Editing Demographics of Mongolia

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is a legitimate description when the title is already adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->

{{Infobox place demographics
 | place              = [[Mongolia]]
 | image              = Mongolia single age population pyramid 2020.png
| image_size=350
 | caption            = Mongolia [[population pyramid]] in 2020

<!-- main demographics -->
 | size_of_population = 3,296,866<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web|author=Date |url=http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/NSO_F-06-10-1.pdf |title=Mongolia National Census 2020 Results |publisher=National Statistical Office of Mongolia |date=2020-06-12 |access-date=2020-06-12}}</ref> (2020 census)
 | density            = 1.76/km<sup>2</sup>
 | growth             = 1.46%<ref name="Census 2010" /> (2010 census)
 | birth              = 20.7 births/1,000 population<ref name="CIA" /> (2012 est.)
 | death              = 6.01 deaths/1,000 population<ref name="CIA" /> (2012 est.)
 | life               = 68.63 years<ref name="CIA" /> (2012 est.)
 | life_male          = 66.16 years<ref name="CIA" /> (2012 est.)
 | life_female        = 71.23 years<ref name="CIA" /> (2012 est.)
 | infant_mortality   = 13.4 deaths/1,000 live births<ref name="CIA" /> (2019 est.)
 | fertility          = 2.87<ref name="CIA" /> (2019 est.)

<!-- age structure -->
 | age_0-14_years     = 27.1%<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/|title=CIA World Factbook|year=2012|publisher=CIA|access-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> (2012 est.)
 | age_15-64_years    = 68.9%<ref name="CIA" /> (2012 est.)
 | age_65_years       = 4%<ref name="CIA" /> (2012 est.)

<!-- sex ratio -->
 | total_mf_ratio     = 1 male(s)/female<ref name="CIA" /> (2012 est.)
 | sr_at_birth        = 1.05 male(s)/female<ref name="CIA" /> (2012 est.)
 | sr_under_15        = 1.04 male(s)/female<ref name="CIA" /> (2012 est.)
 | sr_15-64_years     = 1 male(s)/female<ref name="CIA" /> (2012 est.)
 | sr_65_years_over   = 0.77 male(s)/female<ref name="CIA" /> (2012 est.)

<!-- nationality -->
 | nation             = Mongolian
 | major_ethnic       = [[Mongols|Mongol]]
 | minor_ethnic       = [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]]

<!-- language -->
 | official           = [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]
 | spoken             = [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
}}

This article on the '''[[demography|demographics]] of [[Mongolia]]''' include [[population density]], [[ethnicity]], religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population. All data are from the National Statistics Office of Mongolia,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.1212.mn/en|title=National Statistics Office of Mongolia}} </ref> unless otherwise mentioned.

== Population size and structure ==
[[File:Historical population of Mongolia.svg|thumb|Historical population of Mongolia]]
=== Structure of the population ===
{{Hidden begin|title=Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 11.XI.2010):<ref>{{cite web| url = http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040921002557/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm| archive-date = 2004-09-21| title = United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics}}</ref>|titlestyle=background:#EEBC35;}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 1 313 968
| align="right" | 1 333 577
| align="right" | 2 647 545
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 146 516
| align="right" | 141 981
| align="right" | 288 497
| align="right" | 10.90
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 110 117
| align="right" | 106 097
| align="right" | 216 214
| align="right" | 8.17
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 120 064
| align="right" | 116 801
| align="right" | 236 865
| align="right" | 8.95
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 130 560
| align="right" | 127 085
| align="right" | 257 645
| align="right" | 9.73
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 147 472
| align="right" | 144 711
| align="right" | 292 183
| align="right" | 11.04
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 124 490
| align="right" | 123 493
| align="right" | 247 983
| align="right" | 9.37
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 111 976
| align="right" | 110 546
| align="right" | 222 522
| align="right" | 8.40
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 100 819
| align="right" | 101 564
| align="right" | 202 383
| align="right" | 7.64
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 88 273
| align="right" | 90 994
| align="right" | 179 267
| align="right" | 6.77
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 77 475
| align="right" | 81 281
| align="right" | 158 756
| align="right" | 6.00
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 58 009
| align="right" | 64 073
| align="right" | 122 082
| align="right" | 4.61
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 33 384
| align="right" | 38 605
| align="right" | 71 989
| align="right" | 2.72
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 22 106
| align="right" | 27 347
| align="right" | 49 453
| align="right" | 1.87
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 17 262
| align="right" | 20 970
| align="right" | 38 232
| align="right" | 1.44
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 13 081
| align="right" | 16 251
| align="right" | 29 332
| align="right" | 1.11
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 7 252
| align="right" | 11 365
| align="right" | 18 617
| align="right" | 0.70
|-
| align="right" | 80–84
| align="right" | 3 258
| align="right" | 5 908
| align="right" | 9 166
| align="right" | 0.35
|-
| align="right" | 85–89
| align="right" | 1 378
| align="right" | 3 037
| align="right" | 4 415
| align="right" | 0.17
|-
| align="right" | 90–94
| align="right" | 383
| align="right" | 1 076
| align="right" | 1 459
| align="right" | 0.06
|-
| align="right" | 95–99
| align="right" | 80
| align="right" | 322
| align="right" | 402
| align="right" | 0.02
|-
| align="right" | 100+
| align="right" | 13
| align="right" | 70
| align="right" | 83
| align="right" | <0.01
|-
! width="50"|Age group 
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 376 697
| align="right" | 364 879
| align="right" | 741 576
| align="right" | 28.01
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 894 564
| align="right" | 909 699
| align="right" | 1 804 263
| align="right" | 68.15
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 42 707
| align="right" | 58 999
| align="right" | 101 706
| align="right" | 3.84
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

{{Hidden begin|title=Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2013) :|titlestyle=background:#EEBC35;}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 1 409 648
| align="right" | 1 489 363
| align="right" | 2 899 011
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 158 578
| align="right" | 153 763
| align="right" | 312 341
| align="right" | 10.77
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 121 534
| align="right" | 118 706
| align="right" | 240 240
| align="right" | 8.29
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 119 093
| align="right" | 116 891
| align="right" | 235 984
| align="right" | 8.14
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 125 751
| align="right" | 127 324
| align="right" | 253 075
| align="right" | 8.73
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 149 565
| align="right" | 154 323
| align="right" | 303 888
| align="right" | 10.48
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 143 113
| align="right" | 149 877
| align="right" | 292 990
| align="right" | 10.11
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 122 710
| align="right" | 130 973
| align="right" | 253 683
| align="right" | 8.75
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 111 396
| align="right" | 119 629
| align="right" | 231 025
| align="right" | 7.97
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 95 134
| align="right" | 104 034
| align="right" | 199 168
| align="right" | 6.87
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 82 000
| align="right" | 91 869
| align="right" | 173 868
| align="right" | 6.00
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 65 965
| align="right" | 75 237
| align="right" | 141 201
| align="right" | 4.87
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 42 749
| align="right" | 50 508
| align="right" | 93 257
| align="right" | 3.22
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 25 525
| align="right" | 31 862
| align="right" | 57 386
| align="right" | 1.98
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 17 524
| align="right" | 22 340
| align="right" | 39 864
| align="right" | 1.38
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 14 689
| align="right" | 18 102
| align="right" | 32 790
| align="right" | 1.13
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 8 092
| align="right" | 11 753
| align="right" | 19 845
| align="right" | 0.68
|-
| align="right" | 80–84
| align="right" | 4 126
| align="right" | 7 454
| align="right" | 11 580
| align="right" | 0.40
|-
| align="right" | 85–89
| align="right" | 1 512
| align="right" | 3 020
| align="right" | 4 532
| align="right" | 0.16
|-
| align="right" | 90–94
| align="right" | 509
| align="right" | 1 343
| align="right" | 1 852
| align="right" | 0.06
|-
| align="right" | 95–99
| align="right" | 73 
| align="right" | 281
| align="right" | 354
| align="right" | 0.01
|-
| align="right" | 100+
| align="right" | 15 
| align="right" | 80
| align="right" | 95
| align="right" | <0.01
|-
! width="50"|Age group 
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 399 205
| align="right" | 389 360
| align="right" | 788 565
| align="right" | 27.20
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 963 903
| align="right" | 1 035 630
| align="right" | 1 999 533
| align="right" | 68.97
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 46 540
| align="right" | 64 373
| align="right" | 110 913
| align="right" | 3.83
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

{{Hidden begin|title=Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 09.I.2020): <ref>{{cite web | url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2020/ | title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics }}</ref>|titlestyle=background:#EEBC35;}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 1 576 930
| align="right" | 1 620 090 
| align="right" | 3 197 020
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 196 803
| align="right" | 186 456
| align="right" | 383 259
| align="right" | 11.99
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 188 352 
| align="right" | 179 962
| align="right" | 368 314
| align="right" | 11.52
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 140 208
| align="right" | 134 666
| align="right" | 274 874
| align="right" | 8.60
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 110 141
| align="right" | 106 626
| align="right" | 216 767
| align="right" | 6.78
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 113 271 
| align="right" | 112 114
| align="right" | 225 385 
| align="right" | 7.05
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 130 143
| align="right" | 129 056
| align="right" | 259 199
| align="right" | 8.11
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 143 491
| align="right" | 143 359
| align="right" | 286 850
| align="right" | 8.97
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 119 621
| align="right" | 120 173
| align="right" | 239 794
| align="right" | 7.50
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 106 169
| align="right" | 109 049
| align="right" | 215 218
| align="right" | 6.73
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 93 162
| align="right" | 98 495
| align="right" | 191 657
| align="right" | 5.99
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 76 257
| align="right" | 86 183
| align="right" | 162 440
| align="right" | 5.08
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 64 238
| align="right" | 76 928
| align="right" | 141 166
| align="right" | 4.42
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 41 768
| align="right" | 54 458
| align="right" | 96 226
| align="right" | 3.01
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 22 808
| align="right" | 32 535
| align="right" | 55 343
| align="right" | 1.73
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 12 878
| align="right" | 19 928
| align="right" | 32 806
| align="right" | 1.03
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 9 984
| align="right" | 15 179
| align="right" | 25 163
| align="right" | 0.79
|-
| align="right" | 80–84
| align="right" | 4 918
| align="right" | 8 293
| align="right" | 13 211
| align="right" | 0.41
|-
| align="right" | 85–89
| align="right" | 2 069
| align="right" | 4 792
| align="right" | 6 861
| align="right" | 0.21
|-
| align="right" | 90–94
| align="right" | 527
| align="right" | 1 370
| align="right" | 1 897
| align="right" | 0.06
|-
| align="right" | 95–99
| align="right" | 110
| align="right" | 401
| align="right" | 511
| align="right" | 0.02
|-
| align="right" | 100+
| align="right" | 12
| align="right" | 67
| align="right" | 79
| align="right" | <0.01
|-
! width="50"|Age group 
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 525 363
| align="right" | 501 084
| align="right" | 1 026 447
| align="right" | 32.11
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 998 261
| align="right" | 1 036 441
| align="right" | 2 034 702
| align="right" | 63.64
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 53 306
| align="right" | 82 565
| align="right" | 135 871
| align="right" | 4.25
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

=== Youth ===
{{Excerpt|Youth in Mongolia}}

=== Urbanization ===
Life in sparsely populated [[Mongolia]] has become more urbanized. Nearly half of the people live in the capital, [[Ulaanbaatar]], and in other provincial centers. Semi nomadic life still predominates in the countryside, but settled agricultural communities are becoming more common. Mongolia's population growth rate is estimated at 1.6% (2020 census). About two-thirds of the total population is under age 30, 36% of whom are under 14.

Key: For population growth 1979–2008

* Salmon cells indicate that the population has declined or experienced minimal (<1%) growth.
* Light green cells indicate a growth between 1–2%.
* Dark green cells indicate a growth of greater than or equal to 2%.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-----
! Rank
! Name
! Mongolian
! Inhabitants<br>(1979 est.<ref name="citypopulation.de">{{cite web| url = http://www.citypopulation.de/Mongolia_d.html| title = City Population - Historical population figures}}</ref><ref>Statistisches Bundesamt: Statistik des Auslands - Mongolei, 1985</ref><ref>Encyclopedia "Cartactual," published 01/01/85</ref>)
! Inhabitants<br>(1989 est.<ref name="citypopulation.de"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nso.mn/eng/index.php |title=NSO |access-date=2010-03-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103190133/http://www.nso.mn/eng/index.php |archive-date=2009-01-03 }} National Statistical Office of Mongolia (accessed May 2, 2007)</ref>)
! Inhabitants<br>(2000 census<ref name="citypopulation.de"/><ref>(2000) PADCO: Mongolia Urban Development and Housing Sector Strategy, Final Report, Vol. 2, published 2005.</ref>)
! Inhabitants<br>(est.&nbsp;2008<ref name="citypopulation.de"/>)
! Change since 1979
! Growth Percentage/Year
! Administrative<br>Unit
|-----
|align="right" | 1. || [[Ulaanbaatar]] <sup>*</sup> || Улаанбаатар ||  style="text-align: center; background:LightGreen;" | 396,300 ||  style="text-align: center; background:LightGreen;" |540,600||   style="text-align: center; background:LightGreen;" |711,900||  style="text-align: center; background:LightGreen;" | 1,008,738||  style="text-align: center; background:LightGreen;" | 612,438 || style="text-align: center; background:Green;" |''+5.2%''|| [[Ulaanbaatar]]
|-----
|align="right" | 2. || [[Erdenet]] || Эрдэнэт ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 29,100 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |-||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 68,310 ||   style="text-align: center; background:;" |86,866||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 57,766 || style="text-align: center; background:Green;" |''+6.6%''||  [[Orkhon Province|Orkhon]]
|-----
|align="right" | 3. || [[Darkhan (city)|Darkhan]] || Дархан ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 49,100 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |-||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 65,791 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |74,300||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 25,200 || style="text-align: center; background:LightGreen;" |''+1.7%''||  [[Darkhan-Uul Province|Darkhan-Uul]]
|-----
|align="right" | 4. || [[Choibalsan (city)|Choibalsan]] || Чойбалсан ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 28,500 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |37,300||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 40,123 ||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |38,150||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 9,650 || style="text-align: center; background:LightGreen;" |''+1.1%'' || [[Dornod Province|Dornod]]
|-----
|align="right" | 5. || [[Mörön (city)|Mörön]] || Мөрөн ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 16,500 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |21,300||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 28,903 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |36,082||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 19,582 || style="text-align: center; background:Green;" |''+4.0%''|| [[Khövsgöl Province|Khövsgöl]]
|-----
|align="right" | 6. || [[Nalaikh]] || Налайх ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | - ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |-||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 23,600 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |29,115||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 5,515 || style="text-align: center; background:LightGreen;" |''+3.0%''|| [[Ulaanbaatar]]
|-----
|align="right" | 7. || [[Khovd (city)|Khovd]] || Ховд ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 17,500 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |24,100||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 25,765 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 28,601||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 11,101 || style="text-align: center; background:Green;" |''+2.1%''|| [[Khovd Province|Khovd]]
|-----
|align="right" | 8. || [[Ölgii (city)|Ölgii]] || Өлгий ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 18,700 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |27,200||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" | 25,791 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 27,855||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 9,155 ||  style="text-align: center; background:LightGreen;" |''+1.6%''|| [[Bayan-Ölgii Province|Bayan-Ölgii]]
|-----
|align="right" | 9. || [[Bayankhongor]] || Баянхонгор ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 16,300 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |21,200||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 22,066||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 26,252||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 9,952 || style="text-align: center; background:Green;" |''+2.0%''|| [[Bayankhongor Province|Bayankhongor]]
|-----
|align="right" | 10. || [[Baganuur]] || Багануур ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | - ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |-||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 21,100 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 25,877||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 4,777 || style="text-align: center; background:LightGreen;" |''+1.8%''|| [[Ulaanbaatar]]
|-----
|align="right" | 11. || [[Arvaikheer]] || Арвайхээр || style="text-align: center; background:;" | 12,300 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |16,900||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 19,058 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |25,622||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 13,322 || style="text-align: center; background:Green;" |''+3.6%''|| [[Övörkhangai Province|Övörkhangai]]
|-----
|align="right" | 12. || [[Ulaangom]] || Улаангом ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 17,900 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |22,900||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 25,993 ||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |21,406||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 3,506 || style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |''+0.67%''|| [[Uvs Province|Uvs]]
|-----
|align="right" | 13. || [[Sükhbaatar (city)|Sükhbaatar]] || Сүхбаатар ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 14,300 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |19,600||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 22,374 ||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |19,626||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 5,326 || style="text-align: center; background:LightGreen;" |''+1.2%''|| [[Selenge Province|Selenge]]
|-----
|align="right" | 14. || [[Sainshand, Mongolia|Sainshand]] || Сайншанд ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 11,100 ||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |10,300||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 18,290 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |25,210||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 14,110 || style="text-align: center; background:Green;" |''+4.2%''|| [[Dornogovi Province|Dornogovi]]
|-----
|align="right" | 15. || [[Dalanzadgad]] || Даланзадгад ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 10,000 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |14,300||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" | 14,050 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |16,856||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 6,856 || style="text-align: center; background:Green;" |''+2.3%''|| [[Ömnögovi Province|Ömnögovi]]
|-----
|align="right" | 16. || [[Tsetserleg (city)|Tsetserleg]] || Цэцэрлэг ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 14,700 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |20,300||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" | 18,519 ||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |16,300||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 1,600 || style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |''+0.37%'' || [[Arkhangai Province|Arkhangai]]
|-----
|align="right" | 17. || [[Uliastai]] || Улиастай ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 15,400 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;"|20,300||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" | 18,154 ||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |16,240||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 840 || style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |''+0.17%''|| [[Zavkhan Province|Zavkhan]]
|-----
|align="right" | 18. || [[Altai City|Altai]]|| Алтай ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 13,700 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |18,800||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" | 15,741 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |15,800||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 2,100 || style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |''+0.5%''|| [[Govi-Altai Province|Govi-Altai]]
|-----
|align="right" | 19. || [[Züünkharaa, Selenge|Züünkharaa]] || Зүүнхараа ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 11,400 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | - ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 15,000<sup>(2004)</sup> ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | - ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 3,600 ||  style="text-align: center; background:LightGreen;" |''+1.1%''|| [[Selenge Province|Selenge]]
|-----
|align="right" | 20. || [[Öndörkhaan]] || Өндөрхаан ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 11,100 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |14,400||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 18,003 ||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |14,800||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 3,700 || style="text-align: center; background:LightGreen;" |''+1.1%''|| [[Khentii Province|Khentii]]
|-----
|align="right" | 21. || [[Zuunmod]] || Зуунмод ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 9,800 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |15,800||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" | 14,837 ||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |14,568||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 4,768 || style="text-align: center; background:LightGreen;" |''+1.6%''|| [[Töv Province|Töv]]
|-----
|align="right" | 22. || [[Baruun-Urt]] || Баруун-Урт ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 11,600 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |16,100||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" | 15,133 ||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |12,994||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 1,394 || style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |''+0.4%''|| [[Sükhbaatar Province|Sükhbaatar]]
|-----
|align="right" | 23. || [[Zamyn-Üüd]] || Замын-Үүд ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | - ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |-||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 5,486 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |11,527||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 6,041 ||  style="text-align: center; background:Green;" | ''+13.8%'' || [[Dornogovi Province|Dornogovi]]
|-----
|align="right" | 24. || [[Bulgan (city)|Bulgan]] || Булган ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 11,300 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |12,800||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" | 12,681 ||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |11,198||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" | −102 || style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |''−0.03%''|| [[Bulgan Province|Bulgan]]
|-----
|align="right" | 25. || [[Mandalgovi]] || Мандалговь ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 10,200 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |16,100||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" | 14,517 ||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |10,299||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 99 || style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |''+0.03%''|| [[Dundgovi Province|Dundgovi]]
|-----
|align="right" | 26. || [[Kharkhorin]] || Хархорин ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | - ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |-||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 8,977<sup>(2003)</sup> ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | - ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |- ||  style="text-align: center; background:LightGreen;" | ''n/a%'' || [[Övörkhangai Province|Övörkhangai]]
|-----
|align="right" | 27. || [[Bor-Öndör]] || Бор-Өндөр ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | - ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |-||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 6,406<sup>(2001)</sup> ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |8,902||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 2,496 ||  style="text-align: center; background:Green;" | ''+3.5%'' || [[Khentii Province|Khentii]]
|-----
|align="right" | 28. || [[Choir, Mongolia|Choir]] || Чойр ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 4,500 ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" |-||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 8,983 ||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |7,998||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 3,498 || style="text-align: center; background:Green;" |''+2.6%''|| [[Govisümber Province|Govisümber]]
|-----
|align="right" | 29. || [[Sharyngol, Darkhan-Uul|Sharyngol]] || Шарынгол  ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | - ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | - ||  style="text-align: center; background:;" | 8,902 ||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" |7,798||  style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" | −1,104 || style="text-align: center; background:Salmon;" | ''−2.8%'' || [[Darkhan-Uul Province|Darkhan-Uul]]
|-----
|align="right" |  || [[Mongolia]] || Монгол улс ||  style="text-align: center; background:LightBlue;" | 1,538,980 ||  style="text-align: center; background:LightBlue;" | 1,987,274 ||  style="text-align: center; background:LightBlue;" | 2,365,269 ||  style="text-align: center; background:LightBlue;" |2,635,000||  style="text-align: center; background:LightBlue;" | 1,096,600 ||  style="text-align: center; background:Green;" | ''+2.38%'' ||
|}

<sup>*</sup> - city proper, [[Nalaikh]], [[Baganuur]], [[Bagakhangai]] not included in this figure, they are separated in the table.

'''From''' ''[[List of cities in Mongolia]]''

==Vital statistics==
===UN estimates===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Period<ref>{{cite web| url = http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm| title = World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision}}</ref>
! width="80pt"|Live births per year
! width="80pt"|Deaths per year
! width="80pt"|Natural change per year
! width="80pt"|CBR<sup>1</sup>
! width="80pt"|CDR<sup>1</sup>
! width="80pt"|NC<sup>1</sup>
! width="80pt"|TFR<sup>1</sup>
! width="80pt"|IMR<sup>1</sup>
|-
| 1950–1955
| align="right" |  33 000
| align="right" |  18 000
| align="right" |  15 000
| align="right" | 40.0
| align="right" | 21.4
| align="right" | 18.6
| align="right" | 5.60
| align="right" | 182.9
|-
| 1955–1960
| align="right" |  39 000
| align="right" |  19 000
| align="right" |  20 000
| align="right" | 43.0
| align="right" | 20.7
| align="right" | 22.2
| align="right" | 6.30
| align="right" | 164.9
|-
| 1960–1965
| align="right" |  49 000
| align="right" |  19 000
| align="right" |  30 000
| align="right" | 47.9
| align="right" | 18.4
| align="right" | 29.5
| align="right" | 7.50
| align="right" | 134.5
|-
| 1965–1970
| align="right" |  54 000
| align="right" |  19 000
| align="right" |  34 000
| align="right" | 44.8
| align="right" | 15.9
| align="right" | 28.8
| align="right" | 7.50
| align="right" | 118.6
|-
| 1970–1975
| align="right" |  59 000
| align="right" |  19 000
| align="right" |  40 000
| align="right" | 43.0
| align="right" | 13.9
| align="right" | 29.1
| align="right" | 7.50
| align="right" | 106.5
|-
| 1975–1980
| align="right" |  63 000
| align="right" |  21 000
| align="right" |  42 000
| align="right" | 39.6
| align="right" | 13.1
| align="right" | 26.5
| align="right" | 6.65
| align="right" | 104.5
|-
| 1980–1985
| align="right" |  69 000
| align="right" |  22 000
| align="right" |  47 000
| align="right" | 38.1
| align="right" | 12.4
| align="right" | 25.7
| align="right" | 5.75
| align="right" | 102.3
|-
| 1985–1990
| align="right" |  75 000
| align="right" |  22 000
| align="right" |  53 000
| align="right" | 36.6
| align="right" | 10.8
| align="right" | 25.9
| align="right" | 4.90
| align="right" | 91.7
|-
| 1990–1995
| align="right" |  62 000
| align="right" |  22 000
| align="right" |  40 000
| align="right" | 27.6
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 18.0
| align="right" | 3.30
| align="right" | 66.6
|-
| 1995–2000
| align="right" | 52 000
| align="right" | 20 000
| align="right" | 33 000
| align="right" | 22.1
| align="right" | 8.3
| align="right" | 13.8
| align="right" | 2.50
| align="right" | 54.7
|-
| 2000–2005
| align="right" | 47 000
| align="right" | 17 000
| align="right" | 30 000
| align="right" | 18.9
| align="right" | 7.2
| align="right" | 11.7
| align="right" | 2.08
| align="right" | 43.5
|-
| 2005–2010
| align="right" | 62 000
| align="right" | 17 000
| align="right" | 45 000
| align="right" | 22.4
| align="right" | 6.9
| align="right" | 15.5
| align="right" | 2.40
| align="right" | 36.0
|-
| 2010–2015
| align="right" |  
| align="right" |  
| align="right" |  
| align="right" | 26.1
| align="right" | 6.3
| align="right" | 19.8
| align="right" | 2.84
| align="right" | 
|-
| 2015–2020
| align="right" |  
| align="right" |  
| align="right" |  
| align="right" | 24.4 
| align="right" | 6.3
| align="right" | 18.1
| align="right" | 2.90
| align="right" |
|-
| 2020–2025
| align="right" |  
| align="right" |  
| align="right" |  
| align="right" | 20.5
| align="right" | 6.4
| align="right" | 14.1
| align="right" | 2.73
| align="right" |
|-
| 2025–2030
| align="right" |  
| align="right" |  
| align="right" |  
| align="right" | 18.1
| align="right" | 6.7
| align="right" | 11.4
| align="right" | 2.59
| align="right" |
|-
| colspan="9"| <sup>1</sup> <small>CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births</small>
|}

===Registered births and deaths===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
!<ref>{{cite web |title=Population |url=http://1212.mn/Stat.aspx?LIST_ID=976_L03&type=tables |website=Mongolian Statistical Information Service |access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Population, in 2023 |url=https://1212.mn/en/dissemination/73110203}}</ref>
! width="70pt"|Average population 
! width="70pt"|Live births
! width="70pt"|Deaths
! width="70pt"|Natural change
! width="70pt"|Crude birth rate (per 1000)
! width="70pt"|Crude death rate (per 1000)
! width="70pt"|Natural change (per 1000)
! width="70pt"| Crude migration change (per 1000)
! width="70pt"|Total fertility rate
|-
| 1934
| 
|10,622||8,991||1,631
|||||||
|
|-
| 1935
| 738,200
|13,700||12,083||1,617
|18.6||16.4||2.2|| -2.2
|
|-
| 1936
| 737,900
|12,209||17,049|| style="color: red" |−4,840
|16.5||23.1|| style="color: red" |−6.6|| 6.2
|
|-
| 1937
| 740,000
|14,126||14,747|| style="color: red" |−621
|19.1||19.9||−0.8||3.6
|
|-
| 1938
| 747,600
|15,492||15,101||391
|20.7||20.2||0.5|| 9.8
|
|-
| 1939
| 736,400
|14,092||17,242|| style="color: red" |−3,150
|19.1|| style="color: red" |23.4||−4.3|| -10.7
|
|-
| 1940
| 738,600
|19,046||15,906||3,140
|25.8||21.5||4.3|| -1.3
|
|-
| 1941
| 743,800
|||||
||||| ||
|
|-
| 1942
| 749,000
|||||
||||| ||
|
|-
| 1943
| 754,200
|||||
||||| ||
|
|-
| 1944
| 759,100
|||||
||||| ||
|
|-
| 1945
| 759,300
|||||
||||| ||
|
|-
| 1946
| 759,400
|||||
||||| ||
|
|-
| 1947
| 759,700
|||||
||||| ||
|
|-
| 1948
| 759,200
|||||
||||| ||
|
|-
| 1949
| 758,700
|||||
||||| ||
|
|-
| 1950
| 758,000
|||||
||||| ||
|
|-
| 1951
| 772,400
|11,015||7,598||3,417
| 14.3|| 9.8||4.4||14.6
|
|-
| 1952
| 786,100
|14,218||9,205||5,013
| 18.1|| 11.7||6.4 ||11.4
|
|-
| 1953
| 799,900
|23,989||10,953||13,036
|30.0||13.7||16.3 ||1.3
|
|-
| 1954
| 813,600
|21,394||11,068||10,326
|26.3||13.6||15.3 ||1.3
|
|-
| 1955
| 827,300
|26,889||11,823||15,066
|32.5||13.3||18.2 ||-1.4
|
|-
| 1956
| 845,500
|26,825||10,573||16,252
|31.7||12.5||19.2 ||2.8
|
|-
| 1957
| 862,000
|32,594||9,722||22,872
|37.8||11.3||26.5 ||-7.0
|
|-
| 1958
| 884,800
|34,654||9,895||24,759
|39.2||11.2||28.0 ||-1.5
|
|-
| 1959
| 909,600
|36,624||9,345||27,279
|40.3||10.3||30.0 ||-2.0
|
|-
| 1960
| 936,900
|41,202||10,043||31,159
| style="color: blue" |44.0||10.7|| style="color: blue" |33.3 ||-3.3
|
|-
| 1961
| 968,100
|40,036||10,030||30,006
|41.4||10.4||31.0 || 2.3
|
|-
| 1962
| 998,000
|42,144||10,192||31,952
|42.2||10.2||32.0 || -1.1
|
|-
| 1963
| 1,017,100
|40,250||12,168||28,082
|39.0||11.8||27.2 || -8.1
|
|-
| 1964
| 1,045,200
|42,001||11,215||30,786
|39.6||10.6||29.0 || -1.4
|
|-
| 1965
| 1,076,000
|41,427||13,072||28,355
|38.0||12.0||26.0 || 3.5
|
|-
| 1966
| 1,104,400
|43,150||13,097||30,053
|38.5||11.7||26.8 || -0.4
|
|-
| 1967
| 1,134,400
|43,650||13,563||30,087
|38.0||11.8||26.2 || 1.0
|
|-
| 1968
| 1,164,500
|46,159||13,085||33,074
|38.8||11.1||27.7 || -1.2
|
|-
| 1969
| 1,197,600
|46,849||13,905||32,944
|38.6||11.5||27.1 || 1.3
|
|-
| 1970
| 1,230,500
|50,152||15,314||34,838
|40.2||12.3||27.9 || -0.4
|
|-
| 1971
| 1,265,400
|49,917||13,857||36,060
|38.8||10.8||28.0 || 0.4
|
|-
| 1972
| 1,301,400
|52,796||14,727||38,069
|40.0||11.4||28.8 || -0.4
|
|-
| 1973
| 1,339,500
|54,841||13,611||41,230
|40.3||10.0||30.3 || -1.0
|
|-
| 1974
| 1,380,700
|56,218||12,555||43,663
|40.1||9.0||31.1 || -0.3
|
|-
| 1975
| 1,424,400
|56,953||14,445||42,508
|39.4||10.0||29.4 || 2.3
|
|-
| 1976
| 1,466,900
|55,224||14,757||40,467
|37.1||9.9||27.2 || 2.6
|
|-
| 1977
| 1,512,400
|56,683||15,490||41,193
|37.0||10.1||26.9 || 4.1
|
|-
| 1978
| 1,553,600
|60,291||14,238||46,053
|38.3||9.0||29.3 || -2.1
|
|-
| 1979
| 1,595,000
|60,233||15,375||44,858
|37.2||9.5||27.7 || -1.1
|
|-
| 1980
| 1,639,700
|63,068||17,331||45,737
|39.2||10.4||28.8 || -0.8
|6.411
|-
| 1981
| 1,682,000
|62,751||15,787||46,964
|36.8||9.2||27.6 || -1.8
|
|-
| 1982
| 1,724,700
|64,210||16,568||47,642
|36.8||9.5||27.3 || -1.9
|
|-
| 1983
| 1,767,500
|65,020||17,620||47,400
|36.4||9.9||26.5 || -1.7
|
|-
| 1984
| 1,808,900
|68,129||20,359||47,770
|37.2||11.1||26.1 || -2.7
|
|-
| 1985
| 1,854,300
|69,627||18,688||50,939
|38.2||10.0||28.2|| -3.1
|5.476
|-
| 1986
| 1,900,600
|71,801||16,424||55,377
|37.3||8.5||28.8|| -3.8
|
|-
| 1987
| 1,949,700
|71,437||15,930||55,507
|36.2||8.1||28.1|| -2.3
|
|-
| 1988
| 1,997,000
|75,832||17,689||58,143
|37.5||8.7||28.8|| -4.5
|
|-
| 1989
| 2,043,954
|73,593||17,000||56,593
|35.5||8.2||27.3|| -3.8
|
|-
| 1990
| 2,153,466
|73,209||17,559||55,650
|34.9||8.4||26.5|| 27.1
|4.472
|-
| 1991
| 2,177,217
|70,083||18,734||51,349
|32.4||8.7||23.7|| -12.7
|4.009
|-
| 1992
| 2,158,362
|63,258||18,288||44,970
|29.2||8.4||20.8|| -29.5
|3.512
|-
| 1993
| 2,171,898
|47,871||17,606||30,265
|22.1||8.1||14.0|| -7.7
|2.532
|-
| 1994
| 2,206,892
|52,962||16,546||36,416
|24.2||7.6||16.6|| -0.5
|2.694
|-
| 1995
| 2,242,998
|54,293||16,794||37,499
|24.4||7.5||16.9|| -0.5
|2.760
|-
| 1996
| 2,276,016
|51,806||17,550||34,256
|21.8||7.8||14.0|| 0.7
|2.506
|-
| 1997
| 2,307,484
|49,488||16,980||32,508
|21.6||7.4||14.2|| -0.4
|2.351
|-
| 1998
| 2,340,134
|49,256||15,799||33,457
|21.2||6.8||14.4|| -0.3
|2.304
|-
| 1999
| 2,373,493
|49,461||16,105||33,356
|21.0||6.8||14.2|| 0.1
|2.318
|-
| 2000
| 2,403,105
|48,721||15,472||33,249
|20.4||6.5||13.9|| -1.4
|2.243
|-
| 2001
| 2,432,397
|49,685||15,999||33,686
|20.6||6.6||14.0|| -1.8
|2.221
|-
| 2002
| 2,465,657
|46,922||15,857||31,065
|19.2||6.5||12.7|| 1.0
|2.076
|-
| 2003
| 2,495,091
|45,723||16,006||29,717
|18.4||6.5||11.9|| 0
|2.014
|-
| 2004
| 2,521,733
|45,501||16,404||29,097
|18.1||6.5||11.6|| -0.9
|1.984
|-
| 2005
| 2,551,081
|45,326||16,480||28,846
|17.9||6.5||11.4|| 0.2
| style="color: red" |1.968
|-
| 2006
| 2,583,254
|49,092||16,682||32,410
|19.1||6.5||12.6|| 0
|2.081
|-
| 2007
| 2,620,446
|56,636||16,259||40,377
|21.8||6.2||15.6|| -1.2 
|2.341
|-
| 2008
| 2,665,955
|63,768||15,413||48,355
|24.1||5.8||18.3|| -0.9
|2.633
|-
| 2009
| 2,716,275
|69,167||16,911||52,256
|25.7||6.3||19.4|| -0.5
|2.753
|-
| 2010
| 2,760,968
|63,270||18,293||44,977
|23.1||6.7||16.4|| 0.1
|2.431
|-
| 2011
| 2,811,666
|69,853||19,155||50,698
|25.1||6.9||18.2|| 0.2
|2.609
|-
| 2012
| 2,867,744
|73,839||17,761||56,078
|26.0||6.3||19.7|| 0.2
|2.741
|-
| 2013
| 2,930,277
|79,780||17,247||62,533
|27.5||5.9||21.6|| 0.2
|3.006
|-
| 2014
| 2,995,949
| style="color: blue" |82,839||16,521||style="color: blue" |66,318
|28.0||5.6||22.4|| 0
|3.120
|-
| 2015
| 3,057,778
|82,130||17,620||64,510
|27.1||5.8||21.3|| -0.7
|3.015
|-
| 2016
| 3,119,935
|79,920||17,763||62,157
|25.9||5.8||20.1|| 0.2
|2.950
|-
| 2017
| 3,177,899
|75,321||17,357||57,964
|23.9||5.5||18.4|| 0.2
|2.790
|-
| 2018
| 3,238,479
|78,444||17,864||60,580
|24.5||5.6||18.9|| 0.2
|2.920
|-
| 2019
| 3,296,866
|79,580||18,403||61,177
|24.4||5.6||18.8|| -0.8
|2.986
|-
| 2020
| 3,357,542
|77,716||17,040||60,676
|23.2|| style="color: blue" |4.8||18.4|| 0
|2.936
|-
| 2021
| 3,409,939
|73,253|| style="color: red" |20,856||52,397
|21.7||5.9||15.8|| -0.2
|2.785
|-
| 2022
| 3,457,548
|66,910||19,301||47,609
|19.4||5.2||14.2|| -0.2
|2.714
|-
| 2023
| 3,504,741
|66,234||19,041||47,193
|19.0||5.0||14.0|| -0.4
|2.708
|-
| 2024
| 3,544,835
|60,214||18,245||41,969
|17.0||5.1||11.9|| -0.5
|2.483
|}

====Current vital statistics====
<ref>{{cite web|title=Social and economic situation of Mongolia|url=https://1212.mn/en/dissemination/73110206}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-
! Period
! Live births
! Deaths
! Natural increase
|-
| '''January-March 2024'''
| 14,244
| 4,266
| +9,978
|-
| '''January-March 2025'''
| 13,482
| 4,241
| +9,241
|-
| '''Difference'''
| {{decrease}} -762 (-5.35%) 
| {{decreasepositive}} -25 (-0.59%)
| {{decrease}} -737
|}

=== Life expectancy ===
[[File:Life expectancy by WBG -Mongolia -diff.png|thumb|[[Life expectancy at birth]] in Mongolia]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Period
!Life expectancy in<br />Years
!Period
!Life expectancy in<br />Years
|-
|1950–1955
|43.2
|1985–1990
|59.6
|-
|1955–1960
|46.1
|1990–1995
|60.8
|-
|1960–1965
|50.7
|1995–2000
|61.8
|-
|1965–1970
|53.9
|2000–2005
|64.1
|-
|1970–1975
|56.4
|2005–2010
|66.1
|-
|1975–1980
|56.9
|2010–2015
|68.5
|-
|1980–1985
|57.3
|
|
|}
Source: ''UN World Population Prospects''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|access-date=2017-07-15}}</ref>

== Ethnicity and languages ==
The demonym for the people of Mongolia is ''Mongolian''. The name ''Mongol'' usually accounts for people of the [[Mongols|Mongol ethnic group]], thus excluding Turkic groups such as [[Kazakhs]] and [[Tuvans]].

Ethnic [[Mongols]] account for about 96% of the population and consist of [[Khalka Mongols|Khalkh]] and other subgroups, all distinguished primarily by dialects of the [[Mongolian language]]. The Khalkhs make up 86% of the ethnic Mongol population. The remaining 14% include [[Oirats]], [[Buryats]] and others. Ethnic distinctions among the Mongol subgroups are relatively minor. Language or tribal differences are not a political or social issue.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] speaking [[Kazakhs]] form the largest ethnic minority and constitute c. 3.9% of Mongolia's population. [[Khotons]] and [[Chantuu]] are Mongolized people with Turkic origin and speak Mongolian.

In around 1860, part of the [[Middle jüz]] Kazakhs who sought refuge from the [[Qing Empire]] massacres in [[Xinjiang]] came to Mongolia and were allowed to settle down in [[Bayan-Ölgii Province]]. There are smaller numbers of [[Russians|Russian]], [[Han Chinese|Chinese]], [[Koreans|Korean]] and [[Americans|American]] people working in Mongolia since 1990. 3,000 [[Westerners]] live in [[Mongolia]], accounting for 0.1% of its total population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chojbalsan.ucoz.ru/publ/2-1-0-17|title = Монголия - Монголия - Каталог статей - Чойбалсан&#124;Монголия&#124;Ностальгия}}</ref>

[[English language|English]] is the most widely used foreign language followed by [[Russian language|Russian]]. Lately, [[Mandarin Chinese]],<ref>{{cite web |title="Chinese language fever" in Mongolia on the upswing |url=http://english.hanban.org/article/2016-08/09/content_652567.htm |website=english.hanban.org |access-date=7 February 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112153659/http://english.hanban.org/article/2016-08/09/content_652567.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]] and [[German language|German]] are gaining popularity.

===Ethnicity===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+National censuses data<ref>"Монгол улсын ястангуудын тоо, байршилд гарч буй өөрчлөлтуудийн асуудалд" М.Баянтөр, Г.Нямдаваа, З.Баярмаа pp.57-70</ref>
|- bgcolor="#71A6D2" style="font-weight:bold"
| width="120" align="left" height="12" | Ethnic groups
| width="75" align="right" | [[Ethno-linguistic]] family
| width="75" align="right" | 1956
| width="75" align="right" | 1963
| width="75" align="right" | 1969
| width="75" align="right" | 1979
| width="75" align="right" | 1989
| width="75" align="right" | 2000
| width="75" align="right" | 2010<ref>[http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/Main%20results_20110615_to%20EZBH_for%20print.pdf Mongolia National Census 2010 Provision Results. National Statistical Office of Mongolia] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915170555/http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/Main%20results_20110615_to%20EZBH_for%20print.pdf |date=September 15, 2011 }} (in Mongolian.)</ref>
| width="75" align="right" | 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF MONGOLIA /summary/|url=https://www.1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Census2020_Mongolia_Eng.pdf&ln=En|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715110250/https://www.1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Census2020_Mongolia_Eng.pdf&ln=En |archive-date=2021-07-15 }}</ref>
|-
| height="12" align="left" | [[Khalka Mongols|Khalkh]]
|align="left"|[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | 639,141
 | 775,376
 | 911,079
 | 1,235,806
 | 1,610,424
 | 1,934,674
 | 2,168,141
 | 2,659,985
|-
| height="12" align="left" | [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]]
|align="left"|[[Turkic languages|Turkic]]
 | 36,729
 | 47,735
 | 62,812
 | 84,305
 | 120,506
 | 102,983
 | 101,526
 | 120,999
|-
| height="12" align="left" | [[Dörbet (Choros clan)|Dörbet]]
|align="left"|[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | 25,667
 | 31,339
 | 34,725
 | 45,053
 | 55,208
 | 66,706
 | 72,403
 | 83,719
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Bayid]]
|align="left"|[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | 15,874
 | 19,891
 | 25,479
 | 31,053
 | 39,233
 | 50,824
 | 56,573
 | 63,775
|-
| height="12" align="left" | [[Buryats|Buryat]]
|align="left"|[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | 24,625
 | 28,523
 | 29,772
 | 29,802
 | 35,444
 | 40,620
 | 45,087	
 | 43,661
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Zakhchin]]
|align="left"|[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | 15,772
 | 14,399
 | 15,662
 | 18,957
 | 23,478
 | 25,183
 | 32,845
 | 37,407
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Dariganga Mongols|Dariganga]]
|align="left"|[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | 16,852
 | 18,587
 | 20,603
 | 24,564
 | 29,040
 | 31,909
 | 27,412
 | 36,419
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Altai Uriankhai]]
|align="left"|[[Turkic languages|Mongolic]]
 | rowspan="2"| 10,833<ref>In the 1956 National Census Darkhad were counted with Uriankhai</ref>
 | 13,140
 | 15,057
 | 19,475
 | 22,998
 | 29,766
 | 26,654
 | 29,021
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Darkhad]]
|align="left"|[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | 8,826
 | 10,174
 | 10,716
 | 14,757
 | 19,019
 | 21,558
 | 24,549
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Ööld|Uuld]]
| align="left" |[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 | 15,520
 | 14,666
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Khotogoid]]
| align="left" |[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | 7,237
 | 15,460
 | 8,583
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Torghut|Torguud]]
| align="left" |[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | 4,729
 | 6,028
 | 7,119
 | 8,617
 | 10,050
 | 12,628
 | 14,176
 | 15,596
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Khotons]]
| align="left" |[[Mongolic languages|Turkic]]
 | 2,603
 | 2,874
 | 4,056
 | 4,380
 | 6,076
 | 9,014
 | 11,304
 | 12,057
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Myangad]]
| align="left" |[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | 2,518
 | 2,712
 | 3,222
 | 4,173
 | 4,760
 | 6,028
 | 6,592
 | 8,125
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Tuvans|Tuvan]]
| align="left" |[[Turkic languages|Turkic]]
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | 4,778
 | 5,169
 | 2,354
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Barga Mongols|Barga]]
| align="left" |[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | 2,458
 | 2,343
 | 2,305
 | 1,999
 | 2,130
 | 2,506
 | 2,989
 | 2,832
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Üzemchin Mongols|Üzemchin]]
| align="left" |[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | 2,046
 | 2,070
 | 2,127
 | 2,030
 | 2,086
 | 2,386
 | 2,577
 | 2,308
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Eljigin]]
| align="left" |[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | 151
 | 1,340
 | 1,034
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Sartuul]]
| align="left" |[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | 1,540
 | 1,286
 | 2,023
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Hamnigan]] of Tungusic origin
| align="left" |[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | 565
 | 537
 | 384
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Dukha|Tsaatan]]
| align="left" |[[Turkic languages|Turkic]]
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | 303
 | 282
 | 208
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Chantuu]]
| align="left" |[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | 380
 | 260
 | 202
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Kharchin Mongols|Kharchin]]
| align="left" |[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | 266
 | 152
 | 154
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Chahar Mongols|Chahar]]
| align="left" |[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | 123
 | 132
 | ...
|-
| height="10" align="left" | [[Khoshut]]
| align="left" |[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 | 382
|-
| height="10" align="left" | ([[Huuchid]]){{Efn|name=a}}
| align="left" |[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ...
|-
| height="10" align="left" | ([[Baarins|Baarin]]){{Efn|name=a}}
| align="left" |[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ...
|-
| height="10" align="left" | ([[Khorchin Mongols|Khorchin]]){{Efn|name=a}}
| align="left" |[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ...
|-
| height="10" align="left" | ([[Tümed]]){{Efn|name=a}}
| align="left" |[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ...
|-
|- class="sortbottom" bgcolor="#F2F3F4"
| height="10" align="left" colspan="2" | [[Russians|Russian]] nationals
 | 13,444
 | 8,905
 | 1,433
 | 196
 | 140
 | 2,020
 | 2,474
 |
|-
|- class="sortbottom" bgcolor="#F2F3F4"
| height="10" align="left" colspan="2" | [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] nationals
 | 16,157
 | 21,981
 | 725
 | 344
 | 247
 | 3,374
 | 8,688
 |
|-
|- class="sortbottom" bgcolor="#F2F3F4"
| height="10" align="left" colspan="2" | [[Koreans|Korean]] nationals
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | 338
 | 1,522
 |
|-
|- class="sortbottom" bgcolor="#F2F3F4"
| height="10" align="left" colspan="2" | [[United States|American]] nationals
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | 303
 | 656
 |
|-
| height="10" align="left" colspan="2" | Others
 | 11,125
 | 6,819
 | 35,045
 | 8,653
 | 1,509
 | ... 
 | ... 
 | 4,122
|-
|- class="sortbottom" bgcolor="#71A6D2"
|style="font-weight:bold" height="12" align="left" colspan="2" | '''Mongolia'''
 | 845,481
 | 1,017,162
 | 1,188,271
 | 1,538,980
 | 1,987,274
 | 2,365,269
 | 2,754,685
 | 3,174,565
|-
|}
{{notelist|refs={{efn|name=a|Not listed in the Censuses}}}}

== Religions ==
{{Main|Religion in Mongolia}}
[[Image:Enfant de Mongolie.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A young Mongolian boy]]
Various forms of [[Shamanism]] have been widely practiced throughout the history of what is now Mongolia, as such beliefs were common among nomadic people in Asian history. Such beliefs gradually gave way to Tibetan Buddhism, but shamanism has left a mark on Mongolian religious culture, and continues to be practiced.

Traditionally, [[Tibetan Buddhism]] was the predominant religion. However, it was suppressed under the communist regime until 1990, with only one showcase monastery allowed to remain. Since 1990, as liberalization began, Buddhism has encountered a resurgence.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religions in Mongolia<br><small>(population aged 15 and above)</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Buddhism in Mongolia|Buddhism]]
! colspan="2" | [[Islam in Mongolia|Islam]]
! colspan="2" | [[Mongolian shamanism|Shamanism]]
! colspan="2" | [[Christianity in Mongolia|Christianity]]
! colspan="2" | Other religions
! colspan="2" | Atheism
! rowspan="2" | Year
|-
! # !! %
! # !! %
! # !! %
! # !! %
! # !! %
! # !! %
|-
| 2010
| 909,357 || {{percentage bar|width=50|53}}
| 190,702 || {{percentage bar|width=50|3.0}}
| 155,174 || {{percentage bar|width=50|2.9}}
| 41,117  || {{percentage bar|width=50|2.1}}
| 6,933   || {{percentage bar|width=50|0.4}}
| 835,283 || {{percentage bar|width=50|40}}
| 3,000,000
|-
| 2020<ref name=2020census>{{cite web|title=2020 Population and Housing Census|publisher=National Statistics Office of Mongolia|url=https://tuv.nso.mn/uploads/users/87/files/Khun_am_toollogo.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901022031/https://tuv.nso.mn/uploads/users/87/files/Khun_am_toollogo.pdf|archive-date=1 September 2023|access-date=15 August 2023|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>
| {{n/a}} || {{percentage bar|width=50|51.7}}
| {{n/a}} || {{percentage bar|width=50|3.2}}
| {{n/a}} || {{percentage bar|width=50|2.5}}
| {{n/a}} || {{percentage bar|width=50|1.3}}
| {{n/a}} || {{percentage bar|width=50|0.7}}
| {{n/a}} || {{percentage bar|width=50|40.6}}
| {{n/a}}
|}


== Base demographic indicators for Mongolia ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Base Demographic Indicators for Mongolia
|-
![[Demography]] indicator
!units
![[U.S. Census Bureau]]<br />International<br />Data Base<br />1 July 2007<ref>[https://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/country/mgportal.html U.S. Census Bureau International Data Base - Mongolia Country Summary] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002211857/http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/country/mgportal.html |date=October 2, 2012 }}</ref>
![[United Nations]] <br />World Population<br />Prospects: <br />The 2007 Revision<br />1 July 2007<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf| title = United Nations World Population Prospects: The 2007 Revision}}</ref>
![[United Nations]] <br />Economic and Social<br />Commission for Asia<br /> and Pacific([[ESCAP]])<br />1 July 2006<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/index.asp |title=United Nations ESCAP 2007 Statistical Yearbook |access-date=2008-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105062237/http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/index.asp |archive-date=2017-01-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
!National Statistical <br />Office of Mongolia<br />31 December 2007<ref name="E2008">Statistical Yearbook of Mongolia 2007, National Statistical Office, Ulaanbaatar, 2008</ref>
|-
| align=right | '''Age structure''': 0–14 years:
| % of total population
| {{percentage bar|width=60|28.72}}
| {{percentage bar|width=60|27}}
| {{percentage bar|width=60|28}}
| {{percentage bar|width=60|28.58}}
|-
|align=right | Age structure: 15–59 years:
| % of total population
| {{percentage bar|width=60|65.56}}
| {{percentage bar|width=60|67}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{percentage bar|width=60|65.36}}
|-
| align=right | Age structure: 60 years and over:
| % of total population
| {{percentage bar|width=60|5.72}}
| {{percentage bar|width=60|6}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{percentage bar|width=60|6.06}}
|-
| align=right | '''[[human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]''': at birth:
|male(s)/female
| align=right | 1.0500
| align=right | 1.01
| align=right | 1.0424
| align=right | 1.0310
|-
| align=right | Sex ratio: under 15 years:
|male(s)/female
| align=right | 1.0408
| {{n/a}}
| align=right | 1.0153
| align=right | 1.0193
|-
|align=right | Sex ratio: 15–59 years:
|male(s)/female
| align=right | 1.0003
| {{n/a}}
| align=right | 0.9414
| align=right | 0.9379
|-
| align=right | Sex ratio: 60 years and over:
|male(s)/female
| align=right | 0.8169
| align=right | 0.80
| {{n/a}}
| align=right | 0.7933
|-
| align=right | Sex ratio: total population:
|male(s)/female
| align=right | 1.0002
| align=right | 0.9947
| {{n/a}}
| align=right | 0.9508
|-
|  align=right |'''[[Potential support ratio]]''':
| persons aged 15 to 64 <br/> per persons aged 65 or older
| align=right | 17.47
| align=right | 17
| {{n/a}}
| align=right | 16.33
|-
|  align=right |'''[[Infant mortality rate]]''':
| deaths/1,000 live births
| align=right | 42.65
| align=right | 40
| align=right | 39 <sup>(2005)</sup>
| align=right | 15.4
|-
|  align=right |'''[[Child mortality|Mortality under age 5]]''':
| deaths/1,000
| {{n/a}}
| align=right | 55
| align=right | 49 <sup>(2005)</sup>
| align=right | 22
|-
| align=right | '''[[Life expectancy at birth]]''' total population:
|years
| align=right | 66.99
| align=right | 68
| align=right | 65.1 <sup>(2000–2005)</sup>
| align=right | 66.54
|-
| align=right | Life expectancy at birth male:
|years
| align=right | 64.61
| align=right | 64
| align=right | 61.9 <sup>(2000–2005)</sup>
| align=right | 63.13
|-
| align=right | Life expectancy at birth female:
|years
| align=right | 69.48
| align=right | 70
| align=right | 68.4 <sup>(2000–2005)</sup>
| align=right | 70.23
|-
|  align=right |'''Age specific [[fertility rate]]''':
| ages 15–19 (per 1,000)
| align=right | 22.5
| align=right | 45
| align=right | 49.7 <sup>(2000–2005)</sup>
| align=right | 18.7
|-
|  align=right |'''[[Urbanization|Urban]] population''':
| % of total population
| {{n/a}}
| {{percentage bar|width=60|57}}
| {{percentage bar|width=60|56.8}}
| {{percentage bar|width=60|60.75}}
|-
|  align=right |'''[[Contraceptive]] prevalence rate''' all methods:
|% of women aged 15 to 49 <br/> who are married or in union
| {{n/a}}
| {{percentage bar|width=60|67.4}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
|  align=right |Contraceptive prevalence rate modern methods:
|% of women aged 15 to 49 <br/> who are married or in union
| {{n/a}}
| {{percentage bar|width=60|54.3}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
|  align=right |'''[[Human development index]]''':
| % of total population
| {{n/a}}
| {{percentage bar|width=60|0.691}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{percentage bar|width=60|0.720}}
|-
| align=right | '''Population projected''' to 2025:
|person
| align=right | 3,725,352
| align=right | 3,112,000
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| align=right | Population projected to 2050:
|person
| align=right | 4,340,496
| align=right | 3,388,000
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|}
{{Clear}}

==See also==
*[[Mongolian nationality law]]
*[[Ethnic groups in East Asia]]
*[[Buddhism in East Asia]]
*[https://www.mn.undp.org/content/mongolia/en/home/library/National-Human-Development-Reports/Mongolia-Human-Development-Report-1997.html ''Mongolia Human Development Report 1997''], UNDP Mongolia Communications Office, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 1997

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{externalvideo|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtTvgG-bKOo Why 99.7% of Mongolia is Completely Empty -RealLifeLore]}}

{{Ethnic groups in Mongolia}}
{{Mongol ethnic groups}}
{{Mongolia topics}}
{{Asia in topic|Demographics of}}
{{Asia topic|Ethnic groups in}}

[[Category:Demographics of Mongolia| ]]
[[Category:Society of Mongolia]]