| align="right" | 10.9 
| 1.4
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.39
|-
| 1938
| align="right" | 7,506,000
| align="right" | 199,467
| align="right" | 115,331
| align="right" | 84,136
| align="right" | 26.6
| align="right" | 15.4
| align="right" | 11.2 
| 0.9
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.34
|-
| 1939
| align="right" | 7,595,000
| align="right" | 198,888
| align="right" | 116,075
| align="right" | 82,813
| align="right" | 26.2
| align="right" | 15.3
| align="right" | 10.9 
| 1.0
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.28
|-
| 1940
| align="right" | 7,696,000
| align="right" | 187,892
| align="right" | 120,486
| align="right" | 67,406
| align="right" | 24.4
| align="right" | 15.7
| align="right" | 8.8 
| 4.5
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.22
|-
| 1941
| align="right" | 7,750,000
| align="right" | 184,336
| align="right" | 134,937
| align="right" | 49,399
| align="right" | 23.8
| align="right" | 17.4
| align="right" | 6.4 
| 0.6
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.12
|-
| 1942
| align="right" | 7,810,000
| align="right" | 187,503
| align="right" | 126,531
| align="right" | 60,972
| align="right" | 24.0
| align="right" | 16.1
| align="right" | 7.8 
| -0.1
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.14
|-
| 1943
| align="right" | 7,890,000
| align="right" | 198,101
| align="right" | 121,887
| align="right" | 76,214
| align="right" | 25.1
| align="right" | 15.3
| align="right" | 9.7 
| 0.5
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.27
|-
| 1944
| align="right" | 7,960,000
| align="right" | 201,373
| align="right" | 119,275
| align="right" | 82,098
| align="right" | 25.3
| align="right" | 14.8
| align="right" | 10.3 
| -1.4
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.28
|-
| 1945
| align="right" | 8,040,000
| align="right" | 209,131
| align="right" | 115,596
| align="right" | 93,535
| align="right" | 26.0
| align="right" | 14.2
| align="right" | 11.6 
| -1.5
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.39
|-
| 1946
| align="right" | 8,100,000
| align="right" | 205,825
| align="right" | 120,800
| align="right" | 85,025
| align="right" | 25.4
| align="right" | 14.9
| align="right" | 10.5 
| -3.0
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.29
|-
| 1947
| align="right" | 8,180,000
| align="right" | 200,488
| align="right" | 110,437
| align="right" | 90,051
| align="right" | 24.5
| align="right" | 13.5
| align="right" | 11.0 
| -1.1
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.14
|-
| 1948
| align="right" | 8,262,000
| align="right" | 220,981
| align="right" | 107,576
| align="right" | 113,405
| align="right" | 26.7
| align="right" | 13.0
| align="right" | 13.7 
| -3.7
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.42
|-
| 1949
| align="right" | 8,333,000
| align="right" | 212,260
| align="right" | 117,499
| align="right" | 94,761
| align="right" | 25.5
| align="right" | 14.1
| align="right" | 11.4 
| -2.8
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.23
|-
| 1950
| align="right" | 8,405,000
| align="right" | 205,163
| align="right" | 102,798
| align="right" | 102,365
| align="right" | 24.4
| align="right" | 12.2
| align="right" | 12.2 
| -3.6
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.1
|-
| 1951
| align="right" | 8,459,000
| align="right" | 207,870
| align="right" | 105,473
| align="right" | 102,397
| align="right" | 24.6
| align="right" | 12.5
| align="right" | 12.1 
| -5.7
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.1
|-
| 1952
| align="right" | 8,496,000
| align="right" | 211,213
| align="right" | 100,486
| align="right" | 110,727
| align="right" | 24.9
| align="right" | 11.8
| align="right" | 13.0 
| -8.6
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.1
|-
| 1953
| align="right" | 8,534,000
| align="right" | 202,135
| align="right" | 97,460
| align="right" | 104,675
| align="right" | 23.7
| align="right" | 11.4
| align="right" | 12.3 
| -7.8
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.1
|-
| 1954
| align="right" | 8,570,000
| align="right" | 197,536
| align="right" | 95,088
| align="right" | 102,448
| align="right" | 23.0
| align="right" | 11.1
| align="right" | 12.0 
| -7.8
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.1
|-
| 1955
| align="right" | 8,610,000
| align="right" | 209,790
| align="right" | 99,472
| align="right" | 110,318
| align="right" | 24.4
| align="right" | 11.6
| align="right" | 12.8 
| -8.1
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.1
|-
| 1956
| align="right" | 8,647,000
| align="right" | 202,667
| align="right" | 106,919
| align="right" | 95,748
| align="right" | 23.4
| align="right" | 12.4
| align="right" | 11.1 
| -6.8
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.11
|-
| 1957
| align="right" | 8,680,000
| align="right" | 211,494
| align="right" | 101,784
| align="right" | 109,710
| align="right" | 24.4
| align="right" | 11.7
| align="right" | 12.6 
| -8.8
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.12
|-
| 1958
| align="right" | 8,725,000
| align="right" | 212,467
| align="right" | 91,891
| align="right" | 120,576
| align="right" | 24.4
| align="right" | 10.5
| align="right" | 13.8 
| -8.6
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.13
|-
| 1959
| align="right" | 8,826,000
| align="right" | 213,062
| align="right" | 97,754
| align="right" | 115,308
| align="right" | 24.3
| align="right" | 11.1
| align="right" | 13.1 
| -1.5
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.15
|-
| 1960
| align="right" | 8,865,000
| align="right" | 213,895
| align="right" | 95,009
| align="right" | 118,886
| align="right" | 23.9
| align="right" | 10.6
| align="right" | 13.3 
| 8.9
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.16
|-
| 1961
| align="right" | 8,929,000
| align="right" | 217,516
| align="right" | 99,590
| align="right" | 117,926
| align="right" | 24.3
| align="right" | 11.1
| align="right" | 13.2 
| -6.0
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.18
|-
| 1962
| align="right" | 8,994,000
| align="right" | 220,200
| align="right" | 96,864
| align="right" style="color: blue"| 123,336
| align="right" | 24.4
| align="right" | 10.7
| align="right" | 13.7 
| -6.4
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.18
|-
| 1963
| align="right" | 9,031,000
| align="right" | 212,152
| align="right" | 98,011
| align="right" | 114,141
| align="right" | 23.4
| align="right" | 10.8
| align="right" | 12.6 
| -8.5
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.19
|-
| 1964
| align="right" | 9,034,000
| align="right" | 217,136
| align="right" | 96,878
| align="right" | 120,258
| align="right" | 23.8
| align="right" | 10.6
| align="right" | 13.2
| -12.9 
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.19
|-
| 1965
| align="right" | 8,999,000
| align="right" | 210,299
| align="right" | 95,187
| align="right" | 115,112
| align="right" | 23.0
| align="right" | 10.4
| align="right" | 12.6  
| -16.5
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.18
|-
| 1966
| align="right" | 8,931,000
| align="right" | 206,940
| align="right" | 100,088
| align="right" | 106,852
| align="right" | 22.7
| align="right" | 11.0
| align="right" | 12 
| -19.6
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.16
|-
| 1967
| align="right" | 8,875,000
| align="right" | 202,061
| align="right" | 95,816
| align="right" | 106,245
| align="right" | 22.2
| align="right" | 10.5
| align="right" | 11.7 
| -18.0
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.13
|-
| 1968
| align="right" | 8,837,000
| align="right" | 194,962
| align="right" | 94,661
| align="right" | 100,301
| align="right" | 21.4
| align="right" | 10.4
| align="right" | 11.0 
| -15.3
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.09
|-
| 1969
| align="right" | 8,758,000
| align="right" | 189,739
| align="right" | 101,088
| align="right" | 88,651
| align="right" | 20.9
| align="right" | 11.1
| align="right" | 9.7 
| -18.6
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.05
|-
| 1970
| align="right" | 8,663,252
| align="right" | 180,690
| align="right" | 92,854
| align="right" | 87,836
| align="right" | 20.9
| align="right" | 10.7
| align="right" | 10.1 
| style="color: red"|-20.9
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.99
|-
| 1971
| align="right" | 8,624,258
| align="right" | 181,243
| align="right" | 98,355
| align="right" | 82,888
| align="right" | 21.0
| align="right" | 11.4
| align="right" | 9.6 
| -14.1
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.99
|-
| 1972
| align="right" | 8,636,603
| align="right" | 174,685
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 90,025
| align="right" | 84,660
| align="right" | 20.2
| align="right" | 10.4
| align="right" | 9.8 
| -8.4
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.85
|-
| 1973
| align="right" | 8,629,598
| align="right" | 172,324
| align="right" | 95,239
| align="right" | 77,085
| align="right" | 20.0
| align="right" | 11.0
| align="right" | 8.9 
| -9.7
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.76
|-
| 1974
| align="right" | 8,879,127
| align="right" | 171,979
| align="right" | 96,837
| align="right" | 75,142
| align="right" | 19.4
| align="right" | 10.9
| align="right" | 8.5 
| 20.2
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.69
|-
| 1975
| align="right" | 9,307,815
| align="right" | 179,648
| align="right" | 97,750
| align="right" | 81,898
| align="right" | 19.3
| align="right" | 10.5
| align="right" | 8.8 
| style="color: blue"|39.5
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.75
|-
| 1976
| align="right" | 9,403,809
| align="right" | 186,712
| align="right" | 101,843
| align="right" | 84,869
| align="right" | 19.9
| align="right" | 10.8
| align="right" | 9.0 
| 1.3
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.81
|-
| 1977
| align="right" | 9,507,536
| align="right" | 181,064
| align="right" | 95,917
| align="right" | 85,147
| align="right" | 19.0
| align="right" | 10.1
| align="right" | 9.0 
| 2.0
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.68
|-
| 1978
| align="right" | 9,608,959
| align="right" | 167,467
| align="right" | 96,042
| align="right" | 71,425
| align="right" | 17.4
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" | 7.4 
| 3.3
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.45
|-
| 1979
| align="right" | 9,713,570
| align="right" | 160,311
| align="right" | 92,566
| align="right" | 67,745
| align="right" | 16.5
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 7.0 
| 3.9
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.31
|-
| 1980
| align="right" | 9,818,980
| align="right" | 158,309
| align="right" | 94,794
| align="right" | 63,515
| align="right" | 16.1
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 6.5 
| 4.4
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.25
|-
| 1981
| align="right" | 9,883,670
| align="right" | 152,071
| align="right" | 95,728
| align="right" | 56,343
| align="right" | 15.4
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 5.7
| 0.9 
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.13
|-
| 1982
| align="right" | 9,939,871
| align="right" | 151,002
| align="right" | 92,379
| align="right" | 58,623
| align="right" | 15.2
| style="color: blue" | 9.3
| align="right" | 5.9 
| -0.2
| align="right" |2.08
|-
| 1983
| align="right" | 9,975,859
| align="right" | 144,296
| align="right" | 96,179
| align="right" | 48,117
| align="right" | 14.5
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 4.8 
| -1.2
| align="right" | 1.96
|-
| 1984
| align="right" | 10,016,605
| align="right" | 142,783
| align="right" | 96,975
| align="right" | 45,808
| align="right" | 14.3
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 4.6 
| -0.5
| align="right" | 1.91
|-
| 1985
| align="right" | 10,030,621
| align="right" | 130,450
| align="right" | 97,085
| align="right" | 33,365
| align="right" | 13.0
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 3.3 
| -1.9
| align="right" | 1.73
|-
| 1986
| align="right" | 10,034,846
| align="right" | 126,715
| align="right" | 95,521
| align="right" | 31,194
| align="right" | 12.6
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 3.1 
| -2.7
| align="right" | 1.67
|-
| 1987
| align="right" | 10,025,215
| align="right" | 123,179
| align="right" | 95,102
| align="right" | 28,077
| align="right" | 12.3
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 2.8 
| -3.8
| align="right" | 1.63
|-
| 1988
| align="right" | 10,014,005
| align="right" | 122,093
| align="right" | 97,844
| align="right" | 24,249
| align="right" | 12.2
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 2.4 
| -3.5
| align="right" | 1.62
|-
| 1989
| align="right" | 9,995,995
| align="right" | 118,483
| align="right" | 95,743
| align="right" | 22,740
| align="right" | 11.9
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 2.3 
| -4.1
| align="right" | 1.58
|-
| 1990
| align="right" | 9,970,441
| align="right" | 116,321
| align="right" | 102,768
| align="right" | 13,553
| align="right" | 11.7
| align="right" | 10.3
| align="right" | 1.4 
| -4.0
| align="right" | 1.57
|-
| 1991
| align="right" | 9,950,029
| align="right" | 116,299
| align="right" | 103,882
| align="right" | 12,417
| align="right" | 11.7
| align="right" | 10.4
| align="right" | 1.2 
| -3.2
| align="right" | 1.56
|-
| 1992
| align="right" | 9,954,958
| align="right" | 114,924
| align="right" | 100,638
| align="right" | 14,286
| align="right" | 11.5
| align="right" | 10.1
| align="right" | 1.4 
| -0.9
| align="right" | 1.54
|-
| 1993
| align="right" | 9,974,391
| align="right" | 113,960
| align="right" | 105,950
| align="right" | 8,010
| align="right" | 11.4
| align="right" | 10.6
| align="right" | 0.8 
| 1.2
| align="right" | 1.52
|-
| 1994
| align="right" | 10,008,659
| align="right" | 109,227
| align="right" | 99,232
| align="right" | 9,995
| align="right" | 10.9
| align="right" | 9.9
| align="right" | 1.0 
| 2.4
| align="right" | 1.45
|-
| 1995
| align="right" | 10,043,693
| align="right" | 107,097
| align="right" | 103,475
| align="right" | 3,622
| align="right" | 10.7
| align="right" | 10.3
| align="right" | 0.4 
| 3.1
| align="right" | 1.41
|-
| 1996
| align="right" | 10,084,196
| align="right" | 110,261
| align="right" | 106,881
| align="right" | 3,380
| align="right" | 10.9
| align="right" | 10.6
| align="right" | 0.3 
| 3.7
| align="right" | 1.45
|-
| 1997
| align="right" | 10,133,758
| align="right" | 112,933
| align="right" | 104,778
| align="right" | 8,155
| align="right" | 11.1
| align="right" | 10.3
| align="right" | 0.8 
| 4.1
| align="right" | 1.47
|-
| 1998
| align="right" | 10,186,634
| align="right" | 113,384
| align="right" | 106,198
| align="right" | 7,186
| align="right" | 11.1
| align="right" | 10.4
| align="right" | 0.7 
| 4.5
| align="right" | 1.48
|-
| 1999
| align="right" | 10,249,022
| align="right" | 116,002
| align="right" | 107,871
| align="right" | 8,131
| align="right" | 11.3
| align="right" | 10.5
| align="right" | 0.8 
| 5.3
| align="right" | 1.51
|-
| 2000
| align="right" | 10,330,774
| align="right" | 120,008
| align="right" | 105,364
| align="right" | 14,644
| align="right" | 11.6
| align="right" | 10.2
| align="right" | 1.4 
| 6.6
| align="right" | 1.55
|-
| 2001
| align="right" | 10,394,669
| align="right" | 112,774
| align="right" | 105,092
| align="right" | 7,682
| align="right" | 10.8
| align="right" | 10.1
| align="right" | 0.7 
| 5.5
| align="right" | 1.45
|-
| 2002
| align="right" | 10,444,592
| align="right" | 114,383
| align="right" | 106,258
| align="right" | 8,125
| align="right" | 11.0
| align="right" | 10.2
| align="right" | 0.8 
| 4.0
| align="right" | 1.47
|-
| 2003
| align="right" | 10,473,050
| align="right" | 112,515
| align="right" | 108,795
| align="right" | 3,720
| align="right" | 10.7
| align="right" | 10.4
| align="right" | 0.4 
| 2.3
| align="right" | 1.44
|-
| 2004
| align="right" | 10,494,672
| align="right" | 109,298
| align="right" | 102,012
| align="right" | 7,286
| align="right" | 10.4
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 0.7 
| 1.4
| align="right" | 1.41
|-
| 2005
| align="right" | 10,511,988
| align="right" | 109,399
| align="right" | 107,464
| align="right" | 1,935
| align="right" | 10.4
| align="right" | 10.2
| align="right" | 0.2 
| 1.4
| align="right" | 1.42
|-
| 2006
| align="right" | 10,532,588
| align="right" | 105,449
| align="right" | 101,990
| align="right" | 3,459
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 0.3 
| 1.7
| align="right" | 1.38
|-
| 2007
| align="right" | 10,553,339
| align="right" | 102,492
| align="right" | 103,512
| align="right" style="color: red" | -1,020
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.1 
| 2.1
| align="right" | 1.35
|-
| 2008
| align="right" | 10,563,014
| align="right" | 104,594
| align="right" | 104,280
| align="right" |  314
| align="right" | 9.9
| align="right" | 9.9
| align="right" | 0.0 
| 0.8
| align="right" | 1.40
|-
| 2009
| align="right" | 10,573,479
| align="right" | 99,491
| align="right" | 104,434
| align="right" style="color: red" |  -4,943
| align="right" | 9.4
| align="right" | 9.9
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.5 
| 1.5
| align="right" | 1.35
|-
| 2010
| align="right" | 10,572,721
| align="right" | 101,381
| align="right" | 105,954
| align="right" style="color: red" |  -4,573
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.4 
| 0.3
| align="right" | 1.39
|-
| 2011
| align="right" | 10,558,950
| align="right" | 96,856
| align="right" | 102,848
| align="right" style="color: red" | -5,992
| align="right" | 9.2
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.6 
| -0.7
| align="right" | 1.35
|-
| 2012
| align="right" | 10,503,889
| align="right" | 89,841
| align="right" | 107,612
| align="right" style="color: red" | -17,771
| align="right" | 8.6
| align="right" | 10.3
| align="right" style="color: red"| -1.7 
| -3.5
| align="right" | 1.28
|-
|2013
|align="right" | 10,444,092
|align="right" | 82,787
|align="right" | 106,554
|align="right" style="color: red" | -23,767
|align="right" | 7.9
|align="right" | 10.2
|align="right" style="color: red" | -2.3 
| -3.4
|align="right" style="color: red" | 1.21
|-
|2014
|align="right" | 10,395,121
| align="right"| 82,367
|align="right" | 104,843
|align="right" style="color: red" | -22,476
|align="right" | 7.9
|align="right" | 10.1
|align="right" style="color: red" | -2.2 
| -2.5
| align="right" | 1.23
|-
|2015
|align="right" | 10,368,554
|align="right" | 85,500
|align="right" | 108,539
|align="right" style="color: red" | -23,039
|align="right" | 8.3
|align="right" | 10.5
|align="right" style="color: red" | -2.2 
| -0.4
| align="right" | 1.30
|-
| 2016
| align="right" | 10,344,478
| align="right" | 87,126
| align="right" | 110,573
| align="right" style="color: red" | -23,447
| align="right" | 8.5
| align="right" | 10.7
|align="right" style="color: red" | -2.3 
| 0
| align="right" | 1.36
|-
| 2017
| align="right" | 10,335,770
| align="right" | 86,154
| align="right" | 109,758
| align="right" style="color: red" |  -23,604
| align="right" | 8.4
| align="right" | 10.7
|align="right" style="color: red" | -2.3 
| 1.5
| align="right" | 1.37
|-
| 2018
| align="right" | 10,333,496
| align="right" | 87,020
| align="right" | 113,051
| align="right" style="color: red" |  -26,031
| align="right" | 8.5
| align="right" | 11.0
|align="right" style="color: red" | -2.5 
| 2.3
| align="right" | 1.41
|-
| 2019
| align="right" | 10,375,395
| align="right" | 86,579
| align="right" | 111,843
| align="right" style="color: red" |  -25,264
| align="right" | 8.4
| align="right" | 10.9
|align="right" style="color: red" | -2.4 
| 6.5
| align="right" | 1.42
|-
| 2020
| align="right" | 10,394,297
| align="right" | 84,530
| align="right" | 123,396
| align="right" style="color: red" | -38,866
| align="right" | 8.2
| align="right" | 12.0
|align="right" style="color: red" | -3.8 
| 5.6
| align="right" | 1.40
|-
| 2021
| align="right" | 10,421,117
| align="right" style="color: red" | 79,582
| align="right" | 124,841
| align="right" style="color: red" | -45,220
| style="color: red" | 7.7
| align="right" | 12.1
|align="right" style="color: red" | -4.4 
| 7.0
| align="right" | 1.34
|-
| 2022
| align="right" | 10,516,621
| align="right" | 83,671
| align="right" | 124,311
| align="right" style="color: red" | -40,640
| align="right" | 8.0
| align="right" | 11.9
|align="right" style="color: red" | -3.9
| 8.3
| align="right" | 1.42
|-
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saldo natural negativo volta a desagravar-se em 2023, com a região Grande Lisboa a registar um saldo natural positivo - 2023 |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=643914101&DESTAQUESmodo=2}}</ref>2023
| align="right" style="color: blue"  | 10,639,726
| align="right" | 85,994
| align="right" | 118,895
| align="right" style="color: red" | -32,901
| align="right" | 8.1
| align="right" | 11.1
|align="right" style="color: red" | -3.0
| 14.7
| align="right" | 1.44
|-
| 2024
| align="right" style="color: blue"  | 
| align="right" | 84,642
| align="right" | 118,374
| align="right" style="color: red" | -33,732
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 
|align="right" style="color: red" | 
| 
| align="right" |
|}

According to Statistics Portugal, in the year 2024 56,691 children (67%) were born to Portuguese-born mothers, while 27,951 (33%) were born to foreign-born mothers. Compared to the year 2015, this represents a significant decrease in children born to Portuguese-born mothers (71,462 or 83.6% in 2015) and, conversely, an increase in children born to foreign-born mothers (14,038 or 16.4%), despite the roughly similar overall number of live births (85,500 in 2015 and 84,642 in 2024).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural balance worsens in 2024, but the Grande Lisboa region registers a positive natural balance for the second consecutive year |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=701628039&DESTAQUESmodo=2|date=29 April 2025|access-date=30 April 2025|website=www.ine.pt}}</ref>

===Current vital statistics===
<ref>{{Cite web |title=O número de nados-vivos registado em março de 2025 aumentou 1,6% em relação ao mês homólogo de 2024 - Abril de 2025 |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=706217757&DESTAQUESmodo=2|date=16 May 2025|access-date=16 April 2025|website=www.ine.pt}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-
! Period
! Live births
! Deaths
! Natural increase
|-
| '''January - March 2024'''
| 20,542
| 33,628
| -13,086
|-
| '''January - March 2025'''
| 20,331
| 33,515
| -13,184
|-
| '''Difference'''
| {{decrease}} -211 (-1.03%)
| {{decreasepositive}} -113 (-0.34%)
| {{decrease}} -98
|}

===Structure of the population===

{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population by Sex and Age Group (Official Census 2021): <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=População residente (N.º) por Local de residência (à data dos Censos 2021)|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0000256&selTab=tab0 |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 4 920 220
| align="right" | 5 422 846
| align="right" | 10 343 066
| align="right" | 100.00
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 218 527
| align="right" | 207 185
| align="right" | 425 712
| align="right" | 4.07
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 222 278
| align="right" | 210 889
| align="right" | 433 167
| align="right" | 4.14
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 251 339
| align="right" | 240 793
| align="right" | 492 132
| align="right" | 4.70
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 266 963
| align="right" | 255 595
| align="right" | 522 558
| align="right" | 4.99
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 287 540
| align="right" | 273 647
| align="right" | 560 887
| align="right" | 5.36
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 280 721
| align="right" | 268 129
| align="right" | 548 850
| align="right" | 5.24
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 287 493
| align="right" | 284 268
| align="right" | 571 761
| align="right" | 5.46
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 305 503
| align="right" | 314 418
| align="right" | 619 921
| align="right" | 5.92
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 351 485
| align="right" | 375 132
| align="right" | 726 617
| align="right" | 6.94
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 392 737
| align="right" | 423 651
| align="right" | 816 388
| align="right" | 7.80
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 366 189
| align="right" | 400 157
| align="right" | 766 346
| align="right" | 7.32
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 351 700
| align="right" | 397 580
| align="right" | 749 280
| align="right" | 7.16
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 339 143
| align="right" | 386 682
| align="right" | 725 825
| align="right" | 6.93
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 309 373
| align="right" | 359 065
| align="right" | 668 438
| align="right" | 6.39
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 282 050
| align="right" | 335 766
| align="right" | 617 816
| align="right" | 5.90
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 215 263
| align="right" | 278 986
| align="right" | 494 249
| align="right" | 4.72
|-
| align="right" | 80–84
| align="right" | 148 007
| align="right" | 211 012
| align="right" | 359 019
| align="right" | 3.43
|-
| align="right" | 85+
| align="right" | 125 800
| align="right" | 242 600
| align="right" | 368 400
| align="right" | 3.52
|-
! width="50"|Age group 
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 692 144
| align="right" | 658 867
| align="right" | 1 351 011
| align="right" | 12.91
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 3 272 879
| align="right" | 3 335 554
| align="right" | 6 608 433
| align="right" | 63.13
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 1 036 788
| align="right" | 1 386 851
| align="right" | 2 507 922
| align="right" | 23.96
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}
{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population by Sex and Age Group (Population Estimate 2023): <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=População residente (Série longa, início 1991 - N.º) por Local de residência (NUTS - 2013), Sexo e Idade; Anual|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0000256&selTab=tab0 |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=População residente por sexo e grupo etário |url=https://www.pordata.pt/pt/estatisticas/populacao/populacao-residente/populacao-residente-por-sexo-e-grupo-etario?_gl=1*1mdg7ad*_up*MQ..*_ga*NzY4ODYwNDEzLjE3NDY4NDA2MjI.*_ga_HL9EXBCVBZ*czE3NDY4NDA2MjIkbzEkZzAkdDE3NDY4NDA2MjIkajAkbDAkaDA. |website=Pordata|access-date=10 May 2025|language=pt-PT}}</ref>
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 5 083 568
| align="right" | 5 556 158
| align="right" | 10 639 726
| align="right" | 100.00
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 221 121
| align="right" | 208 651
| align="right" | 429 772
| align="right" | 4.04
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 229 621
| align="right" | 218 559
| align="right" | 448 180
| align="right" | 4.21
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 247 542
| align="right" | 238 274
| align="right" | 485 816
| align="right" | 4.57
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 269 206
| align="right" | 258 900
| align="right" | 528 106
| align="right" | 4.96
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 290 561
| align="right" | 280 090
| align="right" | 570 651
| align="right" | 5.36
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 291 928
| align="right" | 278 498
| align="right" | 570 426
| align="right" | 5.36
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 300 061
| align="right" | 295 770
| align="right" | 595 831
| align="right" | 5.60
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 308 975
| align="right" | 316 753
| align="right" | 625 728
| align="right" | 5.88
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 352 038
| align="right" | 373 875
| align="right" | 725 913
| align="right" | 6.82
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 394 465
| align="right" | 425 996
| align="right" | 820 461
| align="right" | 7.71
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 373 346
| align="right" | 409 236
| align="right" | 782 582
| align="right" | 7.36
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 354 591
| align="right" | 400 294
| align="right" | 754 885
| align="right" | 7.09
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 344 026
| align="right" | 392 774
| align="right" | 736 800
| align="right" | 6.92
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 316 994
| align="right" | 368 303
| align="right" | 685 297
| align="right" | 6.44
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 282 121
| align="right" | 337 022
| align="right" | 619 143
| align="right" | 5.82
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 225 565
| align="right" | 291 354
| align="right" | 516 919
| align="right" | 4.86
|-
| align="right" | 80–84
| align="right" | 150 497
| align="right" | 213 353
| align="right" | 363 850
| align="right" | 3.42
|-
| align="right" | 85–89
| align="right" | 91 225
| align="right" | 154 022
| align="right" | 245 247
| align="right" | 2.31
|-
| align="right" | 90–94
| align="right" | 32 913
| align="right" | 72 514
| align="right" | 105 427
| align="right" | 0.99
|-
| align="right" | 95–99
| align="right" | 6 189
| align="right" | 19 354
| align="right" | 25 543
| align="right" | 0.24
|-
| align="right" | 100+
| align="right" | 583
| align="right" | 2 566
| align="right" | 3 149
| align="right" | 0.03
|-
! width="50"|Age group 
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 698 284
| align="right" | 665 484
| align="right" | 1 363 768
| align="right" | 12.82
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 3 279 197
| align="right" | 3 432 186
| align="right" | 6 711 383
| align="right" | 63.08
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 1 106 087
| align="right" | 1 458 488
| align="right" | 2 564 575
| align="right" | 24.10
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

===Maps===

<gallery mode="packed" heights="320">
File:Densidad-Portugal-2020.png|Population density by [[Municipalities of Portugal|municipality]] in Portugal (2020).
File:Poblacion-Portugal-2020.png|Population by municipality in Portugal (2020).
File:Variacion-01-11-Portugal.png|Population change by municipality in Portugal between 2001 and 2011.
File:Variacion-11-20-Portugal.png|Population change by municipality in Portugal between 2011 and 2020.
</gallery>

== Other demographic statistics ==
{{Historical populations
|title= Historical population
|type =
|cols = 1
|percentages=pagr
|footnote =Source: [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]]<ref>INE, ''[https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0014164&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2 População (N.º) por Localização geográfica à data dos Censos (Série 1890 - 2021), Sexo e Grupo etário; Decenal]'', 2025</ref><ref>INE, ''[https://censos.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=CENSOS&xpgid=censos_historia_pt Censos em Portugal de 1864 a 2011]'', 2014.</ref><ref name="INE2023" /> [[Our World in Data|OWID]]<ref>''[https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population?tab=chart&country=PRT Portugal Population, 10,000 BCE to 2023]'', 2023</ref>
|0 | 412924
|600 | 367043
|1100 | 688207
|1400 | 825848
|1500 | 1150000
|1600 | 1840000
|1710 | 2430000
|1810 | 3010000
|1825 | 3390000
|1849 | 3411454
|1864 | 4188419
|1878 | 4550699
|1890 | 5049729
|1900 | 5423132
|1911 | 5969056
|1920 | 6032991
|1930 | 6825883
|1940 | 7722152
|1950 | 8510240
|1960 | 8851240
|1970 | 8648369
|1981 | 9833041
|1991 | 9862540
|2001 | 10356117
|2011 | 10562178
|2021 | 10343066
|2023 | 10639726
}}

[[File:Historical population of Portugal.svg|249px|thumb|Historical population of Portugal]]

The following demographic statistics are from the [[CIA World Factbook]], unless otherwise indicated.<ref name ="cia.gov">{{citation|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/portugal/|title=World Factbook EUROPE : PORTUGAL|work=[[The World Factbook]]|date=July 12, 2018}}</ref>

;Total population:
:10,639,726 (2023 official [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]] estimate)<ref name="INE2023">{{Cite web |title=População residente (Série longa, início 1991 - N.º) por Local de residência (NUTS - 2013), Sexo e Idade; Anual |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0000256&selTab=tab0 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.ine.pt}}</ref>

;Age structure of the resident population
:2023 official [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]] estimate:<ref name="Statistics Portugal - Web Portal">{{Cite web |title=Statistics Portugal - Web Portal |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0000256&selTab=tab0 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.ine.pt}}</ref>
:* 0-14 years: 12.82% (male 698,284 /female 665,484)
:* 15-64 years: 63.08% (male 3,279,197 /female 3,432,186)
:* 65 years and over: 24.10% (male 1,106,087/female 1,458,488)

;Median age:
:* total: 46.8 years (2022 official [[Eurostat]] data)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Idade média: 46,8 anos. População portuguesa é a que mais está a envelhecer na UE |url=https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/sociedade/idade-media-468-anos-populacao-portuguesa-e-a-que-mais-esta-a-envelhecer-na-ue-15882746.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=TSF Rádio Notícias |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population structure indicators at national level: Median age |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/DEMO_PJANIND__custom_7251443/default/table?lang=en |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
:* male: 45.1 years
:* female: 48.3 years

;Birth rate:
:8.1 births/1,000 population (2023 official [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]] estimate)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taxa bruta de natalidade |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/taxa+bruta+de+natalidade-527 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.pordata.pt}}</ref>

;Death rate:
:11.1 deaths/1,000 population (2023 official [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]] estimate)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taxa bruta de mortalidade |url=https://www.pordata.pt/Municipios/Taxa+bruta+de+mortalidade-367 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.pordata.pt}}</ref>

;Total fertility rate:
:1.44 children born/woman (2023 official [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]] estimate)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indicadores de fecundidade: Índice sintético de fecundidade e taxa bruta de reprodução |url=https://www.pordata.pt/Portugal/Indicadores+de+fecundidade+Indice+sintetico+de+fecundidade+e+taxa+bruta+de+reproducao-416 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.pordata.pt}}</ref>

;Net migration rate:
:14.70 net migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 official [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]] estimate)<ref>{{Cite web |title=População residente: total e por grupo etário |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/populacao+residente+total+e+por+grupo+etario-10 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.pordata.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saldos populacionais anuais: saldo total, saldo natural e saldo migratório |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/saldos+populacionais+anuais+saldo+total++saldo+natural+e+saldo+migratorio-657 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.pordata.pt}}</ref>

;Population growth rate:
:+ 1.17 % (2023 official [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]] estimate)<ref name="Statistics Portugal - Web Portal"/>

;Mother's mean age at first birth:
:30.2 years (2023 official [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]] estimate)<ref name="Statistics Portugal - Web Portal"/>

;Life expectancy at birth:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Period
!Life expectancy in<br />Years
!Period
!Life expectancy in<br />Years
|-
|1950–1955
|60.3
|1990–1995
|{{increase}}74.9
|-
|1955–1960
|{{increase}}62.4
|1995–2000
|{{increase}}76.0
|-
|1960–1965
|{{increase}}64.5
|2000–2005
|{{increase}}77.6
|-
|1965–1970
|{{increase}}66.4
|2005–2010
|{{increase}}79.3
|-
|1970–1975
|{{increase}}68.3
|2010–2015
|{{increase}}80.5
|-
|1975–1980
|{{increase}}70.4
|2015–2020
|{{increase}}81.1
|-
|1980–1985
|{{increase}}72.5
|2020–2024
|{{increase}}82.6
|-
|1985–1990
|{{increase}}74.0
|
|
|-
|}
Source: ''UN World Population Prospects''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|access-date=2017-07-15}}</ref>

;Infant mortality rate:
:2022 official [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]] estimate:<ref name="Statistics Portugal - Web Portal" />
:* total: 2.59 deaths/1,000 live births. Country comparison to the world: 216th
:* male: 2.75 deaths/1,000 live births
:* female: 2.43 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 official [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]] estimate)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taxa de mortalidade infantil (‰) por Sexo; Anual |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0001389&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2}}</ref>

;Infant mortality rate
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
!Years<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taxa bruta de mortalidade e taxa de mortalidade infantil |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/taxa+bruta+de+mortalidade+e+taxa+de+mortalidade+infantil-528}}</ref>
!1960
!1961
!1962
!1963
!1964
!1965
!1966
!1967
!1968
!1969
!1970
!1971
!1972
!1973
!1974
!1975
|-
|Deaths/1,000 live births
|77.5
|88.8
|78.6
|73.1
|69.0
|64.9
|64.7
|59.2
|61.1
|55.8
|55.5
|51.9
|41.4
|44.8
|37.9
|38.9
|-
!Years
!1976
!1977
!1978
!1979
!1980
!1981
!1982
!1983
!1984
!1985
!1986
!1987
!1988
!1989
!1990
!1991
|-
|Deaths/1,000 live births
|33.4
|30.3
|29.1
|26.0
|24.3
|21.8
|19.8
|19.2
|16.7
|17.8
|15.8
|14.3
|13.0
|12.1
|10.9
|10.8
|-
!Years
!1992
!1993
!1994
!1995
!1996
!1997
!1998
!1999
!2000
!2001
!2002
!2003
!2004
!2005
!2006
!2007
|-
|Deaths/1,000 live births
|9.2
|8.6
|7.9
|7.4
|6.8
|6.4
|6.0
|5.6
|5.5
|5.0
|5.0
|4.1
|3.8
|3.5
|3.3
|3.4
|-
!Years
!2008
!2009
!2010
!2011
!2012
!2013
!2014
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!2023
|-
|Deaths/1,000 live births
|3.3
|3.6
|2.5
|3.1
|3.4
|2.9
|2.9
|2.9
|3.2
|2.7
|3.3
|2.9
|2.4
|2.4
|2.6
|2.5
|}
[[File:Life expectancy in Portugal.svg|thumb|249x249px|[[Life expectancy]] in Portugal since 1940]]
[[File:Life expectancy by WBG -Portugal -diff.png|thumb|249x249px|Life expectancy in Portugal since 1960 by gender]]
;[[Dependency ratio]]s:
:2022 official [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]] estimate:<ref name="Statistics Portugal - Web Portal" />
:* total dependency ratio: 58.4
:* youth dependency ratio: 20.44
:* elderly dependency ratio: 37.96 
:* [[potential support ratio]]: 2.63 (2022 INE estimate)

;Urbanization:
:urban population: 73.38% of total population (2020 official [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]] estimate<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portal do INE |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0008856&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2&xlang=pt |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=www.ine.pt}}</ref>)
:rate of urbanization: 0.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

;Sex ratio:
:2022 official [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]] estimate:
:* at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nados-vivos de mães residentes em Portugal: total e por sexo |url=https://www.pordata.pt/Municipios/Nados+vivos+de+maes+residentes+em+Portugal+total+e+por+sexo-103}}</ref>
:* under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female<ref>{{Cite web |title=População residente (N.º) por Local de residência (NUTS - 2013), Sexo e Grupo etário; Anual |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0008273}}</ref>
:* 15–64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
:* 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
:* total population: 0.90 male(s)/female<ref>{{Cite web |title=Relação de masculinidade |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/relacao+de+masculinidade-621}}</ref>

== Employment and income ==

;Unemployment, youth ages 15–24
:
:total: 23.1%. Country comparison to the world: 66th
:male: 20.6%
:female: 26.2% (2021 est.)

==Urban organization==

===Metropolitan areas and agglomerations===
[[File:MunicipiosMaisPopul.svg|right|thumb|The 25 most and the 25 least populated municipalities of Portugal. The metropolitan areas of Lisbon, Porto and [[Minho Province|Minho]] are visible.|366x366px]]
As of 2023, Portugal had two significant agglomerations: the political metropolitan areas of [[Lisbon]] and [[Porto]] – ''[[Grande Área Metropolitana de Lisboa]]'' (3.0 million) and ''[[Grande Área Metropolitana do Porto]]'' (1.8 million). Together they host 44.77% of the total population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics Portugal - Web Portal |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0008272&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=www.ine.pt}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="border: black 1px fixed" |
!Image!!City!!Metropolitan area!!Core municipality
|-
||[[File:Lisboa e o rio Tejo - Portugal (100442449).jpg|220px]]
||'''[[Lisbon]]'''
||2,961,177
||567,131
|-
||[[File:Porto (36337379133).jpg|220px]]
||'''[[Porto]]'''
||1,802,664
||248,769
|}

===Largest urban areas===

When considering the number of inhabitants in consistent single urban areas, de facto cities in mainland Portugal, per the new with increased density of human-created structures, and excluding suburban and rural areas, Portugal has two cities with about one million inhabitants each (Lisbon and Porto), ten others with more than 50,000 inhabitants and 14 cities with populations between 20,000 and 40,000 inhabitants.<ref name="tgv">Fernando Nunes da Silva (2005), [http://www.moptc.pt/tempfiles/20060227144758moptc.pdf Alta Velocidade em Portugal, Desenvolvimento Regional], CENSUR, IST  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624061135/http://www.moptc.pt/tempfiles/20060227144758moptc.pdf|date=24 June 2009}}</ref>

<gallery widths="140" heights="100">
File:Marquis of Pombal Square (Praça Marquês de Pombal) 4.jpg|1.[[Lisbon]] <small>and surroundings</small><br /> 3 million inh. ca.<small><br />[[Lisbon metropolitan area|Greater Lisbon]]</small>
File:Porto (37008876271).jpg|2.[[Porto]] <small>and surroundings</small><br /> 2 million inh. ca.<small><br />[[Porto metropolitan area|Greater Porto]]</small>
File:Avenida Central 2018 (1).jpg|3.[[Braga]]<br />202,000 inh.<br />
File:DJI 0136.castelo guimarãesJPG.jpg|4.[[Guimarães]]<br /> 157,000 inh.
File:Coimbra 2021 (63).jpg|5.[[Coimbra]]<br /> 145,000 inh.
File:Câmara Municipal de Vila Nova de Famalicão - Portugal (24653100438).jpg|6. [[Vila Nova de Famalicão]]<br />136,000 inh.
File:Leiria - Portugal (40481754050).jpg|7. [[Leiria]]<br />134,000 inh. 
File:Aerial photograph of Barcelos 2023 (3).jpg|8. [[Barcelos, Portugal|Barcelos]]<br />117,000 inh. 
File:Vista de Funchal desde Pico dos Barcelos, Madeira, Portugal, 2019-05-29, DD 45.jpg|9.[[Funchal]]<br /> 108,000 inh.
File:ViseuAereas1.jpg|10.[[Viseu]]<br />102,000 inh.
</gallery>

===Largest cities===
Portugal has 151 localities with national city status (''cidade''). Every city is included into a municipality (''[[Municipalities of Portugal|município]]''). This is a list of population by city, which means that it refers to the number of inhabitants in the city proper, excluding inhabitants from the same municipality but living outside the urban area of the city in other civil parishes (''[[freguesias]]'') of the municipality. In some cases (e.g. Lisbon), the entire municipality and the city proper cover the same territory.<ref>[http://dev.igeo.pt/atlas/Cap2/Cap2d_2.html UMA POPULAÇÃO QUE SE URBANIZA, Uma avaliação recente – Cidades, 2004] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006143612/http://dev.igeo.pt/atlas/Cap2/Cap2d_2.html |date=6 October 2014 }} Nuno Pires Soares, Instituto Geográfico Português (Geographic Institute of Portugal)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|title=Portugal: Regions and Cities|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/portugal/cities/|access-date=2023-07-04 |website=CITY POPULATION - statistics, maps & charts |language=en-EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Censos2021 |url=https://geoc2021.ine.pt/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=geoc2021.ine.pt}}</ref>
[[File:Mapa densidade portugal.png|thumb|230px|right|Population density of Portugal in 2021, per km<sup>2</sup>:
{{Legend|#ffff00|0-49}}
{{Legend|#ffcc00|50-99}}
{{Legend|#ffa500|100-499}}
{{Legend|#ff6600|500-999}}
{{Legend|#ff0000|1000-1999}}
{{Legend|#880404|2000+}}]]
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
! align="right" | Rank
! align="left" | City name
! align="right" | Population
! align="left" | Metropolitan area
! align="left" | Subregion
|- align="right"
|1 || align="left" | [[Lisbon]] || '''548,703'''|| align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]] || align="left" | ''[[Grande Lisboa]]''
|- align="right"
|2 || align="left" | [[Porto]] || '''240,592'''|| align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto]] || align="left" | ''[[Grande Porto]]''
|- align="right"
|3 || align="left" | [[Vila Nova de Gaia]] || '''188,443''' || align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto]] || align="left" | ''[[Grande Porto]]''
|- align="right"
|4 || align="left" | [[Amadora]] || '''174,511'''|| align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]] || align="left" | ''[[Grande Lisboa]]''
|- align="right"
|5 || align="left" | [[Braga]] || '''148,977''' || align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Minho]] || align="left" | ''[[Cávado Subregion|Cávado]]''
|- align="right"
|6 || align="left" | [[Coimbra]] || '''106,655''' || align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Coimbra]] || align="left" | ''[[Baixo Mondego]]''
|- align="right"
|7 || align="left" | [[Funchal]] || '''106,429'''|| || align="left" | ''[[Madeira]]''
|- align="right"
|8 || align="left" | [[Setúbal]] || '''98,470''' || align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]] || align="left" | ''[[Península de Setúbal]]''
|- align="right"
|9 || align="left" | [[Almada]] || '''88,202''' || align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]] || align="left" | ''[[Península de Setúbal]]''
|- align="right"
|10 || align="left" | [[Agualva-Cacém]] || '''81,006''' || align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]] || align="left" | ''[[Grande Lisboa]]''
|- align="right"
|11 || align="left" | [[Queluz (Sintra)|Queluz]] || '''73,047''' || align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]] || align="left" | ''[[Grande Lisboa]]''
|- align="right"
|12 || align="left" | [[Rio Tinto (Gondomar)|Rio Tinto]] || '''65,469''' || align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto]] || align="left" | ''[[Grande Porto]]''
|- align="right"
|13 || align="left" | [[Barreiro (city)|Barreiro]] || '''62,860''' || align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]] || align="left" | ''[[Península de Setúbal]]''
|- align="right"
|14 || align="left" | [[Aveiro, Portugal|Aveiro]] || '''62,130''' || || align="left" | ''[[Baixo Vouga]]''
|- align="right"
|15 || align="left" | [[Viseu]] || '''60,570''' || || align="left" | ''[[Dão-Lafões]]''
|- align="right"
|16 || align="left" | [[Odivelas]] || '''58,170''' || align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]] || align="left" | ''[[Grande Lisboa]]''
|- align="right"
|17 || align="left" | [[Guimarães]] || '''54,750''' || || align="left" | ''[[Ave, Subregion|Ave]]''
|- align="right"
|18 || align="left" | [[Leiria]] || '''54,540''' || || align="left" | ''[[Pinhal Litoral]]''
|- align="right"
|19 || align="left" | [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]] || '''49,360''' || || align="left" | ''[[Algarve]]''
|- align="right"
|20 || align="left" | [[Matosinhos]] || '''49,034''' || align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto]] || align="left" | ''[[Grande Porto]]''
|- align="right"
|21 || align="left" | [[Loures]] || '''46,246''' || align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]] || align="left" | ''[[Grande Lisboa]]''
|- align="right"
|22 || align="left" | [[Portimão]] || '''43,810''' || || align="left" | ''[[Algarve]]''
|- align="right"
|23 || align="left" | [[Póvoa de Varzim]] || '''41,206''' || align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto]] || align="left" | ''[[Grande Porto]]''
|- align="right"
|24 || align="left" | [[Amora, Portugal|Amora]] || '''41,140''' || align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]] || align="left" | ''[[Península de Setúbal]]''
|- align="right"
|25 || align="left" | [[Maia, Porto, Portugal|Maia]] || '''40,534''' || align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto]] || align="left" | ''[[Grande Porto]]''
|- align="right"
|26 || align="left" | [[Évora]] || '''40,373''' || || align="left" | ''[[Alentejo Central]]''
|- align="right"
|27 || align="left" | [[Montijo, Portugal|Montijo]] || '''40,130''' || align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]] || align="left" | ''[[Península de Setúbal]]''
|- align="right"
|28 || align="left" | [[Ponta Delgada]] || '''40,050''' || || align="left" | ''[[Açores]]''
|- align="right"
|29 || align="left" | [[Santa Maria da Feira]] || '''39,576''' || align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto]] || align="left" | ''[[Entre Douro e Vouga]]''
|- align="right"
|30 || align="left" | [[Ermesinde]] || '''38,570''' || align="left" | [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto]] || align="left" | ''[[Grande Porto]]''
|}

===Largest municipalities by population===
The following table lists the largest Portuguese municipalities by population as of 2023. The land area is expressed in km<sup>2</sup> and only municipalities with populations of over 100,000 inhabitants are listed.<ref name=":2" /> The 26 listed municipalities account for 46.10% of the country's population and for only 5.14% of its total land area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=População residente (N.º) por Local de residência (NUTS - 2013), Sexo e Grupo etário (Por ciclos de vida); Anual |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0008272&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2}}</ref>
[[File:Alfragidetorre.jpg|thumb|229x229px|View of residential building in Amadora, one of the most densely populated municipalities in Portugal and more densely populated than [[Hong Kong]]]]
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
! align="right" | Rank
! align="left" | Municipality
! align="right" | Population
!Land Area
!Density
! align="left" | Metropolitan area
|- align="right"
|1 || align="left" | [[Lisbon]] || '''567,131''' 
|100.05
|5,668.5|| align="left" | [[Lisbon metropolitan area|Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]]
|- align="right"
|2 || align="left" | [[Sintra]] || '''395,528''' 
|319.23
|1,239.0|| align="left" | [[Lisbon metropolitan area|Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]]
|- align="right"
|3 || align="left" | [[Vila Nova de Gaia]] || '''311,223''' 
|168.46
|1,847.5|| align="left" | [[Porto metropolitan area|Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto]]
|- align="right"
|4 || align="left" | [[Porto]] || '''248,769''' 
|41.42
|6,006.0|| align="left" | [[Porto metropolitan area|Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto]]
|- align="right"
|5 || align="left" | [[Cascais]] || '''219,636''' 
|97.40
|2,255.0|| align="left" | [[Lisbon metropolitan area|Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]]
|- align="right"
|6 || align="left" | [[Loures]] || '''207,065''' 
|167.24
|1,238.1|| align="left" | [[Lisbon metropolitan area|Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]]
|- align="right"
|7 || align="left" | [[Braga]] || '''201,583''' 
|183.40
|1,099.1||
|- align="right"
|8 || align="left" | [[Almada]] || '''181,232''' 
|70.21
|2,581.3|| align="left" | [[Lisbon metropolitan area|Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]]
|- align="right"
|9 || align="left" | [[Matosinhos]] || '''179,558''' 
|62.42
|2,876.6|| align="left" | [[Porto metropolitan area|Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto]]
|- align="right"
|10 || align="left" | [[Amadora]] || '''178,253''' 
|23.78
|7,495.9|| align="left" | [[Lisbon metropolitan area|Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]]
|- align="right"
|11 || align="left" | [[Oeiras, Portugal|Oeiras]] || '''175,677''' 
|45.88
|3,829.1|| align="left" | [[Lisbon metropolitan area|Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]]
|- align="right"
|12 || align="left" | [[Seixal]] || '''173,163''' 
|95.50
|1,813.2|| align="left" | [[Lisbon metropolitan area|Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]]
|- align="right"
|13 || align="left" | [[Gondomar, Portugal|Gondomar]] || '''168,582''' 
|131.86
|1,278.5|| align="left" | [[Porto metropolitan area|Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto]]
|- align="right"
|14 || align="left" | [[Guimarães]] || '''156,789''' 
|240.95
|650.7||
|- align="right"
|15 || align="left" | [[Odivelas]] || '''153,708''' 
|26.54
|5,791.6|| align="left" | [[Lisbon metropolitan area|Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]]
|- align="right"
|16 || align="left" | [[Coimbra]] || '''144,822''' 
|319.40
|453.4|| align="left" |
|- align="right"
|17 || align="left" | [[Maia, Portugal|Maia]] || '''142,594''' 
|82.99
|1,718.2|| align="left" | [[Porto metropolitan area|Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto]]
|- align="right"
|18 || align="left" | [[Santa Maria da Feira]] || '''139,837''' 
|215.88
|647.8|| align="left" | [[Porto metropolitan area|Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto]]
|- align="right"
|19 || align="left" | [[Vila Franca de Xira]] || '''139,452''' 
|318.19
|438.3|| align="left" | [[Lisbon metropolitan area|Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]]
|- align="right"
|20 || align="left" | [[Vila Nova de Famalicão]] || '''135,994''' 
|201.59
|674.6|| align="left" |
|- align="right"
|21 || align="left" | [[Leiria]] || '''133,795''' 
|565.09
|236.8|| align="left" |
|- align="right"
|22 || align="left" | [[Setúbal]] || '''123,548''' 
|230.33
|536.4|| align="left" | [[Lisbon metropolitan area|Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon]]
|- align="right"
|23 || align="left" | [[Barcelos, Portugal|Barcelos]] || '''117,005''' 
|378.90
|308.8|| align="left" |
|- align="right"
|24 || align="left" | [[Funchal]] || '''107,562''' 
|76.14
|1,412.7|| align="left" |
|- align="right"
|25 || align="left" | [[Viseu]] || '''101,977''' 
|507.10
|201.1|| align="left" |
|- align="right"
|26 || align="left" | [[Valongo]] || '''100,166''' 
|75.12
|1,333.4|| align="left" | [[Porto metropolitan area|Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto]]
|}

== People ==
{{main|Portuguese people}}

===Nationality===
:''noun:'' Portuguese (singular and plural)
:''adjective:'' Portuguese

===Immigration===
{{main|Immigration to Portugal}}
[[File:Portuguese and foreign born population pyramid in 2021.svg|thumb|Portuguese and foreign born population pyramid in 2021|230x230px]]
In 1992, 1.3% of the population was foreign, by 2023 the number had grown to more than 12% or 1,293,463 people.<ref name="aima">{{Cite web |date=8 April 2025 |title=Relatório intercalar, Recuperação de processos pendentes na AIMA, População Estrangeira em Portugal |url=https://aima.gov.pt/media/pages/documents/4a518251d7-1744128191/relatorio-intercalar-recuperacao-de-processos-pendentes-na-aima-populacao-estrangeira-em-portugal.pdf |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=aima.gov.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref>

Since the independence of the former [[Portuguese language in Africa|African colonies]], Portugal saw a steady immigration from Africa, most notably [[Cape Verde]], [[Angola]] and [[Guinea-Bissau]], but also [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], [[Mozambique]] and former [[Portuguese India]] in [[Asia]].

Portugal saw migration waves due to labor shortages since 1999, first from Eastern Europe (1999–2002), in two distinctive groups, a ''Slav'' ([[Ukraine]], [[Russia]] and [[Bulgaria]]) and an ''East Latin'' ([[Romania]] and [[Moldova]]), that stopped and started declining as the labour market became saturated.

Since 2003, most of the immigrants came from [[Brazil]], [[China]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Family reunification was seen as important for a successful integration in the country, thus the government eased it, and in 2006, more than 6 in 10 new immigrants were family members of legal foreign residents in the country.<ref>[http://ww1.rtp.pt/noticias/index.php?article=362482&visual=26&tema=4 Imigração: Novos imigrantes legais em Portugal aumentaram 50% em 2006 – OCDE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210125522/http://ww1.rtp.pt/noticias/index.php?article=362482&visual=26&tema=4 |date=10 February 2012 }} – RTP.pt</ref>

There is also a significant number of elderly Western European residents in search of quality of life, namely from the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]].

More recently, there is significant migration from the former Portuguese colony of [[Brazil]], as since 2017 more than 30,000 Brazilians immigrate to Portugal annually.

Below is a summary table of the main foreign nationalities present in Portugal according to the latest AIMA data.<ref name="aima"/> As of December 31, 2023, there were 1,293,463 legally resident people in Portugal with foreign citizenship (12.16% of the population), with preliminary figures suggesting an increase to 1,546,521 by 2024.<ref name="aima"/> These include both citizens born in Portugal with foreign citizenship and foreign immigrants. Descendants of immigrants are excluded (Portugal, like many European countries, does not collect data on ethnicity) and those who, regardless of place of birth or citizenship at birth, were Portuguese citizens (''see also [[Portuguese nationality law]]''). Among the latter are also naturalized citizens whose data are reported in the next table.
[[File:1st foreign nationality PT 2022.png|thumb|Biggest foreign nationality by [[Districts of Portugal|district]].]]

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Largest groups of foreign residents as of 01.01.2024
!Nationality
!Population<ref name="aima"/>
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|368,449
|-
|{{flag|Angola}}
|55,589
|-
|{{flag|Cape Verde}}
|48,885
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|47,409
|-
|{{flag|India}}
|44,051
|-
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Italy}}
|36,227
|-
|{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
|32,535
|-
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|29,972
|-
|{{flag|China}}
|27,873
|-
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|France}}
|27,549
|-
|{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
|26,460
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|25,666
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}
|23,499
|-
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Germany}}
|22,858
|-
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Romania}}
|20,881
|-
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Spain}}
|20,573
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|17,148
|-
|{{flag|United States of America}}
|14,126
|-
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Netherlands}}
|13,592
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}
|10,901
|-
|Other countries {{small|(below 10,000)}}
|130,363
|-
|}
[[File:Immigrants in Portugal 2020.png|right|373x373px|thumb|Foreign-born naturalised citizens in [[Portugal]] by 2020.]]

Below is a summary table of Portuguese citizenship acquisitions by foreigners residing in the country recorded between 2008 and 2022 for countries having recorded at least 1,000 naturalizations during the given timespan. During this period, 342,458 people (3.27% of the current Portuguese population) obtained Portuguese citizenship according to the latest Eurostat data. These people are not counted among foreigners (see above table) as they are Portuguese citizens in all respects.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Eurostat |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/MIGR_ACQ__custom_6165248/default/table?lang=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" align="center"
!Nationality
!Acquisitions of Citizenship<br/>(2008–2022)<ref name=":02">{{cite web |title=Eurostat |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/MIGR_ACQ__custom_6165248/default/table?lang=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Portal do INE |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0008370&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2&xlang=pt |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=www.ine.pt}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:right" |89,713
|-
|{{flagcountry|Cape Verde}}
| style="text-align:right" |55,109
|-
|{{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
| style="text-align:right" |32,722
|-
|{{flagcountry|Guinea-Bissau}}
| style="text-align:right" |27,043
|-
|{{flagcountry|Angola}}
| style="text-align:right" |25,805
|-
|{{flagcountry|Moldova}}
| style="text-align:right" |19,212
|-
|{{flagcountry|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
| style="text-align:right" |14,990
|-
|{{flagcountry|India}}
| style="text-align:right" |12,202
|-
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flagcountry|Romania}}
| style="text-align:right" |6,922
|-
|{{flagcountry|Nepal}}
| style="text-align:right" |6,473
|-
|{{flagcountry|Russia}}
| style="text-align:right" |5,540
|-
|{{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| style="text-align:right" |5,288
|-
|Other countries {{small|(below 5,000)}}
| style="text-align:right" |41,439
|}

===Net migration===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Portugal Net migration by region<ref>Data extracted from Portugal Statistics.</ref>
! Year !! Portugal  !! Mainland  !! Azores  !! Madeira 
|- 
| 2011 || -25,178 || -22,661 || -821 || -1,696
|-
| 2012 || -37,290 || -34,127 || -955 || -2,208
|-
| 2013 || -36,029 || -32,739 || -985 || -2,305
|-
| 2014 || -26,495 || -21,293 || -2,066 || -3,136
|-
| 2015 || -3,528 || 476 || -1,573 || -2,431
|-
| 2016 || -629 || 2,222 || -1,400 || -1,451
|-
| 2017 || 14,896 || 16,695 || -1,117 || -682
|-
| 2018 || 23,757 || 24,720 || -1,094 || 131
|-
| 2019 || 67,163 || 66,634 || -575 || 1,104
|-
| 2020 || 57,768 || 54,889 || 839 || 2,040
|-
| 2021 || 72,040 || 68,616 || 1,500 || 1,924
|-
| 2022 || 136,144 || 131,449 || 1,973 || 2,722
|-
| 2023 || 155,701 || 150,882 || 1,227 || 3,592
|}

===Ethnic minorities and persons with disabilities===
{{see also|Immigration to Portugal|Racism in Portugal|Romani people in Portugal}}

Portugal does not collect ethnicity or racial data of its population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shendruk |first=Amanda |date=2021-07-08 |title=Are you even trying to stop racism if you don't collect data on race? |url=https://qz.com/2029525/the-20-countries-that-dont-collect-racial-and-ethnic-census-data/ |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref>

[[Anti-racism]] laws prohibit and penalize racial discrimination in [[house|housing]], business, and health services.

Discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment, education, access to health care, or the provision of other [[state services]] is illegal. The law mandates access to public buildings and to newly built private buildings for such persons.

== Languages ==
{{main|Portuguese language}}
[[File:Portugal portuguese dialects.png|thumb|Map of Portuguese language dialects in Portugal.]]
The main language spoken as first language by the overwhelming majority of the population is [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Union |first=Publications Office of the European |date=2013-06-20 |title=Europeans and their languages : special Eurobarometer. 386, June 2012. |url=http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/f551bd64-8615-4781-9be1-c592217dad83 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=op.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> 
Other autochthonous languages spoken include:
* ''Caló'' (''see also [[Caló language]]''), the language of the [[Romani people in Portugal|Portuguese-Romani community]]. There are about 52,000 Romani people in Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Portugal |first=Rádio e Televisão de |title=Mais de 95% da etnia cigana em Portugal vive abaixo do limiar da pobreza |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/mais-de-95-da-etnia-cigana-em-portugal-vive-abaixo-do-limiar-da-pobreza_a1442067 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Mais de 95% da etnia cigana em Portugal vive abaixo do limiar da pobreza |date=25 October 2022 |language=pt}}</ref>
* ''Mirandês'' (''see also [[Mirandese language]]''), officially recognised as an official language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Portuguesa |first=Observatório da Língua |date=2021-07-31 |title=A língua mirandesa é língua oficial em Portugal desde 1999. |url=https://observalinguaportuguesa.org/80760-2/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Observatório da Língua Portuguesa |language=pt-PT}}</ref> It enjoys special protection in the area of [[Miranda do Douro]]. As of today, there are about 15,000 people who speak the language (0.14%).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-31 |title=Língua Mirandesa |url=https://ctmad.pt/lingua-mirandesa/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Casa de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro de Lisboa |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SAPO |title=Têm menos de 20 anos e sentem-se mais livres por falar mirandês |url=https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/tem-20-anos-e-sentem-se-mais-livres-por-falar-mirandes |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=SAPO 24 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Assim se fala o mirandês |url=https://tvi.iol.pt/noticias/videos/assim-se-fala-o-mirandes/607827a20cf277cf82c19a2e |access-date=2023-05-11 |language=pt}}</ref>
* ''Barranquenhu (see also [[Barranquenho]])'', spoken in the town of [[Barrancos]] (in the border between [[Extremadura]], [[Andalusia]] and [[Portugal]]). As of today, there are about 3,000 speakers of the language (0.03%).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Elisabete |date=2020-02-07 |title=O Barranquenho quer ser a 3ª língua oficial de Portugal |url=https://alentejo.sulinformacao.pt/2020/02/o-barranquenho-quer-ser-a-3a-lingua-oficial-de-portugal/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Sul Informação |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
* [[Minderico]] – a [[sociolect]] or [[argot]] spoken in [[Minde, Alcanena|Minde]], practically extinct. There are about 150 speakers left<ref>{{Cite web |title=A luta de Vera Ferreira para salvar o minderico |url=https://omirante.pt/entrevista/2021-01-06-A-luta-de-Vera-Ferreira-para-salvar-o-minderico |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=O MIRANTE {{!}} A luta de Vera Ferreira para salvar o minderico. |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vicente |first=Manuel Fernandes |date=17 August 2009 |title=Minderico renasce com apoio da Volkswagen a línguas ameaçadas |url=https://www.publico.pt/2009/08/17/local/noticia/minderico-renasce-com-apoio-da-volkswagen-a-linguas-ameacadas-1396430 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=PÚBLICO |language=pt}}</ref>
* [[Portuguese Sign Language]], the official language for the deaf community in Portugal. There are about 30,000 deaf people (0.29%) in Portugal who use the language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Língua Gestual Portuguesa (LGP) |url=https://apsurdos.org.pt/?page_id=3725 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Associação Portuguesa de Surdos |language=pt-PT}}</ref> Interestingly, the first [[teacher]] of [[deaf-mute]]s in [[France]] was Portuguese-Jew [[Jacob Rodrigues Pereira]].

== Religion ==
{{main|Religion in Portugal|Lusitanian Catholic Apostolic Evangelical Church|Our Lady of Fátima}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Portugal {{small|(Census 2021)}}<ref name="Censos2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/censos-2021-catolicos-diminuem-mas-ainda-sao-mais-de-80-dos-portugueses_n1449073|title=Censos 2021. Católicos diminuem, mas ainda são mais de 80% dos portugueses |publisher=RTP |date=2022-11-23 |access-date=2022-11-23}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Roman Catholicism]]
| value1 = 80.2
| color1 = #d4213d
| label2 = [[Protestantism]]
| value2 = 2.1
| color2 = DodgerBlue
| label3 = [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
| value3 = 0.7
| color3 = Aquamarine
| label4 = [[Eastern Orthodoxy]]
| value4 = 0.7
| color4 = Purple
| label5 = Other Christian	
| value5 = 1.0
| color5 = Pink
| label6 = [[Islam]]
| value6 = 0.4
| color6 = Green
| label7 = [[Hinduism]]
| value7 = 0.2
| color7 = Orange
| label8 = [[Buddhism]]
| value8 = 0.2
| color8 = Gold
| label9 = [[Judaism]]
| value9 = 0.03
| color9 = Blue
| label10 = Other religion
| value10 = 0.3
| color10 = Gray
| label11 = [[Irreligious|No religion]]
| value11 = 14.1
| color11 = Honeydew
}}
The great majority of the Portuguese population belongs to the [[Catholic Church in Portugal|Roman Catholic Church]]. Religious observance remains strong in northern areas, while the population of Lisbon and southern areas are generally less devout.

Religious minorities include a little over 400,000 [[Protestants]] and [[LDS Church|Mormons]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henriques |first=Joana Gorjão |title=O crescimento discreto dos mórmones em Portugal |url=https://www.publico.pt/2017/01/29/sociedade/noticia/mormones-o-crescimento-discreto-em-portugal-1759808 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=PÚBLICO |date=29 January 2017 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lusa |first=Agência |title=Aliança Evangélica comemora cem anos e diz haver 400 mil protestantes em Portugal |url=https://observador.pt/2021/11/14/alianca-evangelica-comemora-cem-anos-e-diz-haver-400-mil-protestantes-em-portugal/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 bate recorde de novas igrejas, em especial evangélicas e graças aos cidadãos brasileiros |url=https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/2022-bate-recorde-de-novas-igrejas-em-especial-evangelicas-e-gracas-aos-cidadaos-brasileiros-16140774.html |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=www.dn.pt |date=8 April 2023 |language=pt-PT}}</ref> (3.84% of the total population).

There are also about 100,000 [[Muslims]]<ref>{{Cite web |title="A comunidade muçulmana em Portugal dá-nos uma grande tranquilidade na prevenção do terrorismo" |url=https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/a-comunidade-muculmana-em-portugal-da-nos-uma-grande-tranquilidade-na-prevencao-do-terrorismo-15178283.html |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=www.dn.pt |date=20 September 2022 |language=pt-PT}}</ref> (1%) and 45,000 [[Hindu]]s<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Uma comunidade indiana em Portugal diversa e dialogante na fé |url=https://sicnoticias.pt/pais/2021-05-05-Uma-comunidade-indiana-em-Portugal-diversa-e-dialogante-na-fe-0caca0c0 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=SIC Notícias |date=5 May 2021 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Os meus filhos são hindus, portugueses e até rezam a ave-maria" |url=https://www.dn.pt/edicao-do-dia/17-out-2020/os-meus-filhos-sao-hindus-portugueses-e-ate-rezam-o-ave-maria-12931027.html |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=www.dn.pt |date=17 October 2020 |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cerca de 50.000 nepaleses entraram em Portugal nos últimos anos |url=https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/cerca-de-50000-nepaleses-entraram-em-portugal-nos-ultimos-anos---comunidade-hindu--14685296.html |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=www.dn.pt |date=16 March 2022 |language=pt-PT}}</ref> (0.43%), most of whom came from [[Goa]], a former [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colony]] on the west coast of India (Some Muslims also came from former two Portuguese African colonies with important Muslim minorities: [[Guinea-Bissau]] and [[Mozambique]]).

There are also about 1,500 [[Jew]]s,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Por que judeus estão voltando a Portugal séculos após antepassados serem expulsos e massacrados |language=pt-BR |work=BBC News Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/geral-48440404 |access-date=2023-05-11}}</ref> 2,000 Baha'i<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal - Bahaipedia, an encyclopedia about the Bahá'í Faith |url=https://bahaipedia.org/Portugal |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=bahaipedia.org |language=en}}</ref> and 35,000 Sikh<ref name=":1" /> (0.34%)

Portugal is also home to about 17,000 [[Buddhism|Buddhists]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Budismo em Portugal {{!}} União Budista |url=https://uniaobudista.pt/budismo/portugal |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=uniaobudista.pt}}</ref> mostly [[Chinese people in Portugal|Chinese]] from [[Macau]] and a few [[Indians in Portugal|Indians]] from Goa.

Portugal is still one of the most religious countries in Europe, most Portuguese believe with certainty in the [[Existence of God]] and religion plays an [[Importance of religion by country|important role]] in the life of most Portuguese.<ref>[https://www.dn.pt/portugal/portugueses-sao-mais-cristaos-e-vao-mais-a-igreja-do-o-resto-da-europa-9396819.html Portugueses são mais cristãos e vão mais à igreja do que o resto da Europa ocidental]</ref><ref>[https://www.publico.pt/2018/10/29/sociedade/noticia/portugal-unico-pais-europa-ocidental-onde-quase-metade-catolicos-acredita-deus-existe-1849285 Portugal é dos países onde mais pessoas garantem que Deus existe]</ref> According to the Pew Research Center, 40% of Portuguese Catholics pray daily.<ref>[https://www.pewforum.org/2017/08/31/five-centuries-after-reformation-catholic-protestant-divide-in-western-europe-has-faded/ Five Centuries After Reformation, Catholic-Protestant Divide in Western Europe Has Faded] [[Pew Research Center]].</ref>

=== Religious map of Portuguese municipalities ===
Religion by municipality according with the 2021 Census.
{{multiple image
| align             = left
| caption_align     = center
| perrow            = 2
| image1            = Catholics by municipality - Census 2021.png
| width1            = 335
| caption1          = Percentage of Catholics by [[Municipalities of Portugal|municipality]].
| image2            = Other christians - Census 2021.png
| width2            = 335
| caption2          = Percentage of Other Christians by municipality.
| image3            = Non-Christian religions.png
| width3            = 335
| caption3          = Percentage of Other religions (Non-Christians) by municipality.
| image4            = No-religion.png
| width4            = 335
| caption4          = Percentage of non religious by municipality.
}}
{{clear}}

== Education ==
[[File:Cedofeita-Escola Secundária Carolina Michaelis (6).jpg|thumb|230px|[[Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcelos|Carolina Michaelis]] highschool in [[Cedofeita]]]]

=== Literacy ===

''definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2021 official INE estimate)''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics Portugal - Web Portal |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0012273&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=www.ine.pt}}</ref>
:total population: 96.92%
:male: 97.90%
:female: 96.04%

;School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
:total: 17 years
:male: 17 years
:female: 17 years (2020)

==See also==
* {{interlanguage link|Portugal census|pt|Censo demográfico em Portugal}}
*[[Portugal]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=fn|refs=
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portugal topics}}
{{Demographics of Europe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics Of Portugal}}
[[Category:Demographics of Portugal| ]]
[[Category:Society of Portugal]]