Editing Demographics of Mexico

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox place demographics
 | place              = [[Mexico]]
 | image              = Mexico single age population pyramid 2020.png
 | image_size         = 350
 | caption            = [[Population pyramid]] of [[Mexico]] in 2020

<!-- main demographics -->
 | size_of_population = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 131,946,900 (2025 est.)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/49/locations/484/start/2024/end/2025/table/pivotbylocation?df=d1d742f5-45d8-4063-835d-0b735063916c | title=&#91;default&#93; Population Division Data Portal }}</ref>
 | density            = {{cvt|66.28|/km2}} (2024 est.)<ref name="CIATONGA"/>
 | growth             = 0.7% (2024 est.)<ref name="CIATONGA"/>
 | birth              = 12.1 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)<ref name="enadid_2023">{{cite web |title=Encuesta Nacional de la Dinámica Demográfica (ENADID) 2023 |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/enadid/2023/ |website=INEGI |access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref>
 | death              = 6.2 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)<ref name="enadid_2023"/>
 | life               = 74.6 years (2024 est.)<ref name="CIATONGA"/>
 | life_male          = 71.6 years (2024 est.)<ref name="CIATONGA"/>
 | life_female        = 77.7 years (2024 est.)<ref name="CIATONGA"/>
 | infant_mortality   = 12.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)<ref name="CIATONGA"/>
 | fertility          = 1.60 children born/woman (2023 est.)<ref name="enadid_2023"/>
 | net_migration      = −0.70 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)<ref name="CIATONGA"/>

<!-- age structure -->
 | age_0-14_years     = 23.3% (male 15,647,805/ female 14,754,004) (2024 est.)<ref name="CIATONGA"/>
 | age_15-64_years    = 68.6% (male 43,651,105/ female 45,983,174) (2024 est.)<ref name="CIATONGA"/>
 | age_65_years       = 8.2% (male 4,600,228/ female 6,103,611) (2024 est.)<ref name="CIATONGA"/>
<!-- sex ratio -->
 | total_mf_ratio     = 0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)<ref name="CIATONGA"/>
 | sr_at_birth        = 1.05 male(s)/female
 | sr_under_15        = 1.06 male(s)/female
 | sr_15-64_years     = 0.95 male(s)/female
 | sr_65_years_over   = 0.75 male(s)/female

<!-- nationality -->
 | nation             = [[Mexicans|Mexican]]
 | major_ethnic       = {{unbulleted list
|{{Tree list}}
* [[Mestizos in Mexico|Mestizo]] (N/D)
* [[White Mexicans|White]] (N/D)
** [[Spaniards in Mexico|Spanish]] (N/D)
** [[Italian immigration to Mexico|Italian]] (N/D)
** [[German Mexicans|German]] (N/D)
** [[French Mexicans|French]] (N/D)
** [[Arab Mexicans|Arab]] (N/D)
** Other (N/D)
{{tree list/end}}
}}
 | minor_ethnic       = {{unbulleted list
|{{Tree list}}
* [[Indigenous people of Mexico|Indigenous]] (19.41%)<ref name="2020 Census" />
** [[Nahuas|Nahua]] (N/D)
** [[Yucatec Maya people|Yucatec Maya]] (N/D)
** [[Tzeltal people|Tzeltal]] (N/D)
** Other (N/D)
* [[Afro-Mexicans|Black]] (2.04%)<ref name="2020 Census" />
* [[Asian Mexicans|East Asian]] (N/D)
** [[Chinese immigration to Mexico|Chinese]] (N/D)
** Other (N/D)
* Other group
{{tree list/end}}
}}

<!-- language -->
 | official           = [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (99.4%) & 68 native languages<ref name="PresentacióndeResultados">[https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/programas/ccpv/2020/doc/Censo2020_Principales_resultados_EUM.pdf "Presentación de resultados. Estados Unidos Mexicanos - Inegi"], Mexico, retrieved on August 18, 2024.</ref> 
 | spoken             = [[Languages of Mexico]]
}}

With a population of about 129 million in 2022,<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/#people-and-society "The World Factbook, CIA"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164719/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico#people-and-society |date=January 26, 2021 }} Retrieved on November 23, 2022.</ref> [[Mexico]] is the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|10th most populated country in the world]]. It is the largest Spanish-speaking country in the world and the third-most populous country in the Americas after the United States and Brazil,<ref>[http://www.statista.com/statistics/19308/total-population-in-mexico/ Statistics on the total population in Mexico] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713200052/https://www.statista.com/statistics/263748/total-population-of-mexico/ |date=July 13, 2018 }}, International Monetary Fund. October 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2017.</ref> the most populous city in the country is the capital, [[Mexico City]], with a population of 9.2&nbsp;million and its [[metropolitan area]] is also the most populated with 21.8&nbsp;million as of 2020.<ref name="census2020" /> Approximately 53% of the population lives in one of the 48 large metropolitan areas in the country.<ref name=metro /> In total, about 76% of the population of the country lives in urban areas and 23% lives in rural ones.<ref name=programa/>

Demographic censuses are performed by the [[INEGI|Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía]]. The National Population Council (CONAPO) is an institution under the [[Secretariat of the Interior (Mexico)|Ministry of Interior]] in charge of the analysis and research of population dynamics. The [[National Institute of Indigenous Peoples]] also undertakes research and analysis of the sociodemographic and linguistic indicators of the [[indigenous peoples]]. Throughout most of the 20th century Mexico's population was characterized by rapid growth. Although this tendency has been reversed and average annual population growth over the last five years was less than 1%, the demographic transition is still in progress; Mexico still has a large youth [[Cohort (statistics)|cohort]].

==Demographic dynamics==
{{See also|Mexicans}}
[[File:Woman from Mexico.jpg|left|upright|thumb|''[[Mestizos in Mexico|Mestiza]]'' woman clad in indigenous clothes.]]
[[File:Historical population of Mexico.svg|thumb|350px|Historical population of Mexico]]
[[Image:MXPopgrowth.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|350px|Population growth|lang=en]]
[[Image:Mexico estados densidad.svg|thumb|350px|upright=1.2|Mexican states by population density]]
{{Historical populations
|footnote = Source: [[INEGI]]
|1500 | 12000000<ref>The Native population of the Americas in 1492, de William M. Denevan, Univ. de Wisconsin Press, 1992, pp. 28</ref>
|1600 | 1500000<ref>Andrés Lira and Luis Muro: "El siglo de la Integración ", p. 10</ref>
|1700 | 4000000
|1800 | 6000000
|1832 | 7000000
|1865 | 8259080<ref>[http://www.historicas.unam.mx/moderna/ehmc/ehmc12/153.html La división territorial del Segundo Imperio Mexicano, 1865.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801080055/http://www.historicas.unam.mx/moderna/ehmc/ehmc12/153.html |date=August 1, 2020 }} Estudios de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México, UNAM</ref>
|1895 | 12700294
|1900 | 13607272
|1910 | 15160369
|1921 | 14334780
|1930 | 16552722
|1940 | 19653552
|1950 | 25791017
|1960 | 34923129
|1970 | 48225238
|1980 | 66846833
|1990 | 81249645
|2000 | 97483412
|2010 | 112336538
|2020 | 126014024
}}

Estimates vary for the Pre-Columbian population of Mexico from 1.5 million to 21 million,<ref>W.Borah, ''New Spain's Century of depression'', Berkeley, 1951 </ref> but the most accepted figure is about 12 million people, including the population of the [[Aztec Empire]] which is estimated at 6 million people.<ref>https://web.archive {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727044905/http://web.archive/ |date=July 27, 2013 }}. org/web/20180930115440/https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-americas/aztecs {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930115440/https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-americas/aztecs |date=September 30, 2018 }}</ref> In 1600, the population was estimated to have been around 1 to 2 million and in 1700, the population was estimated to be around 4 million.
In 1900, the Mexican population was 13.6&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=203|title=From Traitors to Heroes: 100 Years of Mexican Migration Policies|date=March 1, 2004|website=Migrationinformation.org|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-date=May 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505074111/http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=203|url-status=live}}</ref> During the period of economic prosperity that was dubbed by economists as the "Mexican Miracle", the government invested in efficient social programs that reduced the [[infant mortality]] rate and increased [[life expectancy]]. These measures jointly led to an intense demographic increase between 1930 and 1980. 

Intense population growth in the northern states, especially along the US-Mexican border, changed the country's demographic profile in the second half of the 20th century, as the 1967 US-Mexico [[maquiladora]] agreement through which all products manufactured in the border cities could be imported duty-free to the US. Since the adoption of NAFTA in 1994, however, which allows all products to be imported duty-free regardless of their place of origin within Mexico, the non-border maquiladora share of exports has increased while that of border cities has decreased.<ref>Hufbauer GC and Schott, JJ, ''NAFTA Revisited'', Institute for International Economics, Washington, D.C. 2005</ref> This has led to decentralization and rapid economic growth in Mexican states (and cities), such as Quintana Roo (Cancun), Baja California Sur (La Paz), Nuevo León (Monterrey), Querétaro, and Aguascalientes whose population grew by more than one-third from 2000 to 2015, while the whole of Mexico grew by 22.6% in this period.

While the national annual growth rate was still positive (1.0%) in the early years of the 2000s, the national net migration rate was negative (-4.75/1000 inhabitants), in the 2010s, however, the net migration rate reached 0, given the strong economy of Mexico, changes in US Immigration Policy & Enforcement, US Legislative and CFR-8 decisions, plus the (then) slowly recovering US economy, causing many of its former residents to return. Given the former strong flow of immigrants to the United States; an estimated 5.3&nbsp;million undocumented Mexican immigrants lived in the United States in 2004<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfm?ID=208| title=Mexican Immigration to the U.S.: The Latest Estimates| date=March 1, 2004| website=Migrationinformation.org| access-date=August 29, 2017| archive-date=December 31, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231143000/http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=208| url-status=live}}</ref> and 18.2&nbsp;million American citizens in the 2000 Census declared having Mexican ancestry.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf| title=Census Bureau Summary File| website=Census.gov| access-date=August 29, 2017| archive-date=August 10, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810181754/https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref>

The population's annual growth rate has been reduced from a 3.5% peak in 1965 to 0.99% in 2005. While Mexico is now transitioning to the third phase of [[demographic transition]], close to 50% of the population in 2009 was 25 years old or younger.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob03&c=3180|title=Población total por grupos quinquenales de edad según sexo, 1950 a 2005|website=Inegi.org.mx|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-date=December 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205234751/https://www.inegi.org.mx/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Fertility rate]]s have also decreased from 5.7 children per woman in 1976<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob16&c=3193 |title=Tasa global de fecundidad, 1976 a 2006 |access-date=October 19, 2005 |archive-date=December 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222428/https://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob16&c=3193 |url-status=live }}</ref> to 1.9 in 2020.<ref name="2020 Census" /> After decades of the gap narrowing, in 2020 the fertility rate in Mexico fell below the United States for the first time falling 22% in 2020 and a further 10.5% in the first half of 2021 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |title=In coronavirus-hit Mexico, many women are 'determined to not have babies' |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/01/03/coronavirus-mexico-baby-bust/ |access-date=January 4, 2022 |archive-date=January 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104015144/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/01/03/coronavirus-mexico-baby-bust/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Mexican government projects<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012092602/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm|url-status=dead|title=Proyecciones de la Población de México 2005–2050|archive-date=October 12, 2007}}</ref> that the country's population will grow to about 123 million by 2042 and then start declining slowly. Assumptions underlying this projection include fertility stabilizing at 1.85 children per woman and continued high net emigration (slowly decreasing from 583,000 in 2005 to 393,000 in 2050).

Mexico is composed of 32 [[political divisions of Mexico|federal entities]] which include 31 states and Mexico City, the five [[List of Mexican states by population|most populous federal entities in 2020]] were the [[State of Mexico]] (16.9&nbsp;million), Mexico City (9.2&nbsp;million), [[Jalisco]] (8.3&nbsp;million), Veracruz (8.0&nbsp;million) and [[Puebla]] (6.5&nbsp;million), which collectively contain around 40% of the national population.<ref name="scitel">{{cite web|url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/scitel/Default?ev=9|title=Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 - SCITEL|language=es|access-date=2021-01-26}}</ref> The [[Greater Mexico City]] [[metropolitan area|metro area]], which includes Mexico City and adjacent municipalities of surrounding states, is the most populous in the country and is estimated to be the second most populous in the world (after Tokyo), according to the UN Urbanization Report.

The average annual population growth rate of [[Mexico City]] was 0.2%. The state with the lowest population growth rate over the same period was [[Michoacán]] (-0.1%), whereas the states with the highest population growth rates were [[Quintana Roo]] (4.7%) and [[Baja California Sur]] (3.4%),<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob09&c=3186| title=Tasa de crecimiento media anual de la población por entidad federativa, 1990 a 2005| website=Inegi.org.mx| access-date=August 29, 2017| archive-date=October 22, 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022144535/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob09&c=3186| url-status=live}}</ref> both of which are two of the least populous states and the last to be admitted to the Union in the 1970s. The average annual [[net migration rate]] of Mexico City over the same period was negative and the lowest of all [[political divisions of Mexico]], whereas the states with the highest net migration rate were Quintana Roo (2.7), [[Baja California]] (1.8) and Baja California Sur (1.6).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3239| title=Tasas de inmigración, emigración y migración neta por entidad federativa, 1995–2000| website=Inegi.org.mx| access-date=August 29, 2017| archive-date=October 22, 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022144416/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob62&c=3239| url-status=live}}</ref> 

===UN estimates===
[[Image:Mexicopop.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|Mexico's [[population pyramid]] (2017)]]
According to the 2012 revision of the World Population Prospects, the total population was 117,886,000 in 2010, compared to only 28,296,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 30%, 64% of the population was between 15 and 65 years of age, and 6% was 65 years or older.<ref name="WPP 2012">{{Cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|archive-date=May 6, 2011|website=population.un.org}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
!
! width="70pt"|Total population<br /> (x 1000)
! width="70pt"|Proportion<br />aged 0–14<br />(%)
! width="70pt"|Proportion<br />aged 15–64<br />(%)
! width="70pt"|Proportion<br />aged 65+<br />(%)
|-
| 1950
|28 296||42.5||54.1||3.5
|-
| 1955
|33 401||44.5||52.2||3.3
|-
| 1960
|38 677||45.9||50.8||3.4
|-
| 1965
|45 339||46.8||49.6||3.5
|-
| 1970
|52 988||46.6||49.7||3.7
|-
| 1975
|61 708||46.2||50.1||3.7
|-
| 1980
|70 353||44.7||51.5||3.8
|-
| 1985
|77 859||42.1||53.9||3.9
|-
| 1990
|86 077||38.5||57.2||4.3
|-
| 1995
|95 393||35.9||59.6||4.5
|-
| 2000
|103 874||34.1||61.0||4.9
|-
| 2005
|110 732||32.3||62.4||5.3
|-
| 2010
|117 886||30.0||64.0||6.0
|-
| 2015
|127 017||27.6||65.9||6.5
|-
| 2020
|134 837||25.6||66.9||7.6
|}

=== Structure of the population ===

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 12.VI.2010; including an estimation of 1 334 585 people corresponding to 448 195 housing units without information of the occupants):<ref>{{cite web | url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2019/ | title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics | access-date=April 17, 2023 | archive-date=April 14, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414025155/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2019/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 54 855 231
| align="right" | 57 481 307 
| align="right" | 112 336 538 
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 5 346 943
| align="right" | 5 181 379
| align="right" | 10 528 322
| align="right" | 9.37
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 5 604 175 
| align="right" | 5 443 362
| align="right" | 11 047 537
| align="right" | 9.83
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 5 547 613
| align="right" | 5 392 324
| align="right" | 10 939 937
| align="right" | 9.74
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 5 520 121
| align="right" | 5 505 991
| align="right" | 11 026 112
| align="right" | 9.82
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 4 813 204
| align="right" | 5 079 067
| align="right" | 9 892 271 
| align="right" | 8.81
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 4 205 975
| align="right" | 4 582 202
| align="right" | 8 788 177
| align="right" | 7.82
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 4 026 031
| align="right" | 4 444 767
| align="right" | 8 470 798
| align="right" | 7.54
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 3 964 738
| align="right" | 4 328 249
| align="right" | 8 292 987
| align="right" | 7.38
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 3 350 322
| align="right" | 3 658 904
| align="right" | 7 009 226
| align="right" | 6.24
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 2 824 364
| align="right" | 3 104 366
| align="right" | 5 928 730
| align="right" | 5.28
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 2 402 451 
| align="right" | 2 661 840
| align="right" | 5 064 291
| align="right" | 4.51
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 1 869 537
| align="right" | 2 025 828
| align="right" | 3 895 365
| align="right" | 3.47
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 1 476 667 
| align="right" | 1 639 799
| align="right" | 3 116 466
| align="right" | 2.77
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 1 095 273
| align="right" | 1 221 992
| align="right" | 2 317 265
| align="right" | 2.06
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 873 893
| align="right" | 1 000 041
| align="right" | 1 873 934
| align="right" | 1.67
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 579 689
| align="right" | 665 794
| align="right" | 1 245 483
| align="right" | 1.11
|-
| align="right" | 80–84
| align="right" | 355 277
| align="right" | 443 659
| align="right" | 798 936
| align="right" | 0.71
|-
| align="right" | 85–89
| align="right" | 197 461
| align="right" | 256 703
| align="right" | 454 164
| align="right" | 0.40
|-
| align="right" | 90–94
| align="right" | 68 130
| align="right" | 96 794
| align="right" | 164 924
| align="right" | 0.15
|-
| align="right" | 95–99
| align="right" | 25 920
| align="right" | 39 812
| align="right" | 65 732
| align="right" | 0.06
|-
| align="right" | 100+
| align="right" | 7 228
| align="right" | 11 247
| align="right" | 18 475
| align="right" | 0.02
|-
! width="50"|Age group 
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 16 498 731
| align="right" | 16 017 065
| align="right" | 32 515 796
| align="right" | 28.94
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 34 453 410
| align="right" | 37 031 013
| align="right" | 71 484 423
| align="right" | 63.63
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 3 202 871
| align="right" | 3 736 042
| align="right" | 6 938 913
| align="right" | 6.18
|-
| align="right" | unknown
| align="right" | 700 219
| align="right" | 697 187
| align="right" | 1 397 406
| align="right" | 1.24
|-
|}

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 15.III.2020) (Including an estimation of 6 337 751 persons corresponding to 1 588 422 housing units without information of the occupants.):<ref>{{cite web | url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2021/ | title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics | access-date=April 17, 2023 | archive-date=November 11, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111164217/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2021/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="50pt"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 61 473 390
| align="right" | 64 540 634
| align="right" | 126 014 024
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 5 077 482
| align="right" | 4 969 883
| align="right" | 10 047 365
| align="right" | 7.97
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 5 453 091
| align="right" | 5 311 288
| align="right" | 10 764 379
| align="right" | 8.54
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 5 554 260
| align="right" | 5 389 280
| align="right" | 10 943 540
| align="right" | 8.68
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 5 462 150
| align="right" | 5 344 540
| align="right" | 10 806 690
| align="right" | 8.57
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 5 165 884
| align="right" | 5 256 211
| align="right" | 10 422 095
| align="right" | 8.27
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 4 861 404
| align="right" | 5 131 597
| align="right" | 9 993 001
| align="right" | 7.93
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 4 527 726
| align="right" | 4 893 101
| align="right" | 9 420 827
| align="right" | 7.47
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 4 331 530
| align="right" | 4 668 746
| align="right" | 9 020 276
| align="right" | 7.15
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 4 062 304
| align="right" | 4 441 282
| align="right" | 8 503 586
| align="right" | 6.74
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 3 812 344
| align="right" | 4 130 069
| align="right" | 7 942 413
| align="right" | 6.30
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 3 332 163
| align="right" | 3 705 360
| align="right" | 7 037 532
| align="right" | 5.58
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 2 692 976
| align="right" | 3 002 982
| align="right" | 5 695 958
| align="right" | 4.52
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 2 257 862
| align="right" | 2 563 200
| align="right" | 4 821 062
| align="right" | 3.82
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 1 706 850
| align="right" | 1 938 227
| align="right" | 3 645 077
| align="right" | 2.89
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 1 233 492
| align="right" | 1 413 848
| align="right" | 2 647 340
| align="right" | 2.10
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 847 898
| align="right" | 966 684
| align="right" | 1 814 582
| align="right" | 1.43
|-
| align="right" | 80–84
| align="right" | 523 812
| align="right" | 651 552
| align="right" | 1 175 364
| align="right" | 0.93
|-
| align="right" | 85+
| align="right" | 433 968
| align="right" | 605 583
| align="right" | 1 039 551
| align="right" | 0.82
|-
! width="50"|Age group 
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 16 084 833
| align="right" | 15 670 451
| align="right" | 31 755 284
| align="right" | 25.20
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 40 506 343
| align="right" | 43 157 097
| align="right" | 83 663 440
| align="right" | 66.39
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 4 746 020
| align="right" | 5 575 894
| align="right" | 10 321 914
| align="right" | 8.19
|-
| align="right" | unknown
| align="right" | 136 194
| align="right" | 137 192
| align="right" | 273 386
| align="right" | 0.22
|-
|}
{{GraphChart
| width = 550
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle = year
| yAxisTitle = millions
| yAxisMin = 0
| yGrid = 0,1
| xGrid = 10
| legend =
| type = line
| x = 1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020, 2021

| y1 = 19.8,20.2,20.7,21.2,21.7,22.2,22.8,23.4,24.1,24.8,28.3,29.1,30.0,30.9,31.9,32.9,34.0,35.1,36.3,37.4,38.7,39.9,41.2,42.6,43.9,45.3,46.8,48.3,49.8,51.4,53.0,54.7,56.4,58.2,59.9,61.7,63.5,65.3,67.0,68.7,70.4,71.9,73.4,74.9,76.4,77.9,79.4,81.0,82.6,84.3,86.1,87.9,89.8,91.7,93.5,95.4,97.2,99.0,100.7,102.3,103.9,105.3,106.7,108.1,109.4,110.7,112.1,113.5,115.0,116.4,114.3,115.7,117.1,118.4,119.7,121.0,122.3,123.4,124.7,125.9, 126.0 , 128.0

| y1Title = Population
}}

{{Graph:Chart
 | width=510
 | height=150
 | xAxisTitle=year
 | yAxisTitle = ‰
 | legend = Legend
| hAnnotatonsLine= 
 | yAxisMax= 50
 | yAxisMin= -15
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| colors=green, black, blue, orange
 | type = line
 | xType = date
 | xAxisFormat = 
 | x = 
1938, 1939,1940, 1941,1942, 1943,1944, 1945,1946, 1947,1948, 1949,1950, 1951,1952, 1953,1954, 1955,1956, 1957,1958, 1959,1960, 1961,1962, 1963,1964, 1965,1966, 1967,1968, 1969,1970, 1971,1972, 1973,1974, 1975,1976, 1977,1978, 1979,1980, 1981,1982, 1983,1984, 1985,1986, 1987,1988, 1989,1990, 1991,1992, 1993,1994, 1995,1996, 1997,1998, 1999,2000, 2001,2002, 2003,2004, 2005,2006, 2007,2008, 2009,2010, 2011,2012, 2013,2014, 2015,2016, 2017,2018, 2019,2020, 2021,2022,

 | xAxisAngle =

 | y1 = 
<!--1938–1950-->43.5,44.6,44.3,43.5,45.5,45.5,44.2,44.9,43.7,46.1,44.7,46.0,41.5,40.7,<!--1951–1970-->39.9,40.8,42.0,41.9,42.0,42.3,39.9,42.4,41.6,41.2,41.4,41.3,42.1,41.6,41.8,41.1,41.3,39.7,40.2,40.8,<!--1971–1990-->41.6,44.2,42.1,36.5,37.3,36.5,35.0,33.1,34.8,35.2,32.6,34.8,32.9,34.1,32.5,34.5,31.7,31.1,31.8,31.4,<!--1991–2010-->31.2,31.0,31.0,28.8,27.9,27.3,26.5,27.1,26.9,26.3,25.3,24.6,24.0,23.2,22.4,23.4,22.9,22.1,23.1,22.3,21.3,<!--2011–2020-->20.9,20.5,19.4,18.8,18.1,17.3,16.5,12.9,15.1,

 | y1Title = Crude birth rate

 | y2 = 
<!--1938–1950-->22.9,23.0,23.2,22.1,22.8,22.4,20.6,19.5,19.4,16.6,16.9,17.7,14.8,15.7,<!--1951–1970-->13.6,14.4,11.9,12.4,10.9,11.8,11.2,10.6,10.4,9.7,9.8,9.7,9.3,8.9,9.1,8.7,9.1,8.9,9.2,8.4,<!--1971–1990-->8.4,7.9,7.2,7.1,7.2,6.9,6.2,6.2,6.2,5.9,5.6,5.5,5.4,5.3,5.0,4.9,5.0,5.0,4.9,4.7,<!--1991–2010-->4.6,4.5,4.5,4.5,4.5,4.5,4.4,4.3,4.2,4.2,4.3,4.4,4.3,4.5,4.4,4.5,4.7,4.9,5.2,5.1,<!--2011–2030-->5.1,5.3,5.3,5.4,5.6,5.8,5.8,5.9,8.6,8.8,

 | y2Title = Crude death rate

 | y3 = 
<!--1938–1950-->20.6,21.6,21.1,21.4,22.7,23.1,23.6,25.4,24.3,29.5,27.8,28.3,26.7,24.9,<!--1951–1970-->26.2,26.4,30.1,29.5,31.2,30.5,28.8,31.8,31.2,31.5,31.6,31.6,32.8,32.7,32.7,32.3,32.2,30.7,31.1,32.4,33.2,36.3,<!--1971–1990-->34.9,29.5,30.1,29.6,28.8,26.9,28.6,29.3,27.0,29.3,27.5,28.8,27.4,29.6,26.7,26.1,26.9,26.7,26.6,<!--1991–2010-->26.4,26.6,24.3,23.4,22.8,22.1,22.7,22.7,22.1,21.0,20.2,19.7,18.7,17.9,18.9,18.2,17.3,17.9,17.2,<!--2011–2030-->16.2,15.6,15.2,14.0,13.2,12.3,11.5,10.6,4.3,6.3,

 | y3Title = Natural change

 | y4 = ,,,,,,,,,
,-1.2,0.2,1.3,95.6,3,2.8,3.5,0.5,1.7,0.4,1.3,3.2,0.1,0.6,0.1,-0.2,-0.3,-1.7,-1.7,-1.8,-1.7,-1.6,-0.1,-0.4,-1.7,-2.5,-6.1,-5.2,-0.7,-2.1,-2.4,-2.6,-2.1,
-5.3,-7.6,-6.5,-9.8,-13.1,-9.4,-7.9,-9.9,-6.9,-6,-6.5,-6.1,-5.8,-5.8,-6.4,-4.9,-4.8,-5,-5.1,-6.7,-7.7,-8.1,-8,-7.9,-7.5,-6.5,-5.6,-6.4,-5.7,-4.8,-36.9,-4.9,-4.5,-4.3,-4.3,-3.4,-2.6,-3.4,-0.9,-1.2,-3.6

 | y4Title = Crude migration change
 | showValues =
 | interpolate =
}}

{{GraphChart
| width = 310
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle = year
| yAxisTitle = TFR
| yAxisMin = 0
| yGrid = 0,1
| xGrid = 10
| legend =
| hAnnotatonsLine = 2.1
| hAnnotatonsLabel =
| type = line
| x = 1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024

| y1 = 5.7,,,,4.6,,,,,,,3.8,,,3.47,3.37,3.27,3.18,3.10,3.02,2.95,2.88,2.82,2.77,2.72,2.67,2.62,2.58,2.54,2.50,2.46,2.42,2.39,2.36,2.34,2.32,2.29,2.27,2.24,2.22,2.19,2.17,2.14,2.09,1.63,1.91

| y1Title = Total fertility rate
}}

==Vital statistics==

===Registered births and deaths===
Source: [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática]] (INEGI)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/ |title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) |access-date=May 27, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528181141/http://www.inegi.org.mx/ |archive-date=May 28, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.www.inegi.org.mx/temas/estructura/|title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía – Temas estadísticos|website=3.inegi.org.mx|date=January 2015|access-date=May 6, 2020|archive-date=September 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917195839/http://en.www.inegi.org.mx/temas/estructura/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
!
! width="70pt"|Average population<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demographic Yearbook System |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/index.cshtml |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=unstats.un.org |archive-date=February 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084424/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/index.cshtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
! width="90pt"|Live births
! width="70pt"|Deaths
! width="90pt"|Natural change
! width="70pt"|Crude birth rate (per 1000)
! width="70pt"|Crude death rate (per 1000)
! width="70pt"|Natural change (per 1000)
! width="70pt"|Crude migration change (per 1000)
! width="70pt"|Total fertility rate 
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children born per woman, 1900 to 2016 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104011719/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?tab=chart&country=~MEX&region=World |url-status=dead |archive-url= |website=Our world in data}}</ref>
! width="70pt"|Life expectancy
|-
| 1936
|
| style="color:red;"|791,725||||
|||||||||style="color:blue"|5.86
|
|-
| 1937
|
|826,307||||
|||||||||style="color:blue"|5.83
|
|-
| 1938
|
|829,651||||
|43.5|||||| ||style="color:blue"|5.87
|
|-
| 1939 
|
|865,081||||
|44.6||||||||style="color:blue"|5.90
|
|-
| 1940
|19,763,000
|875,471||||
|44.3||||||||style="color:blue"|5.93
|
|-
| 1941
|20,208,000
|878,935||||
|43.5||||||||style="color:blue"|5.96
|
|-
| 1942
|20,657,000
|940,067||||
|45.5||||||||style="color:blue"|5.99
|
|-
| 1943
|21,165,000
|963,317||||
|45.5||||||||style="color:blue"|6.07
|
|-
| 1944
|21,674,000
|958,119||||
|44.2||||||||style="color:blue"|6.16
|
|-
| 1945
|22,233,000
|999,093||||
|44.9||||||||style="color:blue"|6.24
|
|-
| 1946
|22,779,000
|994,838||442,935||551,903
|43.7|| style="color:red;"|19.4||24.3||-0.3||style="color:blue"|6.32
|
|-
| 1947
|23,440,000
|1,079,816||390,087||689,729
| style="color:blue;"|46.1||16.6||29.5||-1.2||style="color:blue"|6.41
|
|-
| 1948
|24,129,000
|1,090,867||407,708||683,159
|44.7||16.9||27.8||0.3||style="color:blue"|6.49
|
|-
| 1949
|24,833,000
|1,109,446||438,970||670,476
|46.0||17.7||28.3||1.4||style="color:blue"|6.58
|
|-
| 1950
|28,296,000
|1,174,947||418,430||756,517
|41.5||14.8||26.7|| style="color:blue"|101.9||style="color:blue"|6.66
|
|-
| 1951
|29,110,000
|1,183,788||458,238||725,550
|40.7||15.7||24.9|| 3.9||style="color:blue"|6.68
|
|-
| 1952
|29,980,000
|1,195,209||408,823||786,386
|39.9||13.6||26.2|| 3.7||style="color:blue"|6.72
|
|-
| 1953
|30,904,000
|1,261,775||446,127||815,648
|40.8||14.4||26.4||4.4||style="color:blue"|6.74
|
|-
| 1954
|31,880,000
|1,339,837||378,752||961,085
|42.0||11.9||30.1|| 1.5||style="color:blue"|6.76
|
|-
| 1955
|32,906,000
|1,377,917||407,522||970,395
|41.9||12.4||29.5|| 2.7||style="color:blue"|6.78
|
|-
| 1956
|33,978,000
|1,427,722|| style="color:blue;"|368,740||1,058,982
|42.0||10.9||31.2|| 1.4||style="color:blue"|6.78
|
|-
| 1957
|35,095,000
|1,485,202||414,545||1,070,657
|42.3||11.8||30.5|| 2.4||style="color:blue"|6.78
|
|-
| 1958
|36,253,000
|1,447,578||404,529||1,043,049
|39.9||11.2||28.8|| 4.2||style="color:blue"|6.78
|
|-
| 1959
|37,448,000
|1,589,606||396,924||1,192,682
|42.4||10.6||31.8|| 1.2||style="color:blue"|6.77
|
|-
| 1960
|38,677,000
|1,608,174||402,545||1,205,629
|41.6||10.4||31.2|| 1.6||style="color:blue"|6.77
|
|-
| 1961
|39,939,000
|1,647,006||388,857||1,258,149
|41.2||9.7||31.5|| 1.1||style="color:blue"|6.76
|
|-
| 1962
|41,234,000
|1,705,481||403,046||1,302,435
|41.4||9.8||31.6|| 0.8||style="color:blue"|6.76
|
|-
| 1963
|42,564,000
|1,756,624||412,834||1,343,790
|41.3||9.7||31.6|| 0.7||style="color:blue"|6.75
|
|-
| 1964
|43,931,000
|1,849,408||408,275||1,441,133
|42.1||9.3||32.8|| -0.7||style="color:blue"|6.75
|
|-
| 1965
|45,339,000
|1,888,171||404,163||1,484,008
|41.6||8.9||32.7|| -0.6||style="color:blue"|6.76
|
|-
| 1966
|46,784,000
|1,954,340||424,141||1,530,199
|41.8||9.1||32.7|| -0.8||style="color:blue"|6.77
|
|-
| 1967
|48,264,000
|1,981,363||420,298||1,561,065
|41.1||8.7||32.3|| -0.7||style="color:blue"|6.79
|
|-
| 1968
|49,788,000
|2,058,251||452,910||1,605,341
|41.3||9.1||32.2|| -0.6||style="color:blue"|6.81
|
|-
| 1969
|51,361,000
|2,037,561||458,886||1,578,675
|39.7||8.9||30.7|| 0.9||style="color:blue"|6.83
|
|-
| 1970
|52,988,000
|2,132,630||485,656||1,646,974
|40.2||9.2||31.1|| 0.6||style="color:blue"|6.83
|
|-
| 1971
|54,669,000
|2,231,399||458,323||1,773,076
|40.8||8.4||32.4|| -0.7||style="color:blue"|6.79
|
|-
| 1972
|56,396,000
|2,346,002||476,206||1,869,796
|41.6||8.4||33.2|| -1.6||style="color:blue"|6.70
|
|-
| 1973
|58,156,000
|2,572,287||458,915||2,113,372
|44.2||7.9||style="color: blue" |36.3|| -5.1||style="color:blue"|6.56
|
|-
| 1974
|59,931,000
|2,522,580||433,104||2,089,476
|42.1||7.2||34.9|| -4.4||style="color:blue"|6.37
|
|-
| 1975
|61,708,000
|2,254,497||435,888||1,818,609
|36.5||7.1||29.5|| 0.2||style="color:blue"|6.13
|
|-
| 1976
|63,486,000
|2,366,305||455,660||1,910,645
|37.3||7.2||30.1|| -1.3||style="color: blue" | 5.86|| style="color:blue" |
|-
| 1977
|65,261,000
|2,379,327||450,454||1,928,873
|36.5||6.9||29.6|| -1.6||style="color:blue"|
|
|-
| 1978
|67,013,000
|2,346,862||418,381||1,928,481
|35.0||6.2||28.8|| -2.0||style="color:blue"|
|
|-
| 1979
|68,715,000
|2,274,267||428,217||1,846,050
|33.1||6.2||26.9|| -1.5||style="color:blue"|
|
|-
| 1980
|70,353,000
|2,446,238||434,465||2,011,773
|34.8||6.2||28.6|| -4.8||style="color:blue"|
|
|-
| 1981
|71,916,000
|2,530,662||424,274||2,106,388
|35.2||5.9||29.3|| -7.1|| style="color: blue" | 4.6||style="color:blue"|
|-
| 1982
|73,416,000
|2,392,849||412,345||1,980,504
|32.6||5.6||27.0|| -6.1||style="color:blue"|
|
|-
| 1983
|74,880,000
|2,609,088||413,403||2,195,685
|34.8||5.5||29.3|| -9.4||style="color:blue"|
|
|-
| 1984
|76,351,000
|2,511,894||410,550||2,101,344
|32.9||5.4||27.5|| -7.9||style="color:blue"|
|
|-
| 1985
|77,859,000
|2,655,671||414,003||2,241,668
|34.1||5.3||28.8|| -9.0||style="color:blue"|
|
|-
| 1986
|79,410,000
|2,577,045||400,079||2,176,966
|32.5||5.0||27.4||-7.5||style="color:blue"|
|
|-
| 1987
|80,999,000
|2,794,390||400,280||2,394,110
|34.5||4.9||29.6|| -10.0||style="color: blue" | 3.8
|
|-
| 1988
|82,635,000
|2,622,031||412,987||2,209,044
|31.7||5.0||26.7||-7.1||style="color:blue"|
|
|-
| 1989
|84,327,000
|2,620,262||423,304||2,196,958
|31.1||5.0||26.1||-6.1||style="color:blue"|
|
|-
| 1990
|86,077,000
|2,735,312||422,803||2,312,509
|31.8||4.9||26.9|| -6.7||style="color: blue" | 3.47
|
|-
| 1991
|87,890,000
|2,756,447||411,131||2,345,316
|31.4||4.7||26.7|| -6.1||style="color: blue" | 3.37
|
|-
| 1992
|89,758,000
|2,797,397||409,814||2,387,583
|31.2||4.6||26.6|| -5.9||style="color: blue" | 3.27
|
|-
| 1993
|91,654,000
|2,839,686||416,335||2,423,351
|31.0||4.5||26.4|| -5.9||style="color: blue" | 3.18
|
|-
| 1994
|93,542,000
|style="color: blue"|2,904,389||419,074||style="color: blue" | 2,485,315
|31.0||4.5||26.6|| -6.5||style="color: blue" | 3.10
|
|-
| 1995
|95,393,000
|2,750,444||430,278||2,320,166
|28.8||4.5||24.3|| -5.0||style="color: blue" | 3.02
|
|-
| 1996
|97,202,000
|2,707,718||436,321||2,271,397
|27.9||4.5||23.4||-4.8||style="color: blue" | 2.95
|
|-
| 1997
|98,969,000
|2,698,425||440,437||2,257,988
|27.3||4.5||22.8||-5.1||style="color: blue" | 2.88
|
|-
| 1998
|100,679,000
|2,668,428||444,665||2,223,763
|26.5||4.4||22.1|| -5.2||style="color: blue" | 2.82
|
|-
| 1999
|102,317,000
|2,769,089||443,950||2,325,139
|27.1||4.3||22.7||-6.8||style="color: blue" | 2.77
|
|-
| 2000
|103,874,000
|2,798,339||437,667||2,360,672
|26.9||style="color: blue" |4.2||22.7|| -7.9||style="color: blue" | 2.72
|
|-
| 2001
|105,340,000
|2,767,610||443,127||2,324,483
|26.3||4.2||22.1|| -8.3||style="color: blue" | 2.67
|
|-
| 2002
|106,724,000
|2,699,084||459,687||2,239,397
|25.3||4.3||21.0||-8.1||style="color: blue" | 2.62
|
|-
| 2003
|108,056,000
|2,655,894||472,140||2,183,754
|24.6||4.4||20.2||-8.0 ||style="color: blue" | 2.58
|
|-
| 2004
|109,382,000
|2,625,056||473,417||2,151,639
|24.0||4.3||19.7|| -7.6||style="color: blue" | 2.54
|
|-
| 2005
|110,732,000
|2,567,906||495,240||2,072,666
|23.2||4.5||18.7|| -6.6||style="color: blue" | 2.50
|
|-
| 2006
|112,117,000
|2,505,939||494,471||2,011,468
|22.4||4.4||17.9|| -5.7|| style="color: blue" | 2.46
|
|-
| 2007
|113,530,000
|2,655,083||514,420||2,140,663
|23.4||4.5||18.9|| -6.5|| style="color: blue" | 2.42
|
|-
| 2008
|114,968,000
|2,636,110||539,530||2,096,580
|22.9||4.7||18.2|| -5.8||style="color: blue" | 2.39
|
|-
| 2009
|116,423,000
|2,577,214||564,673||2,012,541
|22.1||4.9||17.3|| -4.8||style="color: blue" | 2.36
|
|-
| 2010
|114,255,000
|2,643,908||592,018||2,051,890
|23.1||5.2||17.9|| style="color:red"| -36.2||style="color: blue" | 2.34 || 74.3
|-
| 2011
|115,683,000
|2,586,287||590,693||1,995,594
|22.3||5.1||17.2|| -5.5||style="color: blue" | 2.32 || 74.7
|-
| 2012
| 117,054,000
| 2,498,880||602,354||1,896,526
| 21.3||5.1||16.2|| -4.5||style="color: blue" | 2.29 || 74.9
|-
| 2013
| 118,395,000
| 2,478,889||623,599||1,855,290
| 20.9||5.3||15.6|| -4.4||style="color: blue" | 2.27 || 75.2
|-
| 2014
| 119,713,000
| 2,463,420||633,641||1,829,779
| 20.5||5.3||15.2|| -4.3||style="color: blue" | 2.21 || 75.1
|-
| 2015
| 121,005,000
| 2,353,596||655,688||1,697,908
| 19.4||5.4||14.0|| -3.4||style="color: blue" | 2.22 || 75.1
|-
| 2016
| 122,298,000
| 2,293,708||685,766||1,607,942
| 18.8||5.6||13.2||-2.5||style="color: blue" |2.19 || 74.8
|-
| 2017
| 123,415,000
| 2,234,039||703,047||1,530,992
| 18.1||5.8||12.3||-3.2 ||style="color: blue" |2.17 || 74.8
|-
| 2018
| 124,738,000
| 2,162,535||722,611||1,439,924
| 17.3||5.8||11.5||-0.8 ||2.07|| 74.9
|-
| 2019
| 125,930,000
| 2,092,214||747,784||1,344,430 
| 16.5||5.9||10.6||-1.0 ||2.09|| 74.8 
|-
| 2020
| 126,014,024
| 1,629,211||1,086,743||style="color:red;" |542,468
| 12.9||8.6||style="color: red" |4.3|| -3.6||| 1.63(e)||68.9
|-
| 2021
| 126,705,138
| 1,912,178||style="color: red"|1,122,249||789,929
| 15.1||8.8||6.3|| -0.8||1.91(e)||68.8
|-
| 2022
| 127,500,000(e)
| 1,891,388||847,716||1,043,672
| 14.8||6.7||8.1|| -1.9||1.94(e)||75.2
|-
| 2023
| 128,500,000(e)
| 1,820,888||799,869||1,021,019
| style="color: red"|14.2||6.2||8.0|| ||1.60 ||75.3
|-
|2024
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="color: red"|1.45(e){{Citation needed|date=May 2025|reason=Didn't find a source for this.}} 
|
|}

====Current vital statistics====

{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-
! Period
! Live births
! Deaths<ref>{{cite web |title=Estadísticas de Defunciones Registradas enero a junio de 2024 (preliminar) |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2025/edr/edr2024_en-jun.pdf |website=INEGI |access-date=24 January 2025}}</ref>
! Natural increase
|-
| '''January – September 2023'''
| 
| 596,150
| 
|-
| '''January – September 2024'''
| 
| 610,404
| 
|-
| '''Difference'''
| 
| {{increasenegative}} +14,254 (+2.4%)
| 
|}

===CBR and CDR estimates===
The following estimates were prepared by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informatica:
[[File:Life_expectancy_development_in_Mexico.svg|thumb|300px|Life expectancy in Mexico since 1893]]
[[File:Life expectancy by WBG -Mexico -diff.png|thumb|300px|Life expectancy in Mexico since 1960 by gender]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
!
! width="70pt"|Crude birth rate (per 1000)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/sisept/Default.aspx?t=mdemo14&s=est&c=17533|title=Página no encontrada|website=3.inegi.org.mx|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100322/http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/sisept/Default.aspx?t=mdemo14&s=est&c=17533|url-status=live}}</ref>
! width="70pt"|Crude death rate (per 1000)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/sisept/Default.aspx?t=mdemo127&s=est&c=23595|title=Página no encontrada|website=3.inegi.org.mx|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109043646/https://www.inegi.org.mx/400.html?aspxerrorpath=/sistemas/sisept/default.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
! width="70pt"|Natural change (per 1000)
! width="70pt"|Total fertility rate<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/sisept/Default.aspx?t=mdemo16&s=est&c=17535|title=Página no encontrada|website=3.inegi.org.mx|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109043646/https://www.inegi.org.mx/400.html?aspxerrorpath=/sistemas/sisept/default.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1976
| || ||
|5.7
|-
| 1981
| || ||
|4.4
|-
| 1987
| || ||
|3.8
|-
| 1990
|27.9||5.6||22.3
|3.4
|-
| 1991
|27.5||5.5||22.0
|3.3
|-
| 1992
|27.1||5.4||21.7
|3.2
|-
| 1993
|26.8||5.3||21.5
|3.1
|-
| 1994
|26.3||5.2||21.1
|3.0
|-
| 1995
|25.9||5.2||20.7
|3.0
|-
| 1996
|25.4||5.1||20.3
|2.9
|-
| 1997
|24.8||5.1||19.7
|2.8
|-
| 1998
|24.3||5.1||19.2
|2.8
|-
| 1999
|23.9||5.1||18.8
|2.7
|-
| 2000
|23.4||5.1||18.3
|2.6
|-
| 2001
|23.0||5.1||17.9
|2.6
|-
| 2002
|22.6||5.1||17.5
|2.6
|-
| 2003
|22.2||5.2||17.0
|2.5
|-
| 2004
|21.8||5.2||16.6
|2.5
|-
| 2005
|21.5||5.2||16.3
|2.5
|-
| 2006
|21.1||5.3||15.8
|2.4
|-
| 2007
|20.8||5.3||15.5
|2.4
|-
| 2008
|20.4||5.4||15.0
|2.3
|-
| 2009
|20.1||5.5||14.6
|2.3
|-
| 2010
|19.7||5.6||14.1
|2.3
|-
| 2011
|19.4||5.6||13.8
|2.3
|-
| 2012
|19.2||5.7||13.5
|2.2
|-
| 2013
|19.0||5.7||13.3
|2.2
|-
| 2014
|18.7||5.7||13.0
|2.2
|-
| 2015
|18.5||5.7||12.8
|2.2
|-
| 2016
|18.3||5.8||12.5
|2.2
|}

=== Life expectancy from 1893 to 1950 ===
[[Life expectancy]] in Mexico from 1893 to 1950. Source: [[Our World In Data]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Years
!1893
!1894
!1895
!1896
!1897
!1898
!1899
!1900
!1901
!1902
!1903
!1904
!1905
!1906
!1907
!1908
!1909
!1910<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?year=1810|title=Life expectancy|website=Our World in Data|access-date=August 28, 2018|archive-date=August 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829072115/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?year=1810|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Life expectancy in Mexico
|23.3
|26.6
|29.5
|28.8
|26.2
|27.0
|25.0
|25.0
|26.7
|28.4
|28.7
|29.1
|26.8
|27.8
|28.0
|28.7
|29.2
|28.0
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Years
!1920
!1922
!1923
!1924
!1925
!1926
!1927
!1928
!1929
!1930<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Life expectancy in Mexico
|34.0
|32.6
|33.5
|32.8
|32.1
|34.2
|40.3
|34.5
|35.4
|34.0
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Years
!1931
!1932
!1933
!1934
!1935
!1936
!1937
!1938
!1939
!1940<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Life expectancy in Mexico
|37.7
|38.4
|37.3
|38.2
|40.4
|38.3
|36.8
|39.4
|45.5
|39.0
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Years
!1941
!1942
!1943
!1944
!1945
!1946
!1947
!1948
!1949
!1950<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Life expectancy in Mexico
|42.6
|39.8
|42.8
|43.2
|44.2
|44.8
|46.3
|48.3
|45.8
|50.7
|}

===UN estimates===
The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.<ref name="WPP 2012"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
! width="50pt"|Period
! width="70pt"|Live births<br />per year
! width="70pt"|Deaths<br />per year
! width="70pt"|Natural change<br />per year
! width="35pt"|CBR*
! width="35pt"|CDR*
! width="35pt"|NC*
! width="35pt"|TFR*
! width="35pt"|IMR*
! width="50pt"|Life expectancy <br />total
! width="50pt"|Life expectancy <br />males
! width="50pt"|Life expectancy <br />females
|-
| 1950–1955 ||1 469 000|| 509 000|| 959 000||48.3||16.7||31.6||6.75||121||50.7||48.9||52.5
|-
| 1955–1960 ||1 675 000|| 483 000||1 193 000||46.6||13.5||33.1||6.78||102||55.3||53.3||57.3
|-
| 1960–1965 ||1 878 000|| 481 000||1 397 000||44.6||11.5||33.1||6.75||88||58.5||56.4||60.6
|-
| 1965–1970 ||2 147 000|| 510 000||1 637 000||43.6||10.4||33.2||6.75||80||60.3||58.2||62.5
|-
| 1970–1975 ||2 434 000|| 521 000||1 913 000||43.7||9.2||34.5||6.71||69||62.6||60.1||65.2
|-
| 1975–1980 ||2 406 000|| 490 000||1 916 000||37.2||7.5||29.7||5.40||57||65.3||62.2||68.6
|-
| 1980–1985 ||2 352 000|| 470 000||1 882 000||32.3||6.3||26.0||4.37||47||67.7||64.4||71.2
|-
| 1985–1990 ||2 385 000|| 466 000||1 919 000||29.7||5.7||24.0||3.75||40||69.8||66.8||73.0
|-
| 1990–1995 ||2 493 000|| 470 000||2 022 000||27.4||5.2||22.3||3.23||33||71.8||69.0||74.6
|-
| 1995–2000 ||2 535 000|| 471 000||2 064 000||25.2||4.8||20.5||2.85||28||73.3||71.3||76.1
|-
| 2000–2005 ||2 449 000|| 492 000||1 958 000||23.0||4.6||18.4||2.61||21||75.1
|72.4||77.4
|-
| 2005–2010 ||2 355 000|| 513 000||1 841 000||20.7||4.6||16.1||2.40||17||75.1
|73.7||78.6
|-
| 2010–2015 ||2 353 000|| 579 000||1 774 000||19.4||4.8||14.6||2.29||||74.9
| ||
|-
| 2015–2020 ||2 291 000|| 635 000||1 656 000||17.6||4.9||12.7||2.14||||74.9
| ||
|-
| 2020–2025 ||2 206 000|| 699 000||1 507 000||16.0||5.1||11.0||2.00||||||||
|-
| 2025–2030 ||2 105 000|| 773 000||1 332 000||14.6||5.4||9.2||1.89||||||||
|-
| 2030–2035 ||2 014 000|| 860 000||1 154 000||13.4||5.7||7.7||1.81||||||||
|-
| 2035–2040 ||1 936 000|| 960 000||976 000||12.5||6.2||6.3||1.76||||||||
|-
|align="left" colspan="12" | * <small>CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)</small>
|}

==International migration==

===Immigration to Mexico===

{{Main|Immigration to Mexico}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; font-size:90%;"
|-
! Place || Foreign-born population in Mexico || 2020
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 1 || {{flag|United States}} || align=right| 797,266
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 2 || {{flag|Guatemala}} || align=right| 56,810
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 3 || {{flag|Venezuela}} || align=right| 52,948
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 4 || {{flag|Colombia}} || align=right| 36,234
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 5 || {{flag|Honduras}} || align=right| 35,361
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 6 || {{flag|Cuba}} || align=right| 25,976
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 7 || {{flag|Spain}} || align=right| 20,763
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 8 || {{flag|El Salvador}} || align=right| 19,736
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 9 || {{flag|Argentina}} || align=right| 18,693
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 10 || {{flag|Canada}} || align=right| 12,439
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 11 || {{flag|China}} || align=right| 10,547
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 12 || {{flag|France}} || align=right| 9,080
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 13 || {{flag|Brazil}} || align=right| 8,689
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 14 || {{flag|Peru}} || align=right| 8,670
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 15 || {{flag|Germany}} || align=right| 6,860
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 16 || {{flag|Italy}} || align=right| 6,619
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 17 || {{flag|Chile}} || align=right| 6,532
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 18 || {{flag|Haiti}} || align=right| 5,895
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 19 || {{flag|Nicaragua}} || align=right| 5,731
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 20 || {{flag|Japan}} || align=right| 5,539
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 21 || {{flag|South Korea}} || align=right| 5,339
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 22 || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || align=right| 4,030
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 23 || {{flag|Ecuador}} || align=right| 3,995
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 24 || {{flag|Costa Rica}} || align=right| 3,803
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 25 || {{flag|Dominican Republic}} || align=right| 2,849
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 26 || {{flag|Belize}} || align=right| 2,813
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 27 || {{flag|Uruguay}} || align=right| 2,706
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 28 || {{flag|India}} || align=right| 2,656
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 29 || {{flag|Bolivia}} || align=right| 2,505
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 30 || {{flag|Russia}} || align=right| 2,321
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
| 31 || {{flag|Panama}} || align=right| 1,916
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| 32 || {{flag|Switzerland}} || align=right| 1,439
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
|  || Other countries || align=right| 25,492
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
|colspan=2 style="background:#e9e9e9;" align=center|'''TOTAL'''|| align=right|'''1,212,252'''
|- bgcolor="#ffffff"
|colspan=5 style="background:#e9e9e9;" align=center|<small>Source: INEGI (2020)<ref>https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/default.html#Tabulado {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126070329/https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/default.html#Tabulado |date=January 26, 2021 }} Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020</ref></small>
|-
|}

[[File:Niños polacos de Santa Rosa, Guanajuato.jpg|thumb|left|Niños de Santa Rosa (Children of Santa Rosa), children from Poland, orphaned due to [[World War II]].]]
[[File:Caravana Migrante en la Ciudad de México -- 16.jpg|thumb|left|[[Central American migrant caravans]] Migrants looking for routes on a map of Mexico, November 2018]]

Aside from the original Spanish colonists, many Europeans immigrated to Mexico in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Non-Spanish immigrant groups included British, Irish, Italian, German, French and Dutch.<ref name="Palma Mora 2005"/> Large numbers of Middle Eastern immigrants arrived in Mexico during the same period, mostly from Syria and Lebanon.<ref name="Ita2005" /> [[Asian Mexican|Asian immigrants]], mostly Chinese, some via the United States, settled in northern Mexico, whereas Koreans settled in central Mexico.<ref name="korea">[http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/443030.html Conmemoran 100 años de inmigración coreana] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122103834/http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/443030.html |date=January 22, 2010 }}</ref> The [[Institutional Revolutionary Party|PRI]] governments, in power for most of the 20th century, had a policy of granting asylum to fellow Latin Americans fleeing political persecution in their home countries. This led to the arrival of immigrants, mainly political refugees from [[Argentina]], [[Chile]], [[Cuba]], [[Peru]], [[Colombia]] and Central America during the 1970s and 1980s. 

A second wave of immigrants has come to Mexico as a result of the economic crises experienced by some countries in the region. The Argentine community is quite significant estimated to be somewhere between 11,000 and 30,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ime.gob.mx/investigaciones/bibliografias/apuesta_politica_gutierrez.pdf|title=Migrantes, votos, remesas|website=Ime.gob.mx|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729203326/http://www.ime.gob.mx/investigaciones/bibliografias/apuesta_politica_gutierrez.pdf|archive-date=July 29, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/coberturaespecial/argentinos/mexico/index.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070217072117/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/coberturaespecial/argentinos/mexico/index.asp|url-status=dead|title=Argentinos en México|archive-date=February 17, 2007}}</ref> Due to the [[2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis]], many Spaniards have been emigrating to Mexico to seek new opportunities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newamericamedia.org/2013/02/as-spains-economy-worsens-young-adults-flock-to-mexico-for-jobs.php|title=As Spain's Economy Worsens, Young Adults Flock to Mexico for Jobs – New America Media|website=newamericamedia.org|access-date=November 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052506/http://newamericamedia.org/2013/02/as-spains-economy-worsens-young-adults-flock-to-mexico-for-jobs.php|archive-date=December 3, 2013|url-status=usurped}}</ref> For example, during the last quarter of 2012, a number of 7,630 work permits were granted to Spaniards.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2013/04/30/as-spain-falters-spaniards-look-to-latin-america/|magazine=[[Forbes]]|date=April 30, 2013|access-date=December 26, 2015|title=As Spain Falters, Spaniards Look to Latin America|first1=Nathaniel Parish|last1=Flannery|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090632/http://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2013/04/30/as-spain-falters-spaniards-look-to-latin-america/|url-status=live}}</ref> In recent time, the country has also received increasing numbers of refugees and migrants from the Caribbean and Central America.<ref name="Transición" />

Mexico is also the country where the largest number of American citizens live abroad, with Mexico City playing host to the largest number of American citizens abroad in the world. The American Citizens Abroad Association estimated in 1999 that a little more than one million Americans live in Mexico (which represent 1% of the population in Mexico and 25% of all American citizens living abroad).<ref>[http://www.aca.ch/amabroad.pdf American Citizens Abroad] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225044115/http://www.aca.ch/amabroad.pdf |date=February 25, 2011 }}</ref> This immigration phenomenon could well be explained by the interaction of both countries under the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA), but also by the fact that Mexico has become a popular destination for retirees, especially the small towns: just in the State of Guanajuato, in [[San Miguel de Allende]] and its surroundings, 10,000 Americans have their residence.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/World/la/displayStory.cfm?story_id=5214922 Retiring Americans, Go south, old man] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626064251/http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=5214922 |date=June 26, 2006 }} by The Economist</ref> 

Discrepancies between the figures of official legal immigrants and all foreign-born residents is quite large. The official figure for foreign-born residents in Mexico in 2020 was 1,212,252,<ref name="2020 Census" /> with the majority being born in the United States, who also are the most common immigrant group across the country's states with the exception of the state of [[Chiapas]], where the majority of immigrants are from Central America.<ref name="immigrants">{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob64&c=3241|title=Población nacida en otro país residente en México por entidad federativa según sexo, 2000|website=Inegi.org.mx|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-date=February 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122210/https://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob64&c=3241|url-status=live}}</ref> The six states with the most immigrants are Baja California (12.1% of total immigrants), Mexico City (11.4%), Jalisco (9.9%), Chihuahua (9%) and Tamaulipas (7.3%).<ref name="immigrants"/>

===Emigration from Mexico===
[[File:Trends of Mexican Migration to United States 1900-2016.png|thumb|upright=1.75|Trend of Mexican migration to the United States. Here the term immigrant refers to those who were not born in the U.S. but are now currently residing in the U.S. This can include naturalized U.S. citizens, legal permanent residents, employees and students on visas, and the undocumented.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Mexican-Born Population Over Time, 1850–Present.|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/mexican-born-population-over-time?width=1000&height=850&iframe=true|website=Migration Policy Institute|date = August 14, 2013}}</ref>]]

The national [[net migration rate]] of Mexico is negative, estimated at {{hyphen}}1.8 migrants per 1,000 population {{as of | 2017 | lc = on}}.<ref>{{cite web
 |url= https://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=mx&v=27
 |title= Mexico – Net migration rate – Historical Data Graphs per year
 |publisher= IndexMundi
 |access-date= February 1, 2019
 |archive-date= December 6, 2020
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201206192215/https://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=mx&v=27
 |url-status= live
 }}</ref>
The great majority of Mexican emigrants have moved to the United States of America, this migration phenomenon has been a defining feature in the relationship of both countries for most of the 20th century.<ref name=Martin2005>{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Philip |chapter=Mexico-US Migration |pages=441–466 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qa6xDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA441 |editor1-last=Hufbauer |editor1-first=Gary Clyde |editor2-last=Schott |editor2-first=Jeffrey J. |year=2005 |title=NAFTA Revisited: Achievements and Challenges |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-88132-447-1 }}</ref> During World Wars I and II, the United States government approved the recruitment of Mexican workers in their territory, and tolerated unauthorized migration to obtain additional farm and industrial workers to fill the necessary spots vacated by the population in war, and to supply the increase in the demand for labor. Nonetheless, the United States unilaterally ended the wartime programs, in part as a result of arguments from labor and from civil-rights groups.<ref>{{cite web
 |url= http://www.iie.com/publications/chapters_preview/332/08iie3349.pdf
 |title= Nafta Revisited: Mexico-US Migration
 |last= Martin
 |first= Philip
 |publisher= International Institute of Economics
 |page= 441
 |access-date= February 1, 2019
 |quote= The United States unilaterally ended both war-time bracero programs, in part because  US  labor and civil rights groups argued that the presence of Mexican migrants depressed wages and increased unemployment for similar US workers.
 |archive-date= March 3, 2016
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185326/http://www.iie.com/publications/chapters_preview/332/08iie3349.pdf
 |url-status= dead
 }}</ref> In spite of that, emigration of Mexicans continued at varying rates, growing significantly during the 1990s and the first years of the 2000s, it has been estimated that 37% of all Mexican immigrants to the United States in the 20th century arrived during the 1990s.<ref name=Martin2005/> In the year 2000 approximately 20 million American residents identified themselves as either Mexican, Mexican-Americans or of Mexican origin, making "Mexican" the sixth-most cited ancestry of all US residents.<ref>[https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-3.pdf The Hispanic Population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726235842/https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-3.pdf |date=July 26, 2017 }} in the United States</ref>

[[Image:San Ysidro Border Traffic (8653133856).jpg|thumb|left|The [[San Ysidro Port of Entry]] is the fourth busiest border checkpoint in the world. Most traffic is related to commerce or day workers, rather than immigration.]]
In the year 2000 the INEGI estimated that about eight million Mexican-born people, which then was equivalent to 8.7% of the population of Mexico itself, lived in the United States of America<ref>[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob65&c=3242 Indicadores seleccionados de la población nacida en México residente en Estados Unidos de América, 1970 a 2000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214001652/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob65&c=3242 |date=February 14, 2007 }}.</ref> and according to the [[Pew Hispanic Center]] in 2006, an estimated ten percent of all Mexican citizens lived in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title= A Growing Stream of Illegal Immigrants Choose to Remain Despite the Risks |author= Lizette Alvarez |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/20/us/20veronicaside.html |newspaper= The New York Times |date= December 20, 2006 |access-date= January 15, 2013 |archive-date= July 19, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160719224137/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/20/us/20veronicaside.html |url-status= live }}</ref> For the 2015-2020 period the states who sent the highest percentages of migrants to the United States were Guanajuato (7.8%), Jalisco (7.5%), Michoacán (6.3%) y el Estado de México (5.4%), with the total number of migrants being 803 thousand people,<ref name="2020 Census" /> the great majority being men<ref>[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob67&c=3244 Población emigrante a Estados Unidos de América por entidad federativa según sexo, 2000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214002158/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob67&c=3244 |date=February 14, 2007 }}.</ref> and approximately 30% of them coming from rural communities.<ref>[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob69&c=3246 Distribución porcentual de la población emigrante a Estados Unidos de América por tamaño de la localidad de residencia para cada sexo, 1990 a 1995 y 1995 a 2000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214002216/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob69&c=3246 |date=February 14, 2007 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob71&c=3248|title= Población migrante de retorno de Estados Unidos de América por entidad federativa según sexo, 2000|website= Inegi.org.mx|access-date= August 29, 2017|archive-date= January 9, 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150109012811/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob71&c=3248|url-status= live}}</ref> For the same period, it was reported that 178 thousand migrants returned to Mexico.<ref name="2020 Census" />

The population of Mexican immigrants residing illegally in the United States fell from around seven million in 2007 to about 6.1&nbsp;million in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/apr/24/tp-mexican-migration-appears-to-be-in-reverse/ |title= MEXICAN MIGRATION APPEARS TO BE IN REVERSE &#124; UTSanDiego.com |access-date= April 19, 2016 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150501131011/http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/apr/24/tp-mexican-migration-appears-to-be-in-reverse/ |archive-date= May 1, 2015 }}</ref> This trajectory has been linked to the [[2008 financial crisis]], which reduced available jobs, and to the introduction of stricter immigration laws in many States.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.newsday.com/opinion/oped/navarrette-the-mexican-reverse-migration-1.3686534|title= Navarrette: The Mexican reverse migration|website= Newsday|access-date= August 29, 2017|archive-date= April 28, 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160428031331/http://www.newsday.com/opinion/oped/navarrette-the-mexican-reverse-migration-1.3686534|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/26/world/americas/mexico-leaving-us/index.html | publisher= CNN | title= Mexicans feeling persecuted flee U.S. | date= November 27, 2012 | access-date= January 16, 2013 | archive-date= March 5, 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305190620/http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/26/world/americas/mexico-leaving-us/index.html | url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/10/la-now-live-a-daily-conversation-with-the-times-newsroom-15.html | work= Los Angeles Times | title= L.A. Now | date= October 23, 2012 | access-date= January 16, 2013 | archive-date= March 6, 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160306023859/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/10/la-now-live-a-daily-conversation-with-the-times-newsroom-15.html | url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/31/us/31immig.html?partner=rssnyt | work= The New York Times | title= Decline Seen in Numbers of People Here Illegally | first= Julia | last= Preston | date= July 31, 2008 | access-date= May 5, 2010 | archive-date= April 24, 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150424181029/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/31/us/31immig.html?partner=rssnyt | url-status= live }}</ref> According to the [[Pew Hispanic Center]] the total number of Mexican-born people had stagnated in 2010 and then began to fall.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/04/23/net-migration-from-mexico-falls-to-zero-and-perhaps-less/|title= Net Migration from Mexico Falls to Zero—and Perhaps Less|first1= Jeffrey S.|last1= Passel|first2= D'Vera|last2= Cohn|first3= Ana|last3= Gonzalez-Barrera|date= April 23, 2012|website= Pewhispanic.org|access-date= August 29, 2017|archive-date= April 21, 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160421222133/http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/04/23/net-migration-from-mexico-falls-to-zero-and-perhaps-less/|url-status= live}}</ref> After the Mexican-American community, [[Mexican Canadian]]s are the second-largest group of emigrant Mexicans, with a population of over 90,000.<ref name="2021 Ethnic Origin" /><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Batalova|first1=Jeanne|last2=Israel|first2=Emma|date=November 5, 2020|title=Mexican Immigrants in the United States|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/mexican-immigrants-united-states-2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118212116/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/mexican-immigrants-united-states-2019|archive-date=January 18, 2021|access-date=April 4, 2021|website=migrationpolicy.org|language=en}}</ref> A significant but unknown number of [[Mexican settlement in the Philippines|mestizos of Mexican descent]] migrated to the [[Philippines]] during the era of the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]], when the Philippines was a territory under the rule of Mexico city.<ref>"In 1637 the military force maintained in the islands consisted of one thousand seven hundred and two Spaniards and one hundred and forty Indians." ~''Memorial de D. Juan Grau y Monfalcon, Procurador General de las Islas Filipinas, Docs. Inéditos del Archivo de Indias, vi, p. 425.'' "In 1787 ''the garrison at Manila consisted of one regiment of Mexicans comprising one thousand three hundred men, two artillery companies of eighty men each, three cavalry companies of fifty men each.''" ''La Pérouse, ii, p. 368.''</ref> Mexicans live throughout Latin America as well as in Australia, France, Germany, Italy, and the [[United Arab Emirates]].

{|class="sortable wikitable" order="2" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #fff; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;"
|-
!colspan=4 style="background:#FAFAFA;color:#000;"|Emigration list from Mexico<ref>[[:es:Emigración mexicana|Mexicans in the World (Spanish Wikipedia)]]{{Circular reference|date=May 2019}}</ref><br />Mexican residents in the world by countries
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
!width=180px;|Country
!width=130px;|Population
!width=80px;|Position
!width=150px;|Continent
|-
|{{USA}}||36,300,000<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/18/how-the-u-s-hispanic-population-is-changing/|title= Pew Research; How the US Hispanic Population is Changing|website= pewresearch.org|date= September 18, 2017|access-date= November 5, 2018|archive-date= November 19, 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201119132644/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/18/how-the-u-s-hispanic-population-is-changing/|url-status= live}}</ref>||1||North America
|-
|{{CAN}}||90,585<ref name="2021 Ethnic Origin">{{cite web |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - 28% sample data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=canada&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124 |website=[[Canada 2021 Census]] |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |accessdate=20 November 2022 |language=English |date=2021 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120211205/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=canada&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124 |url-status=live }}</ref>||2||North America
|-
|{{ESP}}||56,757<ref>{{cite web |title=Estadística del Padrón Continuo. Datos provisionales a 1 de enero de 2020 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |access-date=March 21, 2021 |url=https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p04/provi/l0/&file=0ccaa005.px |archive-date=January 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130000255/https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp04%2Fprovi%2Fl0%2F&file=0ccaa005.px |url-status=live }}</ref>||3||Europe
|-
|{{GTM}}||14,481<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eclac.cl/migracion/imila/seleccion.asp?parametro=M%C9XICO_|title=&#124;N&#124;M%C9XICO}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>||4||North America
|-
|{{BOL}}||13,377<ref>[http://www.ine.gov.bo/cgi-bin/Redatam/RG4WebEngine.exe/PortalAction?&MODE=MAIN&BASE=TallCreac&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl Bolivia – Censo de Población y Vivienda 2001] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081014074447/http://www.ine.gov.bo/cgi-bin/Redatam/RG4WebEngine.exe/PortalAction?&MODE=MAIN&BASE=TallCreac&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl |date= October 14, 2008 }}</ref>||5||South America
|-
|{{DEU}}||8,848<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer,property=file.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116074931/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer,property=file.xls|url-status=dead|title=Statische Bundesamt Deutschland|archive-date=November 16, 2010}}</ref>||6||Europe
|-
|{{ARG}}||6,750<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.pagina12.com.ar/visor/fotos/20090209/notas/NA03DI01g.jpg|title= Página/12|website= Pagina12.com.ar|access-date= August 29, 2017|archive-date= December 24, 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191224025525/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/visor/fotos/20090209/notas/NA03DI01g.jpg|url-status= live}}</ref>||7||South America
|-
|{{UK}}||5,125<ref>{{cite web |title=Relaciones Exteriores |url=http://www.ime.gob.mx/redesmexico/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3157:icomo-es-la-comunidad-mexicana-en-gran-bretana&catid=62:bloggranbretana&Itemid=115 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327085250/http://www.ime.gob.mx/redesmexico/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3157:icomo-es-la-comunidad-mexicana-en-gran-bretana&catid=62:bloggranbretana&Itemid=115 |archive-date=March 27, 2022 |url-status=dead |website=Instituto de los Mexicanos en el Exterior (IME) |access-date=October 7, 2024}}</ref>||8||Europe
|-
|{{AUS}}||4,872<ref name="SBS Australia">{{cite web|url= https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/mexican-culture/mexicans-in-australia|title= SBS Australia|website= SBS|access-date= September 10, 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190322000950/https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/mexican-culture/mexicans-in-australia|archive-date= March 22, 2019|url-status= dead}}</ref>||9||Oceania
|-
|{{FRA}}||4,601<ref>http://www.ined.fr/fichier/t_telechargement/11100/telechargement_fichier_fr_t.l.chargement.xls {{dead link|date= July 2017|bot= InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted= yes}}</ref>||10||Europe
|-
|{{ISR}}||4,252<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton59/st04_04.pdf|title= Investigación de la Migración Internacional en Israel|website= 1.cbs.gov.il|access-date= August 29, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131015102556/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton59/st04_04.pdf|archive-date= October 15, 2013|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref>||11||Asia
|-
|{{NED}}||3,758<ref name="Istat">{{cite web|url= http://demo.istat.it/str2006/index_e.html|title= Statistiche demografiche ISTAT|website= Demo.istat.it|access-date= August 29, 2017|archive-date= May 20, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170520191115/http://demo.istat.it/str2006/index_e.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>||12||Europe
|-
|{{ITA}}||3,485<ref name="Istat"/>||13||Europe
|-
|{{VEN}}||3,075<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ine.gov.ve/demografica/PobNacExteriorA%C3%B1oLlegadaPais.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927011838/http://www.ine.gov.ve/demografica/PobNacExteriorA%C3%B1oLlegadaPais.htm|url-status=dead|title=INE|archive-date=September 27, 2011}}</ref>||14||South America
|-
|{{SWE}}||2,794<ref>{{cite web|url= http://razacosmica.blogspot.com/search/label/Mexicanos%2Ben%2BSuecia|title= Raza Cósmica|website= Razacosmica.blogspot.com|access-date= August 29, 2017|archive-date= December 6, 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201206200048/http://razacosmica.blogspot.com/search/label/Mexicanos+en+Suecia|url-status= live}}</ref>||15||Europe
|-
|{{BLZ}}||2,349<ref>{{cite web|url= http://celade.cepal.org/cgibin/RpWebEngine.exe/PortalAction?MODE=MAIN&BASE=CPVBLZ2000&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl|title= Redatam::CELADE, ECLAC – United Nations|date= June 28, 2012|website= Celade.cepal.org|access-date= August 29, 2017}}{{dead link|date= October 2017|bot= medic}}{{cbignore|bot= medic}}</ref>||16||North America
|-
|{{CRI}}||2,327<ref>{{cite web|url= http://celade.cepal.org/cgibin/RpWebEngine.exe/PortalAction?MODE=MAIN&BASE=CPVCRI2000&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl|title= Redatam::CELADE, ECLAC – United Nations|date= June 30, 2012|website= Celade.cepal.org|access-date= August 29, 2017}}{{dead link|date= October 2017|bot= medic}}{{cbignore|bot= medic}}</ref>||17||North America
|-
|{{PAN}}||2,299<ref>{{cite web|url= http://celade.cepal.org/cgibin/RpWebEngine.exe/PortalAction?&MODE=MAIN&BASE=CPVPAN2000C&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl|title=Censo de Población y Vivienda 2000 – Jerarquía Censal|website= Celade.cepal.org|access-date= August 29, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100306135535/http://celade.cepal.org/cgibin/RpWebEngine.exe/PortalAction|archive-date= March 6, 2010|url-status= dead}}</ref>||18||North America
|-
|{{COL}}||2,286<ref>[http://190.25.231.242/cgibin/RpWebEngine.exe/PortalAction?&MODE=MAIN&BASE=CG2005BASICO&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl Colombia – Sistema de Consulta Información Censal (Censo 2005)] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130616010533/http://190.25.231.242/cgibin/RpWebEngine.exe/PortalAction?&MODE=MAIN&BASE=CG2005BASICO&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl |date= June 16, 2013 }}</ref>||19||South America
|-
|{{CHL}}||1,874<ref>{{cite web|url= http://espino.ine.cl/cgibin/RpWebEngine.exe/PortalAction?MODE=MAIN&BASE=CPCHL2KREG&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl|title= R+::CEPAL/CELADE – R+SP WebServer|date= June 28, 2012|website= Espino.ine.cl|access-date= August 29, 2017}}{{dead link|date= September 2018|bot= medic}}{{cbignore|bot= medic}}</ref>||20||South America
|-
|{{PRY}}||1,778<ref>{{cite web|url= http://celade.cepal.org/cgibin/RpWebEngine.exe/PortalAction?&MODE=MAIN&BASE=CPVPRY2002&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl|title= Redatam::CELADE, ECLAC – United Nations|website= Celade.cepal.org|access-date= August 29, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071026063202/http://celade.cepal.org/cgibin/RpWebEngine.exe/PortalAction?&MODE=MAIN&BASE=CPVPRY2002&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl|archive-date= October 26, 2007|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref>||21||South America
|-

!colspan=4|<small>The list includes also temporary residents (1–3 years' stay)</small>
|-
|}

{{Mexican diaspora}}

==Cities and metropolitan areas==
===Settlements, cities and municipalities===
{{main|List of cities in Mexico}}
{{see also|Municipalities of Mexico}}
[[File:Palacio de Gobierno y Plaza de Armas.JPG|200px|thumb|right]]
{| style="width: 22em; font-size: 85%; text-align: left;" class="wikitable floatright"
|+Most populated municipalities
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | ''Municipality of Guadalajara''
|-
! style="background:#e8e8e8;" | Municipality
! style="background:#e8e8e8;" | Pop. (2020)<ref name="census2020" />
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Mexico City]]
| style="background:#efefef;" align=right | 9,209,944
|-
| [[Tijuana (municipality)|Tijuana]]
| align=right | 1,922,523
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[León, Guanajuato|León]]
| style="background:#efefef;" align=right | 1,721,215
|-
| [[Puebla (municipality)|Puebla]]
| align=right |1,692,181
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Ecatepec de Morelos|Ecatepec]]
| style="background:#efefef;" align=right |  1,645,352 
|-
| [[Juárez Municipality, Chihuahua|Juárez]]
| align=right |  1,512,450 
|}
In 2010, Mexico had more than 189,432 ''localidades'' (lit. "localities" or "settlements"), which are census-designated places defined as a small town, a large city, or simply as a single unit housing in a rural area whether situated remotely or close to an urban area.<ref name=estudio>[https://centrodeestudios.ift.org.mx/admin/files/estudios/1705017510.pdf "Proyecto para dotar de conectividad a una región marginada en México"] page 4, retrieved on September 7, 2024.</ref> Localities with more than 2,500 inhabitants are considered urban settlements whereas thos with less than 2500 inhabitants are considered rural settlements. In 2010 there were 3,021 cities with a population between 2,500 and 15,000 inhabitants, 413 with a population between 15,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, 86 with a population between 50,000 and 100,000, 95 with a population between 100,000 and 500,000, 25 with a population between 500,000 and one million and 11 with a population of more than one million. Urban areas contain 76.81% of Mexico's total population and rural settlements contain 23% of the population.<ref name=programa>[https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/643102/PNOTDU_VERSION_FINAL_28.05.2021-comprimido.pdf "Programa Nacional de Ordenamiento Territorial y Urbano"] page 27, retrieved in August 28, 2024.</ref>

[[Municipalities of Mexico|Municipalities]] (''municipios'' in Spanish) and [[boroughs of the Mexican Federal District|boroughs]] (''delegaciones'' in Spanish) are incorporated places in Mexico, that is, second or third-level political divisions with internal autonomy, legally prescribed limits, powers and functions. In terms of second-level political divisions there are 2,477 municipalities, including 16 semi-autonomous boroughs all within Mexico city.<ref name=Cifras>[https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/areasgeograficas/ "Mexico en cifras"] INEGI, retrieved in September 1, 2024.</ref> A municipality can be constituted by one or more cities one of which is the ''cabecera municipal'' (municipal seat). Cities are usually contained within the limits of a single municipality, with a few exceptions in which small areas of one city may extend to other adjacent municipalities ''without'' incorporating the city which serves as the municipal seat of the adjacent municipality. Some municipalities or cities within municipalities are further divided into ''delegaciones'' or boroughs. However, unlike the boroughs of the Federal District, these are third-level administrative divisions; they have very limited autonomy and no elective representatives.

Municipalities in central Mexico are usually very small in area and thus coextensive with cities (as is the case of Guadalajara, Puebla and León), whereas municipalities in northern and southeastern Mexico are much larger and usually contain more than one city or town that may not necessarily conform a single urban agglomeration (as is the case of Tijuana).

===Metropolitan areas===
{{Main|Metropolitan areas of Mexico}}
[[File:En_Ajuchitlan_del_Progreso_01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mexican woman from [[Ajuchitlán del Progreso (municipality)|Ajuchitlán del Progreso]], a [[Nahua]] area, (2021).]]
A metropolitan area in Mexico is defined as a group of municipalities that heavily interact with each other, usually around a core city.<ref name="CONAPO">[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/metodologias/otras/zonas_met.pdf CONAPO Áreas Metropolitanas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501065908/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/metodologias/otras/zonas_met.pdf |date=May 1, 2011 }}</ref> In 2004, a joint effort between CONAPO, [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía|INEGI]] and the Ministry of Social Development (SEDESOL) agreed to define metropolitan areas as either:<ref name="CONAPO"/>
* a group of two or more municipalities in which a city with a population of at least 50,000 is located whose urban area extends over the limit of the municipality that originally contained the core city incorporating either physically or under its area of direct influence other adjacent predominantly urban municipalities all of which have a high degree of social and economic integration or are relevant for urban politics and administration; or
* a single municipality in which a city of a population of at least one million is located and fully contained, (that is, it does not transcend the limits of a single municipality); or
* a city with a population of at least 250,000 which forms a conurbation with other cities in the United States of America.

In 2020 there were 48 metropolitan areas in Mexico, in which close to 53% of the country's population lives.<ref name=metro>[https://www.gob.mx/sedatu/documentos/metropolis-de-mexico-2020%3Fstate%3Dpublished "Metropolis de México 2020"] Retrieved September 7, 2024.</ref> The most populous metropolitan area in Mexico is the ''Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico'', or [[Greater Mexico City]], which in 2020 had a population of 21.8&nbsp;million, or around 18% of the nation's population. The next four largest metropolitan areas in Mexico are [[Monterrey Metropolitan area|Greater Monterrey]] (5.3&nbsp;million), [[Guadalajara Metropolitan Area|Greater Guadalajara]] (5.2&nbsp;million), [[Metropolitan area of Puebla|Greater Puebla]] (3.2&nbsp;million) and [[Greater Toluca]] (2.3&nbsp;million),<ref name="census2020" /> whose added population, along with Greater Mexico City, is equivalent to nearly 30% of the nation's population. Greater Mexico City was the fastest growing metropolitan area in the country since the 1930s until the late 1980s. Since then, the country has slowly become economically and demographically less centralized. From 2000 to 2005 the average annual growth rate of Greater Mexico City was the lowest of the five largest metropolitan areas, whereas the fastest growing metropolitan area was Puebla (2.0%) followed by Monterrey (1.9%), Toluca (1.8%) and Guadalajara (1.8%).<ref name="sintesis">{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/img/ppt.gif|title=Síntesis de resultados 2005|website=Inegi.org.mx|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215818/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/img/ppt.gif|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Largest metropolitan areas of Mexico|class=info}}
{{anchor|Ethnography}}

==Other demographic statistics==
[[File:Genetic variation of mestizo populations in Latin America.PNG|thumb|upright=1.75|The Mexican mestizo population is the most diverse of all the mestizo groups of Latin America, with its mestizos being either largely European or Amerindian rather than having a uniform admixture.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Sijia |last2=Ray |first2=Nicolas |last3=Rojas |first3=Winston |last4=Parra |first4=Maria V. |last5=Bedoya |first5=Gabriel |last6=Gallo |first6=Carla |last7=Poletti |first7=Giovanni |last8=Mazzotti |first8=Guido |last9=Hill |first9=Kim |last10=Hurtado |first10=Ana M. |last11=Camrena |first11=Beatriz |last12=Nicolini |first12=Humberto |last13=Klitz |first13=William |last14=Barrantes |first14=Ramiro |last15=Molina |first15=Julio A. |last16=Freimer |first16=Nelson B. |last17=Bortolini |first17=Maria Cátira |last18=Salzano |first18=Francisco M. |last19=Petzl-Erler |first19=Maria L. |last20=Tsuneto |first20=Luiza T. |last21=Dipierri |first21=José E. |last22=Alfaro |first22=Emma L. |last23=Bailliet |first23=Graciela |last24=Bianchi |first24=Nestor O. |last25=Llop |first25=Elena |last26=Rothhammer |first26=Francisco |last27=Excoffier |first27=Laurent |last28=Ruiz-Linares |first28=Andrés |display-authors=5 |title=Geographic Patterns of Genome Admixture in Latin American Mestizos |journal=PLOS Genetics |date=March 21, 2008 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=e1000037 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000037 |pmid=18369456 |pmc=2265669 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Distribution of Admixture Estimates for Individuals from Mexico City and Quetalmahue (indigenous community in Chile).]]

[[File:Geographic ancestry distribution of Mexico.png|thumb|upright=2|Regional variation of ancestry according to a study made by Ruiz-Linares in 2014, each dot represents a volunteer, with most coming from south Mexico and Mexico City.<ref name="Ruiz-Linares et al, 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Ruiz-Linares |first1=Andrés |last2=Adhikari |first2=Kaustubh |last3=Acuña-Alonzo |first3=Victor |last4=Quinto-Sanchez |first4=Mirsha |last5=Jaramillo |first5=Claudia |last6=Arias |first6=William |last7=Fuentes |first7=Macarena |last8=Pizarro |first8=María |last9=Everardo |first9=Paola |last10=de Avila |first10=Francisco |last11=Gómez-Valdés |first11=Jorge |last12=León-Mimila |first12=Paola |last13=Hunemeier |first13=Tábita |last14=Ramallo |first14=Virginia |last15=Silva de Cerqueira |first15=Caio C. |last16=Burley |first16=Mari-Wyn |last17=Konca |first17=Esra |last18=de Oliveira |first18=Marcelo Zagonel |last19=Veronez |first19=Mauricio Roberto |last20=Rubio-Codina |first20=Marta |last21=Attanasio |first21=Orazio |last22=Gibbon |first22=Sahra |last23=Ray |first23=Nicolas |last24=Gallo |first24=Carla |last25=Poletti |first25=Giovanni |last26=Rosique |first26=Javier |last27=Schuler-Faccini |first27=Lavinia |last28=Salzano |first28=Francisco M. |last29=Bortolini |first29=Maria-Cátira |last30=Canizales-Quinteros |first30=Samuel |last31=Rothhammer |first31=Francisco |last32=Bedoya |first32=Gabriel |last33=Balding |first33=David |last34=Gonzalez-José |first34=Rolando |display-authors=5 |title=Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals |journal=PLOS Genetics |date=September 25, 2014 |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e1004572 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572 |pmid=25254375 |pmc=4177621 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014PLOSG..10.4572R }}</ref>]]
[[File:Trivariate histograms for African, Native American and European ancestry for Mexicans.png|thumb|Trivate for ancestry, from the same study as the image above.<ref name="Ruiz-Linares et al, 2014"/>]]

[[File:Percentage_of_European_Admixture_in_Mexico.jpg|thumb|right|Percentage of [[White Mexicans|European Admixture]] in Mexico.]]

Demographic statistics according to the 2022 World Population Review.<ref>{{citation|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/mexico-population/|title=Mexico Population 2022|website=World Population Review|access-date=September 18, 2019|archive-date=November 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117191519/https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/mexico-population|url-status=live}}</ref>

*One birth every 15 seconds	
*One death every 39 seconds	
*One net migrant every 9 minutes	
*Net gain of one person every 24 seconds

Demographic statistics according to the [[CIA World Factbook]], unless otherwise indicated.<ref name = "cia.gov1">{{citation|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/|title=World Factbook CENTRAL AMERICA : Mexico|work=[[The World Factbook]]|year=2022|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164719/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Median age===
:total: 30.6 years (2023 est.). Country comparison to the world: [[List of countries by median age|130th]]
:male: 28.2 years
:female: 30.4 years (2020 est.)

:total: 28.6 years Country comparison to the world: 135th
:male: 27.5 years
:female: 29.7 years (2018 est.)

===Contraceptive prevalence rate===
:73.1% (2018)
:66.9% (2015)
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Prevalence of modern contraceptive use among women of childbearing age, by state
! rowspan="1" |Federal entity
! colspan="1" |1992
! colspan="1" |1997
! colspan="1" |2009
! colspan="1" |2014
! colspan="1" |2018
! colspan="1" |2023
|-
| rowspan="1" |Mexico
|55.0
|59.4
|67.2
|68.3
|53.4
|52.8
|-
| rowspan="1" |Aguascalientes
|47.6
|51.3
|63.4
|66.0
|48.3
|49.8
|-
| rowspan="1" |Baja California
|65.0
|68.0
|75.3
|74.1
|58.6
|55.7
|-
| rowspan="1" |Baja California Sur
|73.1
|73.6
|73.8
|73.1
|59.8
|59.2
|-
| rowspan="1" |Campeche
|54.8
|59.5
|67.8
|66.5
|52.9
|52.3
|-
| rowspan="1" |Coahuila de Zaragoza
|68.9
|67.7
|71.5
|71.4
|58.2
|54.9
|-
| rowspan="1" |Colima
|64.7
|66.0
|71.6
|71.3
|54.9
|57.0
|-
| rowspan="1" |Chiapas
|40.1
|47.6
|51.7
|55.6
|44.6
|45.1
|-
| rowspan="1" |Chihuahua
|66.4
|69.0
|74.3
|74.0
|58.5
|57.6
|-
| rowspan="1" |Ciudad de México
|68.6
|71.2
|74.8
|72.8
|55.5
|55.6
|-
| rowspan="1" |Durango
|53.2
|60.8
|68.8
|71.1
|55.0
|55.6
|-
| rowspan="1" |Guanajuato
|41.7
|42.2
|59.6
|61.8
|50.9
|49.1
|-
| rowspan="1" |Guerrero
|40.3
|43.5
|57.8
|63.7
|49.8
|50.3
|-
| rowspan="1" |Hidalgo
|51.2
|55.4
|65.2
|70.5
|58.2
|55.7
|-
| rowspan="1" |Jalisco
|48.8
|53.4
|63.2
|64.4
|51.4
|49.8
|-
| rowspan="1" |México
|64.1
|65.2
|71.3
|73.6
|56.2
|55.6
|-
| rowspan="1" |Michoacán de Ocampo
|45.2
|50.7
|56.9
|62.5
|48.3
|48.1
|-
| rowspan="1" |Morelos
|60.7
|65.6
|71.3
|71.1
|55.5
|53.1
|-
| rowspan="1" |Nayarit
|66.7
|69.9
|75.2
|72.9
|56.9
|57.6
|-
| rowspan="1" |Nuevo León
|66.5
|66.1
|73.2
|69.3
|53.3
|53.3
|-
| rowspan="1" |Oaxaca
|33.6
|42.4
|59.6
|58.9
|46.4
|47.4
|-
| rowspan="1" |Puebla
|40.1
|48.1
|63.4
|68.8
|48.9
|52.0
|-
| rowspan="1" |Querétaro
|43.2
|52.1
|62.7
|67.9
|52.9
|49.7
|-
| rowspan="1" |Quintana Roo
|56.0
|58.5
|67.4
|67.6
|54.1
|55.2
|-
| rowspan="1" |San Luis Potosí
|45.3
|52.6
|62.9
|68.2
|51.4
|51.6
|-
| rowspan="1" |Sinaloa
|67.7
|73.3
|77.6
|76.2
|56.1
|55.7
|-
| rowspan="1" |Sonora
|66.6
|70.3
|76.1
|73.4
|59.9
|57.9
|-
| rowspan="1" |Tabasco
|55.5
|57.9
|63.4
|65.8
|52.1
|50.9
|-
| rowspan="1" |Tamaulipas
|61.6
|64.2
|69.4
|71.1
|52.6
|52.5
|-
| rowspan="1" |Tlaxcala
|47.4
|53.5
|60.7
|70.0
|54.7
|55.0
|-
| rowspan="1" |Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave
|52.9
|61.2
|70.4
|66.1
|56.4
|52.8
|-
| rowspan="1" |Yucatán
|44.9
|52.8
|61.1
|64.2
|49.8
|52.7
|-
| rowspan="1" |Zacatecas
|48.5
|59.6
|64.5
|65.3
|50.0
|50.9
|}

===Mother's mean age at first birth===
:21.3 years (2008 est.)

===Major infectious diseases===
:degree of risk: intermediate (2020)
:food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A
:vectorborne diseases: dengue fever

Note: a new coronavirus is causing sustained community spread of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Mexico; sustained community spread means that people have been infected with the virus, but how or where they became infected is not known, and the spread is ongoing; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of June 6, 2022, Mexico has reported a total of 5,782,405 cases of COVID-19 or 4,484.8 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 324,966 cumulative deaths or a rate of 252 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of May 20, 2022, 66.68% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine.

===[[Dependency ratio]]s===
:total dependency ratio: 51.4 (2015 est.)
:youth dependency ratio: 41.6 (2015 est.)
:elderly dependency ratio: 9.8 (2015 est.)
:[[potential support ratio]]: 10.2 (2015 est.)

===Urbanization===
:urban population: 81.3% of total population (2022)
:rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020–25 est.)

:urban population: 80.2% of total population (2018)
:rate of urbanization: 1.59% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

===Obesity – adult prevalence rate===
:28.9% (2016) Country comparison to the world: 29th

===Children under the age of 5 years underweight===
:4.7% (2018/19) Country comparison to the world: 80th
:4.2% (2016) Country comparison to the world: 87th

===Education expenditures===
:4.3% of GDP (2018) Country comparison to the world: 92nd
:5.2% of GDP (2015) Country comparison to the world: 59th

===Literacy===
definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2016 est.)
:total population: 95.2%
:male: 96.1%
:female: 94.5% (2020)

===School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)===
:total: 15 years
:male: 15 years
:female: 15 years (2019)

===Unemployment, youth ages 15–24===
:total: 8.1%
:male: 7.8%
:female: 8.7% (2020 est.)

==Ethnic groups==
[[File:Inukshuk_Monterrey_1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Children from the American Institute school in Monterrey mimic the pose of [[Inuit|Inuk]] artist Bill Nasogaluak's Inukshuk.]]
Although Mexico is an ethnically diverse country, for most of the 20th century and early 21st century the Mexican government has not conducted surveys regarding the ethnic origin of the population except for indigenous peoples. However, recently the Mexican National Institute of Statistics and Geography has begun conducting surveys to quantify the percentage of Afro-descendant Mexicans as well as Euro-descendant Mexicans living in the country.<ref>[http://www.inegi.org.mx/saladeprensa/boletines/2017/mmsi/mmsi2017_06.pdf "Resultados del Modulo de Movilidad Social Intergeneracional"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709120023/http://www.inegi.org.mx/saladeprensa/boletines/2017/mmsi/mmsi2017_06.pdf|date=July 9, 2018}}, ''INEGI'', June 16, 2017, Retrieved on April 30, 2018.</ref>

Regardless of ethnicity, the majority of Mexicans are united under the same national identity.<ref name="autogenerated115">Wimmer, Andreas, 2002. ''Nationalist Exclusion and Ethnic Conflict: Shadows of Modernity'', Cambridge University Press page 115</ref> This is the product of an ideology strongly promoted by Mexican academics such as [[Manuel Gamio]] and [[José Vasconcelos]] known as [[mestizaje]], whose goal was that of Mexico becoming a [[La Raza Cósmica|racially]] and [[Indigenismo|culturally]] homogeneous country.<ref name="Knight, Alan 1990. pp. 78">{{Cite book |last=Knight |first=Alan |date=1990 |chapter=4. Racism, Revolution and ''indigenismo'': Mexico 1910–1940 |title=The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940 |editor-first=Richard |editor-last=Graham |pages=78–85}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated115"/><ref name="census">{{cite book |last1=Hall Steckel |first1=Richard |last2=R. Haines |first2=Michael |title=A population history of North America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPdgiysIVcgC&pg=PA621 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |page=621 |isbn=978-0-521-49666-7 |access-date=June 19, 2022 |archive-date=January 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108212002/https://books.google.com/books?id=BPdgiysIVcgC&pg=PA621#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The ideology's influence was reflected in Mexico's national censuses of 1921 and 1930: in the former, which was Mexico's first-ever national census (but second-ever if the census made in colonial times is taken into account)<ref name=aleph>{{cite web |last1=Lerner |first1=Victoria |title=Consideraciones sobre la población de la Nueva España (1793–1810) |trans-title=Considerations on the population of New Spain (1793–1810) |url=http://aleph.org.mx/jspui/bitstream/56789/29809/1/17-067-1968-0327.pdf |publisher=El Colegio de México |location=Mexico City |language=es |access-date=June 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113062234/http://aleph.org.mx/jspui/bitstream/56789/29809/1/17-067-1968-0327.pdf |archive-date=November 13, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> that considered race, approximately 60% of Mexico's population identified as Mestizos,<ref name="somosprimos.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.somosprimos.com/schmal/schmal.htm|title=John P. Schmal, SomosPrimos.com|publisher=somosprimos.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=September 20, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920002624/http://www.somosprimos.com/schmal/schmal.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and in the latter, Mexico's government declared that all Mexicans were now Mestizos, for which racial classifications would be dropped in favor of language-based ones in future censuses.<ref name="EL MESTIZAJE Y LAS CULTURAS REGIONALES"/>

Unlike other [[Latin America|Latin American]] countries, [[Mexico]] does not have a dominant ethnic group at the national level since many areas have different ethnic groups in majority and minority. Several genetic and anthropological studies have shown that the miscegenation in [[Mexico]] is very diverse and different in each region of the country, for example, in the central and southern regions where a large part of the Mesoamerican cultures flourished and where there was a great fusion between Spaniards and Amerindians, a mostly balanced mestizaje is noted, while in the northern and western regions of the country it is predominantly of the European type because the native populations existed in a much smaller number, which led to those territories being inhabited mainly by whites, so each region of the Mexican territory is different in society, culture and traditions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2009 |title=Genoma destapa diferencias de mexicanos |url=https://expansion.mx/actualidad/2009/06/04/genoma-destapa-diferencias-de-mexicanos |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204043953/https://expansion.mx/actualidad/2009/06/04/genoma-destapa-diferencias-de-mexicanos |archive-date=4 February 2020 |access-date=9 May 2020 |website=Expansión |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=''Civilización en el norte de México'', Vol. 1 | isbn=978-968-36-1092-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lg9G5cTAofEC&dq=mestizaje+en+el+norte+de+mexico&pg=PA69 | last1=García | first1=María Teresa Cabrero | date=1989 }}</ref>

During most of the 20th century these censuses' results were taken as fact, with extraofficial international publications often using them as a reference to estimate Mexico's racial composition,<ref name="Factbook">{{cite web|title=North America: Mexico|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/|work=The World Factbook|access-date=April 11, 2014|author=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)|location=Ethnic groups|quote=mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164719/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/377246/mestizo |title=mestizo (people) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=October 30, 2010 |archive-date=November 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118152548/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/377246/mestizo |url-status=live }}</ref> but in recent time historians and academics have claimed that said results are not accurate, as in its efforts to homogenize Mexico, the government inflated the Mestizo label's percentage by classifying a good number of people as such regardless of whether they were of actual mixed ancestry or not,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pla Brugat |first1=Dolores |title=Más desindianización que mestizaje. Una relectura de los censos generales de población |journal=Dimensión Antropológica |year=2011 |volume=53 |issue=September–December |pages=69–91 |url=https://www.dimensionantropologica.inah.gob.mx/?p=7401 |access-date=June 4, 2020 |trans-title=More deindianization than miscegenation. A rereading of the general population censuses |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia |location=Mexico City |language=es |archive-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206022341/https://www.dimensionantropologica.inah.gob.mx/?p=7401 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mexicosinmestizaje">[https://descargacultura.unam.mx/app1?sharedItem=6730790 "México sin mestizaje: una reinterpretación de nuestra historia"], ''UNAM'', 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2019.</ref><ref name="redalyc">{{cite web|url=http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf |title=Al respecto no debe olvidarse que en estos países buena parte de las personas consideradas biológicamente blancas son mestizas en el aspecto cultural, el que aquí nos interesa (p. 196) |publisher=Redalyc.org |date=March 16, 2005 |access-date=June 27, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022220348/http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf |archive-date=October 22, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Bartolomé 1996:2">Bartolomé, Miguel Alberto. (1996) "Pluralismo cultural y redefinicion del estado en México". in Coloquio sobre derechos indígenas, Oaxaca, IOC.[http://courses.cit.cornell.edu/iard4010/documents/Pluralismo_cultural_y_redefinicion_del_estado_en_Mexico.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616113126/http://courses.cit.cornell.edu/iard4010/documents/Pluralismo_cultural_y_redefinicion_del_estado_en_Mexico.pdf|date=June 16, 2010}} p. 2</ref> pointing out that an alteration so drastic of population trends compared to earlier censuses such as New Spain's 1793 census (on which Europeans were estimated to be 18% to 22% of the population, Mestizos 21% to 25%, and Indigenous peoples 51% to 61%)<ref name="aleph" /> is not possible.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Anchondo |first1=Sandra |last2=de Haro |first2=Martha |title=El mestizaje es un mito, la identidad cultural sí importa |trans-title=Miscegenation is a myth, cultural identity does matter |url=http://istmo.mx/2016/07/04/el-mestizaje-es-un-mito-la-identidad-cultural-si-importa/ |magazine=ISTMO |publisher=IPADE Business School |access-date=June 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010154747/http://istmo.mx/2016/07/04/el-mestizaje-es-un-mito-la-identidad-cultural-si-importa/ |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |language=es |date=July 4, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="MexicoRacista1">{{cite book|first=Federico|last=Navarrete Linares|title=Mexico Racista|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC_4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86|access-date=February 23, 2018|date=2016|publisher=Penguin Random house Grupo Editorial Mexico|isbn=9786073143646|page=86|archive-date=September 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927200437/https://books.google.com/books?id=FC_4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another factor to consider is that the term mestizo since 1930 is not a racial identity but a cultural one since all Mexicans who did not speak indigenous languages were classified as mestizos by the government, so under this definition it is possible for a Mexican to be simultaneously "culturally" mestizo and "racially" indigenous, white, black etc. Traditionally, Mexico has defined itself as a multicultural nation or as José Vasconcelos (1925) said, the "melting pot of all races" both culturally and ethnically.<ref>{{Cite book |title=La Raza Cósmica |year=1925}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lara |first1=Fernando Luiz |last2=Hernández |first2=Felipe |title=Spatial Concepts for Decolonizing the Americas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9BJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars |page=141 |publication-date=19 October 2021 |isbn=978-1-5275-7653-7}}</ref> 

<gallery mode="nolines" widths="300" heights="280" style="text-align:center;" caption="Maps of ethnic groups in Mexico (2020 census)">
File:Distribution_of_indigenous_people_in_Mexico,_2020.svg|alt=|[[Indigenous Mexicans]]
File:Distribution_of_afro_descendant_people_in_Mexico,_2020.svg|alt=|[[Black Mexicans]]
</gallery>

===Mestizo Mexicans===
{{main|Mestizos in Mexico}}
[[File:General Porfirio Díaz.JPG|thumb|upright|President [[Porfirio Diaz]] was of Mestizo descent.]]
A large majority of Mexicans have been classified as "Mestizos", meaning in modern Mexican usage that they neither identify fully with any indigenous culture nor with a Spanish cultural heritage, but rather identify as having cultural traits incorporating elements from both indigenous and Spanish traditions. By the deliberate efforts of post-revolutionary governments, the "Mestizo identity" was constructed as the base of the modern Mexican national identity, through a process of cultural synthesis referred to as ''mestizaje'' {{IPA|es|mestiˈsaxe|}}. Mexican politicians and reformers such as [[José Vasconcelos]] and [[Manuel Gamio]] were instrumental in building a Mexican national identity upon this concept, <ref name="Wade 1981:32">Wade (1981:32)</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2025}}<ref>Knight (1990:78–85)</ref> which were designed with the main goal of "helping" indigenous peoples to achieve the same level of progress as the rest of society by transforming indigenous communities into Mestizo ones, eventually assimilating them into the Mestizo Mexican society.{{sfn|Bartolomé|1996|page=5}}

As the Mestizo identity promoted by the government is more of a cultural identity, it has achieved a strong influence in the country and has caused many people who may not qualify as "Mestizos" in its original sense to be counted as such in Mexico's demographic investigations and censuses, with many people who may be considered "White" being historically classified as Mestizos.<ref name="Lizcano Fernández 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Lizcano Fernández |first1=Francisco |title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the XXI Century |language=es |journal=Convergencia |date=August 2005 |volume=12 |issue=38 |pages=185–232 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-14352005000200185 |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922054604/https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-14352005000200185 |url-status=live }}</ref> A similar situation occurs regarding the distinctions between Indigenous peoples and Mestizos: while the term ''Mestizo'' is sometimes used in English with the meaning of a person with mixed indigenous and European blood, In Mexican society an indigenous person can be considered mestizo.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bartolomé |first1=Miguel Alberto |title=Pluralismo cultural y redefinicioń del estado en México |trans-title=Cultural pluralism and redefinition of the state in Mexico |language=es |date=1996 |publisher=Departamento de Antropologia, Universidade de Brasilia |oclc=605212355 |page=2 |quote=En primer lugar cabe destacar que en México la pertenencia racial no es un indicador relevante ni suficiente para denotar una adscripción étnica específica. [...] Por lo tanto es relativamente factible realizar el llamado tránsito étnico, es decir que un indígena puede llegar a incorporarse al sector mestizo a través de la renuncia a su cultura tradicional y si sus condiciones materiales se lo permiten. }}</ref> and a person with none or a very low percentage of indigenous genetic heritage would be considered fully indigenous either by speaking an indigenous language or by identifying with a particular indigenous cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Alan|editor=Richard Graham|title=The Idea of Race in Latin America: 1870–1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AjK65boWTxwC&pg=PA73|access-date=July 17, 2013|date=September 1, 2010|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|isbn=978-0-292-78888-6|page=73}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Schaefer |editor-first= Richard T. |year=2008|title=Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society |page=900|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2|quote=In New Spain, there was no strict idea of race (something that continued in Mexico). The Indians that had lost their connections with their communities and had adopted different cultural elements could "pass" and be considered mestizos. The same applied to Blacks and castas.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wade|first=Peter|title=Race And Ethnicity In Latin America|url=https://archive.org/details/raceethnicityinl0000wade|url-access=registration|access-date=July 17, 2013|date=May 20, 1997|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=978-0-7453-0987-3}}</ref> In certain areas of Mexico the word Mestizo has a different meaning: in the Yucatán peninsula it has been used to refer to the Maya-speaking populations living in traditional communities, because during the caste war of the late 19th century those Maya who did not join the rebellion were classified as Mestizos<ref name="Bartolomé 1996:2"/> whereas in the state of Chiapas the word "Ladino" is used instead of "mestizo".<ref>Wade (1997:44–47)</ref>

[[File:GAE_-_Ajax_-_52787520422_(cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Edson Álvarez|Edson Omar Álvarez]], Mexican football player.]]

Given that the word Mestizo has different meanings in Mexico, estimates of the Mexican Mestizo population vary widely. According to the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', which uses a biology-based approach, around three-fifths of the Mexican population is Mestizo<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Mexico- Ethnic groups|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico/Ethnic-groups|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=October 1, 2016|archive-date=October 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011224953/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico/Ethnic-groups|url-status=live}}</ref> while a culture-based criteria estimates a percentage as high as 90%.<ref name="EL MESTIZAJE Y LAS CULTURAS REGIONALES">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html|url-status=dead|title=en el censo de 1930 el gobierno mexicano dejó de clasificar a la población del país en tres categorías raciales, blanco, mestizo e indígena, y adoptó una nueva clasificación étnica que distinguía a los hablantes de lenguas indígenas del resto de la población, es decir de los hablantes de español.|archive-date=August 23, 2013}}</ref> Paradoxically, the word "Mestizo" has long been dropped from popular Mexican vocabulary with the word even having pejorative connotations, further complicating attempts to quantify Mestizos via self-identification,{{sfn|Bartolomé|1996|page=2}} recent research based on self-identification indeed has observed that many Mexicans do not identify as mestizos<ref name="Schwartz-Marín & Silva-Zolezzi 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Schwartz-Marín |first1=Ernesto |last2=Silva-Zolezzi |first2=Irma |title="The Map of the Mexican's Genome": overlapping national identity, and population genomics |journal=Identity in the Information Society |date=December 2010 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=489–514 |doi=10.1007/s12394-010-0074-7 |s2cid=144786737 |doi-access=free |hdl=10871/33766 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and would not agree to be labeled as such,<ref name="Clute Journals">R. Martínez & C. De La Torre (2008): [https://www.clutejournals.com/index.php/JDM/article/download/4993/5084 "Racial Appearance And Income In Contemporary Mexico, pag 9 note 1"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806021728/https://www.clutejournals.com/index.php/JDM/article/download/4993/5084 |date=August 6, 2021 }}, ''Journal of Diversity Management'', 2008. Retrieved April 1, 2021.</ref> with "static" racial labels such as White, Indian, Black etc. being more commonly used.<ref name="mestizajeenmexico">{{cite web |title=El mestizaje en Mexico |language=es |trans-title=The miscegenation in Mexico |first=Federico |last=Navarrete Linares |url=http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf |access-date=July 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801102632/http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Guadalajara_mariachis.jpg|thumb|A group of mariachi musicians in [[Guadalajara]], [[Jalisco]].]]
The use of variated methods and criteria to quantify the number of Mestizos in Mexico is not new: Since several decades ago, many authors have analyzed colonial censuses data and have made different conjectures respecting the ethnic composition of the population of colonial Mexico/New Spain. There are Historians such as Gonzalo Aguirre-Beltrán who claimed in 1972 that practically the totality of New Spain's population, in reality, were Mestizos, using to back up his claims arguments such as that affairs of Spaniards with non-Europeans due to the alleged absence of female European immigrants were widespread as well as there being a huge desire of Mestizos to "pass" as Spaniards, this because Spanishness was seen as a symbol of high status.<ref name="Población negra de México">{{cite book|author1= Gonzalo Aguirre-Beltran|title=La población negra de México: estudio etnohistórico|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFsSAQAAIAAJ&q=Euromestizo|access-date=March 13, 2019|date=1972|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica|isbn=9789681609122|page=267}}</ref><ref name="ConciseMexico">{{cite book|author1= Michael Werner|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOI4CQAAQBAJ&q=euromestizo&pg=PA117|access-date=March 13, 2019|date=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135973773|page=117}}</ref> 

Other historians, however, point that Aguirre-Beltran's numbers tend to have inconsistencies and take too many liberties (it is pointed out in the book ''Ensayos sobre historia de la población. México y el Caribe 2'' published in 1998 that on 1646, when according to historic registers the mestizo population was of 1% he estimates it to be 16.6% already, with this being attributed to him interpreting the data in a way convenient for a historic narrative),<ref name="Racismomestizaje">[https://cuadrivio.net/racismo-falso-mestizaje-y-desigualdad-social-en-mexico/ "Racismo, falso mestizaje y desigualdad social en México"]{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Revista Cuadrivio'', 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2019.</ref><ref name="Mexicosinmestizaje" /> often omitting data of New Spain's northern and western provinces.<ref name="EnsayospoblaciónMéxico2">{{cite book|author1=Sherburne Friend Cook|author2=Woodrow Borah|title=Ensayos sobre historia de la población. México y el Caribe 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSCVztyTANcC&pg=PA188|access-date=March 13, 2019|date=1998|publisher=Siglo XXI|isbn=9789682301063|page=188}}</ref> His self-made classifications thus, although could be plausible, are not useful for precise statistical analysis.<ref name="EnsayospoblaciónMéxico3">{{cite book|author1=Sherburne Friend Cook|author2=Woodrow Borah|title=Ensayos sobre historia de la población. México y el Caribe 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSCVztyTANcC&pg=PA197|access-date=March 13, 2019|date=1998|publisher=Siglo XXI|isbn=9789682301063|page=197}}</ref> 

[[File:Folkloremexicano.jpg|thumb|Mexican folklore in [[La Coruña]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], ([[Spain]]).]]
According 21st-century historians, Aguirre Beltran also disregards facts such as the population dynamics of New Spain being different depending on the region at hand (i.e. miscegenation could not happen in a significant amount in regions where the native population was openly hostile until the early 20th century, such as most of New Spain's internal provinces, which nowadays are the northern and western regions of Mexico),<ref name="Mexicosinmestizaje" /> or that historic accounts made by investigators at the time consistently observed that New Spain's European population was notoriously concerned with preserving their European heritage, with practices such as inviting relatives and friends directly from Spain or favoring Europeans for marriage even if they were from a lower socioeconomic level than them being common.<ref name="MinerosYcomerciantes">{{cite book|author1=David A. Branding|author2=Woodrow Borah|title=Mineros y comerciantes en el México borbónico (1763–1810)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYH_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT156|access-date=January 27, 2018|date=1975|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica|isbn=9789681613402|page=156}}</ref><ref name="Racismomestizaje" /><ref name="Mexicosinmestizaje" /> Newer publications that do cite Aguirre-Beltran's work take those factors into consideration, stating that the Spaniard/Euromestizo/Criollo ethnic label was composed on its majority by descendants of Europeans, albeit the category may have included people with some non-European ancestry.<ref name="HistoriadeMexico">{{cite book|author1= Gloria M. Delgado de Cantú|title=Historia de Mexico, Legado Historico Y Pasado Reciente|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WbYYZiMANjEC&pg=PA99|access-date=March 13, 2019|date=2004|publisher=Pearson Educación|isbn=9702605237|page=99}}</ref>

===Indigenous peoples===
{{Main|Indigenous peoples of Mexico}}
[[File:BenitoJuarez.jpg|thumb|upright|President [[Benito Juarez]] was of [[Zapotec peoples|Zapotec]] ancestry. He became the first Amerindian president in the Americas.]]

The 2003 [[Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas|General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples]] recognizes 62 [[languages of Mexico|indigenous languages]] as "national languages" which have the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken.<ref name="diputados.gob.mx">[http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/257.pdf "Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611011220/http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/257.pdf |date=11 June 2008}}</ref> The recognition of indigenous languages and the protection of indigenous cultures is granted not only to the ethnic groups indigenous to modern-day Mexican territory, but also to other North American indigenous groups that migrated to Mexico from the [[United States]], such as the [[Kikapú]]<ref name="Kikapú">{{cite web|url=http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=1398|title=Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas – México|publisher=National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples|access-date=14 January 2018|archive-date=2007-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926233925/http://cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=1398|url-status=dead}}</ref> in the 19th century and those who immigrated from [[Guatemala]] in the 1980s.<ref name="cdi.gob.mx">{{cite web|url=http://cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=1378 |title=Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas – México |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926232909/http://cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=1378 |archive-date=26 September 2007}}</ref> The category of "indígena" (indigenous) in Mexico has been defined based on different criteria throughout history. This means that the percentage of the Mexican population defined as "indigenous" varies according to the definition applied. It can be defined narrowly according to linguistic criteria, including only people that speak an Indigenous language. Based on this criterion, approximately 6.1% of the population is Indigenous.<ref name="2021 est">{{cite web |title=Censo Población y Vivienda 2020 |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/ |website=inegi.org.mx |publisher=INEGI |access-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-date=February 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214192634/https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="inegi1">{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen01&c=3325 |title=Indicadores seleccionados sobre la población hablante de lengua indígena, 1950 a 2005 |website=Inegi.gob.mx |access-date=December 10, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118010024/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen01&c=3325 |archive-date=January 18, 2012 }}</ref> Nonetheless, activists for the rights of indigenous peoples have referred to the usage of this criterion for census purposes as "statistical genocide."<ref>Knight (1990:73–74)</ref><ref>Bartolomé (1996:3–4)</ref>

[[File:Yalitza Aparicio Oscars 2019.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Actress [[Yalitza Aparicio]], daughter of a [[Mixtec]] father and [[Triqui]] mother.]]
Other surveys made by the Mexican government do count as Indigenous all persons who speak an indigenous language and people who do not speak indigenous languages nor live in indigenous communities but self-identify as Indigenous. According to these criteria, the [[National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples]] (Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, or CDI in Spanish) and the [[National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Mexico)|INEGI]] (Mexico's National Institute of Statistics and Geography), state that there are 15.7&nbsp;million indigenous people in Mexico of many different ethnic groups,<ref name="CDI1">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdi.gob.mx/cedulas/sintesis_resultados_2005.pdf |title=Síntesis de Resultados |publisher=Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas |year=2006 |access-date=December 22, 2010 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192903/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/cedulas/sintesis_resultados_2005.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> which constitute 14.9% of the population in the country,<ref>Defined as persons who live in a household where an indigenous language is spoken by one of the adult family members, and or people who self identified as indigenous ("Criteria del hogar: De esta manera, se establece, que los hogares indígenas son aquellos en donde el jefe y/o el cónyuge y/o padre o madre del jefe y/o suegro o suegra del jefe hablan una lengua indígena y también aquellos que declararon pertenecer a un grupo indígena."[http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=272&Itemid=58] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225095213/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=272&Itemid=58|date=December 25, 2019}})AND persons who speak an indigenous language but who do not live in such a household (Por lo antes mencionado, la Comisión Nacional Para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas de México (CDI) considera población indígena (PI) a todas las personas que forman parte de un hogar indígena, donde el jefe(a) del hogar, su cónyuge y/o alguno de los ascendientes (madre o padre, madrastra o padrastro, abuelo(a), bisabuelo(a), tatarabuelo(a), suegro(a)) declaro ser hablante de lengua indígena. Además, también incluye a personas que declararon hablar alguna lengua indígena y que no forman parte de estos hogares [http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=38&Itemid=54] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501220616/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=38&Itemid=54|date=May 1, 2011}})</ref> with 1.2% not speaking Spanish.<ref>{{cite web|title=Población De 5 Años Y Más Por Entidad Federativa, Sexo Y Grupos Lengua Indígena Quinquenales De Edad, Y Su Distribución Según Condición De Habla Indígena Y Habla Española|publisher=INEGI, México|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/2000/definitivos/Nal/tabulados/00li01.pdf|access-date=December 13, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102103605/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/2000/definitivos/Nal/tabulados/00li01.pdf|archive-date=January 2, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdi.gob.mx|title=Comision Nacional Para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indigenas – México|website=Cdi.gob.mx|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-date=January 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013050/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The states with the greatest percentage of people who speak an Amerindian language or identify as Amerindian are [[Yucatán]] (59%), [[Oaxaca]] (48%), [[Quintana Roo]] (39%), [[Chiapas]] (28%), [[Campeche]] (27%), [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]] (24%), [[Puebla]] (19%), [[Guerrero]] (17%), [[San Luis Potosí]] (15%) and [[Veracruz]] (15%). Oaxaca is the state with the greatest number of distinct indigenous peoples and languages in the country.
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 22em; font-size: 85%; text-align: left;"
|+Largest indigenous peoples<ref>Source: CDI (2000) [http://cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=660] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915035252/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=660|date=September 15, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | ''Mayas in [[Chiapas]]''
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" align="center" | Group
! style="background:#efefef;" align="center" | Number
|-
|[[Nahua peoples]] (Nawatlaka)
| align="right" |2,445,969
|-
|[[Maya peoples|Maya]] (Maaya)
| align="right" |1,475,575
|-
|[[Zapotec peoples|Zapotec]] (Binizaa)
| align="right" |777,253
|-
|[[Mixtec]] (Ñuu sávi)
| align="right" |726,601
|-
|[[Otomi people|Otomí]] (Hñähñü)
| align="right" |646,875
|-
|[[Totonac]] (Tachihuiin)
| align="right" |411,266
|}

The latest intercensal survey carried out by the Mexican government in 2015 reports that Indigenous people make up 21.5% of Mexico's population. In this occasion, people who self-identified as "Indigenous" and people who self-identified as "partially Indigenous" were classified in the "Indigenous" category altogether.<ref name="beta.inegi.org.mx">[http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/proyectos/enchogares/especiales/intercensal/2015/doc/eic2015_resultados.pdf "Encuesta Intercensal 2015"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422033628/http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/proyectos/enchogares/especiales/intercensal/2015/doc/eic2015_resultados.pdf |date=April 22, 2017 }}, "[[INEGI]]", Mexico, December 2015. Retrieved April 28, 2017.</ref> Finally, according to the 2020 national Mexican census, 19.4% of the population self-identified as Indigenous<ref name="2020 Census">{{cite web |title=Censo Población y Vivienda 2020 |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/ |publisher=INEGI |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214192634/https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and 11.8 million people, or 9.36% of the Mexican population lived in what is designated as "Indigenous households" (households where someone spoke an indigenous language).<ref name="Censo2020">{{Cite web |title=Informeanual sobre la situación de pobreza y rezago social 2022 |trans-title=Annual report on the situation of poverty and social backwardness 2022 |url=https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/696544/15_MEX.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118155757/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/696544/15_MEX.pdf |archive-date=January 18, 2024 |url-status=live |website=[[Secretariat of Welfare]] |access-date=October 7, 2024}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float: center;"
|-
! colspan="8" |Percentage of population aged 3 years or older that considers themselves Indigenous by state (2020 census)
|-
! State
! Percentage
|-
! colspan="8" |{{color|green|Between 50% and 100%}}
|-
||{{flagicon|Oaxaca}} [[Oaxaca]]|| 69.2%
|-
||{{flagicon|Yucatán}} [[Yucatán]]|| 65.2%
|-
! colspan="8" |{{color|#0BDA51|Between 20% and 50%}}
|-
||{{flagicon|Campeche}} [[Campeche]]|| 47.3%
|-
||{{flagicon|Chiapas}} [[Chiapas]]|| 36.8%
|-
||{{flagicon|Hidalgo}} [[Estado de Hidalgo|Hidalgo]]|| 36.7%
|-
||{{flagicon|Quintana Roo}} [[Quintana Roo]]|| 33.2%
|-
||{{flagicon|Puebla}} [[Puebla]]|| 33.2%
|-
||{{flagicon|Guerrero}} [[Guerrero]]|| 33.1%
|-
||{{flagicon|Veracruz}} [[Veracruz]]|| 26.9%
|-
||{{flagicon|Morelos}} [[Morelos]]|| 24.5%
|-
||{{flagicon|Tabasco}} [[Tabasco]]|| 21.4%
|-
||{{flagicon|Michoacán}} [[Michoacán]]|| 20.8%
|-
||{{flagicon|San Luis Potosí}} [[San Luis Potosí]]|| 20.3%
|-
! colspan="8" |{{color|#FAD201|Between 10% and 20%}}
|-
! scope="row" |{{flagicon|Mexico}} '''[[United Mexican States]]'''|| '''19.4%'''
|-
||{{flagicon|Tlaxcala}} [[Tlaxcala]]|| 16.5%
|-
||{{flagicon|Nayarit}} [[Nayarit]]|| 15.9%
|-
||{{flagicon|Estado de México}} [[Estado de México|México]]|| 15.7%
|-
||{{flagicon|Sonora}} [[Sonora]]|| 13.3%
|-
||{{flagicon|Colima}} [[Colima]]|| 13.2%
|-
||{{flagicon|Querétaro}} [[Querétaro]]|| 13.2%
|-
||{{flagicon|Baja California Sur}} [[Baja California Sur]]|| 11.9%
|-
||{{flagicon|Chihuahua}} [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]|| 10.5%
|-
! colspan="8" |{{color|orange|Between 5% and 10%}}
|-
||{{flagicon|Sinaloa}} [[Sinaloa]]|| 9.4%
|-
||{{flagicon|Ciudad de México}} [[Mexico City]]|| 9.3%
|-
||{{flagicon|Durango}} [[Durango]]|| 8.9%
|-
||{{flagicon|Baja California}} [[Baja California]]|| 8.0%
|-
||{{flagicon|Jalisco}} [[Jalisco]]|| 7.0%
|-
||{{flagicon|Tamaulipas}} [[Tamaulipas]]|| 6.7%
|-
||{{flagicon|Nuevo León}} [[Nuevo León]]|| 6.4%
|-
||{{flagicon|Guanajuato}} [[Guanajuato]]|| 6.4%
|-
||{{flagicon|Aguascalientes}} [[Aguascalientes]]|| 6.2%
|-
! colspan="8" |{{color|red|Between 0% and 5%}}
|-
||{{flagicon|Zacatecas}} [[Zacatecas]]|| 4.9%
|-
||{{flagicon|Coahuila}} [[Coahuila]]|| 2.1%
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:left;" |<small>Source: Mexican census 2020 [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía|INEGI]].<ref name="2020 Census" /></small>
|}

===White Mexicans===
{{main|White Mexicans}}
[[File:Retrato de familia Fagoaga Arozqueta - Anónimo ca.1730.jpg|thumb|An 18th-century portrait of the Fagoaga Arozqueta family, an upper-class family of [[Basque people|Basque]] descent from Mexico City.]]

White Mexicans are [[Mexicans]] of total or predominantly [[Europe|European]] or [[West Asia|West Asian]] ancestry.<ref name="nacionmulticultural.unam.mx">[http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html en el año de 1808 aproximadamente el 60% de la población de lo que sería México pertenecía a la categoría étnica de indígena, el 18% eran europeos o de origen europeo (de los cuales la inmensa mayoría eran criollos nacidos en México)] {{webarchive| url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html |date=August 23, 2013 }}.</ref> Spaniards and other Europeans began arriving in Mexico during the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]] and continued immigrating to the country during colonial and independent Mexico. According to 20th- and 21st-century academics, large scale intermixing between the [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European immigrants]] and the native [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|Indigenous peoples]] would produce a Mestizo group which would become the overwhelming majority of Mexico's population by the time of the [[Mexican Revolution]].<ref name="fnavarrete">{{cite web |url= http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html |archive-date= August 23, 2013 |title=El mestizaje y las culturas |first=Federico |last=Navarrete |work=México Multicultural |publisher=[[UNAM]] |location=Mexico |language=es |trans-title=Mixed race and cultures |access-date=July 19, 2011 }}</ref> However, according to church registers from the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|colonial times]], the majority of Spanish men married with Spanish women. Said registers also put in question other narratives held by contemporary academics, such as European immigrants who arrived to Mexico being almost exclusively men or that "pure Spanish" people were all part of a small powerful elite as Spaniards were often the most numerous ethnic group in the colonial cities<ref name="EnsayospoblaciónMéxico">{{cite book|author1=Sherburne Friend Cook|author2=Woodrow Borah|title=Ensayos sobre historia de la población. México y el Caribe 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSCVztyTANcC&pg=PA223|access-date=September 12, 2017|date=1998|publisher=Siglo XXI|isbn=9789682301063|page=223|archive-date=September 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927200437/https://books.google.com/books?id=DSCVztyTANcC&pg=PA223#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Hardin |first1=Monica Leagans |title=Household and Family in Guadalajara, Mexico, 1811 1842: The Process of Short Term Mobility and Persistence |year=2006 |url=http://purl.flvc.org/fsu/fd/FSU_migr_etd-4271 |page=62 |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206200746/http://fsu.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fsu:182427 |url-status=live }}</ref> as there were menial workers and people in poverty who were of complete Spanish origin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=San Miguel |first1=G. |title=Ser mestizo en la nueva España a fines del siglo XVIII: Acatzingo, 1792 |trans-title=To be 'mestizo' in New Spain at the end of the XVIIIth century. Acatzingo, 1792 |language=es |journal=Cuadernos de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy |date=November 2000 |issue=13 |pages=325–342 |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1668-81042000000100018 |access-date=September 26, 2018 |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023172608/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1668-81042000000100018 |url-status=live }}</ref> This ethnic group contrasts with the Afro-Mexican and Indigenous Mexican groups in the fact that phenotype (hair color, skin color etc.) is often used as the main criterion to delineate it.<ref name=huffpost>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/06/26/por-estas-razones-el-color-de-piel-de-los-mexicanos-determina-su_a_23001217/ "Por estas razones el color de piel determina las oportunidades de los mexicanos"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622011146/https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/06/26/por-estas-razones-el-color-de-piel-de-los-mexicanos-determina-su_a_23001217/ |date=June 22, 2018 }}, ''Huffington post'', July 26, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2018.</ref><ref name=Universal>[http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/nacion/sociedad/2017/06/16/presenta-inegi-estudio-que-relaciona-color-de-piel-con "Presenta INEGI estudio que relaciona color de piel con oportunidades"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501102534/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/nacion/sociedad/2017/06/16/presenta-inegi-estudio-que-relaciona-color-de-piel-con |date=May 1, 2018 }}, ''El Universal'', June 16, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2018.</ref><ref name="nacionmulticultural.unam.mx"/>

[[File:Ricardo Peralta (NASA photo).jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[Ricardo Peralta y Fabi]] mechanical engineer and former astronaut trainee.]]

Estimates of Mexico's white population differ greatly in both, methodology and percentages given, extra-official sources such as [[The World Factbook]] or Latinobarómetro which use the 1921 census results as the base of their estimations calculate this population as only 10%,<ref name=CIA-Factbook>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/|title=The World Factbook: North America: Mexico: People and Society|publisher=The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)|quote=mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Amerindian 21%, Amerindian 7%, other 10% (mostly European)|access-date=August 23, 2017|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164719/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Latinobarometro |url=https://www.latinobarometro.org/lat.jsp |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=www.latinobarometro.org}}</ref> the results of the 1921 census however, have been contested by various historians and are deemed inaccurate nowadays.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Federico |last1=Navarrete|title=Mexico Racista|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC_4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86|access-date=23 February 2018|date=2016|publisher=Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial Mexico|isbn=9786073143646|page=86|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927200437/https://books.google.com/books?id=FC_4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>  Field surveys that use the presence of blond hair as reference to classify a Mexican as white such as one by the [[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana|Metropolitan Autonomous University of Mexico]] calculated the percentage of said ethnic group at 23%,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ortiz-Hernández |first1=Luis |last2=Compeán-Dardón |first2=Sandra |last3=Verde-Flota |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Flores-Martínez |first4=Maricela Nanet |title=Racism and mental health among university students in Mexico City |journal=Salud Pública de México |date=April 2011 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.1590/S0036-36342011000200005 |pmid=21537803 |doi-access=free }}</ref> with a similar methodology, the [[American Sociological Association]] obtained a percentage of 18.8%, having its higher frequency on the North region (22.3%–23.9%) followed by the Center region (18.4%–21.3%) and the South region (11.9%).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Villarreal |first1=Andrés |title=Stratification by Skin Color in Contemporary Mexico |journal=American Sociological Review |year=2010 |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=652–678 |doi=10.1177/0003122410378232 |jstor=20799484 |s2cid=145295212 }}</ref> Another study made by the [[University College London]] in collaboration with Mexico's [[Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia|National Institute of Anthropology and History]] found that the frequencies of blond hair and light eyes in Mexicans are of 18% and 28% respectively,<ref name="Ruiz-Linares et al, 2014"/> surveys that use as reference skin color such as those made by Mexico's [[National Council to Prevent Discrimination]] and the [[National Institute of Statistics and Geography]] reporting results that estimate them at about one-third of the country's population.<ref name=ENADIS2017-1>{{cite web |url=http://www.cndh.org.mx/sites/all/doc/OtrosDocumentos/Doc_2018_061.pdf |title=Encuesta Nacional sobre Discriminación 2017 |work=CNDH |date=6 August 2018 |access-date=10 August 2018 |archive-date=10 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810235454/http://www.cndh.org.mx/sites/all/doc/OtrosDocumentos/Doc_2018_061.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf|title=21 de Marzo: Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial|trans-title=21 March: International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination|language=es|publisher=[[National Council to Prevent Discrimination|CONAPRED]]|location=Mexico|page=7|date=2017|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525133622/http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="conapred.org.mx">{{cite web |title=Encuesta Nacional Sobre Discriminación en Mexico |work=CONAPRED |place=Mexico |date=June 2011 |url=http://www.conapred.org.mx/userfiles/files/Enadis-2010-RG-Accss-002.pdf |access-date=28 April 2017 |archive-date=8 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108095738/http://www.conapred.org.mx/userfiles/files/Enadis-2010-RG-Accss-002.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DISC-RACIAL 2011">{{cite web |title=Documento Informativo Sobre Discriminación Racial en México |url=http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/Dossier%20DISC-RACIAL.pdf |work=CONAPRED |place=Mexico |date=21 March 2011 |access-date=28 April 2017 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525133620/http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/Dossier%20DISC-RACIAL.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MMSI2">{{cite web |title=Visión INEGI 2021 Julio Santaella Castell |url=http://bibliodigitalibd.senado.gob.mx/bitstream/handle/123456789/3525/JASC%2520IBD%2520MMSI%25202016%2520V1.0.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y |work=INEGI |date=3 July 2017 |access-date=30 April 2018 |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121234012/http://bibliodigitalibd.senado.gob.mx/bitstream/handle/123456789/3525/JASC%2520IBD%2520MMSI%25202016%2520V1.0.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y |url-status=live}}</ref>

A study performed in hospitals of Mexico City suggests that socioeconomic factors influence the frequency of [[Mongolian spot]]s among newborns, as evidenced by the higher prevalence of 85% in newborns from a public institution, typically associated with lower socioeconomic status, compared to a 33% prevalence in newborns from private hospitals, which generally cater to families with higher socioeconomic status.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Magaña |first1=Mario |last2=Valerio |first2=Julia |last3=Mateo |first3=Adriana |last4=Magaña-Lozano |first4=Mario |title=Alteraciones cutáneas del neonato en dos grupos de población de México |trans-title=Skin lesions two cohorts of newborns in Mexico City |language=es |journal=Boletín médico del Hospital Infantil de México |date=April 2005 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=117–122 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1665-11462005000200005 |access-date=March 13, 2019 |archive-date=June 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630042947/http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1665-11462005000200005 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Mongolian spot appears with a very high frequency (85–95%) in Asian, Native American, and African children.<ref>{{cite book|page=90| edition=3, illustrated|year=1999|access-date=May 17, 2014|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins| author=Miller| title=Nursing Care of Older Adults: Theory and Practice| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJ3pBEh1osMC&q=ines+mongolian+spot|isbn=978-0781720762}}</ref> The skin lesion reportedly almost always appears on South American<ref name="med">{{EMedicine| article| 1068732|Congenital Dermal Melanocytosis (Mongolian Spot)}}</ref> and Mexican children who are racially [[Mestizo]]s,<ref>{{cite book|page=197|year=2012|access-date=May 17, 2014| publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|editor1=Lawrence C. Parish|editor2=Larry E. Millikan| others=M. Amer, R.A.C. Graham-Brown, S.N. Klaus, J.L. Pace|title=Global Dermatology: Diagnosis and Management According to Geography, Climate, and Culture| url=https://books.google.com/books?jid=2JXwBwAAQBAJ&q=spanish+mongolian+spot&pg=PA197|isbn=978-1461226147}}</ref> while having a very low frequency (5–10%) in Caucasian children.<ref name="tokyo">{{cite web|url=http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/msp/about.htm|title=About Mongolian Spot|work=tokyo-med.ac.jp|access-date=October 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208184218/http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/msp/about.htm|archive-date=December 8, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the [[Mexican Social Security Institute]] (shortened as IMSS) nationwide, around half of Mexican babies have the Mongolian spot.<ref>[http://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/822893.html "Tienen manchas mongólicas 50% de bebés"] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601130338/https://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/822893.html |date=June 1, 2020 }}, ''El Universal'', January 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2017.</ref>

[[File:DeniseDresserG.JPG|thumb|left|175px|[[Denise Dresser]] is a prominent Mexican political scientist, author, and commentator.]]

Mexico's northern and western regions have the highest percentages of [[White people|white]] population, with the majority of the people not having native admixture or being of predominantly European ancestry.<ref name="UnitedStatesandMexico">{{cite book|author1=Howard F. Cline|title=THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybZVAAAAMAAJ&q=well+built|access-date=May 18, 2017|date=1963|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=9780674497061|page=104|archive-date=May 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527215846/https://books.google.com/books?id=ybZVAAAAMAAJ&q=well+built|url-status=live}}</ref> In the north and west of Mexico the indigenous tribes were substantially smaller and unlike those found in central and southern Mexico they were mostly nomadic, therefore remaining isolated from colonial population centers, with hostilities between them and Mexican colonists often taking place.<ref name="MesoZac">[https://www.mesoweb.com/es/articulos/sub/Zacatecas.pdf "Nómadas y sedentarios, El pasado prehispánico de Zacatecas"], ''Mesoweb'', Mexico, page 10, retrieved on July 7, 2024.</ref> This eventually led the northeast region of the country to become the region with the highest proportion of whites during the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|Spanish colonial period]] albeit recent migration waves have been changing its demographic trends.<ref name="Transición">[https://paradigmaeconomico.uaemex.mx/article/download/22617/16871/ "Transición migratoria y demográfica de México. Nuevos patrones"], page 17, retrieved on September 12, 2024.</ref>

[[File:Mennonite Family - Campeche - Mexico - 02.jpg|thumb|A [[Mennonite]] family in Campeche.]]
While the majority of European immigration to Mexico has been Spanish with the first wave starting with the colonization of America and the last one being a consequence of the [[Spanish Civil War]] of 1937,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyenespanol.com/espanol/tdih.jsp?day=15329380&month=15329369|title=History TV Schedule – History|website=Historyenespanol.com|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-date=March 15, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315033101/http://www.historyenespanol.com/espanol/tdih.jsp?day=15329380&month=15329369|url-status=live}}</ref> immigrants from other European countries have arrived to Mexico as well. During the [[Second Mexican Empire]], the immigration was mostly French. Then, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, spurred by government policies of [[Porfirio Díaz]], migrants came mainly from Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Ireland, taking advantage of the liberal policies then valid in Mexico, and went into merchant, industrial and educational ventures while others arrived with no or limited capital, as employees or farmers.<ref name="DuránMerk2012">{{cite conference |last1=Durán-Merk |first1=Alma J. |date=July 2012 |title=European migrants as 'ambassadors of modernization'? The case of the Germans in Yucatán during the henequen boom |conference=54th International Congress of Americanists |url=https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/2545 |access-date=April 2, 2021 |archive-date=September 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927200444/https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/frontdoor/index/index/docId/2545 |url-status=live }}</ref> Most settled in Mexico City, Veracruz, Yucatán, and [[Puebla]]. Significant numbers of German immigrants also arrived during and after the First and Second World Wars.<ref name="Palma Mora 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Palma Mora |first1=Mónica |title=Asociaciones de inmigrantes extranjeros en la ciudad de México: Una mirada a fines del siglo XX |trans-title=Associations of foreign immigrants in Mexico City: A look at the end of the 20th century |language=es |journal=Migraciones Internacionales |date=December 2005 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=29–57 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1665-89062005000200002 |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206192159/http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1665-89062005000200002 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="religiosa">{{cite journal |last1=Enciso |first1=Fernando S. Alanís |title=Los extranjeros en México, la inmigración y el gobierno: ¿tolerncia o intolerancia religiosa?, 1821–1830 |trans-title=Foreigners in Mexico, immigration, and the government: religious tolerance or intolerance?, 1821–1830 |language=es |journal=Historia Mexicana |year=1996 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=539–566 |jstor=25139003 }}</ref> Additionally, small numbers of White Americans, Croats, Greeks, Poles, Romanians, Russians, and [[Ashkenazi Jews]] came.<ref name="religiosa" /> The European Jewish immigrants joined the [[Sephardic]] community that lived in Mexico since colonial times, though many lived as [[Crypto-Judaism|Crypto-Jews]], mostly in the northern states of [[Nuevo León]] and [[Tamaulipas]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gitlitz |first1=David |title=Nexos entre los cripto-judíos coloniales y contemporáneos |trans-title=Nexus between colonial and contemporary crypto-Jews |language=es |journal=Revista de humanidades: Tecnológico de Monterrey |volume=5 |year=1998 |pages=187–212 }}</ref> Some communities of European immigrants have remained isolated from the rest of the general population since their arrival, among them the German-speaking [[Russian Mennonite|Mennonites from Russia]] of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] and [[Durango]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.purochihuahua.com/menonitas.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040606191931/http://www.purochihuahua.com/menonitas.html |archive-date=June 6, 2004 |title=Los Menones de Chihuahua |website=Puro Chihuahua |language=es}}</ref> and the [[Veneto]]s of [[Chipilo]], Puebla<!-- DO NOT LINK, see [[MOS:GEOLINK]] for further guidance -->, which have retained their original languages.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Venetan/Dialects/Chipilo.html|title=El dialecto veneto de Chipilo |first=Eduardo|last=Montagner|website=Orbilat.com|access-date=April 3, 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110606110821/http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Venetan/Dialects/Chipilo.html |archive-date=June 6, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Afro-Mexicans===
{{See also|Afro-Mexicans}}
[[File:Vicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña.png|left|upright|alt=Painting of Vicente Guerrero, major figure during the late Mexican War of Independence, abolitionist and second President of Mexico, was an Afro-Mexican.|thumb|[[Vicente Guerrero]], major figure during the late Mexican War of Independence and second President of Mexico, was an Afro-descendent. His father was [[Mestizos in Mexico|Mestizo]] and his mother was [[Afro-Mexicans|Black]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Vincent|first=Theodore G|title=The Legacy of Vicente Guerrero, Mexico's First Black Indian President|year=2001|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=978-0-8130-2422-6}}</ref>]]

Afro-Mexicans are an ethnic group that predominate in certain areas of Mexico such as the [[Costa Chica of Oaxaca]] and the [[Costa Chica of Guerrero]], Veracruz (e.g. [[Yanga, Veracruz|Yanga]]) and in some towns in northern Mexico, mainly in [[Múzquiz Municipality]], Coahuila. The existence of individuals of Sub-Saharan African descent in Mexico has its origins in the slave trade that took place during colonial times and that did not end until 1829 after the consummation of the Mexican independence. The institution was not as prominent as elsewhere in the Americas and was already in decay by the late 1700s, which led to the number of free black people eventually surpassing that of enslaved ones. Although Mexico did not abolish slavery immediately after independence, the expansion of Anglo-American settlement in Texas with their Black slaves became a point of contention between the US and Mexico. The northern territory had been claimed by the [[Spanish Empire]] but not settled beyond a few missions. The Mexican government saw a solution to the problem of Indian attacks in the north by inviting immigration by US Americans. Rather than settling in the territory contested by northern Indian groups, the Anglo-Americans and their Black slaves established farming in eastern Texas, contiguous to US territory in Louisiana. Mexican President [[Anastasio Bustamante]], concerned that the US would annex Texas, sought to limit Anglo-American immigration in 1830 and mandated no new slaves in the territory.<ref>Menchaca, Martha. ''Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans''. Austin: University of Texas Press 2001.</ref><ref>Henderson, Timothy J. ''A glorious defeat: Mexico and its war with the United States''. New York: Macmillan 2007.</ref>

[[File:Lupita_Nyong'o_by_Gage_Skidmore_4.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Lupita Nyong'o|Lupita Amondi Nyong'o]], Afro-Mexican actress.]] 

Historically, the presence of this ethnic group within the country has been difficult to assess for a number of reasons: their small numbers, heavy intermarriage with other ethnic groups, and Mexico's tradition of defining itself as a Mestizo society or mixing of European and indigenous only.<ref> {{cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/afro-mexicans/#:~:text=Moreover%2C%20an%20important%20anti%2Ddiscrimination,Mexicans%20as%20an%20ethnic%20group.|title= Afro-Mexicans in Mexico - Minority Rights Group}}</ref> Nowadays this ethnic group also includes people from Africa, the Caribbean and elsewhere in the Americas who have been arriving in recent migration waves to the country.<ref name="Transición" />

The majority of Mexico's Afro-descendants are ''Afromestizos'', i.e. "mixed-race".According to the intercensal survey carried out in 2015, 1.2% of the population self-identified as Afro-Mexican<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/hogares/especiales/ei2015/doc/panorama_sociodemografico_2015.pdf |date=2015 |title=Panorama sociodemográfico de México |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103300/http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/hogares/especiales/ei2015/doc/panorama_sociodemografico_2015.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |publisher=[[INEGI]]}}</ref> with 64.9% (896,829) of them also identifying as indigenous and 9.3% being speakers of [[Languages of Mexico|indigenous languages]].<ref name="beta.inegi.org.mx" /> In the 2020 census survey carried out by the Mexican government, Afro-Mexicans were reported to make up 2.04% of the country's population.<ref name="2021 est" />

{| class="wikitable" style="float: center;"
|-
! colspan="8" |Percentage of population aged 3 years or older that considers themselves Afro-Mexican by state (2020 census)
|-
! State
! Percentage
|-
! colspan="8" |{{color|#FAD201|Between 5% and 10%}}
|-
||{{flagicon|Guerrero}} [[Guerrero]]|| 8.6%
|-
! colspan="8" |{{color|orange|Between 2.5% and 5%}}
|-
||{{flagicon|Oaxaca}} [[Oaxaca]]|| 4.7%
|-
||{{flagicon|Baja California Sur}} [[Baja California Sur]]|| 3.3%
|-
||{{flagicon|Yucatán}} [[Yucatán]]|| 3.0%
|-
||{{flagicon|Quintana Roo}} [[Quintana Roo]]|| 2.8%
|-
||{{flagicon|Veracruz}} [[Veracruz]]|| 2.7%
|-
! colspan="8" |{{color|red|Between 0% and 2.5%}}
|-
||{{flagicon|Campeche}} [[Campeche]]|| 2.1%
|-
! scope="row" |{{flagicon|Mexico}} '''[[United Mexican States]]'''|| '''2.04%'''
|-
||{{flagicon|Ciudad de México}} [[Ciudad de México|México D. F.]]|| 2.0%
|-
||{{flagicon|San Luis Potosí}} [[San Luis Potosí]]|| 2.0%
|-
||{{flagicon|Coahuila}} [[Morelos]]|| 1.9%
|-
||{{flagicon|Colima}} [[Colima]]|| 1.9%
|-
||{{flagicon|Querétaro}} [[Querétaro]]|| 1.8%
|-
||{{flagicon|Guanajuato}} [[Morelos]]|| 1.8%
|-
||{{flagicon|Estado de México}} [[Estado de México|México]]|| 1.7%
|-
||{{flagicon|Puebla}} [[Puebla]]|| 1.7%
|-
||{{flagicon|Baja California}} [[Baja California]]|| 1.7%
|-
||{{flagicon|Nuevo León}} [[Nuevo León]]|| 1.7%
|-
||{{flagicon|Jalisco}} [[Jalisco]]|| 1.7%
|-
||{{flagicon|Chihuahua}} [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]|| 1.6%
|-
||{{flagicon|Hidalgo}} [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]]|| 1.6%
|-
||{{flagicon|Aguascalientes}} [[Aguascalientes]]|| 1.6%
|-
||{{flagicon|Tabasco}} [[Tabasco]]|| 1.6%
|-
||{{flagicon|Michoacán}} [[Michoacán]]|| 1.5%
|-
||{{flagicon|Sonora}} [[Sonora]]|| 1.5%
|-
||{{flagicon|Coahuila}} [[Coahuila]]|| 1.5%
|-
||{{flagicon|Sinaloa}} [[Sinaloa]]|| 1.4%
|-
||{{flagicon|Tlaxcala}} [[Tlaxcala]]|| 1.3%
|-
||{{flagicon|Tamaulipas}} [[Tamaulipas]]|| 1.2%
|-
||{{flagicon|Chiapas}} [[Chiapas]]|| 1.0%
|-
||{{flagicon|Zacatecas}} [[Zacatecas]]|| 1.0%
|-
||{{flagicon|Durango}} [[Durango]]|| 0.9%
|-
||{{flagicon|Nayarit}} [[Nayarit]]|| 0.8%
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:left;" |<small>Source: Mexican census 2020 [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía|INEGI]].<ref name="2020 Census" /></small>
|}

===Arab Mexicans===
{{Main|Arab Mexicans}}
[[File:Susana_Harp_en_CU.jpg|thumb|left|[[Susana Harp]] Mexican singer and currently serves as a senator.]]
An Arab Mexican is a Mexican citizen of [[Arabic]]-speaking origin who can be of various ancestral origins. The vast majority of Mexico's 1.1 million Arabs are from either Lebanese, Syrian, Iraqi, or [[Palestine (region)|Palestinian]] background.<ref name=Ita2005>{{cite journal |last1=Ita |first1=Rosa E. Garcia |title=Los árabes de México: Asimilación y herencia cultural |trans-title=The Arabs of Mexico. Assimilation and cultural heritage |language=es |journal=CONfines de relaciones internacionales y ciencia política |date=December 2005 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=107–109 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1870-35692005000200010 |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206192216/http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1870-35692005000200010 |url-status=live }}</ref> Immigration of Arabs in Mexico has influenced Mexican culture, in particular food, where they have introduced [[Kibbeh]], [[Tabbouleh]] and even created recipes such as ''[[Tacos Árabes]]''. By 1765, [[Phoenix dactylifera|Dates]], which originated from the Middle East, were introduced into Mexico by the Spaniards.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rivera |first1=D. |last2=Johnson |first2=D. |last3=Delgadillo |first3=J. |last4=Carrillo |first4=M. H. |last5=Obón |first5=C. |last6=Krueger |first6=R. |last7=Alcaraz |first7=F. |last8=Ríos |first8=S. |last9=Carreño |first9=E. |title=Historical evidence of the Spanish introduction of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L., Arecaceae) into the Americas |journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution |year=2012 |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=1437–1439, 1444–1445 |doi=10.1007/s10722-012-9932-5 |s2cid=24146736 |url=https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/download/60761/pdf |access-date=May 8, 2022 |archive-date=June 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616052526/https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/download/60761/pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The fusion between Arab and Mexican food has highly influenced the [[Yucatán (state)|Yucatecan]] cuisine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discoverymexico.com/Culture/Arab-Influence-in-Yucatecan-Cuisine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316235742/http://www.discoverymexico.com/Culture/Arab-Influence-in-Yucatecan-Cuisine/|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 16, 2008|title=Arab Influence in Yucatecan Cuisine – Mexico Culture – Arab Influence in Yucatecan Cuisine, Culture|date=March 16, 2008|website=Discoverymexico.com|access-date=August 29, 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Carlos_Slim_Helú.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Engineer [[Carlos Slim]]]]
Arab immigration to Mexico started in the 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Velcamp|first=Theresa Alfaro|year=2005|title=Review of Arab Immigration in Mexico in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Assimilation and Arab Heritage: A Century of Palestinian Immigration into Central America: A Study of Their Economic and Cultural Contributions, Roberto Marín-Guzmán|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879733|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=37|issue=2|pages=266–269|doi=10.1017/S0020743805232063|jstor=3879733|issn=0020-7438|access-date=January 20, 2021|archive-date=January 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127231239/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879733|url-status=live}}</ref> Roughly 100,000 Arabic-speakers settled in Mexico during this time period. They came mostly from [[Lebanon]], Syria, [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], and [[Iraq]] and settled in significant numbers in [[Nayarit]], [[Puebla]], Mexico City and the northern part of the country (mainly in the states of [[Baja California]], [[Tamaulipas]], [[Nuevo León]], [[Sinaloa]], Chihuahua, [[Coahuila]], and [[Durango]], as well as the city of [[Tampico]] and [[Guadalajara]]. During the 1948 Israel-Lebanon war and the Six-Day War, thousands of Lebanese left [[Lebanon]] for Mexico. They first arrived in [[Veracruz]]. Although Arabs made up less than 5% of the total immigrant population in Mexico during the 1930s, they constituted half of the immigrant economic activity.<ref name=Ita2005/> Another concentration of Arab-Mexicans is in [[Baja California]] facing the U.S.-Mexican border, esp. in cities of [[Mexicali, Baja California|Mexicali]] in the [[Imperial Valley (California)|Imperial Valley]] U.S./Mexico, and [[Tijuana, Baja California|Tijuana]] across from San Diego with a large [[Arab American]] community (about 280,000), some of whose families have relatives in Mexico. 45% of Arab Mexicans are of [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] descent.

[[File:Salma Hayek 2004.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Salma Hayek]], actress and film producer.]]

The majority of Arab-Mexicans are Christians who belong to the [[Maronite Church]], [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches|Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-536840/Marin-Guzman-Roberto-and-Zidane.html|title=Find Local Contractors – Home Remodeling Contractors on Ecnext|website=goliath.ecnext.com|access-date=July 3, 2017|archive-date=May 16, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516214343/http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-536840/Marin-Guzman-Roberto-and-Zidane.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and a scant number are [[Muslims]], The term "Arab Mexican" may include ethnic groups that do not in fact identify as Arab. The inter-ethnic marriage in the Arab community, regardless of religious affiliation, is very high; most community members have only one parent of Arab ancestry. As a result, the Arab community in Mexico shows marked [[language shift]] away from Arabic. Only a few speak any Arabic, and such knowledge is often limited to a few basic words. Instead, the majority, especially those of younger generations, speak Spanish as a first language. Today, the most common Arabic [[surnames]] in Mexico include Nader, Hayek, Ali, Haddad, Nasser, Malik, Abed, Mansoor, Harb, and Elias.

===Asian Mexicans===
{{main|Asian Mexicans}}
[[File:Kavka_Shishido_at_MTV_VMAJ_2014.jpg|left|200px|thumb|[[Kavka Shishido]], drummer and vocalist.]]

Although Asian Mexicans make up less than 1% of the total population of modern Mexico, they are nonetheless a notable minority. Due to the historical and contemporary perception in Mexican society of what constitutes Asian culture (associated with the Far East rather than the [[Near East]]), Asian Mexicans typically refers to those of [[East Asian]] descent, and may also include those of [[South Asian|South]] and [[Southeast Asian]] descent while Mexicans of [[West Asian]] descent are referred to as [[#Arab Mexicans|Arab Mexicans]].

Asian immigration began with the arrival of [[Filipinos]] to Mexico during the colonial period. For two and a half centuries, between 1565 and 1815, many Filipinos and Mexicans sailed back and forth between Mexico and the Philippines as crews, prisoners, adventurers and soldiers in the [[Manila-Acapulco Galleon]] assisting Spain in its trade between Asia and the Americas. Also, on these voyages, thousands of Asian individuals (mostly males) were brought to Mexico as slaves and were called "Chino",<ref name="Seijas">{{cite book|author= Tatiana Seijas| title= Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ&q=Asians+in+Mexico&pg=PA21 | date= 2014|publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9781107063129 | page=21}}</ref> which means Chinese, although in reality they were of diverse origins, including Koreans, Japanese, Malays, Filipinos, Javanese, Cambodians, Timorese, and people from Bengal, India, Ceylon, Makassar, Tidore, Terenate, and China.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhNfVshMw64C&q=slaves+acapulco+chinese+filipinos+japanese+malays&pg=PA21|volume=2 of The Cambridge History of Latin America: Colonial Latin America. I-II|page=21|title=The Cambridge History of Latin America|isbn=978-0521245166|edition=illustrated, reprint|author=Leslie Bethell|editor=Leslie Bethell}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]]|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMY4-ffumwUC&q=slaves+acapulco+chinese+japanese&pg=PA134|page=134|title=The Affinity of the Eye: Writing Nikkei in Peru|isbn=978-0816599875|author=Ignacio López-Calvo|others=Fernando Iwasaki}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PDVdU4YZWgC&q=slaves+manila+chinese+japanese+acapulco&pg=PA200|page=200|title=Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium|isbn=978-0822384076|author=Dirk Hoerder|others=Andrew Gordon, Alexander Keyssar, Daniel James|access-date=October 4, 2020|archive-date=February 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225183853/https://books.google.com/books?id=1PDVdU4YZWgC&q=slaves+manila+chinese+japanese+acapulco&pg=PA200#v=snippet&q=slaves%20manila%20chinese%20japanese%20acapulco&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> A notable example is the story of [[Catarina de San Juan]] (Mirra), an Indian girl captured by the Portuguese and sold into slavery in Manila. She arrived in [[New Spain]] and eventually she gave rise to the "[[China Poblana]]".

[[File:Luis_Nishizawa_(crop).jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Luis Nishizawa]] was a Mexican artist.]]
These early individuals are not very apparent in modern Mexico for two main reasons: the widespread ''[[mestizaje]]'' of Mexico during the Spanish period and the common practice of ''Chino'' slaves to "[[Passing (racial identity)|pass]]" as ''Indios'' (the indigenous people of Mexico) to attain freedom. As had occurred with a large portion of Mexico's black population, over generations the Asian populace was absorbed into the general [[Mestizo]] population. Facilitating this [[miscegenation]] was the assimilation of Asians into the indigenous population. The indigenous people were legally protected from [[chattel slavery]], and by being recognized as part of this group, Asian slaves could claim they were wrongly enslaved.

Asians, predominantly Chinese, became Mexico's fastest-growing immigrant group from the 1880s to the 1920s, exploding from about 1,500 in 1895 to more than 20,000 in 1910.<ref name="Buchenau">{{cite journal |last1=Buchenau |first1=Jürgen |title=Small Numbers, Great Impact: Mexico and Its Immigrants, 1821–1973 |journal=Journal of American Ethnic History |year=2001 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=23–49 |doi=10.2307/27502710 |pmid=17605190 |jstor=27502710 |s2cid=29111441 }}</ref>

===Romani Mexicans===
{{main article|Romani Mexicans}}
[[Romani people]] have settled in Mexico since the colonial era.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/mexico/articles/romani-heritage-a-glimpse-into-mexicos-misunderstood-gypsy-community/|title= Romani Heritage: A Glimpse Into Mexico's Misunderstood Gypsy Community|date= February 21, 2018|access-date= September 9, 2021|archive-date= September 9, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210909111728/https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/mexico/articles/romani-heritage-a-glimpse-into-mexicos-misunderstood-gypsy-community/|url-status= live}}</ref> There are around 50,000 [[Vlax Romani]] in Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14567/MX|title=Romani, Vlax in Mexico|first=Joshua|last=Project|website=joshuaproject.net|access-date=July 8, 2019|archive-date=July 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708230607/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14567/MX|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Official censuses===
[[File:Arcelia_Ramírez.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arcelia Ramírez]] Mexican actress]]
Historically, population studies and censuses have never been up to the standards that a population as diverse and numerous such as Mexico's require: the first racial census was made in 1793, being also Mexico's (then known as [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|New Spain]]) first ever nationwide population census. Since only part of its original datasets survive, most of what is known of it comes from essays made by researchers who back in the day used the census' findings as reference for their own works. 

More than a century would pass until the Mexican government conducted a new racial census in 1921 (some sources assert that the census of 1895 included a comprehensive racial classification;<ref name="fnavarrete" /> however, according to the historic archives of [[National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Mexico)|Mexico's National Institute of Statistics]], that was not the case).<ref name="Mexico 2017">[http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/proyectos/ccpv/1895 "censo General de la Republica Mexicana 1895"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810035109/http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/proyectos/ccpv/1895/ |date=August 10, 2017 }}, "[[INEGI]]", Mexico. Retrieved July 24, 2017.</ref> While the 1921 census was the last time the Mexican government conducted a census that included a comprehensive racial classification, in recent years it has conducted nationwide surveys to quantify most of the ethnic groups who inhabit the country as well as the social dynamics and inequalities between them.

====1793 census====
Also known as the "Revillagigedo census" from the name of the Count who ordered that it be conducted, this census was the first nationwide population census of Mexico (then known as the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]]). Most of its original datasets have reportedly been lost, so most of what is known about it nowadays comes from essays and field investigations made by academics who had access to the census data and used it as reference for their works, such as Prussian geographer [[Alexander von Humboldt]]. 

Each author gives different estimations for each racial group in the country although they do not vary greatly, with Europeans ranging from 18% to 22% of New Spain's population, Mestizos from 21% to 25%, Indians from 51% to 61%, and Africans from 6,000 and 10,000. The estimations given for the total population range from 3,799,561 to 6,122,354. It is concluded then, that across nearly three centuries of colonization, the population growth trends of whites and mestizos were even, while the total percentage of the indigenous population decreased at a rate of 13%–17% per century. The authors assert that rather than whites and mestizos having higher birthrates, the reason for the indigenous population's numbers decreasing lies in their suffering higher mortality rates due to living in remote locations rather than in cities and towns founded by the Spanish colonists or in being at war with them. For the same reasons, the number of Indigenous Mexicans presents the greatest variation range between publications, as in some cases their numbers in a given location were estimated rather than counted, leading to possible overestimations in some provinces and possible underestimations in others.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lerner |first1=Victoria |title=Consideraciones sobre la población de la Nueva España (1793–1810): Según Humboldt y Navarro y Noriega |trans-title=Considerations on the population of New Spain (1793–1810): According to Humboldt and Navarro and Noriega |language=es |journal=Historia Mexicana |year=1968 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=327–348 |jstor=25134694 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:center; text-align:center;"
|-
!Intendecy or territory
!European population (%)
!Indigenous population (%)
!Mestizo population (%)
|-
|align="left"| [[State of Mexico|México]] (only the [[State of Mexico]] and [[Mexico City]])
| 16.9%
| 66.1%
| 16.7%
|-
|align="left"| [[Puebla]]
| 10.1%
| 74.3%
| 15.3%
|-
|align="left"| [[Oaxaca]]
| 06.3%
| 88.2%
| 05.2%
|-
|align="left"| [[Guanajuato]]
| 25.8%
| 44.0%
| 29.9%
|-
|align="left"| [[San Luis Potosí]]
| 13.0%
| 51.2%
| 35.7%
|-
|align="left"| [[Zacatecas]]
| 15.8%
| 29.0%
| 55.1%
|-
|align="left"| [[Durango]]
| 20.2%
| 36.0%
| 43.5%
|-
|align="left"| [[Sonora]]
| 28.5%
| 44.9%
| 26.4%
|-
|align="left"| [[Yucatán]]
| 14.8%
| 72.6%
| 12.3%
|-
|align="left"| [[Guadalajara]]
| 31.7%
| 33.3%
| 34.7%
|-
|align="left"| [[Veracruz]]
| 10.4%
| 74.0%
| 15.2%
|-
|align="left"| [[Michoacán|Valladolid]]
| 27.6%
| 42.5%
| 29.6%
|-
|align="left"| [[New Mexico|Nuevo México]]
|  ~
| 30.8%
| 69.0%
|-
|align="left"| [[Baja California|Vieja California]]
|  ~
| 51.7%
| 47.9%
|-
|align="left"| [[Alta California|Nueva California]]
|   ~
| 89.9%
| 09.8%
|-
|align="left"| [[Coahuila]]
| 30.9%
| 28.9%
| 40.0%
|-
|align="left"| [[Nuevo León]]
| 62.6%
| 05.5%
| 31.6%
|-
|align="left"| [[Nuevo Santander]]
| 25.8%
| 23.3%
| 50.8%
|-
|align="left"| [[Texas]]
| 39.7%
| 27.3%
| 32.4%
|-
|align="left"| [[Tlaxcala]]
| 13.6%
| 72.4%
| 13.8%
|-
|}
~<small>Europeans are included within the Mestizo category.</small>

Regardless of the possible inaccuracies related to the counting of Indigenous peoples living outside of the colonized areas, the effort that New Spain's authorities put into considering them as subjects is worth mentioning, as censuses made by other colonial or post-colonial countries did not consider American Indians to be citizens or subjects; for example, the censuses made by the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]] would only count the inhabitants of the colonized settlements.<ref name=scarecrow>''Historical Dictionary of Argentina''. London: Scarecrow Press, 1978. pp.&nbsp;239–40.</ref> Another example is the censuses made by the United States, which did not include Indigenous peoples living among the general population until 1860, and indigenous peoples as a whole until 1900.<ref>[https://www.archives.gov/research/census/native-americans/1790-1930.html "American Indians in the Federal Decennial Census"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120144444/https://www.archives.gov/research/census/native-americans/1790-1930.html |date=November 20, 2020 }}. Retrieved July 25, 2017.</ref>

====1921 census====
[[Image:Pancho Villa, el presidente provisional Eulalio Gutiérrez y Emiliano Zapata1.jpg|thumb|[[Eulalio Gutiérrez]] (1881–1939), flanked by [[Pancho Villa|Francisco "Pancho" Villa]] (1878–1923) and [[Emiliano Zapata]] (1879–1919). Gutiérrez was appointed provisional President of Mexico by the [[Convention of Aguascalientes]], a move that [[Venustiano Carranza]] (1859–1920) found intolerable. In the ensuing war, Obregón fought for Carranza against the convention.]]
Made right after the consummation of the Mexican revolution, the social context in which this census was conducted makes it particularly unique, as the government of the time was in the process of rebuilding the country and was looking to unite all Mexicans in a single national identity. The 1921 census' final results in regards to race, which assert that 59.3% of the Mexican population self-identified as Mestizo, 29.1% as Indigenous, and only 9.8% as White, were then essential in cementing the ''mestizaje'' ideology (which asserts that the Mexican population as a whole is product of the admixture of all races), which shaped Mexican identity and culture through the 20th century and remains prominent nowadays, with extraofficial international publications such as ''[[The World Factbook]]'' using the 1921 census as a reference to estimate Mexico's racial composition up to this day.<ref name="Factbook"/>

Nonetheless, in recent times, the census' results have been subjected to scrutiny by historians, academics and social activists alike, who assert that such drastic alterations on demographic trends with respect to the 1793 census are impossible and cite, among other statistics, the relatively low frequency of marriages between people of different continental ancestries in colonial and early independent Mexico.<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010154747/http://istmo.mx/2016/07/04/el-mestizaje-es-un-mito-la-identidad-cultural-si-importa/ "El mestizaje es un mito, la identidad cultural sí importa"] ''Istmo'', Mexico. Retrieved July 25, 2017.</ref> It is claimed that the ''mestizaje'' process sponsored by the state was more "cultural than biological", which resulted in the numbers of the Mestizo Mexican group being inflated at the expense of the identity of other races.<ref>[http://www.dimensionantropologica.inah.gob.mx/?p=7401 "Más desindianización que mestizaje. Una relectura de los censos generales de población"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731145159/http://www.dimensionantropologica.inah.gob.mx/?p=7401 |date=July 31, 2017 }} ''[[Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia|INAH]]'', Mexico. Retrieved July 25, 2017.</ref> Controversies aside, this census constituted the last time the [[Mexican Government]] conducted a comprehensive racial census with the breakdown by states being the following (foreigners and people who answered "other" not included):<ref>[http://www.inegi.org.mx/prod_Serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/1921/EUM/RCGH21I.pdf DEPARTAMENTO DE LA ESTADISTICA NACIONAL] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060335/http://www.inegi.org.mx/prod_Serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/1921/EUM/RCGH21I.pdf |date=March 4, 2016 }} CENSO GENERAL DE HABITANTES 1921 Census (Page: 62)</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:center; text-align:center;"
|-
!Federative Units
!Mestizo Population (%)
!Amerindian Population (%)
!White Population (%)
|-
|align="left"| [[Aguascalientes]]
| 66.12%
| 16.70%
| 16.77%
|-
|align="left"| [[Baja California Norte|Baja California<br />(Distrito Norte)]]
| 72.50%
| 07.72%
| 00.35%
|-
|align="left"| [[Baja California Sur|Baja California<br />(Distrito Sur)]]
| 59.61%
| 06.06%
| 33.40%
|-
|align="left"| [[Campeche]]
| 41.45%
| 43.41%
| 14.17%
|-
|align="left"| [[Coahuila]]
| 77.88%
| 11.38%
| 10.13%
|-
|align="left"| [[Colima]]
| 68.54%
| 26.00%
| 04.50%
|-
|align="left"| [[Chiapas]]
| 36.27%
| 47.64%
| 11.82%
|-
|align="left"| [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]
| 50.09%
| 12.76%
| 36.33%
|-
|align="left"| [[Durango]]
| 89.85%
| 09.99%
| 00.01%
|-
|align="left"| [[Guanajuato]]
| 96.33%
| 02.96%
| 00.54%
|-
|align="left"| [[Guerrero]]
| 54.05%
| 43.84%
| 02.07%
|-
|align="left"| [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]]
| 51.47%
| 39.49%
| 08.83%
|-
|align="left"| [[Jalisco]]
| 75.83%
| 16.76%
| 07.31%
|-
|align="left"| [[Mexico City]]
| 54.78%
| 18.75%
| 22.79%
|-
|align="left"| [[State of Mexico]]
| 47.71%
| 42.13%
| 10.02%
|-
|align="left"| [[Michoacán]]
| 70.95%
| 21.04%
| 06.94%
|-
|align="left"| [[Morelos]]
| 61.24%
| 34.93%
| 03.59%
|-
|align="left"| [[Nayarit]]
| 73.45%
| 20.38%
| 05.83%
|-
|align="left"| [[Nuevo León]]
| 75.47%
| 05.14%
| 19.23%
|-
|align="left"| [[Oaxaca]]
| 28.15%
| 69.17%
| 01.43%
|-
|align="left"| [[Puebla]]
| 39.34%
| 54.73%
| 05.66%
|-
|align="left"| [[Querétaro]]
| 80.15%
| 19.40%
| 00.30%
|-
|align="left"| [[Quintana Roo]]
| 42.35%
| 20.59%
| 15.16%
|-
|align="left"| [[San Luis Potosí]]
| 61.88%
| 30.60%
| 05.41%
|-
|align="left"| [[Sinaloa]]
| 98.30%
| 00.93%
| 00.19%
|-
|align="left"| [[Sonora]]
| 41.04%
| 14.00%
| 42.54%
|-
|align="left"| [[Tabasco]]
| 53.67%
| 18.50%
| 27.56%
|-
|align="left"| [[Tamaulipas]]
| 69.77%
| 13.89%
| 13.62%
|-
|align="left"| [[Tlaxcala]]
| 42.44%
| 54.70%
| 02.53%
|-
|align="left"| [[Veracruz]]
| 50.09%
| 36.60%
| 10.28%
|-
|align="left"| [[Yucatán]]
| 33.83%
| 43.31%
| 21.85%
|-
|align="left"| [[Zacatecas]]
| 86.10%
| 08.54%
| 05.26%
|}

When the 1921 census' results are compared with the results of Mexico's recent censuses<ref name="beta.inegi.org.mx"/> as well as with modern genetic research,<ref>[http://www.investigacionyciencia.es/revistas/investigacion-y-ciencia/matemticas-del-planeta-tierra-585/el-impacto-del-mestizaje-en-mxico-11442 "El impacto del mestizaje en México"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622040134/http://www.investigacionyciencia.es/revistas/investigacion-y-ciencia/matemticas-del-planeta-tierra-585/el-impacto-del-mestizaje-en-mxico-11442 |date=June 22, 2017 }}, "Investigación y Ciencia", Spain, October 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2017.</ref> there is high consistency with respect to the distribution of Indigenous Mexicans across the country, with states located in south and south-eastern Mexico having both the highest percentages of population who self-identify as Indigenous and the highest percentages of Amerindian genetic ancestry. However, this is not the case when it comes to European Mexicans, as there are instances in which states that have been shown through scientific research to have a considerably high European ancestry are reported to have very small white populations in the 1921 census, with the most extreme case being that of the state of Durango, where the aforementioned census asserts that only 0.01% of the state's population (33 persons) self-identified as "white" while modern scientific research shows that the population of Durango has similar genetic frequencies to those found on [[Ethnic groups of Europe|European peoples]] (with the state's Indigenous population showing almost no foreign admixture either).<ref name="Wiley">{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/0091270006287586 | pmid=16638736 | volume=46 | issue=5 | title=CYP2D6Genotype and Phenotype in Amerindians of Tepehuano Origin and Mestizos of Durango, Mexico | year=2006 | journal=The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | pages=527–536 | last1 = Sosa-Macías | first1 = Martha| s2cid=41443294 }}</ref> Various authors theorize that the reason for these inconsistencies may lie in the Mestizo identity promoted by the Mexican government, which reportedly led to people who are not biologically Mestizos to be classified as such.<ref name="Lizcano Fernández 2005"/><ref>[http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html El mestizaje y las culturas regionales] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html |date=August 23, 2013 }}.</ref>

====The present day====
[[File:MJK_13337_Ilse_Salas_(Museo,_Berlinale_2018).jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Ilse Salas]] has contributed significantly to representing contemporary Mexican society through film like "[[Las niñas bien]]" (The Good Girls) and [[Güeros]]]]Since the end of the [[Mexican Revolution]], the official identity promoted by the government for non-indigenous Mexicans has been the Mestizo one (a mix of European and indigenous culture and heritage),<ref name="fnavarrete" /> established with the original intent of eliminating divisions and creating a unified identity that would allow Mexico to modernize and integrate with the international community.<ref name="lealmart">{{Cite thesis |degree=PhD |title= For The Enjoyment of All:" Cosmopolitan Aspirations, Urban Encounters and Class Boundaries in Mexico City |author= Alejandra M. Leal Martínez |year=2011 |publisher=Columbia University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 3453017 }}</ref>  Even though nowadays the large majority of the country's population consider themselves Mexicans, differences on physical features and appearance continue playing an important role on everyday social interactions,<ref name="Navarrete">{{cite web|url=http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf|title=El mestizaje en Mexico|access-date=June 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801102632/http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf|archive-date=August 1, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Lizcano Fernández 2005"/> taking this into account, on recent time Mexico's government has begun conducting ethnic investigations to cuantify the different ethnic groups that inhabit the country with the aim of reducing social inequalities between them. According to these recent investigations, 19.4% of Mexico's population self-identify as Indigenous<ref name="INPI">{{cite web|access-date=2024-05-17 |title=Población indígena autoadscrita nacional y por entidad federativa-Muestra censal 2020 |url=https://www.inpi.gob.mx/indicadores2020/1-poblacion-indigena-autoadscrita-nacional-y-por-entidad-federativa-muestra-censal-2020.xlsx |website=Instituto Nacional de los Pueblos Indígenas}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> and 2.04% self-identify as Afro-Mexican,<ref name="INPI"/><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-10-25 |language=en |title=Infografía {{!}} Afrodescendientes en México {{!}} Wilson Center |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/infografia-afrodescendientes-en-mexico |website=www.wilsoncenter.org|date=July 25, 2022 }}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> there is no definitive census that quantifies White Mexicans, with estimates from the Mexican government and other contemporary sources reporting results that estimate them at about one-third of the country's population,<ref name=BritannicaMex>''About one third'' {{cite encyclopedia |title=Mexico: Ethnic groups |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico/Ethnic-groups |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=March 8, 2024}}</ref><ref name=ENADIS2017-1 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf|title=21 de Marzo: Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial|trans-title=21 March: International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination|language=es|publisher=[[National Council to Prevent Discrimination|CONAPRED]]|location=Mexico|page=7|date=2017|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525133622/http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="conapred.org.mx" /> with this figure being based on phenotypical traits instead of self-identification of ancestry.

Generally speaking ethnic relations can be arranged on an axis between the two extremes of European and Amerindian cultural heritage, this is a remnant of the Spanish caste system which categorized individuals according to their perceived level of biological mixture between the two groups although in practice the classificatory system has become fluid, mixing socio-cultural traits with phenotypical traits allowing individuals to move between categories and define their ethnic and racial identities situationally,<ref name="Frudakis2008">{{cite book|last=Frudakis |first=Tony Nick|title=Molecular photofitting: predicting ancestry and phenotype using DNA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vXeydpj7VkC&pg=PA348|year=2008|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-088492-6|page=348}}</ref> the presence of considerable portions of the population with African and Asian heritage makes the situation more complex.{{sfn|Bartolomé|1996|page=2}}{{sfn|Knight|1990|p=74}} Even though there is a large variation in phenotypes among Mexicans, European looks are still strongly preferred in Mexican society, with lighter skin receiving more positive attention, as it is associated with higher social class, power, money, and modernity.<ref name="lealmart" /><ref name="Lizcano Fernández 2005" /> In contrast, Indigenous ancestry is often associated with having an inferior social class, as well as lower levels of education.<ref name="fnavarrete" /><ref name="jleff">{{cite journal |last1=Fortes de Leff |first1=Jacqueline |title=Racism in Mexico: Cultural Roots and Clinical Interventions1 |journal=Family Process |date=December 2002 |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=619–623 |doi=10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.00619.x |pmid=12613120 }}</ref> These distinctions are strongest in [[Mexico City]], where the most powerful of the country's elite are located.<ref name="lealmart" />

[[File:Luismiguel9900.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Luis Miguel]], always referred to as ''The Sun of Mexico''.]]
Despite Mexico's government not using racial terms related to [[ethnic groups in Europe|European]] or [[white people]] officially for almost a century (resuming using such terms after 2010), the concepts of "white people" (known as ''güeros'' or ''blancos'' in [[Mexican Spanish]]) and of "being white" did not disappear <ref name=":1">Nutini, Hugo; Barry Isaac (2009). ''Social Stratification in central Mexico 1500 - 2000''. University of Texas Press, p. 55.</ref> and are still present in everyday Mexican culture: different idioms of race are used in Mexico's society that serve as mediating terms between racial groups. It is not strange to see street vendors calling a potential costumer ''Güero'' or ''güerito'', sometimes even when the person is not light-skinned. In this instance it is used to initiate a kind of familiarity, but in cases where social/racial tensions are relatively high, it can have the opposite effect.<ref name="lealmart" /> The lack of a clear dividing line between white and mixed race Mexicans has made the concept of race relatively fluid, with descent being more of a determining factor than biological traits,<ref name="fnavarrete" /><ref name="lealmart" /> however contemporary sociologists and historians agree that, given that the concept of "race" has a psychological foundation rather than a biological one and to society's eyes a Mestizo with a high percentage of European ancestry is considered "white" and a Mestizo with a high percentage of Indigenous ancestry is considered "Indian", a person who identifies with a given ethnic group should be allowed to, even if biologically that person does not completely belong to that group.<ref name="Navarrete"/>

==Languages==
{{Main|Languages of Mexico}}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Mexico (by percentage):<ref name="CIATONGA"/>
|label1 = Spanish   
|value1 = 92.7
|color1 = Red
|label2 = Spanish and indigenous languages 
|value2 =5.7
|label3 =  [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|indigenous]] 
|value3= 0.8
|color3 = Blue
|label4 = unspecified 
|value4= 0.8
}}

Spanish is the ''de facto'' official [[language]] in Mexico, being spoken by 98.3% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Encuesta Intercensal 2015|publisher=INEGI, México|url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/hogares/especiales/ei2015/doc/eic_2015_presentacion.pdf|access-date=December 17, 2015|archive-date=December 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210230740/http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/encuestas/hogares/especiales/ei2015/doc/eic_2015_presentacion.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mexican Spanish]] is spoken in a variety of dialects, accents and variations in different regions across the country. Some indigenous languages are still being spoken by around 5% of Mexicans according to the latest census, in 2003 the [[Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas|General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples]] recognized 68 indigenous languages as "national languages", with the "same validity" in all territories and contexts where they are spoken. The indigenous language with the greatest number of speakers is [[Nahuatl]] (1,586,884 speakers in 2010 or 1.5% of the nation's population), followed by [[Yucatec Maya language|Yucatec Maya]] (796,405 speakers in 2010 0.8%) spoken [[Yucatán Peninsula]], Mixtecas languages (494,454), Tzeltal (474,298), Zapotecas languages (460,683), Tzotzil (429,168), Otomí (288,052), Totonaca (250,252) Mazateco (230,124), Chol (222,051) and 1,462,857 speakers of other languages. After half a century of rural-to-urban migration, in Mexico City and other major cities large districts and sections use both written and spoken Amerindian languages. Approximately 7,364,645 Mexicans (6.1% of the population) speak an indigenous language according to the 2020 Mexican Census.<ref name="2021 est" />

During the first half of the 20th century the government promoted a policy of ''castellanización'', that is, promoting the use of Spanish as a way to integrate indigenous peoples into Mexican society. Later, this policy changed, and since the 1980s the government has sponsored bilingual and intercultural education in all indigenous communities. This policy has mainly been successful in large communities with a significant number of speakers. While some languages, with less than 1,000 speakers, are still facing extinction.

The second most spoken language in Mexico, however, is English. It is used extensively at border areas, tourist centers and large metropolitan areas, a phenomenon arguably caused by the economic integration of North American under the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) and the immigration phenomenon and the return of workers and their families from the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Delacroix |first1=Jacques |last2=Nikiforov |first2=Sergey |year=2009 |title=If Mexicans and Americans Could Cross the Border Freely |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24562214 |journal=The Independent Review |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=101–133 |jstor=24562214 |issn=1086-1653 |access-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811191006/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24562214 |url-status=live }}</ref> In border cities, American TV and radio waves in English (and Spanish) are received as much Spanish-speaking radio and TV stations from Mexico on the US side of the border, thus a bilingual cross-cultural exchange is at work. Among the languages brought to the country by immigrants are the [[Venetian language|Venetian]] of [[Chipilo]], and [[Mennonite Low German]] spoken in [[Durango]] and [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]].

==Mexican nationality and citizenship==
[[File:Pasaporte_Mexicano.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.6|[[Mexican passport]]]]
{{Main|Mexican nationality law}}

The [[Constitution of Mexico]] grants Mexican nationality based on birth and naturalization. Mexican laws regarding nationality by birth are very open. Mexican nationality by birth is granted to:<ref name=thirty>[http://info4.juridicas.unam.mx/ijure/fed/9/31.htm?s= Artículo 30] {{webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103192800/http://info4.juridicas.unam.mx/ijure/fed/9/31.htm|date=January 3, 2008 }}. Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos.</ref>
* all those individuals born in Mexican territory,
* all those individuals born outside Mexico, whose father or mother is Mexican by birth,
* all those individuals born outside Mexico, whose father or mother is Mexican by naturalization,
* all those individuals born aboard Mexican aircraft or sea vessels, whether warships or commercial vessels.

Mexican nationality by naturalization is granted to:<ref name=thirty/>
* foreign citizens granted Mexican nationality by the Secretariat of Government (Ministry of the Interior);
* foreign citizens married to a Mexican national, whether by birth or naturalization.

==Religion==
{{Main|Religion in Mexico}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Mexico (by percentage):<ref name="CIATONGA">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/|title= North America :: MEXICO|publisher= CIA The World Factbook|access-date= August 29, 2017|archive-date= January 26, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164719/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico|url-status= live}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Catholic]]  
|value1 = 82.7
|color1 = blue
|label2 = [[Evangelical Churches]]
|value2 = 5
|color2 = red
|label3 = [[Pentecostal]]
|value3 = 1.6
|color3 = salmon
|label4 = [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
|value4 = 1.4
|color4 = pink
|label5 = other 
|value5 = 1.9
|color5 = Chartreuse
|label6 = none 
|value6 = 4.7
|color6 = Grey
|label7 = unspecified 
|value7 = 2.7
|color7 = Black
}}
The Mexican population is predominantly [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] (78% of the population aged five and older, according to the 2020 census),<ref name="2020-census">{{cite web |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/religion/#Tabulados |title=Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 – Cuestionario básico |date=January 2010 |publisher=INEGI |access-date=May 18, 2022 |archive-date=December 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219183810/https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/religion/#Tabulados |url-status=live }}</ref> although the percentage representing those who attend church on a weekly basis is lower (46%).<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/print.php?Releases%2F1997%2FDec97%2Fchr121097a |title=Church attendance in Latin America |access-date=July 26, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060901122224/http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/print.php?Releases%2F1997%2FDec97%2Fchr121097a |archive-date=September 1, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> About 7.6% of the population was classified as [[Protestant]] or Evangelical, 2.5% were classified as "Non-Evangelical Biblical" (a classification that groups [[Adventism|Adventist]]s, [[Mormons]] and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]), 0.05% as practicing Jews, and 4.6% without a religion.<ref name="religion">[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/2000/definitivos/Nal/tabulados/00re01.pdf Población de 5 años y más por entidad federativa, sexo y religión y su distribución según grupos quinquenales de edad] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070925184950/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/2000/definitivos/Nal/tabulados/00re01.pdf |date=September 25, 2007 }}.</ref> The largest group of Protestants are [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostals]] and [[Charismatic Movement|Charismatics]] (classified as Neo-Pentecostals).

[[File:Comala.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Church of [[Michael (archangel)|Archangel Michael]] — from the town of [[Comala]], in the state of [[Colima]].]]
The states with the highest percentage of professing Catholics are central states, namely [[Guanajuato]] (96.4%), [[Aguascalientes]] (95.6%) and [[Jalisco]] (95.4%), whereas southeastern states have the lowest percentage of Catholics, namely [[Chiapas]] (63.8%), [[Tabasco]] (70.4%) and [[Campeche]] (71.3%).<ref name="religion"/> The percentage of professing Catholics has been on the decrease over the last four decades, from over 98% in 1950 to 78% in 2020.<ref name="2020-census"/> 

The average annual growth of Catholic believers from 1990 to 2000 was 1.7% whereas that of non-Catholics was 3.7%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mrel02&c=2583|title=Tasa de crecimiento media anual de la población según credo religioso para cada período decenal, 1950 a 2000|website=Inegi.org.mx|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-date=August 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827044031/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mrel02&c=2583|url-status=live}}</ref> Given that the average annual population increase over the same time period was 1.8%,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob08&c=3185|title=Tasa de crecimiento media anual de la población, 1950 a 2005|website=Inegi.org.mx|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-date=August 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827044033/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob08&c=3185|url-status=live}}</ref> the percentage of Catholics in relation to the total population continues to be in overall decline.

Since 1857 with the [[La Reforma|La Reforma laws]], the Mexican Constitution drastically separates Church and State, unlike some other countries in Latin America or [[Ibero-America]]. The State does not support or provide any economic resource to the Church (as is the case in Spain and Argentina),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Argentina/argen94.html#primerapartecap1|title=Argentina: Constitución de 1994|website=pdba.georgetown.edu|access-date=July 13, 2007|archive-date=July 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701230309/https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Argentina/argen94.html#primerapartecap1|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Church cannot participate in public education (no public school can be operated by a Catholic order, although they can participate in private education). Moreover, the government nationalized all the Church's properties (some of which were given back in the 1990s), and priests lost the right to vote or to be voted for (although in the 1990s they regained the right to vote).

==See also==
* [[List of municipalities in Mexico by population]]
* [[Metropolitan areas of Mexico]]
* [[List of Mexican states by population]]
* [[List of Mexican states by fertility rate]]
* [[Economy of Mexico]]
* [[Poverty in Mexico]]
* [[Romani Mexicans]]

==References and notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Merrill, Tim and Ramón Miró. ''Mexico: a country study'' (Library of Congress. Federal Research Division, 1996) US government document; not copyright [https://archive.org/details/mexicocountrystu00merr_0 online free]

==External links==
* [https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/completingfertility/RevisedTUIRAN-PARTIDApaper.PDF UN: Fertility in Mexico: Trends and Forecasts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709085707/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/completingfertility/RevisedTUIRAN-PARTIDApaper.PDF |date=July 9, 2017 }}
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.conapo.gob.mx Mexico population bureau CONAPO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227054531/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/ |date=December 27, 2015 }}
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.inegi.gob.mx/National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics, INEGI]
* [https://en.mexico.pueblosamerica.com/cmi/fecundidad-2010/ Map of Fecundity in Mexico] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044008/https://en.mexico.pueblosamerica.com/cmi/fecundidad-2010/ |date=March 6, 2019 }}

{{Ethnic groups in Mexico}}
{{Mexico topics}}
{{North America in topic|Demographics of}}
{{Population country lists}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics Of Mexico}}
[[Category:Demographics of Mexico| ]]